Notes Prepared by Dr.

Baiju
Krishnan

Technical English Communication (24 EN 102):

Quick Notes
📘 NOTES ON NOTE-MAKING
✨ Definition:
Note-making is the practice of recording important points from a source (lecture, book,
article, etc.) in a concise, structured, and meaningful format. It helps with understanding,
retention, and revision of information.
🎯 Objectives of Note-Making:
 To capture key information in fewer words.
 To aid in quick revision.
 To organize ideas logically.
 To encourage active listening and reading.
 To enhance memory and understanding.
📌 Features of Good Notes:
 Brief and concise
 Use of abbreviations and symbols
 Proper headings and subheadings
 Use of bullet points or numbering
 Logical and clear organization
 Include keywords and phrases (not full sentences)
 Use of diagrams or charts if necessary

Q TYPES OF NOTE-MAKING
1. Linear Notes
Information is organized in a sequential format using headings, subheadings, and bullet
points.
✅ Best for: Logical/chronological information
📝 Example:
Main Topic
1. Sub-topic 1
- Point A
- Point B
2. Sub-topic 2
- Point C
- Point D
2. Mind Maps / Spider Diagrams
Visual representation of ideas branching out from a central idea.
✅ Best for: Brainstorming, creative subjects
📝 Example: (Imagine a central circle labelled "Environment" with branches like "Pollution",
"Conservation", "Climate Change")
3. Flowchart Notes
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Information is shown in a flow with arrows or boxes to indicate process or sequence.

✅ Best for: Processes or cycles
📝 Example:
Photosynthesis Process:
Sunlight → Chlorophyll absorbs light → Converts CO2 + H2O → Glucose + O2
4. Table Format
Data is presented in columns and rows for comparison.
✅ Best for: Comparing and contrasting ideas
📝 Example:
Factor Democracy Monarchy
Leadership Elected Hereditary
Accountability High Low

5. Tree Diagram
Information is shown as a branching structure to represent hierarchy or classification.
✅ Best for: Biological classification, family trees, etc.

📝 SAMPLE NOTE-MAKING: Follow Linear Note making for exam Topic:

The Importance of Exercise
The Importance of Exercise
Exercise (Ex.) plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle by offering numerous
physical, mental, and social benefits. Physically, it improves heart health, strengthens
muscles and bones, helps control weight (Wt.), and enhances the immune system. Mentally,
regular exercise reduces stress, improves mood, boosts memory and focus, and promotes
better sleep. On a social level, it builds discipline, encourages teamwork, and increases
confidence. There are various types of exercise suited to different needs: aerobic activities
like running and swimming, strength training such as weightlifting, flexibility exercises like
yoga, and balance practices such as tai chi. Thus, exercise is an imp. part of leading a
balanced and fulfilling life.
Title: Importance of Exercise
1. Physical Benefits
a. Improves heart health
b. Strengthens muscles & bones
c. Controls weight
d. Enhances immunity
2. Mental Benefits
a. Reduces stress
b. Improves mood
c. Enhances memory & focus
d. Better sleep
3. Social Benefits
a. Builds discipline
 Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

b. Encourages teamwork
c. Boosts confidence
4. Types of Exercise
a. Aerobic: running, swimming
b. Strength: weightlifting
c. Flexibility: yoga
d. Balance: tai chi
Abbreviations
Ex. = Exercise
Wt. = Weight
Imp. = Important

📘 NOTES ON SUMMARISING AND PARAPHRASING

📝 1. SUMMARISING
✅ Definition:
Summarising is the process of condensing a text to its main ideas using your own words,
while omitting less important details.

🎯 Purpose:
 To present a brief version of a longer text.
 To highlight only key points.
 Useful for revision or report writing.

📌 Features/ Principles of a Good Summary:

 Short and concise
 Focus on main points only
 Written in your own words
 No personal opinion added
 Usually 1/3rd or less of the original length

🛠 Steps to Summarise:
1. Read the full text carefully.
2. Underline or note down key ideas.
3. Eliminate unnecessary examples or repetitions.
4. Use your own words to rewrite.
5. Check for clarity and accuracy.
Sample – Original Passage:
"Exercise is important for everyone, regardless of age. It helps improve cardiovascular health,
increases muscle strength, supports weight control, and boosts the immune system. Mentally,
it helps reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance concentration."
✂ Summary:
Exercise benefits all age groups by improving physical and mental health, including heart function,
weight control, stress reduction, and focus.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Why is it Important to Summarize Information Effectively when Studying for Exams or

Preparing Reports?

