Strength of Materials by Dovann O.

Arrabis

CHAPTER 3 TORSION
Torque is a twisting moment that tends to twist a member about its
longitudinal axis. Its effect is of primary concern in the design of drive
shafts used in vehicles and machinery. When an external torque is applied
to a shaft as shown in the figure, it creates an internal torque within the
cross-e-section throughout its length.

T=Fxd

d
F

Where:
T = Torque in Newton-meter
F = Force in Newton
d = Moment arm in meter

θ
T L T
r

TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS (τ)

For a solid or hallow circular shaft subject to a torque, the torsional
shearing stress at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft as shown is
expressed as:

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 Torsion

τ τ
𝐓𝛒
r τ=
ρ
𝐉

𝐓𝐫
𝛕𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝐉
T

Where:
= maximum shear stress in the shaft, which occurs at the outer
surface
τ = shear stress at a distance ρ from the center
T = the resultant internal torque acting at the cross section. Its
value is determined from the method of sections and the equation
of moment equilibrium applied about the shaft’s longitudinal axis
J = the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area

Polar Moment of inertia for solid circular shaft

D 𝛑𝐃𝟒
J=
𝟑𝟐

Polar Moment of inertia for solid circular shaft

Di Do 𝛑(𝐃𝐨 𝟒 −𝐃𝐢 𝟒 )
J=
𝟑𝟐

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

ANGLE OF TWIST (θ)

The maximum angle through which the bar length will twist

𝐓𝐋
θ=
𝐉𝐆

Where:
T = the resultant internal torque acting at the cross section (N-m)
J = the polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area (mm4)
G = Shear modulus (MPa)
L = length of the bar (mm)
θ = angle of twist (radian)

For a bar between two fixed support

𝑻𝑳
A C D B =0
𝑱𝑮

POWER TRANSMMITED BY THE SHAFT (P)

Shafts and tubes having circular cross sections are often used to transmit
power developed by a machine. When used for this purpose, they are
subjected to a torque that depends on the power generated by the machine
and the angular speed of the shaft. Power is defined as the work performed
per unit of time or equals the torque applied times the angle of rotation.

P=Tω

P = 2πf T

Where:
T = the resultant internal torque acting at the cross section (N-m)
ω = angular velocity (rad/s)
f = number of revolution (rev/s)
P = Power (watts)
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 Torsion

EXAMPLE 1
A hollow cylindrical steel shaft is 2 m long and has inner and outer
diameters respectively equal to 60 and 80 mm as shown in the figure,

1. What is the largest torque that can be applied to the shaft if the
shearing stress is not to exceed 140 MPa?
2. What is the corresponding minimum value of the shearing stress in
the shaft?

SOLUTION:
τmax

τmin
60 mm
80 mm

Solving for the polar moment of inertia

J

 
D 4  Di4 
32 o

32
 
(80 mm)4  (60 mm)4  2,748,893.57 mm4

Set τmax = 140 MPa, to solve the largest torque

Tr
max 
J
N T(40 mm)
140 
mm2 2,748,893.57 mm4
T  9,621,127.5 N-mm
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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

T=9.62 KN-m  answer (part 1)

Solving for the minimum torsional stress

T
min 
J
(9,621,127.5 N-mm)(30 mm)
min 
2,748,893.57 mm4
τmin = 105 MPa  answer (part 2)

EXAMPLE 2
A solid steel shaft 1 m long has diameter of 100 mm is subjected to a torque
of 20 KN-m.
1. Determine the maximum shearing stress.
2. Determine the angle of twist. Use G = 83 GPa.

SOLUTION:
Solving for the polar moment of inertia
 4 
 
4
J D  100 mm  9,817,477.04 mm4
32 32

Solving for the maximum shearing stress

Tr
max 
J
(20,000,000 N-mm)(50 mm)
max 
9,817,477.04 mm4
N
max = 101.86
mm2
τmax =101.86 MPa  answer (part 1)

Solving for the angle of twist

TL (20,000,000 N-mm)(1,000 mm) 180
θ= =  0.0245 rad 
JG N  rad
(9,817,477.04 mm )(83,000
4
)
mm2
 = 1.41  answer (part 2)

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EXAMPLE 3
The preliminary design of a large shaft connecting a motor to a generator
calls for the use of a hollow shaft with inner and outer diameters of 100 mm
and 150 mm respectively. Knowing that the allowable shearing stress is 83
MPa,
1. Determine the maximum torque that can be transmitted by the
shaft as designed.
2. Determine the maximum torque that can be transmitted by a solid
shaft of the same weight.
3. Determine the maximum torque that can be transmitted by a
hollow shaft of the same weight and of 200 mm outer diameter.

SOLUTION:
Maximum torque that can be transmitted by a shaft as designed
Tr
max 
J
T(150 / 2)
83 

32

1504  1004 
T  44,137,740.54 N-mm
T = 44.14 KN-m  answer (part 1)

Maximum torque that can be transmitted by a solid shaft of the same weight
A solid  A hollow
 2 
4

D  1502  1002
4

D  111.80 mm  diameter of the solid shaft
Tr
max 
J
T(111.80 / 2)
83 

32

111.804 
T  22,773,689.39 N-mm
T = 22.77 KN-m  answer (part 2)

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

Maximum torque that can be transmitted by a hollow shaft of the same

weight and of 200 mm outer diameter
 
4
  
2002  Di2  1502  1002
4

Di  165.83 mm  inside diameter

Tr
max 
J
T(200 / 2)
83 

32

2004  165.834 
T  68,754,881.32 N-mm
T = 68.75 KN-m  answer (part 3)

EXAMPLE 4
A 3 inches diameter solid steel shaft rotates at 240 rpm. If the shearing
stress is limited to 10 ksi, determine the maximum horsepower that can be
transmitted.

