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Structured Query Language (SQL)

The document provides an overview of Structured Query Language (SQL), detailing its three main components: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Control Language (DCL). It explains various data types, commands for creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as commands for manipulating data such as inserting, updating, and deleting records. Additionally, it includes syntax examples for each command to illustrate their usage.

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1 views14 pages

Structured Query Language (SQL)

The document provides an overview of Structured Query Language (SQL), detailing its three main components: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and Data Control Language (DCL). It explains various data types, commands for creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as commands for manipulating data such as inserting, updating, and deleting records. Additionally, it includes syntax examples for each command to illustrate their usage.

Uploaded by

bijjahimanshu05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structured Query Language

(SQL)

1
Attribute (or)
Field

Record (or)
Tuple

Fig: Sailors table 2


▪The SQL language has Three parts
-Data Definition Language (DDL)
-Data Manipulation Language (DML)
-Data Control Language(DCL)

Data Definition Language (DDL):

▪DDL supports the creation, deletion, and modification of


definitions for tables and views and indexes

▪Integrity constraints can be defined on tables, either when


the table is created or later

3
Data Manipulation Language (DML):

▪DML allows users to insert, delete, and modify records

Data Control Language (DCL):

▪DCL controls a database, including administrative


privileges and saving data

4
Data type

▪Specifies the kind of data that a field stores

Character data type

VARCHAR2

▪Stores variable-length character data up to a maximum of


4,000 characters

▪Values in different records can have a different number of


characters

5
Number data type

▪Stores negative, positive, fixed and floating point numbers


with precision up to 38 decimal places

Syntax: Fieldname NUMBER[(precision , scale)]


Integer: Fieldname NUMBER (precision)
Fixed Point: Fieldname NUMBER[(precision , scale)]

Date data type

Date

▪Dates from December 31,4712 BC to December 31,4712


AD 6
▪Default format DD-MON-YY

▪Default time format HH:MI:SS AM

Syntax: Fieldname DATE

DDL Commands

-CREATE
-ALTER
-DROP
-TRUNCATE

7
CREATE command

▪Used to create table

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table-name (Fieldname1 data_type ,
Fieldname2 data_type , …. ….. ….)

Example
CREATE TABLE Sailors (sid NUMBER(2), sname
VARCHAR2(20), rating NUMBER(2))

ALTER command

Adding a new field in to the existing relation


8
▪All rows in the relation(table) are assigned ‘null’ as the
value for the new attributes

Syntax: ALTER TABLE tablename


ADD (fieldname Field_datatype)

Example: ALTER TABLE Sailors


ADD (age NUMBER(2))

Modifying an existing field

Syntax: ALTER TABLE tablename


MODIFY (fieldname new_field_datatype)
Example
ALTER TABLE Sailors MODIFY (age NUMBER(3,1))
9
Deleting an existing field
Syntax: ALTER TABLE tablename
DROP COLUMN Fieldname
Example: ALTER TABLE Sailors DROP COLUMN age

DROP command
▪Used to delete an existing table
Syntax: DROP TABLE tablename
Example: DROP TABLE Sailors

TRUNCATE command
▪TRUNCATE Removes all rows from a table without
backup

Syntax: TRUNCATE table tablename


Example: TRUNCATE table Sailors 10
DML Commands
-INSERT
-DELETE
-UPDATE
-SELECT

INSERT command
Inserting record into a table
Syntax: INSERT INTO table-name VALUES
(field1,field2,…)
Example:
INSERT INTO Sailors values (22,'Dustin',7,45.0)

Inserting a record that has some null attributes


▪Requires identifying the fields that actually get data
Syntax: INSERT INTO table-name (field1,field4) VALUES
(value1,value2)
11
Inserting records from another table
Syntax: INSERT INTO table_name1 SELECT * FROM
table_name2

UPDATE command
For modifying attribute values of (some) tuples in a table
Syntax: UPDATE tablename SET column1=value1,…,
columnn=valuen WHERE condition
Example: UPDATE Sailors SET age=34.5 WHERE sid=22

DELETE command
Removing specified rows from a table
Syntax: DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition
Example: DELETE FROM Sailors WHERE sid=22

12
Removing all rows from a table
Syntax: DELETE FROM tablename
Example: DELETE FROM Sailors

Fig 4.2 Boats table

13
Fig 4.3 Reserves table
14

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