Summarizing information effectively is essential for both academic success and professional
efficiency. It helps you identify and retain the core ideas without being overwhelmed by
excessive details. When preparing for exams, a good summary enables quick revision, clearer
understanding, and better recall under pressure. It also allows you to grasp the structure and
logic of complex concepts, making learning more meaningful.

In report writing, effective summarization ensures that your communication is clear, concise,
and focused. It demonstrates your ability to filter out unnecessary information and highlight
what truly matters, which is a valued skill in academic, research, and corporate environments.

Ultimately, summarizing improves your comprehension, organization, and communication

skills, making you more productive, analytical, and articulate in any field.

📝 2. PARAPHRASING
✅ Definition:
Paraphrasing means rewriting someone else’s ideas in your own words, without changing
the original meaning.
🎯 Purpose:
 To avoid plagiarism
 To show understanding of a text
 Useful in academic writing, research, and presentations
📌 Features of Good Paraphrasing:
 Expresses the same meaning in a new form
 Uses different sentence structures and vocabulary
 Maintains the original idea
 Includes proper citation if used in research
🛠 Steps to Paraphrase:
1. Read and understand the original passage.
2. Note down key ideas.
3. Change sentence structure and use synonyms.
4. Compare with original to ensure originality and accuracy.
5. Cite the source (if applicable).
Sample – Original Sentence:
"Climate change is causing rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns around the
world."
✍ Paraphrased Version:
Due to climate change, sea levels are increasing and weather events are becoming more
intense globally.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

🔁 Difference Between Summarising and Paraphrasing

Feature Summarising Paraphrasing

Much shorter than

Length original Almost same length

Focus Only main points All details (reworded)

Purpose To shorten To simplify or rephrase
Personal Opinion Not included Not included

📘 NOTES ON PARAGRAPHS
📝 What is a Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a single idea. It begins with a topic
sentence, followed by supporting sentences, and ends with a concluding sentence. A good
paragraph maintains unity, coherence, and clarity.
🎯 Significance of Paragraphs:
 Helps organize writing logically
 Makes content easier to read and understand
 Each paragraph develops one main idea
 Aids in effective communication of thoughts
 Maintains a smooth flow of ideas in essays and articles

Significance of Topic Sentence and Supporting

Sentences in a Paragraph
1. Topic Sentence: The Foundation of the Paragraph

The topic sentence is the main idea or central point of a paragraph. It tells the reader what
the paragraph is about and sets the direction for the rest of the sentences. Usually, it is the
first sentence, but it can appear anywhere in the paragraph depending on the style.

✨ Importance of the Topic Sentence:

 Gives clarity: It helps readers understand the subject of the paragraph instantly.
 Maintains focus: Keeps the writer focused on a single idea.
 Guides the reader: Acts as a roadmap for the rest of the paragraph.
 Improves coherence: Connects the paragraph logically to the overall text or essay.

🔵 2. Supporting Sentences: The Evidence and Explanation

Supporting sentences develop and explain the topic sentence. They provide facts,
examples, reasons, and details that help the reader understand or believe the main idea.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

✨ Importance of Supporting Sentences:

 Add depth: They expand the idea introduced by the topic sentence.
 Prove a point: Help to justify or support the claim made in the topic sentence.
 Enhance clarity: Make abstract ideas more concrete with examples or explanations.
 Improve interest: Keep the paragraph engaging and informative.

✅ Example Paragraph:

Topic Sentence: Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.

Supporting Sentences: It improves cardiovascular fitness and strengthens muscles.
Moreover, exercise helps to reduce stress and improve sleep quality. Studies have shown that
even 30 minutes of physical activity daily can boost mental well-being and prevent chronic
diseases like diabetes and hypertension.

📌 Summary:

A topic sentence introduces the main idea, while supporting sentences explain, develop, and
reinforce that idea. Together, they create a coherent, focused, and informative paragraph,
which is essential in academic and professional writing.

TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS
1⃣ Narrative Paragraph
✅ Purpose: To tell a story or narrate an event in chronological order.
Example:
Last summer, we went to Kerala for a family vacation. We visited the backwaters, watched
traditional Kathakali performances, and enjoyed delicious local food. One of the highlights
was the boat ride through the peaceful canals surrounded by palm trees.
2⃣ Descriptive Paragraph
✅ Purpose: To describe a person, place, object, or feeling using sensory details.
Example:
The beach at sunrise was breathtaking. The sky was painted in shades of pink and orange, and
the sound of waves gently lapping at the shore created a soothing melody. The cool breeze
carried the scent of salt and freshness, making the moment truly peaceful.
3⃣ Expository Paragraph
✅ Purpose: To explain a concept, process, or idea with facts and logic.
Example:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food. It involves the
absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll, which helps convert carbon dioxide and water into
glucose and oxygen. This process is essential for the survival of plants and the production of
oxygen for humans and animals.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

4⃣ Persuasive Paragraph
✅ Purpose: To convince the reader to accept a particular point of view or take action.
Example:
Students should be encouraged to wear school uniforms. Uniforms promote equality by
reducing peer pressure related to clothing. They also save time and money and create a sense
of discipline. Therefore, implementing uniforms can lead to a more focused and respectful
learning environment.