SOLUTION:

P  T

Solving for the maximum torque, T

Tr
max 
J
lb T(3 in / 2)
10,000 

 
2
in
(3 in)4
32
1 ft
T  53,014.38 lb-in   4,417.865 lb-ft
12 in
rev. 2π rad 1 min rad
  240  × = 8π
min rev. 60 sec sec
 rad  lb-ft
 
P= 4,417.865 lb-ft  8π  =111,033.06
 sec  s
lb-ft
550 =1 Hp
sec

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 Torsion

lb-ft 1 Hp
P=111,033.06 ×
sec lb-ft
550
sec
P = 201.88 Hp  answer

EXAMPLE 5
The solid 50-mm-diameter shaft is used to transmit the torques applied to
the gears.
250 KN-m 75 KN-m 325 KN-m 150 KN-m

D
A B C
500 mm 450 mm 500 mm

1. Determine maximum shear stress in segment AB.

2. Determine maximum shear stress in segment BC.
3. Determine maximum shear stress in segment CD.
4. Determine the relative angle of twist of D relative to A. Assume G =
83 GPa.

SOLUTION:
Torque diagram of the shaft

250 75 325 150

A B C D

-175+325=150

0 150-150=0

0-250=-250 -250+75 =-175

Maximum shear stress in segment AB

TAB  250 KN-m = -250  106 N-mm
 Tr  (250  106 )(25)
AB    
 J  AB 
(50)4
32
AB = 10,185.92 MPa  answer

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

Maximum shear stress in segment BC

TBC  175 KN-m = -175  106 N-mm
 Tr  (175  106 )(25)
BC    
 J BC 
(50)4
32
BC = 7,130.14 MPa  answer

Maximum shear stress in segment CD

TCD  150 KN-m = 150  106 N-mm
 Tr  (150  106 )(25)
CD    
 J CD 
(50)4
32
CD = 6,111.55 MPa  answer

Relative angle of twist of D relative to A

TL 1
D/A     TL
JG JG
1
D/A   TL    TL    TL  
JG  AB BC CD 

1
D/A   250  106  500   175  106  450   150  106  500  
  
(50) (83,000)
4

32
θD/A = -2.53 rad  answer

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EXAMPLE 6
A shaft composed of segments AB (bronze), BC (aluminum) and CD (steel)
is fastened to rigid supports and loaded at B 350 N-m, and C 800 N-m as
shown. For bronze, G = 35 GPa; aluminum, G = 28 GPa, and for steel, G = 83
GPa.
25 mm 50 mm 25 mm
B C
A D

2m 2m 2.5 m

1. Determine the maximum shear stress in segment AB.

2. Determine the maximum shear stress in segment BC.
3. Determine the maximum shear stress in segment CD.

SOLUTION:
Free Body Diagram
A B C D
TA 350 N-m 800 N-m TD

-TA+1150,000

T-D 0
-TA+350,000
-TA

From the torque diagram shown,

the shaft is rigidly attached at A and D, thus, the angular deformation of D relative to A is zero
D/A  0
 TL   TL   TL 
           0
  AB   BC  JG  CD
JG JG

     
 (  TA )(2000)   ( TA  350,000)(2000)   ( TA  1150,000)(2500) 
    0
  (25)4 (35,000)   
(50)4 (28,000)  

(25)4 (83,000) 
 32   32   32 

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

TA = 394,658.15 N-mm
Solving for internal torque for every segment
TAD = -TA =- 394,658.15 N-mm
TBC = -TA +350,000= -44,658.18 N-mm
TAD = -TA +1150,000=755,341.86 N-mm

Solving for the torsional shearing stress for every segment

 Tr  394,658.15(25  2)
AB    
J
  AB 
(25)4
32
τ AB = 128.64 MPa  answer(part 1)

 Tr  44,658.15(50  2)
BC    
J
  AB 
(50)4
32
τ BC = 1.82 MPa  answer(part 2)

 Tr  755,341.86(25  2)
CD    
J
  CD 
(25)4
32
τCD = 246.20 MPa  answer(part 3)

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PROBLEMS - SET 6

PROBLEM 1
1. The shaft is hollow from A to B and solid from B to C. Determine the
maximum shear stress developed in the shaft. The shaft has an outer
diameter of 80 mm, and the thickness of the wall of the hollow segment
is 10 mm.
A
a. 29.10 MPa C B
b. 34.66 MPa
c. 59.68 MPa
d. 22.34 MPa 4 KN- m 2 KN-m

PROBLEM 2
3. What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist
more than 3.5° in a 8 m length when subjected to a torque of 15 KN-m?
Used G = 83 GPa.
a. 125 mm c. 135 mm
b. 120 mm d. 130 mm

PROBLEM 3
4. A solid steel shaft 6 m long is stress at 100 MPa when twisted through
4°. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 30 Hz? Used G = 83
GPa.
a. 34.66 MW c. 23.56 MW
b. 32.87 MW d. 56.11 MW

PROBLEM 4
The solid circular shaft is subjected to an internal torque of T = 10 KN - m.

