EE2015 Electric Circuits and Networks - Tutorial 6

Sept. 20th , 2024

1. All plots must be roughly to scale R

C1 C +
2. Key x and y axis values must be marked vi +
vo
R1 + vi −
+
− vo C -
C2 R2
3. Time constant must be shown -
R
L2 L1
1. After being open for a long time, the switch + io +
iin
in the network closes at t = 0. Find (a) L1 vi L2
iL (o− ) (b) vC (0− ) (c) iR (0+ ) (d)iC (0+ ) R vo + vo
−
R
ic
iR - -
48Ω t=0 R1 L1 R
1
F
3u(−t)A
240 24Ω
vi + +
R2 L
iL +
vo vi
10H − + vo
− L
L2
R -
-
2. The switch is in the left position for a long
time and is moved to the right at t = 0. Find
dv
dt
at t = 0+
4. (a) For each of the ten circuits, find the
50kΩ 5u(−t)
impulse response by differentiating the
−
+

t=0 step response

3V 100kΩ + 2H 500Ω
v
- 10µF
(b) Verify your answer by finding the in-
verse Laplace transform of the transfer
function.
3. Evaluate and sketch the step response for
the following all of the ten circuits using (c) In each circuit, find the poles and ze-
time domain techniques. Write the differen- ros and plot it in the complex frequency
tial equation for each of the outputs shown plane.
in the figure and find the (a) Zero state
and zero input response and (b) natural and
forced response. Initial conditions are zero.
5. In the above questions find the steady
iin io + iin +
R2 state response by open circuiting the capac-
R1 R2 vo itor/short circuiting inductors. How are the
vo R1
L c values obtained related to the vo (t) and io (t)
- - you calculated earlier.
R1 C1
iin + iin +
C R2 vo R vo 6. A pulse with the following amplitude is ap-
- C2 io - plied to the two circuits given below at Vin .
Find and plot Vo .
 1F 10

Vin 4F 0.2Ω Vo
6

Vin (V )
4
0.2Ω
2

1F 0
−10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 25
time(s)

Vin 4F Vo

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 Solutions
1. After being open for a long time, the switch in the network closes at t = 0. Find (a) iL (o− )
(b) vC (0− ) (c) iR (0+ ) (d)iC (0+ )
iR
ic
48Ω t=0
1
240
F 24Ω
3u(−t)A

iL 10H

dv
2. The switch is in the left position for a long time and is moved to the right at t = 0. Find dt
at t = 0+
50kΩ 5u(−t)
−
+

t=0
3V 100kΩ + 2H 500Ω
v
- 10µF

Page 3
 Solving in Laplace domain:
3. • We can take the Laplace transform of the differential equation.

• Assuming there are initial conditions, we can separate the Laplace transform into
two terms: one with just the input and the other with just the initial conditions.

• Inverse Laplace transform of the Laplace transform term that contains the input
gives us the ZSR.

• Inverse Laplace transform of the Laplace transform term that contains the initial
conditions gives us the ZIR. This is zero in this case, since initial conditions are
zero.

• In the total response (which is ZIR + ZSR), if we let t → ∞, we get the Forced
Response.

• Natural Response = Total Response - Forced Response.

For all circuits ZIR=0, since all initial conditions are zero. For ZSR, you can use
t t
x(t) = x(0+ )e− τ + x(∞)(1 − e− τ )

is the solution to
dx x
+ = Aiin
dt τ
so that x(∞) = Aτ ıin (∞).
Circuit 1 (a): Use mesh analysis to get
 
R1 R1 + R2 di0
iin = i0 +
L L dt
L R1
io (0+ ) = io (0− ) = 0, τ= , io (∞) =
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
−(R1 +R2 )t
R1 R1
In steady state io = R1 +R2
. Therefore the solution is R1 +R2
(1 −e L )
vo dio diin 1 dvo
Circuit 1(b): Substitute io = iin − R1
and = − in the previous differential
dt dt R1 dt
equation to get
diin R1 R2 R1 + R2 dv0
R1 + iin = v0 +
dt L L dt
R R
1 2 L
vo (0− ) = 0 vo (∞) = , τ=
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
diin
Since = δ(t), first integrate from 0− to 0+ to get vo (0+ ) = R1 and then integrate from
dt
0+ to ∞ with δ(t) set to zero (you can use the general form of the solution for this part).

