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Lesson 3 - Cell Structures and Functions

The document provides an overview of cells, including their discovery, structure, and functions. It outlines the cell theory, characteristics of cells, and details various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Additionally, it explains the roles of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton in cellular processes.

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Kiel Vinz
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2 views7 pages

Lesson 3 - Cell Structures and Functions

The document provides an overview of cells, including their discovery, structure, and functions. It outlines the cell theory, characteristics of cells, and details various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Additionally, it explains the roles of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton in cellular processes.

Uploaded by

Kiel Vinz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9/15/23

CELLS

Smallest living unit


CELL STRUCTURES AND Most are microscopic
FUNCTIONS

DISCOVERY OF CELLS CELL THEORY

Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) a scientific theory which describes the properties of


Observed cork cells.
Saw “row of empty boxes” (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
Coined the term “cell” “ all living things are made of cells”
“smallest living unit of structure and function of all
organisms is the cell”

(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow


“all cells come from cells”

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CELLS REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL CELL


A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Structures for cell function
Control center with DNA

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REPRESENTATIVE PLANT CELL ORGANELLES


Little organs that carry out specialized
functions
Cellular machinery

PLASMA MEMBRANE PLASMA MEMBRANE


Contains cell contents
Separates the cytoplasm from Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
the cell’s surroundings. The
cell’s surface also transport
substances into and out of
the cell.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Hydrophilic head
class of lipids that are a Interacts with
major component of all cell water
membranes. Hydrophobic tail

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CELL WALLS CELL WALLS

This outer covering is Found in plants, fungi, & many protists


positioned next to the cell Surrounds plasma membrane
membrane (plasma membrane)
in most plant cells, fungi,
bacteria, algae,.

CELL WALL DIFFERENCES CYTOPLASM


Plants –cellulose Viscous fluid containing organelles
Fungi – contain chitin components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
storage substances

CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
Filaments & fibers
These structures give the cell its Made of 3 fiber types
Microfilaments
shape and help organize the Microtubules
cell's parts. In addition, they Intermediate filaments
provide a basis for movement 3 functions:
and cell division. mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances

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A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule

CILIA & FLAGELLA CILIA & FLAGELLA STRUCTURE


Bundles of microtubules

Provide motility
Cilia
Short
Used to move substances
outside human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells

CENTRIOLES NUCLEUS
Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division Control center of
cell
Double membrane

Contains
Chromosomes

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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DNA


Separates nucleus from rest of cell Hereditary material

Double membrane Chromosomes


DNA
Has pores Proteins
Chromatin

NUCLEOLUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM


Contained within the nucleus is a dense Helps move substances within cells
structure composed of RNA and proteins
Forms ribosomes Network of interconnected membranes

Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC


RETICULUM RETICULUM
Ribosomes attached to surface
No attached ribosomes
Manufacture proteins
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER Has enzymes that help build molecules
May modify proteins from ribosomes Carbohydrates
Lipids

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RIBOSOMES GOLGI APPARATUS


make proteins (made Sorts proteins
up of RNA and made by the
protein); thought of as ribosomes and
“factories” sends them to
needed places in
factory for protein the cell
synthesis in cells
Packaging &
shipping station of
cell

LYSOSOMES VACUOLES
organelles that are filled fluid filled organelles
with digestive enzymes enclosed by a
to remove waste and membrane
invading bacteria Store materials such as
food, sugar, water, and
Functions waste products
Aid in cell renewal
Membrane bound
Break down old cell storage sacs
parts
Digests invaders More common in
plants than animals

MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLASTS
capture light energy; and converts it into chemical
often referred to as energy.
the “powerhouse”
Solar energy capturing organelle
of the cell
release energy for the
cell
It converts the energy
stored in glucose into
ATP for the cell
Bound by double
membrane

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Takes place in the chloroplast
Makes cellular food – glucose

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