🗂 Summary Table
Type Purpose Key Feature
Narrative Tells a story Events in sequence
Descriptive Creates a picture Sensory details
Expository Explains or informs Facts, examples, logical order
Arguments, reasoning, emotional
Persuasive Convinces the reader appeal

📘 COHESIVE DEVICES
📝 Definition:
Cohesive devices (also known as linking words or connectives) are words or phrases used
to connect ideas in a text. They help maintain flow, unity, and clarity in writing or speech.
They act like glue, holding together different parts of a sentence, paragraph, or entire
composition to make it more coherent and understandable.
🎯 Significance of Cohesive Devices:
 Enhances flow and logical sequence in writing
 🗣 Makes communication clear and structured
 Helps the reader follow ideas easily
 Makes writing more professional and academic
 Promotes unity and cohesion between sentences and paragraphs
Types & Examples of Cohesive Devices:
Type Function Examples
Addition Add information and, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition
but, however, although, whereas, on the other
Contrast Show difference
hand
Cause and Effect Show reason/result because, therefore, so, hence, as a result
Time/Sequence Show order/time then, next, afterwards, finally, meanwhile
Comparison Show similarity similarly, likewise, in the same way

Highlight
Emphasis importance indeed, in fact, especially, above all
Clarification Make clearer in other words, that is, namely
Illustration/Example Give example for example, for instance, such as
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Type Function Examples

Conclusion/Summary End or sum up in conclusion, to sum up, finally, overall
Refer back or
Reference forward this, that, these, those, such

Substitution Avoid repetition one, ones, do so

Ellipsis Omit repeated words “I will go to the market, and she will too.”

Examples in Sentences:
1. Addition:
She loves painting, and she also enjoys sculpting.
2. Contrast:
He is very talented; however, he lacks discipline.
3. Cause and Effect:
It rained heavily; therefore, the match was cancelled.
4. Time/Sequence:
First, we collected the materials. Then, we started the experiment.
5. Example:
Many fruits are rich in vitamins, such as oranges and bananas.
6. Conclusion:
To sum up, regular reading enhances vocabulary and comprehension.

📘 Linkers and Connectors in English Language

🔤 What Are Linkers and Connectors?

Linkers (also known as connectors, transition words, or conjunctive devices) are words or
phrases used to connect ideas, sentences, and paragraphs smoothly and logically. They
help in organizing your writing or speech by showing relationships between ideas such as
cause-effect, contrast, sequence, or addition.

🎯 Why Are They Important?

 Improve coherence and flow in writing and speech

 Help the reader/listener follow your logic
 Make communication more organized, clear, and professional
 Essential in essays, reports, letters, debates, and academic writing

Types of Linkers and Connectors with Examples

Function Examples of Linkers/Connectors

Addition and, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition
Contrast but, however, although, whereas, on the other hand
Cause/Effect because, therefore, as a result, thus, so
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Function Examples of Linkers/Connectors

Time/Sequence then, next, later, finally, meanwhile, after that
Comparison similarly, likewise, in the same way
Emphasis indeed, in fact, especially, above all
Example for example, for instance, such as
Conclusion in conclusion, to sum up, overall, finally
Condition if, unless, provided that, in case
Purpose so that, in order to, for the purpose of

✍ Examples in Sentences:

 Addition: She completed the project and submitted it on time.

 Contrast: He is very smart; however, he lacks consistency.
 Cause/Effect: It rained heavily; therefore, the event was postponed.
 Sequence: First, gather all materials. Then, follow the instructions.
 Conclusion: To sum up, regular exercise improves both physical and mental health.