5. Determine the shear stress

developed at point A. A
a. 60.22 MPa c. 50.93 MPa B
50 mm

40 mm

b. 45.45 MPa d. 29.66 MPa

6. Determine the shear stress
developed at point B.
a. 40.74 MPa c. 32.17 MPa T = 10 KN-m
b. 22.67 MPa d. 55.33 MPa

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

PROBLEM 5
The allowable stress is 50 MPa in the brass rod AB and 25 MPa in the
aluminum rod BC. Knowing that a torque of magnitude T = 1200 N-m is
applied at A,
7. Determine the required
diameter of rod AB. A
C Aluminum B Brass
a. 78.33 mm c. 47.45 mm
b. 49.63 mm d. 56.45 mm
8. Determine the required
diameter of rod BC. T
a. 62.53 mm c. 76.56 mm
b. 78.45 mm d. 87.12 mm

PROBLEM 6
9. A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 5 MW at 4 Hz without exceeding a
shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting more than 1.2° in a length of 3
meters. Compute the minimum diameter if G = 83 GPa.
a. 235.3 mm c. 298.6 mm
b. 272.6 mm d. 432.0 mm

PROBLEM 7
A flexible shaft consist of a 0.25 in diameter steel wire encased in a
stationary tube that fits closely enough to impose a fractional torque of 0.60
lb-in/in.
10. Determine the maximum length of the shaft if the shearing stress is not
to exceed 25 ksi.
a. 167.11 in c. 145.33 in
b. 127.83 in d. 139.22 in
11. What will be the angular deformation of one end relative to the other
end? Use G = 12 x 106 psi.
a. 45° c. 61°
b. 53° d. 72°

PROBLEM 8
12. The solid 30-mm-diameter shaft is used to transmit the torques applied
to the gears. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress on the
shaft. 300 KN-m 500 KN-m 200 KN-m 400 KN-m
a. 79.35 MPa
b. 98.11 MPa
c. 47.33 MPa
d. 75.45 MPa A B C D
300 mm 450 mm 500 mm

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 Torsion

PROBLEM 9
13. The horizontal shaft AD is attached to a fixed base at A and is subjected
to the torques shown. A 40 mm diameter hole has been drilled into
portion AB of the shaft. Knowing that the entire shaft is made of steel
for which G = 77 GPa, determine the angle of twist at end D.
40 mm 50 mm 30 mm
B
A C D
a. 5.33° c. 4.52°
b. 3.33° d. 2.16°
2000 KN-m 300 KN-m
0.6 m 0.2 m 0.4 m

PROBLEM 10
14. A steel shaft and an aluminum tube are connected to a fixed support
and to a rigid disk as shown in the cross section. Knowing that the
initial stresses are zero, determine the maximum torque T that can be
applied to the disk if the allowable stresses are 120 MPa in the steel
shaft and 70 MPa in the aluminum tube. Use G = 77 GPa for steel and G
= 27 GPa for aluminum.
50 mm 8 mm
a. 6.325 KN – m
b. 7.123 KN – m 76 mm
c. 5.145 KN – m
d. 10.456 KN - m T
L
PROBLEM 11
15. Determine the largest allowable diameter of a 10 ft long steel rod (G =
11.2 x 106 psi) if the rod is to be twisted through 30° without exceeding
a shearing stress of 12 ksi.
a. 0.456 in c. 0.319 in
b. 0.491 in d. 0.412 in

PROBLEM 12
16. While an oil well is being drilled at a depth of 8000 ft, it is observed that
the top of the 9 in diameter steel drill pipe rotates though two complete
revolutions before the drilling bit starts to rotate. Using G = 11.2 x 10 6
psi, determine the maximum shearing stress in the pipe caused by
torsion.
a. 7465.23 Psi c. 5555.55 Psi
b. 6597.34 Psi d. 4998.17 Psi

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

PROBLEM 13
17. A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in the figure. Using G = 83 GPa,
determine the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is
limited to 80 MPa and the angle of rotation at the free end is not to
exceed 5 degrees.

a. 39.89 mm
b. 53.67 mm
c. 42.43 mm 1200 N-m
800 N-m
d. 49.30 mm
3m 2.5 m

PROBLEM 14
18. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 64 mm. is used to transmit 295
hp when turning at 2700 rev/min Determine the inner diameter d of
the tube to the nearest if the allowable shear stress is 69MPa.
a. 45.55 mm c. 50.95 mm
b. 60.16 mm d. 55.16 mm

PROBLEM 15
The propellers of a ship are connected to a A-36steel shaft that is 60 m long
and has an outer diameter of 340 mm and inner diameter of 260 mm. If the
power output is4.5 MW when the shaft rotates at 20 rad/s,
19. Determine the maximum torsional stress in the shaft.
a. 55.21 MPa c. 30.94 MPa
b. 44.30 MPa d. 61.22 MPa
20. Determine its angle of twist. G for steel is 75,290 MPa
a. 12.9° c. 13.9°
b. 14.9° d. 11.9°

PROBLEM 16
An 18 mm diameter solid circular shaft is made of a material that is
assumed to be elastoplastic with G = 77 GPa. For an 1.2 m length of the
shaft,
21. Determine the maximum shearing stress caused by a 200 N – m torque.
a. 188.33 MPa c. 154.28 Mpa
b. 174.66 MPa d. 184.22 Mpa
22. Determine the angle of twist at the end relative to the other end of
the shaft.
a. 17.33° c. 19.67°
b. 15.22° d. 13.67°

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 Torsion

ANSWER SHEET
1. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 41. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
2. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 42. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
3. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 43. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
4. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 44. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
5. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 45. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
6. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 46. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
7. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 47. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
8. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 48. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
9. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 49. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
10. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 50. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

11. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 51. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
12. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 52. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
13. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 53. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
14. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 54. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
15. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 55. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
16. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 56. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
17. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 57. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
18. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 58. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
19. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 59. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
20. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 60. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

21. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 61. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
22. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 62. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
23. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 63. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
24. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 64. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
25. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 65. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
26. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 66. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
27. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 67. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
28. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 68. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
29. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 69. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
30. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 70. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

31. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 71. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
32. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 72. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
33. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 73. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
34. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 74. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
35. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 75. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
36. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 76. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
37. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 77. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
38. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 78. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
39. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 79. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
40. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 80. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

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SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM S - SET 6

 PROBLEM 1
Considering the FBD shown, Free Body Diagram
TC  (2  4) KN  m  6 KN  m C B A
TC