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 vo d(vo − io R2 )
Circuit 2 : Use iin = io + R1
, io =C to get
dt
R1 R1 R2 diin 1 dv0
iin + = vo +
C(R1 + R2 ) R1 + R2 dt C(R1 + R2 ) dt
R1 R2
Integrate from o− to 0+ to get vo = R1 +R2
. For 0+ to ∞, δ(t) = 0 , so use the general form of
the solution with v(∞) = R1 .
Circuit 3 :
v0 dv0
iin = +C
R2 dt
Circuit 4 :
v0 dv0
iin = + C2
R dt
Circuit 5: Use nodal analysis at the output node. The solution method is similar to circuit 2.
 
dVo 1 1 Vi dVi
(C1 + C2 ) + Vo + = + C1
dt R1 R2 R1 dt
Circuit 6: The circuit can be redrawn as shown below.
- Vo +

C R

C
R +
−

Figure 1: Circuit 6

dVo Vo dVi vi
+ =− +
dt RC dt RC
So vo (0+ ) = −1 and vo (∞) = 1.
Circuit 7: Get using mesh analysis
diL2 diin
(L1 + L2 ) + RiL2 = L1
dt dt

(L1 + L2 ) dV0 diin

+ Vo = L1
R dt dt
Circuit 8: Let the loop current be io .
dio
(L1 + L2 ) + io R = Vi
dt

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 Once we’ve obtained the loop current io ,
dio
Vo = L2 + io R
dt

Circuit 9:
Let the loop current be io .
dio
−Vi + io (R1 + R2 ) + (L1 + L2 )
dt

Once we’ve obtained the loop current io ,

dio
V o = L2 + io R2
dt

Circuit 10:
First note that the currents in both of the arms will be equal since the impedances are equal.
Now, let this current be io (t).
di
Vin = Ri + L
dt
Once we’ve obtained the loop current io ,
di
Vo = L − iR
dt

4. Part (a):
Let C1 = 1F , C2 = 4F
Using KCL, observe down the following differential equation:
−Vin )
C1 d(Vodt + C2 dV
dt
o
+ V0
R
= 0.
C1 d(Vdtin ) = (C1 + C2 ) d(V
dt
o)
+ VR0
d(Vo ) d(Vin )
dt
+ R(CV1 +C
0
2)
= (C1C+C
1
2) dt

This gives us the time constant, τ = R(C1 + C2 ) = 1s.

Solving a specific case:
Now, assume that our input is Au(t).
d(Vo ) Vo C1
This gives us dt
+ R(C1 +C2 )
= (C1 +C2 )
Aδ(t)
t
For this, the corresponding response is Vo (t) = C1
(C1 +C2 )
Ae− τ u(t).
Now, the input Vin (t) = 10u(t) − 5u(t − 10) − 5u(t − 20).
Using linearity and superposition,
t t−10 t−20
Vo (t) = C1
(C1 +C2 )
(10e− τ u(t) − 5e− τ u(t − 10) − 5e− τ u(t − 20)).

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Plugging in the values of C1 and C2 , this is equal to:
t t−10 t−20
Vo (t) = 2e− 1 u(t) − 1e− 1 u(t − 10) − 1e− 1 u(t − 20)
2

1
Vo (V )

−1
−10 0 10 20 30
time(s)

Part (b):
Note that the time constant is still the same (this can be verified by writing the differential
equations).
Note that in the first case, the voltage drop across the C1 capacitor is just equal to
t t−10 t−20
Vo (t) = (10 − 10 C1C+C
1
2
e− 1 )u(t) + (−5 + 5 C1C+C
1
2
e− 1 )u(t − 10) + (−5 + 5 C1C+C
1
2
e− 1 )u(t − 20)
The second part of the question is essentially the same circuit, with C1 = 4F and C2 = 1F .
Plugging in the values, we get
t t−10 t−20
Vo (t) = (10 − 8e− 1 )u(t) + (−5 + 4e− 1 )u(t − 10) + (−5 + 4e− 1 )u(t − 20)
10

6
Vo (V )

0
−10 0 10 20 30
time(s)

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