📘 NOTES ON FORMAL LETTER WRITING

📝 What is a Formal Letter?
A formal letter is a written communication used for official or professional purposes. It
follows a structured format, uses polite and precise language, and addresses people
formally (e.g., Sir/Madam).
Tips for Effective Formal Letters:
 Be concise and clear
 Use formal tone and avoid contractions (write do not instead of don’t)
 Leave proper margins and spacing
 Avoid spelling and grammatical mistakes
 Always mention subject line for clarity
General Format:
1. Sender’s Address
2. Date
3. Receiver’s Address
4. Subject Line
5. Opening Salutation (e.g., Sir/Madam)
6. Body of the Letter (In the sample, only brief information is provided. However,
during your exam, make sure you write at least three paragraphs with more than
100 words in total and use correct grammar.)
o Introduction
o Purpose/Details
o Conclusion/Request
7. Complimentary Close (e.g., Yours sincerely)
8. Signature
 Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

9. (For cover letters): Enclosure – Resume

📩 1. ENQUIRY LETTER
✅ Purpose:
To ask for information about a product, service, course, or job.
Sample Enquiry Letter:
Sender’s Address
12-3, Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad – 500089
Date: 14 June 2025
To
The Course Coordinator,
Oxford Language Institute,
Banjara Hills, Hyderabad – 500034
Dear Sir/Madam,
Subject: Enquiry about English Communication Course
I am interested in joining your English Communication course. I would like to know the
duration, fee structure, class timings, and the registration process. Kindly send me the
required details at the earliest.
Thank you. Yours
sincerely, Baiju
Krishnan

⚠ 2. COMPLAINT LETTER
✅ Purpose:
To express dissatisfaction and request corrective action regarding faulty products/services.
Sample Complaint Letter:
Sender’s Address
Flat No. 202, Lotus Towers, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad – 500072 Date: 14 June
2025
To
The Manager, Reliance
Electronics,
Ameerpet, Hyderabad – 500016
Sir/Madam,
Subject: Complaint about Defective Washing Machine
I am writing to inform you that the washing machine (Model: LG X850, Invoice No. 5678) I
purchased on 5 June 2025 is not functioning properly. It stops midway during the wash cycle.
I request you to send a technician to inspect and replace the product if necessary. I have
attached a copy of the invoice for your reference.
Yours faithfully,
Baiju Krishnan
Enclosure: Invoice Copy
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

📄 3. COVERING LETTER (WITH RESUME)

✅ Purpose:
To introduce yourself while applying for a job, summarizing qualifications and referring to
the enclosed resume.
Sample Covering Letter:

Ravi Shankar
123, Green City Road
Guntur – 522002
📞 +91-9876543210
[email protected]
📅 Date: 14 June 2025

To
The HR Manager
[Company Name]
[Company Address]

Respected Sir/Madam,

Subject: Application for the Position of Programming Analyst

I am writing to express my interest in the position of Programming Analyst at your esteemed

organization. As a final-year B. Tech student in Computer Science and Engineering from
Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, I have developed strong
programming skills and a keen analytical mind-set that align well with the requirements of the
role.

During my academic journey, I have gained hands-on experience in C, Java, Python, and
front-end technologies through various academic projects and an internship at Code Clause.
My recent project on a Student Record Management System reflects my ability to develop
real-world solutions using Python and MySQL. I have also actively participated in coding
competitions and was a finalist in the Smart India Hackathon 2024.

I am a quick learner, an effective team player, and deeply passionate about technology and
problem-solving. I am confident that I can make a meaningful contribution to your team if
given the opportunity.

Please find attached my resume for your kind perusal. I would be grateful for the opportunity
to attend an interview at your convenience.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Yours sincerely,
Ravi Shankar
Enclosure: Resume
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

📘 Resume – Definition
A resume is a formal document that summarizes a candidate’s educational background,
skills, experience, and achievements relevant to a job position. It is typically 1–2 pages long
and helps employers assess if the applicant is a suitable fit for a role.

Key Elements of a Resume

1. Header (Name and Contact Info)
2. Career Objective / Summary
3. Educational Qualifications
4. Technical Skills
5. Projects
6. Internships / Work Experience (if any)
7. Certifications
8. Achievements / Extra-curricular
9. Personal Details
10. Declaration (optional)

Sample Resume: B. Tech Applicant for Programming

Analyst Post
RAVI SHANKAR
123, Green City Road, Guntur – 522002
📞 +91-9876543210 | [email protected]
💻 LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/ravishankar | GitHub: github.com/ravicode

🎯 Career Objective

Motivated and detail-oriented B. Tech (Computer Science) student seeking the position of
Programming Analyst, where I can utilize my coding skills and analytical thinking to
contribute to the organization’s growth and enhance my professional abilities.