From the torque diagram, 4 KN-m 2 KN-m

TCB  TC  6 KN-m
TBA  TC  4  6  4  2 KN-m
T-D 0
Torsional shearing stress in each segment -TC+4
 Tr  6,000,000(80  2) -TC
CB    
J
  CB 
(80)4
32
τCB = 59.68 MPa

 Tr  2,000,000(80  2)
BA    
J
  BA 
(804  604 )
32
τ BA = 29.10 MPa

The maximum shear stress is τ CB = 59.68 MPa  answer

 PROBLEM 2
Applying the formula for angle of twist,
TL
θ=
JG
 7
θ  3.5 deg.  
18 0deg 360
7 (15,000,000 N-mm)(8,000 mm)
=
360  N
(D)4 (83,000 )
32 mm2
D = 124.61 mm  answer

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 Torsion

 PROBLEM 3
Given:
L = 6 m = 6,000 mm
  100 MPa
 
 = 4 deg.  
180 deg. 45
f  30 Hz
G = 83,000 MPa

Solving for the torque T

Tr

J
J
T   equation 1
r
TL
=
JG
JG
T  equation 2
L

Equate 1 and 2
J JG

r L
L 100(6000)
r   103.55 mm
G   
83,000 
 45 
D = 2r = 207.09 mm

Solving for T using equation 1

  
(100) (207.09)4 
J  32 
T 
R 103.55
T = 174,375,836.3 N-mm
T = 174,357.84 N-m

Solving for the Power

P = 2fT
P = 2(30)(174,357.84)
P = 32,869,070.78 watts
P = 32.87 MW  answer
176
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 PROBLEM 4
Shear stress developed at point A
 Tr  10,000,000(50)
A    
 J  
(100)4
32
τ A = 50.93 MPa  answer(part 1)

Shear stress developed at point B

 T  10,000,000(40)
B    
 J  
(100)4
32
τ B = 40.74 MPa  answer(part 2)

 PROBLEM 5
From the system shown,
TAB = T = 1200 N-m
TAB = T = 1,200,000 N-mm

Diameter of rod AB
 Tr 
AB   
 J  AB

D 
1,200,000 AB 
50 =  2 

(DAB )4
32
DAB = 49.63 mm  answer (part 1)

From the system shown,

TBC = T = 1200 N-m
TBC = T = 1,200,000 N-m

Diameter of rod BC
 Tr 
BC   
 J  BC
1,200,000 DBC / 2
25 =

(DBC )4
32

177
 Torsion

DBC = 62.53 mm  answer (part 2)

 PROBLEM 6
Given:
L = 3 m = 3,000 mm
  50 MPa
 
 = 1.2 deg.  
180 deg. 150
f  4 Hz
P = 5 MW = 5,000,000 watts
G = 83,000 MPa

Solving for the torque T

P = 2fT
5,000,000 = 2(4)(T)
T = 198,943.68 N-m=198,943,680 N-mm

Minimum diameter based on the allowable shearing stress

Tr

J
D
198,943,680  
50  2
 4
D
32
D  272.63 mm

Minimum diameter based on the allowable angular deformation

TL
=
JG
 198,943,680(3,000)

150  4
D (83,000)
32
D = 243.18 mm

The minimum diameter is the diameter obtained based on the allowable

shearing stress (or the safe diameter)
Safe D = 272.63 mm
D = 272.63 mm  answer

178
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 PROBLEM 7
Given
  25 ksi = 25,000 psi
D = 0.25 in

Maximum length of the shaft

Tr

J
but : T = 0.60 x = 0.60 L
0.60L(0.25  2)
25,000 

(0.25)4
32
L = 127.83 in  answer(part 1)

Angular deformation of one end relative to other end

L 0.6x(dx)
=
0 JG
where : T  0.6x
0.6 127.83
=  xdx
JG 0
0.6 127.83
=  xdx  1.0652
 0
(0.25) (12  10 )
4 6

32
180 deg
  1.0652 

  61.03  answer (part 2)

 PROBLEM 8
The shaft is homogeneous, thus, the maximum torsional stress will occur at
segment with largest internal torque
Free Body Diagram
A B C D
From the torque diagram shown, the 400
300 500 200
maximum internal torque is 400 N-m
400
200
T-D
0

-300

179
 Torsion

Solving for the maximum torsional shearing stress

Tr

J
400,000(30  2)


(30)4
32
 = 75.45 MPa  answer

 PROBLEM 9
Considering the FBD shown, Free Body Diagram
TA  (2,000  3,000) N  m TA A B C D
TA  5,000 N-m
2,000N-m 3,000N-m
From the torque diagram,
TAB  TA  5,000 N-m 600 mm 200 mm 400 mm

TBC  TA  5,000 N-m

T-D
TCD  TA  2,000
0
TCD  5,000 +2,000 = -3,000 N-m
-TA+2000
Angle of twist at end D relative to A -TA
TL
D/A  
JG
 TL   TL   TL 
D/A         
 JG  AB  JG  BC  JG  CD
1  TL   TL   TL  
D/A        
G  J  AB  J BC  J CD 
     
1  5,000,000(600)   5,000,000(200)   3,000,000(400)  
D/A     
77,000          
(50  40 )  
4 4
(50 )
4
(30)4

 32   32
 
  32  
180 deg.
θD/A =-0.32469 

D/A = 18.60 deg.  answer

180
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 PROBLEM 10
The shafts are connected to rigid disk, thus, the angular deformation of two
bars are equal.
steel  aluminum
 TL   TL 
 JG    JG 
  steel   aluminum
Tst Tal

 
(764  604 )(77) (50)4 (27)
32 32
Tst  9.3094Tal  equation 1

From the free Body Diagram shown, Tst T

Tst  Tal  T al
T
Substitute equation 1
9.3094Tal  Tal  T
T  10.3094Tal  equation 2

