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Chapter 2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Class 11

The document covers the concepts of relations and functions, including Cartesian products of sets, examples of relations, and exercises to reinforce understanding. It provides various examples and exercises related to defining relations, determining domains and ranges, and identifying functions. Additionally, it discusses the algebra of real functions and includes miscellaneous examples and exercises for further practice.

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Faiyazul
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30 views52 pages

Chapter 2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Class 11

The document covers the concepts of relations and functions, including Cartesian products of sets, examples of relations, and exercises to reinforce understanding. It provides various examples and exercises related to defining relations, determining domains and ranges, and identifying functions. Additionally, it discusses the algebra of real functions and includes miscellaneous examples and exercises for further practice.

Uploaded by

Faiyazul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

# Introduction:

# Cartesian Products of Sets:


Remarks :
Example 1: If (x + 1, y – 2) = (3,1), find the values of x and y.

Example 2: If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {r}, form the sets P × Q and Q × P.


Are these two products equal?
Example 3: Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4} and C = {4,5,6}. Find
(i) A × (B ∩ C) (ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(iii) A × (B ∪ C) (iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
Example 4: If P = {1, 2}, form the set P × P × P.

Example 5: If R is the set of all real numbers, what do the cartesian


products R × R and R × R × R represent?
Example 6 If A × B ={(p, q),(p, r), (m, q), (m, r)}, find A and B.

EXERCISE 2.1
x 2 5 1
1) If + 1, y − = , , find the values of x and y.
3 3 3 3
2) If the set A has 3 elements and the set B = {3, 4, 5}, then
find the number of elements in (A×B).

3) If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G × H and H × G.


4) State whether each of the following statements are true or false.
If the statement is false, rewrite the given statement correctly.
(i) If P = {m, n} and Q = { n, m}, then P × Q = {(m, n),(n, m)}.

(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of


ordered pairs (x, y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B.

(iii) If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, then A × (B ∩ φ) = φ.


5) If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A.

6) If A × B = {(a, x),(a , y), (b, x), (b, y)}. Find A and B.


7) Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Verify
that
(i) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
(ii) A × C is a subset of B × D
8) Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Write A × B. How many subsets will
A × B have? List them.

9) Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2. If (x, 1),
(y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B, find A and B, where x, y and z are distinct
elements.
10) The Cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among
which are found (–1, 0) and (0,1). Find the set A and the
remaining elements of A × A.
# Relations :

* Remarks :
Example 7: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A
by R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
(i) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram.
(ii) Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
Example 8: The Fig. shows a relation between the sets P and Q.
Write this relation
(i) in set-builder form,
(ii) in roster form.
What is its domain and range?
Note :

Example 9: Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the number of


relations from A to B.
EXERCISE 2.2
1) Let A = {1, 2, 3,...,14}. Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x,
y) : 3x – y = 0, where x, y ∈ A}. Write down its domain, codomain
and range.
2) Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by R = {(x, y)
: y = x + 5, x is a natural number less than 4; x, y ∈N}. Depict this
relationship using roster form. Write down the domain and the
range.
3) A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}. Define a relation R from A to B by
R = {(x, y): the difference between x and y is odd; x ∈ A, y ∈ B}.
Write R in roster form.
4) The Fig. shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write
this relation
(i) in set-builder form
(ii) roster form.
What is its domain and range?
5) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a, b):
a , b ∈A, b is exactly divisible by a}.
(i) Write R in roster form
(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R.
6) Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by R =
{(x, x + 5) : x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}.

7) Write the relation R = {(x, x3 ) : x is a prime number less than 10}


in roster form.
8) Let A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}. Find the number of relations from
A to B.

9) Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ Z, a – b is


an integer}. Find the domain and range of R.
# Functions:
Example 10: Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R
be defined on N such that R = {(x, y) : y = 2x, x, y ∈ N}. What is the
domain, codomain and range of R? Is this relation a function?
Example 11: Examine each of the following relations given below
and state in each case, giving reasons whether it is a function or
not?
(i) R = {(2,1),(3,1), (4,2)},

(ii) R = {(2,2),(2,4),(3,3), (4,4)}

(iii) R = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,4), (4,5), (5,6), (6,7)}


Example 12: Let N be the set of natural numbers. Define a real
valued function f : N N by f (x) = 2x + 1. Using this definition,
complete the table given below.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

y f(1)= f(2)= f(3)= f(4)= f(5)= f(6)= f(7)=


# Some functions and their graphs:
Some functions and their graphs:
Some functions and their graphs:
# Algebra of Real Functions:
Example 16: Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x + 1 be two real functions. Find
f
f + g x , f − g x , fg x , x
g
Example 17: Let f(x) = 𝑥 and g(x) = x be two functions defined over
the set of non-negative real numbers. Find
f
f + g x , f − g x , fg x , (x).
g
EXERCISE 2.3
1) Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If
it is a function, determine its domain and range.
(i) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1), (14,1), (17,1)}

(ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}

(iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}.


2) Find the domain and range of the following real functions:
(i) f(x) = − x (ii) f(x) = 9 − x 2 .
3) A function f is defined by f(x) = 2x –5. Write down the values of
(i) f (0), (ii) f (7), (iii) f (–3).
4) The function ‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius into
9
temperature in degree Fahrenheit is defined by t(C) = C + 32. Find
5
(i) t(0) (ii) t(28) (iii) t(–10) (iv) The value of C, when
t(C) = 212.
5) Find the range of each of the following functions.
(i) f (x) = 2 – 3x, x ∈ R, x > 0. (ii) f (x) = x2 + 2, x is a real number.

(iii) f (x) = x, x is a real number.


Miscellaneous Examples
Example 18: Let R be the set of real numbers. Define the real
function f: R→R by f(x) = x + 10 and sketch the graph of this
function.
Example 19 Let R be a relation from Q to Q defined by R = {(a, b): a,
b ∈ Q and a – b ∈ Z}. Show that
(i) (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ Q
(ii) (a, b) ∈ R implies that (b, a) ∈ R
(iii) (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R implies that (a, c) ∈R
Example 20: Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)} be a linear
function from Z into Z. Find f(x).

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5
Example 21: Find the domain of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4
1 − 𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
Example 22: The function f is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ1, 𝑥 = 0,
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 > 0
Draw the graph of f(x).
Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 2
x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
1) The relation f is defined by f x = ቊ
3x, 3 ≤ x ≤ 10
x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
The relation g is defined by g x = ቊ
3x, 2 ≤ x ≤ 10
Show that f is a function and g is not a function.
f 1.1 − f(1)
2) If f(x) = x2 , find .
(1.1 − 1)
4) Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by
f x = x−1 .

5) Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by f
(x) = |x –1|.
x2
6) Let f = x, : x ∈ R be a function from R into R. Determine
1 + x2
the range of f.

7) Let f, g : R→R be defined, respectively by f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x –


3. Find f + g, f – g and f/g.
8) Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0,–1), (–1, –3)} be a function from Z to Z
defined by f(x) = ax + b, for some integers a, b. Determine a, b.
9) Let R be a relation from N to N defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b ∈N and a = b2
}. Are the following true?
(i) (a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N

(ii) (a, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R

(iii) (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R.


10) Let A ={1,2,3,4}, B = {1,5,9,11,15,16} and f = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1),
(4,5), (2,11)} Are the following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B

(ii) f is a function from A to B. Justify your answer in each case.


11) Let f be the subset of Z × Z defined by f = {(ab, a + b) : a, b ∈ Z}.
Is f a function from Z to Z? Justify your answer.
12) Let A = {9,10,11,12,13} and let f : A→N be defined by f (n) = the
highest prime factor of n. Find the range of f.

SUMMARY

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