🎓 Educational Qualifications

Degree Institution Year CGPA/%

B.Tech (CSE) Vignan's Foundation for Science, Tech. 2021–2025 8.5/10
Intermediate Narayana Junior College, Vijayawada 2019–2021 92%
SSC Little Flower High School, Guntur 2019 95%
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

🖥 Technical Skills

 Programming Languages: C, C++, Java, Python

 Web Technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap
 Databases: MySQL, MongoDB
 Tools: Git, VS Code, Eclipse
 Concepts: Data Structures, Algorithms, OOPs, DBMS

💼 Projects

1. Student Record Management System (Python & MySQL)

 Developed a CRUD application to manage student data

 Implemented secure login and user roles

2. Weather App (HTML, CSS, JavaScript)

 Fetched real-time weather data using OpenWeatherMap API

 Responsive design and user-friendly interface

Internship

Intern – Web Development | CodeClause (Remote)

Jan 2024 – Mar 2024

 Built a responsive portfolio website and a To-Do List App

 Gained hands-on experience in front-end development

📜 Certifications

 Python for Everybody – Coursera (2023)

 Java Programming – Infosys Springboard (2024)
 Data Structures in C++ – Coding Ninjas (2023)

🏆 Achievements

 Finalist in Smart India Hackathon 2024

 Secured 1st Place in Intra-college Coding Contest
 Head of Coding Club at college
 Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

💬 Personal Details

 Date of Birth: 12 May 2003

 Languages Known: English, Telugu, Hindi
 Hobbies: Coding, Blogging, Chess

🖊 Declaration

I hereby declare that the above information is true to the best of my knowledge.

Ravi Shankar
Date: 14 June 2025

📘 TONE OF FORMAL LETTERS

Tone refers to the attitude or approach used in writing. In formal letters, the tone must be polite,
respectful, clear, and professional, but it may vary slightly based on the purpose of the
letter.

📨 1. Enquiry Letter – Polite and Inquisitive Tone

 Tone Characteristics: Courteous, respectful, interested, and straightforward.

 Purpose: To request information without demanding or assuming.
 Keywords: Kindly, I would like to know, please let me know, could you provide...

✅ Example Tone Usage:

I am interested in your English Communication Course and would like to know the duration, fee
structure, and eligibility criteria. I would be grateful if you could share the details at your
earliest convenience.

⚠ 2. Complaint Letter – Firm but Polite and Objective Tone

 Tone Characteristics: Formal, respectful but assertive.

 Purpose: To express dissatisfaction and request correction or resolution.
 Avoid: Emotional, rude, or threatening language.
 Keywords: I regret to inform, I would like to bring to your notice, I request
immediate action...

✅ Example Tone Usage:

I am writing to inform you that the product I received is defective and not functioning as expected. I
request you to kindly look into the matter and arrange for a replacement at the earliest.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

📄 3. Covering Letter – Confident and Professional Tone

 Tone Characteristics: Confident, enthusiastic, respectful, and formal.

 Purpose: To introduce yourself and express interest in a job role.
 Keywords: I am writing to apply, I believe I am a suitable candidate, I would be glad
to contribute...

✅ Example Tone Usage:

I am writing to express my interest in the role of Programming Analyst at your company.

With a strong foundation in computer science and hands-on project experience, I am
confident in my ability to contribute positively to your team.

🎯 Summary Table:

Letter Type Tone Style Purpose

Enquiry Letter Polite & Curious To seek information
Complaint Letter Respectful & Assertive To report issues & request resolution
Covering Letter Confident & Formal To apply for a position or opportunity

🛠 Process Description
✅ Definition:

A process description is a detailed explanation of how something works or how

something is done, presented in a logical sequence. It focuses on steps, stages, tools,
materials, and outcomes involved in completing a task or producing a result.

It is commonly used in science, technology, engineering, manufacturing, instruction

manuals, lab reports, and academic writing.

🌟 Need / Importance of Process Description:

1. Explains Procedures Clearly
o Helps the reader understand how something functions or is carried out.
2. Supports Learning and Training
o Useful for students, technicians, or employees learning a new task.
3. Improves Accuracy and Safety
o Minimizes errors in tasks that require precision (e.g., chemical experiments,
machine operation).
4. Essential in Technical Communication
o Helps engineers, designers, and developers document processes effectively.
5. Builds Step-by-Step Logical Thinking

Encourages clarity and organization in both writing and operations.

Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Structure of a Process Description:

1. Title
2. Introduction (Purpose and significance)
3. Steps/Stages in sequence (Chronological order)

Conclusion (What the outcome/result should be)

📝 Sample Questions of Process Description

Q1. Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a natural process through which green plants convert sunlight into chemical
energy. As shown in the diagram, the plant absorbs sunlight through its leaves, which contain
a green pigment called chlorophyll. Simultaneously, the roots take in water from the soil,
while the leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air through tiny openings called stomata.
These components—sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide—are essential inputs for
photosynthesis. Inside the leaf cells, the energy from sunlight triggers a chemical reaction that
transforms carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar), which the plant uses for
nourishment and growth. In this process, oxygen is released as a by-product into the
atmosphere, which is vital for human and animal life. This entire cycle plays a crucial role in
maintaining ecological balance and is the primary method by which energy enters the food
chain. Thus, photosynthesis is both a life-sustaining and energy-producing process.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Q2. Gold Processing

The process of gold extraction from ore involves several carefully sequenced steps to isolate
pure gold. It begins with crushing the gold-bearing ore taken from the ore stockpile, followed
by milling to reduce it to fine particles. The milled ore then undergoes leaching, where it is
treated with a cyanide solution for about 16–18 hours to dissolve the gold content. The
resulting liquid, known as pregnant leach liquor, contains the dissolved gold. This liquor is
separated from the remaining solids and passed through a vacuum deaeration process to
remove air, which is essential for the next step. Then, zinc powder is added to precipitate the
gold out of the solution. The gold-bearing solid is collected using a filter press. The solid
residue is then washed, and unwanted materials (tailings) are removed. The concentrated gold
precipitate is sent to a calcining unit where it is heated to remove impurities. Finally, the
purified material undergoes smelting, where it is melted and cast into gold bars known as dore.
Each step in the process ensures maximum gold recovery while minimizing waste, making it a
crucial method in the mining industry for obtaining usable gold from raw ore.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

How does a well-structured process description contribute to better user comprehension

and execution of tasks?

A well-structured process description plays a vital role in enhancing user comprehension

and the successful execution of tasks. It serves as a step-by-step guide that helps users
understand how to perform a task, use a system, or follow a procedure effectively. When
the description is logically organized, clear, and concise, it ensures that even users with
limited background knowledge can follow along without confusion.

One of the main benefits is clarity. A structured process uses sequence markers such as
first, next, then, and finally, which help users follow the flow of actions without skipping any
critical steps. This logical order reduces the chances of error and boosts confidence in task
completion.

Furthermore, it aids in comprehension by breaking down complex procedures into

manageable parts. Using bullets, numbering, and visual aids like diagrams or flowcharts
enhances understanding and retention of information.

Another crucial factor is usability. A structured process makes it easier to review or revisit
certain steps if something goes wrong. For example, in technical manuals, users rely heavily
on process descriptions to troubleshoot problems or install software correctly.

Moreover, such descriptions promote efficiency by eliminating ambiguity. When users know
exactly what to do and in what order, tasks are completed faster and with fewer mistakes.

In conclusion, a well-structured process description ensures clarity, accuracy, and

efficiency, thereby leading to improved user satisfaction and successful task execution. It is
a critical communication tool, especially in technical, academic, and professional settings.

🔹 Product Description
✅ Definition:

A product description is a factual, informative piece of writing that explains the features,
specifications, and uses of a product. It is often created by the manufacturer or seller to
help customers understand what the product is and what it offers.

📌 Purpose / Need:

 To inform potential buyers about the product's attributes

 To help customers make informed purchasing decisions
 To highlight the benefits and uses of the product
 To serve as marketing content on websites and packaging

📝 Example:

Product: Samsung Galaxy S24

Description:
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

The Samsung Galaxy S24 features a 6.2-inch Dynamic AMOLED display, 50MP triple rear camera,
8GB RAM, and 4000mAh battery. It supports 5G connectivity, has a sleek aluminum frame, and
comes with Android 14. Perfect for users who need powerful performance, seamless
multitasking, and high-quality photography.

🔹 Product Review
✅ Definition:

A product review is a personal or professional opinion written by a customer, critic, or

expert after using a product. It evaluates the product’s performance, quality, usability, and
satisfaction level.

📌 Purpose / Need:

 To share real experiences of using the product

 To help others decide whether to buy the product
 To give honest feedback for future improvements
 To build trust through user-generated content

📝 Example:

Review of Samsung Galaxy S24:

I've been using the S24 for two weeks, and it's incredibly fast with smooth performance. The
camera takes sharp, vibrant photos even in low light. However, the battery drains quicker than
expected when using heavy apps. Overall, a solid phone for its price—sleek design and great screen
clarity.