Allowable internal torque in each shaft based on allowable shearing stress

For steel shaft:
Tr

J
Tst (76  2)
120 

(764  604 )
32
Tst  6,325,196.67 N-mm
Tst  6.325 KN-m

For aluminum shaft:

Tr

J
T (50  2)
70  al

(504 )
32
Tal  1,718,058.48 N-mm
Tal  1.718 KN-m

181
 Torsion

When the aluminum shaft reaches its allowable torque,

Tst  9.3094Tal
Tst  9.3094(1,718,058.48)
Tst  15,994,093.61 N-mm
Tst = 15.994 KN-m > 6.325 KN-m not safe

When steel shaft reaches its allowable torque,

Tst  9.3094Tal
6.325 KN  m  9.3094Tal

Tal = 0.679 KN-m < 1.718 KN-m (safe)

From equation 2:
T  10.3094Tal
T  10.3094(0.6794)
T = 7 KN-m  answer

 PROBLEM 11
Given:
  12 ksi = 12,000 psi
L = 10 ft = 120 in
 
 = 30 deg  
180 deg 6
G = 11.2  106 psi

Solving for the allowable diameter, D

Tr

J
J
T   equation 1
r
TL

JG
JG
T  equation 2
L

182
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

Equate 1 and 2
J JG

r L
L 12,000(120)
r   0.2455 in
G 
11.2  106  
6
D = 2r = 2(0.2455 in)
D = 0.491 in  answer

 PROBLEM 12
Given:
D = 9 in
L = 8,000 ft = 96,000 in
2
 = 2 rev.   4
1 rev
G = 11.2  106 psi

Solving for the torque,T

TL

JG
T(96,000)
4 

(9)4 (11.2  106 )
32
T = 944,336.09 lb-in

Solving for the maximum shearing stress

Tr

J
944,336.09(4.5)


(9)4
32
 = 6,597.34 psi  answer

183
 Torsion

 PROBLEM 13
Given:
  80 MPa
  Free Body Diagram
 = 5 deg.   A B C
180 deg. 36 T

800 N-m 1200 N-m

Considering the FBD shown,
T  800  1,200
T+800
TA  400 N-m
T-D
T
From the torque diagram, 0
TAB  T  400 N-m
TBC  T  800  400  800
TBC  1,200 N-m

 The maximum shearing stress will occur in segment BC.

Diameter based on the allowable shearing stress

Tr

J
1,200,000(D 2)
80 

(D)4
32
D  42.43 mm

Diameter based on the allowable angular deformation

TL
C/A  
JG
 TL   TL 
C/A      
 JG  AB  JG  AB
 400,000(3,000) 1,200,000(2,500)
 
36  4  4
D (83,000) D (83,000)
32 32
D  49.30 mm

The required diameter is,

D = 49.30 mm ⟶ answer

184
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 PROBLEM 14
Given:
  69 MPa
DO  64 mm
rev 2 rad 1 min
= 2700  
min 1 rev 60 s
rad
  90
s
746 watts
P  295 Hp 
1 Hp
P  220,070 watts

Solving for torque, T

P  T
220,070  T(90)
T  778.338 N-m
T=778,338 N-mm

Applying the formula for shearing stress,

Tr

J
778,338(64  2)
69 

(644  Di 4 )
32
Di = 60.16 mm  answer

 PROBLEM 15
Given:
DO  340 mm
Di  260 mm
rad
  20
s
P  220,070 watts
L  60 m = 60,000 mm

185
 Torsion

Solving for the torque, T

P  T
4,500,000  T(20)
T  225,000 N-m
T=225,000,000 N-mm

Solving for the maximum torsional stress,τ

Tr

J
225,000,000(340  2)


(3404  2604 )
32
 = 44.31 Mpa  answer (part 1)

Solving for the angle of twist,θ

TL

JG
225,000,000(60,000)


(3404  2604 )(75,290)
32
180 deg
  0.2077 

 = 11.9 deg.  answer(part 2)

 PROBLEM 16
Given:
D  18 mm
G  77 GPa = 77,000 MPa
L  1.2 m = 1,200 mm

Maximum shearing stress caused by a 200 N – m torque

Tr

J
200,000(18  2)


(184 )
32

186
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 = 174.66 Mpa  answer (part 1)

Angle of twist at the end relative to the other end of the shaft
TL

JG
200,000(1200)


(18)4 (77,000)
32
180 deg
  0.3024 

 = 17.33 deg.  answer(part 2)

187
 Torsion

FLANGED BOLT COUPLINGS

In the shaft connections called flanged bolt couplings, the torque is
transmitted as a shear force created in the bolts as shown in the figure.

T
T

For any number of bolts, the torque capacity of the couplings is expressed as:

P
R
T T = PRn

Where:
T = torque
P = shear force capacity of single bolt
n= number of bolts
R = Distance from the center of the couplings to the center of the
bolt

For coupling that have two concentric rows of bolts,

P1
R1 P2
R2
T = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2
T

188
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to their
radial distances from the shaft axis.
𝛄𝟏 𝛄
= 𝐑𝟐
𝐑𝟏 𝟐

𝛕𝟏 𝛕𝟐
=𝐆
𝐆𝟏 𝐑 𝟏 𝟐𝐑𝟐

EXAMPLE 1
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 25 mm diameter bolts spaced evenly
around a bolt circle 500 mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of
the coupling if the allowable shearing stress in the bolt is 60 MPa.

