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Sheet 2 Condensation

The document discusses various scenarios of condensation heat transfer, including film condensation on vertical and horizontal surfaces, and dropwise condensation. It provides calculations for condensation rates, heat transfer rates, and overall heat transfer coefficients for different setups involving steam, cooling water, and refrigerants. The document also explores the effects of orientation and flow conditions on the condensation process.

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14 views3 pages

Sheet 2 Condensation

The document discusses various scenarios of condensation heat transfer, including film condensation on vertical and horizontal surfaces, and dropwise condensation. It provides calculations for condensation rates, heat transfer rates, and overall heat transfer coefficients for different setups involving steam, cooling water, and refrigerants. The document also explores the effects of orientation and flow conditions on the condensation process.

Uploaded by

pma399329
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Condensation Heat Transfer

Sheet (2)
Film condensation on outer surfaces
1. Saturated steam at 1 atm condenses on the outer surface of a vertical, 100 mm-diameter
pipe, 1m long, having a uniform surface temperature of 94oC. Estimate the total
condensation rate and the heat transfer rate to the pipe. If the cooling water passes through
the steel pipe of inner diameter 92 mm (k = 400 W/m.K). What water flow rate will result
in a 4oC-temperature rise of the water between the outlet and inlet of the pipe? Also
determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (take the cooling water properties are; cp=
4179 J/kg.K,  = 855 x 10-6 Pa.s, k = 0.613 W/m.k, and Pr = 5.83) (Assume the thickness
of the steel pipe is very small).
2. A 2 m x 2 m vertical plate is exposed on one side to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure
and on the other side to cooling water that maintains a plate temperature of 50 oC. (a)What
is the rate of heat transfer to the coolant? What is the rate at which steam condenses on the
plate? (b)For plates inclined at an angle  from the vertical, the average convection
coefficient for condensation on the upper surface, hL(inclined), may be approximated by
an expression of the form, hL(inclined) = hL(vert) x (cos  )1/4 where hL(vert) is the average
coefficient for the vertical orientation. If the 2 m x 2 m plate is inclined 45o from the normal,
what are the rates of heat transfer and condensation?
3. The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa. Steam at this
pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of horizontal pipes through which cooling water
circulates. The outer diameter of the pipes is 3 cm, and the outer surfaces of the pipes are
maintained at 30°C. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water circulating
in the pipes and (b) the rate of condensation of steam per unit length of a horizontal pipe.
(c) Repeat the proceeding problem for the case of 12 horizontal tubes arranged in a
rectangular array of 3 tubes high and 4 tubes wide.
4. Steam at 40°C condenses on the outside of a 3-cm diameter thin horizontal copper tube by
cooling water that enters the tube at 25°C at an average velocity of 2 m/s and leaves at
35°C. Determine the rate of condensation of steam, the average overall heat transfer
coefficient between the steam and the cooling water, and the tube length.

5. A technique for cooling a multichip module involves submerging the module in a saturated
fluorocarbon liquid. Vapor generated due to boiling at the module surface is condensed on
the outer surface of copper tubing suspended in the vapor space above the liquid. The thin-
walled tubing is of diameter D = 10 mm and is coiled in a horizontal plane. It is cooled by
water that enters at 285 K and leaves at 315 K. All the heat dissipated by the chips within
the module is transferred from a 100 mm x 100 mm boiling surface, at which the flux is
105 W/m2 , to the fluorocarbon liquid, which is at Tsat = 570C. Liquid properties are k1 =
0.0537 W/m.K, cp,l= 1100 J/kg. K, hfg  hfg = 4400 J/kg, l= 1619.2 kg/m3, v= 13.4 kg/m3
 = 8.1x 10-3 kg/s2, l= 440 x 10-6 kg/m.s, and Pr1 =9. (a) For the prescribed heat dissipation,
what is the required condensation rate (kg/s) and water flow rate (kg/s)? (b) Assuming fully
developed flow throughout the tube, determine the values of hi of water and ho of
condensing vapor if the tube surface temperature Ts = 530C. (c) Assuming a uniform tube
surface temperature of Ts = 53 0C, determine the required length of the coil.

Condensation in horizontal tubes


1. Saturated steam at 1.5 bars condenses inside a horizontal, 75-mm-diameter pipe whose
surface is maintained at 100 oC. Assuming low vapor velocities and film condensation,
estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the condensation rate per unit length of the pipe.
2. Refrigerant R-22 with a mass flow rate of 𝑚.  8.75 x 10-3 kg/s is condensed inside a 7-
mm-diameter tube. Annular flow is observed. The saturation temperature of the pressurized
refrigerant is Tsat=45 oC, and the wall temperature is Ts=40 oC. Vapor properties are v 
77 kg/m3 and v  15 x10-6 N.s/m2. (a) Determine the heat transfer coefficient and the heat
transfer and condensation rates per unit length at a quality of X=0.5. b) Plot the
condensation rate per unit length over the range 0.2 < X < 0.8.
3. The Clean Air Act prohibited the production of chlo-rofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the United
States as of 1996. One widely used CFC, refrigerant R-12, has been replaced by R-134a in
many applications because of their similar properties, including a low boiling point at
atmospheric pressure, Tsat=243 K and 246.9 K for R-12 and R-134a, respectively. Compare
the performance of these two refrigerants under the following conditions. The saturated
refrigerant vapor at 310 K is condensed as it flows through a 30-mm-diameter, 0.8-m-long
tube whose wall temperature is maintained at 290 K. If vapor enters the tube at a flow rate
of 0.010 kg/s, what is the rate of condensation and the flow rate of vapor leaving the tube?
The relevant properties of R-12 at Tsat=310 K are v  50.1 kg/m3, hfg=160 kJ/kg, and v 
150 x 10-7 N.s/m2 and those of liquid R-12 at Tf = 300 K are l  1306 kg/m3, cpl = 978
J/kg.K,  l  2.54 x 10-4 N.s/m2, kl= 0.072 W/m.K. The properties of the saturated R-134a
vapor are v  46.1 kg/m3, hfg=166 kJ/kg, and v  136 x 10-7 N.s/m2.

Dropwise condensation
1. A beverage can with a diameter of 65 mm and a height of 120 mm has a uniform
temperature of 5 0C when it is removed from the refrigerator. The can is set on a table in a
room with an ambient air temperature of 320C and a relative humidity of 75%. Estimate
the condensation rate assuming (a) dropwise condensation and (b) film condensation.
Compare the rates and explain under what conditions dropwise condensation can occur.

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