Q Key Differences Table:

Feature Product Description Product Review

Written by Manufacturer/Seller Customer, Expert, or User

Tone Informative, Promotional Personal, Analytical

Focus Features, Specifications, Benefits Experience, Performance, Pros & Cons

Purpose To explain and sell To evaluate and guide others

Use in marketing High Moderate to high (as testimonials)

Subjectivity Objective Subjective

Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

📖 Reading: Definition, Types, Strategies, and Samples

✅ Definition of Reading:

Reading is the process of decoding symbols (like letters and words) to derive meaning. It is a key
receptive skill that helps individuals gain knowledge, understand content, and communicate
effectively. Reading involves comprehension, interpretation, and sometimes evaluation of the text.

📚 Types of Reading:
Type Purpose Example

Skimming To get the general idea or overview Glancing through a newspaper

Scanning To find specific information quickly Looking for a date or keyword

Intensive Reading To understand details thoroughly Reading a chapter for a test

Extensive Reading For pleasure and general understanding Reading a novel or short story

Critical Reading To evaluate and analyse a text deeply Reviewing an editorial or report

Effective Reading Strategies:

1. Previewing – Look at headings, subheadings, and visuals before reading.
2. Questioning – Ask questions about the content before and during reading.
3. Predicting – Guess what the text is about based on the title or introduction.
4. Inferring – Understand meanings not directly stated.
5. Summarizing – Write a brief account of the main ideas after reading.
6. Note-making – Record important points in your own words.
7. Rereading – Revisit confusing parts for better understanding.

Using Context Clues – Guess meaning from the surrounding text.

✏ Sample Text and Reading Task:

Text (Excerpt):
“The Amazon rainforest, known as the lungs of the Earth, produces 20% of the world’s
oxygen. It is home to millions of species and plays a vital role in regulating the planet’s
climate. However, rapid deforestation is threatening its existence.”

Sample Questions:

 What is the Amazon rainforest known for?

 Why is the Amazon important to the Earth?
 Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
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What is endangering the rainforest?

📌 Significance of Reading:
 Builds vocabulary and language skills
 Enhances concentration and critical thinking
 Provides knowledge and cultural awareness
 Supports academic success and lifelong learning

📚 Reading Techniques: Definitions & Differences

Strategy Definition Purpose Example

Reading quickly to get the To get the gist of a Glancing through a chapter
Skimming
main
idea or overall understanding text to know what it's about

To locate facts, Looking for a phone number

Reading quickly to find specific
Scanning names, dates, or
information in a directory
keywords

Using titles, headings, and prior To prepare your mind Guessing what will happen in
Predicting
knowledge to guess content for reading & a story based on the title
engage
Understanding implied Understanding a character is
Inferring meanings not directly stated To read between sad, though it’s not stated
the lines

Intensive Reading carefully and in detail For academic Studying a textbook chapter
Reading for full comprehension or exam for a test
purposes

Extensive Reading for pleasure or To enjoy and Reading a novel or

Reading general understanding develop language magazine in free time
skills

Q Key Differences Summarized: Reading Practices

 Skimming vs Scanning:
o Skimming = General idea
o Scanning = Specific info
 Predicting vs Inferring:
o Predicting = Guessing before or during reading
o Inferring = Understanding while or after reading
 Intensive vs Extensive:
o Intensive = Careful, detailed, shorter texts

Extensive = Relaxed, enjoyable, longer texts

Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

Tips to Remember:
 Use skimming when you're short on time.
 Use scanning when you're looking for a quick fact.
 Predict before reading; infer during or after reading.

Apply intensive reading when studying; use extensive reading to build fluency and enjoy.

📘 Biography
✅ Definition:

A biography is a detailed, narrative account of a person’s entire life, written by someone

else. It includes facts, stories, experiences, and sometimes analysis of the person's impact or
achievements.

📌 Features:

 Chronological (birth to present or death)

 Includes personal life, education, career, contributions, and significance
 Longer and in paragraph form
 May include quotes, anecdotes, and historical background

✍ Example (Biography of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam):

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, born on 15 October 1931 in Rameswaram, was an Indian aerospace
scientist and the 11th President of India. He played a pivotal role in India’s missile and nuclear
development programs, earning the nickname “Missile Man of India.” Coming from a humble
background, he rose through hard work and dedication. He also authored several inspirational
books like Wings of Fire. He passed away on 27 July 2015, but his legacy in science and education
continues to inspire millions.

📝 Bio-sketch (Biographical Sketch)

✅ Definition:

A bio-sketch is a brief, summarized profile of a person’s life and achievements, often

written in points or short paragraphs. It is typically around 100–150 words.

