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Computer Basics

A computer system consists of hardware and software that work together to process data. Key hardware components include input devices (like keyboards and mice), output devices (like monitors and printers), the CPU (which includes the ALU and CU), memory (RAM and ROM), and storage devices (HDDs and SSDs). The computer operates by taking input, processing it, temporarily storing it, saving results, and producing output.

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1 views1 page

Computer Basics

A computer system consists of hardware and software that work together to process data. Key hardware components include input devices (like keyboards and mice), output devices (like monitors and printers), the CPU (which includes the ALU and CU), memory (RAM and ROM), and storage devices (HDDs and SSDs). The computer operates by taking input, processing it, temporarily storing it, saving results, and producing output.

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mansooralizainab
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Basic Computer Organization

A computer system is an integrated setup of hardware (physical components) and


software (programs/instructions) that work together to process data and provide
meaningful output.

1. Hardware Components
These are the tangible parts of a computer:
A. Input Devices
- Used to enter data/commands into the computer.
- Examples:
- Keyboard (text input) - Mouse (pointing/clicking) - Scanner (digitizes
documents)
- Microphone (audio input) - Touchscreen (direct interaction)

B. Output Devices
- Display or produce processed results.
- Examples:
- Monitor (visual output) - Printer (hard copy output) - Speaker (audio output)
- Projector (displays on a large screen)

C. Central Processing Unit (CPU)


- The "brain" of the computer that executes instructions.
- Components of CPU:
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Performs calculations (+, -, ×, ÷) and logical
operations (AND, OR, NOT).
- CU (Control Unit) – Directs operations by fetching, decoding, and executing
instructions.
- Registers – Small, high-speed memory locations for temporary data storage.
- Cache Memory – Faster than RAM, stores frequently used data.

D. Memory (Primary Storage)


- RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary storage for active programs (volatile).
- ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Permanent storage for firmware (non-volatile).

E. Storage Devices (Secondary Storage)


- Used for long-term data storage.
- Examples:
- HDD (Hard Disk Drive) – Magnetic storage (slow but high capacity).
- SSD (Solid State Drive) – Faster, no moving parts.
- USB Drive / SD Card – Portable storage.

3. How a Computer Works?


1. Input → Data is entered via input devices.
2. Processing → CPU processes data using ALU & CU.
3. Memory → Data is temporarily stored in RAM.
4. Storage → Results are saved in secondary storage.
5. Output → Processed information is displayed/printed.

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