SOLUTION:
Given:
τ = 60 MPa
n = 10
R = 250 mm
D = 25 mm

Torque capacity for 1 row of bolt

T = PRn
N 
25mm   29,452.43 N
2
Where : P = A bolt  60
mm2  4 
T = (29,452.43 N)(250 mm)(10) = 73,631,077.82 N-mm
T = 73.63 KN-m  answer

189
 Torsion

EXAMPLE 2
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 12 mm diameter steel bolts on a bolt
circle 400 mm diameter, and eight 10 mm diameter steel bolts on
concentric bolt circle 300 mm in diameter. What torque can be applied
without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

SOLUTION:
Given:
τ = 60 MPa
n1 = 8
n2 = 10
R1 = 300/2 = 150 mm

400 mm
300 mm
R2 = 400/2 = 200 mm T
D1 = 10 mm P1 P2
D2 = 12 mm

Solving for capacity of each bolt:

Set τ2 = 60 MPa
N 
12mm  6,785.84 N
2
P2 = 2 A2  60 2  
mm  4 
Solving for τ1
1 2

R1 R2
2R 1 60(150)
1    45 MPa
R2 200

Solving for P1
N 
10mm  3,534.29 N
2
P1 = 1 A1  45 2  
mm  4 

Torque capacity for 2 rows of bolt

T = P1R 1 n1  P2R 2 n2
T = 3,534.29N(150 mm)(8)+6,785.84 N(200 mm)(10)
T = 17,812,830 N-mm
T = 17.81 KN-m  answer

190
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

EXAMPLE 3
A plate is fastened to fixed member by four 25 mm diameter rivets
arranged as shown in the figure. Compute the maximum and minimum
shearing stress developed in the rivets.

15 KN

60 mm 60 mm 60 mm

15 KN

SOLUTION:

 MO  0
15,000 N(90 mm)(2)  P1 (30 mm)(2)+P2 (90mm)(2)
P1  3P2  45,000
1 A1  32 A 2  45,000  equation 1
15 KN
Applying the formula,
1 2 P1 P2

R1 R2
O
30
1  2
90
P2 P1
Substitute to equation 1
30 30 30 15 KN
2 A1  32 A2  45,000
90 90 90

30    
25  32   25  45,000
2 2
2
90  4  4
 
2 = 27.50 MPa  max imum shearing stress

Solving for τ1
30 30
1  2  (27.50)
90 90
1 = 9.17 MPa  minimum shearing stress

191
 Torsion

TORSION OF THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS-SECTION

Thin-walled tubes of noncircular cross section are often used to construct
light-weight frameworks. In the case of thin-walled hollow noncircular
shafts, a good approximation of the distribution of stresses in the shaft can
be obtained by a simple computation. Since the walls are thin, we will
obtain the average shear stress by assuming that this stress is uniformly
distributed across the thickness of the tube at any given point. The average
shearing stress across any thickness t is

𝐓
τ = 𝟐𝐀
𝐦𝐭

Where:
τ = the average shear stress acting over a particular thickness of
the tube
T = the resultant internal torque at the cross section
t = the thickness of the tube where τ is to be determined
Am = the mean area enclosed within the boundary of the centerline
of the tube’s thickness

EXAMPLE 1
A torque T = 750 KN - m is applied to the hollow shaft shown that has a
uniform 8 mm wall thickness. Neglecting the effect of stress concentrations,
determine the average shearing stress in the shaft.

60°

60° 60°

100 mm

SOLUTION:
Given:
T = 750 KN-m = 750,000,000 N-mm
t = 8 mm

192
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

Considering the right triangle:

4 mm
tan 30 =
x
60°
x = 4 3 mm
2x + a = 100 mm
60°
 
60°
a = 100 - 2 4 3  86.14 mm
4 mm

x a x
Solving for Am 100 mm
1 1
A m  a2 sin 60 = (86.14)2 sin 60
2 2
A m  3,213.27 mm 2

Solving for the shearing stress

T
=
2A m t
750,000,000
=
2(3,213.27)(8)
 = 14,587.96 MPa  answer

EXAMPLE 2
A tube 0.12 in thick has an elliptical shape shown in the figure. What torque
will cause a shearing stress of 9000 psi?

8 in

4 in

SOLUTION:
Given:
τ = 9,000 psi
t = 0.12 in
193
 Torsion

8 in
t
x  2   8 in x
2
x = 8 - t = 8 - 0.12 = 7.88 in
t
y  2   4 in y 4 in
2
y = 4 - t = 4 - 0.12 = 3.88 in

Solving for Am
 x  y   7.88  3.88 
Am  Ashaded          2   24.013 in
2

2
   2  2  

Applying the formula,

T
=
2A m t
T = 2A m t  2(9,000)(24.013)(0.12)
T = 51,868.25 lb-ft  answer

HELICAL SPRINGS
When a helical spring shown, composed of wire of round rod of diameter
“d” wound into the helix of radius “R” with number of turns “n” is subjected
to an axial load “P” at the centerline of the helix, the cross-section of the rod
is subjected by direct shear stress and torsional shearing stress.

P
P R

𝐩 𝟏𝟔𝐏𝐑
τ = 𝛑 𝟐+
𝐝 𝛑𝐝𝟑
𝟒

194
Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

𝟏𝟔𝐏𝐑 𝐝
τ= 𝟏 +
𝛑𝐝𝟑 𝟒𝐑

For heavy springs where the curvature of the spring is consider, a more precise
formula is given by Wahl Formula

𝟏𝟔𝐏𝐑 𝟒𝐦−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓

τ= +
𝛑𝐝𝟑 𝟒𝐦−𝟒 𝐦

Where (m = 2R/d) is the spring index and (4m - 1)/(4m - 4) is the wahl
factor.
The elongation of the spring is

𝟔𝟒𝐏𝐑𝟑 𝐧
δ= 𝐆𝐝𝟒

SPRING CONSTANT (k)

The ratio of load “P” to elongation “δ”

𝐏
k=𝛅

EXAMPLE 1
Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in a helical steel
spring composed of 25 turns of 20 mm diameter wire on a mean radius of
100 mm when supporting a load of 2 KN. Use G = 83 GPa

SOLUTION:
Given:
n = 25
d = 20 mm
R = 100 mm
P = 2 KN = 2,000 N
G = 83, 000 MPa

195
 Torsion

Maximum shearing stress

16PR  d 
= 3 
1
d  4R 
16(2,000)(100)  20 
= 1  
(20)3  4(100) 
 = 133.69 MPa  answer

Elongation
64PR 3 n

Gd4
64(2,000)(100)3 (25)

(83,000)(20)4
δ = 240.96 mm  answer

EXAMPLE 2
A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping wire 1 inch in diameter around a
forming cylinder 8 inches in diameter. Compute the number of turns
required to permit elongation of 4 inches without exceeding a shearing
stress of 20 ksi. Use G = 12 x 106 psi.

SOLUTION:
Given:
d = 1 in
R = 8 in/2 = 4 in
δ = 4 in
τ = 20 ksi = 20,000 psi
G = 12  106 psi

Solving for the allowable P

16PR  d 
= 3 
1
d  4R 
16(P)(4)  1 
20,000 = 1  
(1) 
3
4(4) 
P  924 lb

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

Solving for the number of turns

64PR 3 n

Gd4
64(924)(4)3 (n)
4
(12  106 )(1)4
n = 12.68 , say 13 turns  answer

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PROBLEMS - SET 7

PROBLEM 1
A torque of 800 lb-ft is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that consists
of ten ½ inch diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 12 inches and six
½ inch diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 8 inches.
1. Determine the shearing stress in the bolts on a circle of 12 inches.
a. 686.66 psi c. 822.22 psi
b. 643.32 psi d. 566.67 psi
2. Determine the shearing stress in the bolts on a circle of 8 inches.
a. 428.88 psi c. 444.44 psi
b. 534.09 psi d. 345.67 psi

PROBLEM 2
3. Determine the number of 12 mm diameter steel bolts that must be used
on the 500 mm diameter bolt circle of the coupling that can resist 15
KN – m torque if the shearing stress in steel bolts is limited to 40 MPa.
a. 14 pcs c. 15 psc
b. 13 pcs d. 12 pcs

PROBLEM 3
4. The plate shown in the figure is fastened to the fixed member by five 10
mm diameter rivets. Compute the value of loads “P” so that the average
shearing stress in any rivet does not exceed 140 MPa.

P 120 mm

a. 19.45 KN
b. 17.83 KN 120 mm
80 mm
c. 17.37 KN 40 mm

d. 22.22 KN 40 mm
80 mm 100 mm

PROBLEM 4
A torque T = 5 KN- m is applied to a hollow shaft having the cross section
shown. Neglecting the effect of stress concentrations, determine

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

75 mm
5. the shearing stress at point a.
a. 59.63 MPa c. 55.67 MPa
b. 58.01 MPa d. 52.51 MPa
10 mm
6. the shearing stress at point b.
6 mm 6 mm
a. 31.51 MPa c. 33.66 MPa 125 mm
b. 37.22 MPa d. 40.09 MPa a
10 mm

b
PROBLEM 5
A 5.6 KN – m torque is applied to a hollow shaft having the cross-section
shown. Neglecting the effect of stress concentrations, determine
5 mm

7. the shearing stress at point a.

a. 39.56 MPa c. 44.22 MPa a
b. 47.67 MPa d. 35.45 MPa
8. the shearing stress at point b.
a. 22.11 MPa c. 25.67 MPa
b. 27.64 MPa d. 30.33 MPa 5 mm 100 mm
5 mm

5 mm

b
PROBLEM 6
9. A torque of 500 lb-ft is applied to the square section with uniform
thickness shown in the figure. Determine the smallest permissible
dimension “a” if the shearing stress is limited to 6500 psi.

a. 2.91 inches 0.12 in

b. 1.89 inches
c. 2.08 inches a
d. 3.12 inches

PROBLEM 7
A helical spring composed of 25 turns of 1.0 inch diameter wire on mean
radius of 5 inches when the spring is supporting a load of 550 lb. Use G = 6 x
106 psi.
10. Determine the maximum shearing stress.
a. 16.03 ksi c. 14.33 ksi
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 Torsion

b. 14.58 ksi d. 12.44 ksi

11. Determine the elongation.
a. 15.12 in c. 17.34 in
b. 18.33 in d. 19.67 in

PROBLEM 8
Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in Figure supports a load P.
The upper spring has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of
100 mm. The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20-mm-diamter wire on a
mean radius of 75 mm. If the maximum shearing stress in either spring
must not exceed 240 MPa,
12. Compute the maximum value of P.
a. 5238 N c. 4367 N
b. 4712 N d. 4009 N
13. Compute the total elongation of the assembly.
Use G = 83 GPa
a. 207.43 mm c. 167.33 mm
b. 150.92 mm d. 160.22 mm

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

ANSWER SHEET
1. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 41. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
2. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 42. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
3. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 43. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
4. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 44. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
5. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 45. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
6. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 46. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
7. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 47. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
8. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 48. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
9. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 49. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
10. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 50. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

11. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 51. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
12. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 52. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
13. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 53. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
14. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 54. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
15. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 55. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
16. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 56. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
17. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 57. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
18. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 58. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
19. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 59. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
20. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 60. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

21. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 61. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
22. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 62. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
23. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 63. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
24. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 64. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
25. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 65. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
26. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 66. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
27. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 67. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
28. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 68. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
29. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 69. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
30. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 70. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

31. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 71. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
32. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 72. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
33. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 73. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
34. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 74. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
35. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 75. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
36. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 76. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
37. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 77. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
38. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 78. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
39. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 79. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
40. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] 80. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E]

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SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS - SET 7

 PROBLEM 1
Given:
T = 800 lb-ft = 9,600 lb-in
n1 = 6
R1 = 4 in
d1 = 0.5 in
n2 = 10
R2 = 6 in
D2 = 0.5 in

Applying the formula for two rows bolt circle

T = P1R 1 n1  P2R 2n2
9,600 = P1 (4)(6)+P2 (6)(10)
9,600 = 24P1 + 60P2
400 = P1  2.5P2
400 = 1 A1  2.52 A2  equation 1
1 2

4 6
R 4
1  2 1  2
R2 6

Substitute to equation 1
4
400 = 2 A1  2.52 A 2
6
4  
400 = 2    0.5  2.52   0.5
2 2

6 4 4
τ 2 = 643.32 psi  answer (part 1)

Solving for τ1
4 4
1  2  (643.32)
6 5
τ1 = 428.88 psi  answer (part 2)

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 PROBLEM 2
T = 15 KN-m = 15,000,000 N-mm
R = 250 mm
d = 12 mm
τ = 40 MPa

Number of steel bolts

T = PRn
T = A bolt Rn

15,000,000 = 40 (12)2 (250)n
4
n = 13.26 , say n = 14 pcs  answer

 PROBLEM 3
Given:
τ = 140 MPa
d = 10 mm

Solving for x using Varignon’s Theorem P3 P2

80 mm

R3
R2

40 mm 40 mm
For bolt circles having the same bolt area R1
5x = 3(0) + 2(120)
x = 48 mm P1 T
80 mm

Solving for R1, R2 and R3 x

R 1  x = 48 mm
R 2  402  (120  48)2  82.365 mm 120 mm

R 3  802  (48)2  93.295 mm

Solving the shearing stress for each bolt

Set τ3 = 140 MPa (critical bolt)
R 82.365
2  2 3  (140)
R3 93.295
2  123.60 MPa
R1 48
1  3  (140)
R3 93.295
1  72.03 MPa

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 Torsion

Solving for the torque,T

T = P1R 1n1  P2R 2n2  P3R 3n3
T = 1 A1R 1n1  2 A 2R 2n2  3 A3R 3n3
     
T  (72.03) (10)2 (48)(1) + (123.60) (10)2 (82.365)(2)+ 140  (10)2 (93.295)(2)
 4   4   4 
T = 3,922,331 N-mm

Solving for the value of P

T = P(120) + P(100)
3,922,331 = 120P + 100 P
P = 17,828.78 N
P = 17.83 KN  answer

 PROBLEM 4
Given:
x
T = 5 KN-m = 5,000,000 N-mm

Solving for x and y b

x = 75 mm - 6 mm = 69 mm
y = 125 mm - 10 mm = 115 mm 6 mm y

Solving for Am
Am = xy = 69mm(115mm) = 7,935 mm2 10 mm a

Solving for the stress at point a and b

T
a 
2A m t a
5,000,000
a 
2(7935)(6)
a = 52.51 MPa  answer(part 1)
T
b 
2A m t b
5,000,000
b 
2(7935)(10)
b = 31.51 MPa  answer(part 2)

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

 PROBLEM 5
Given:
T = 5.6 KN-m = 5,600,000 N-mm
5 mm
Solving for x, y and r
x = 100 mm - 5 mm = 95 mm a
r
y = 100 mm - 4 mm = 96 mm
r = 50 mm - 2.5 mm = 47.5 mm
5 mm y
Solving for Am
A m = xy +0.5r2
A m = 95 mm(96mm) + 0.5(47.5mm)2 8 mm b
A m  12,664.11 mm 2
x

Solving for the stress at point a and b

T
a 
2A m t a
5,600,000
a 
2(12,664.11)(5)
a = 44.22 MPa  answer(part 1)
T
b 
2A m t b
5,600,000
b 
2(12,664.11)(8)
b = 27.64 MPa  answer(part 2)

 PROBLEM 6
Given:
T = 500 lb-ft = 6000 lb-in
τ = 6,500 psi
Applying the formula,
T

2A m t
6,000
6,500 
2(A m )(0.12)
A m  (a  0.12)2
6,000
6,500 
2(a  0.12)2(0.12)
a = 2.08 in  answer
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 Torsion

 PROBLEM 7
Given:
n = 25 turns
d = 1 in
R = 5 in
P = 550 lb
G = 6  106 psi

Maximum shearing stress(using the more precise formula)

16PR  4m  1 0.615 
= 
d3  4m  4 m 
2R 2(5)
where : m =   10
d 1
16(550)(5)  4(10)  1 0.615 
=   
(1)3  4(10)  4 10 
 = 16,034 psi  answer(part 1)

Elongation
64PR 3 n

Gd4
64(550)(5)3 (25)

(6  106 )(1)4
δ = 18.33 in  answer (part 2)

 PROBLEM 8
Given:
Upper spring:
n = 12 turns
d = 25 mm
R = 100 mm
G = 83GPa = 83,000 MPa
τallowable = 240 MPa

Lower spring:
n = 10 turns
d = 20 mm
R = 75 mm
G = 83GPa = 83,000 MPa
τallowable = 240 MPa

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Strength of Materials by Dovann O. Arrabis

Value of P base on shearing in upper spring

16PR  d 
= 3 
1
d  4R 
16(P)(100)  25 
240 = 1  
(25)3  4(100) 
P = 6,929.98 N

Value of P base on shearing in lower spring

16PR  d 
= 3 
1
d  4R 
16(P)(75)  20 
240 = 1  
(20) 
3
4(75) 
P = 4,712.39 N
Safe P = 4,712. 39 N  answer

Total elongation of the assembly

  upper  lower
 64PR 3 n   64PR 3 n 
   
 Gd  upper  Gd  lower
4 4

64(4712.39)(100)3 (12) 64(4712.39)(75)3(10)

 
(83,000)(25)4 (83,000)(20)4
δ = 207.43 mm  answer(part 2)

207
 Torsion

208