📌 Features:

 Short and to the point

 Highlights key achievements, traits, contributions
 Often used for introductions, academic writing, contests, or websites
 Usually written in the third person
 Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
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✍ Example Question (Bio-sketch of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam):

Name: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Born: 15 October 1931, Rameswaram Profession:
Scientist, Former President of India
Achievements:

 Developed India’s missile programs

 Known as “Missile Man of India”
 Received Bharat Ratna

Author of Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds

Died: 27 July 2015
Known for: Simplicity, dedication to education and youth Answer: -

 Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – The Missile Man of India

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, born on 15 October 1931 in Rameswaram, was a renowned Indian scientist and
the 11th President of India. Widely respected for his pivotal role in developing India's missile
programs, he earned the title “Missile Man of India.” A recipient of the prestigious Bharat Ratna,
Dr. Kalam also inspired millions through his writings, including the famous books Wings of Fire and
Ignited Minds. Beyond his scientific and political achievements, he was deeply admired for his
humility, simplicity, and dedication to education and youth development. He passed away on 27
July 2015, but his legacy as a visionary leader and mentor to students continues to live on and
inspire generations.

Q Key Differences Table:

Feature Biography Bio-sketch

LengthLong, detailed Short, concise

FormatParagraph or story form Bullet points or compact summary

Content
Life story with details Highlights of life and achievements

Use Books, articles Resumes, profiles, academic intros

Language
Narrative Factual and brief
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
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📧 Email Writing: Definition, Types, and Etiquettes

✅ Definition:

Email writing is the process of composing and sending electronic messages using email platforms
like Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo Mail, etc. It is a fast, convenient, and formal method of communication
used in personal, academic, and professional settings.

📝 Types of Emails:

Type Purpose Example

Official communication (work, institutions, Job application, complaint,

Formal Email etc.)
enquiry

Informal Email Friendly or casual communication Email to a friend or family

Semi-formal To a teacher or known

Between known people with respectful tone
Email professional

📌 Basic Structure of an Email:

1. To: Receiver’s email address

2. Cc/Bcc: (Optional)
3. Subject: Short, clear idea of the email
4. Salutation: Dear Sir/Madam, Hello [Name], etc.
5. Body:
o Introduction
o Main message
o Conclusion
6. Closing: Regards, Sincerely, Yours truly

Signature: Name, designation, contact info

Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

✅ Email Writing Etiquettes:

Etiquette Explanation

Use a clear subject line Helps the reader understand the purpose

quickly Begin with a polite salutation Sets a respectful tone (e.g., Dear Sir/Madam)

Keep the message clear and concise Avoid long, confusing sentences

Use formal language in professional emails Avoid slang and abbreviations

Be polite and respectful Even if complaining or disagreeing

Proofread for spelling/grammar errors Shows professionalism and care

Use a professional closing E.g., Regards, Yours sincerely

Avoid ALL CAPS or excessive punctuation It may seem rude or aggressive

Sample Formal Email:

To:

CC/ BCC:

Subject: Request for Internship Opportunity

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to express my interest in a summer internship in your organization. I am

currently pursuing a B. Tech in Computer Science and am keen to gain practical exposure. I
have attached my resume for your kind consideration.
Thank you for your time and consideration.

Regards,
Anjali Mehra
Email: [email protected]
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

🖥 PowerPoint Presentations: Definition, Significance, Need & Methods

✅ Definition:

A PowerPoint Presentation (PPT) is a visual and oral method of delivering information using a
series of digital slides created through Microsoft PowerPoint or similar software. Each slide
typically contains text, images, graphs, audio/video clips, and animations to support a spoken
explanation.

⭐ Significance of PowerPoint Presentations:

 Makes information more engaging and easy to understand

 Helps in visual learning through images, charts, and videos
 Suitable for academic, professional, and training contexts
 Allows structured flow of ideas during a presentation

Enhances speaker confidence through visual cues

📌 Need for PowerPoint Presentations:

Purpose Why It Is Needed

Education To explain complex topics with visuals

Business Meetings To present data, strategies, and reports

Seminars & Conferences To support keynotes and interactive sessions

Project Work/Reports To present research findings or project details

Training & Workshops For instructions and procedural demonstrations

🛠 Methods for Effective PPT Creation:

1. Plan the content – Know your topic and audience.

2. Use a title slide – Include topic, name, date, etc.
3. Organize logically – Introduction, body, and conclusion.
4. Keep text concise – Use bullet points, not paragraphs.
5. Use visuals wisely – Add images, charts, graphs to support your points.
6. Maintain design consistency – Use uniform fonts, colors, and backgrounds.
7. Avoid clutter – Leave white space, don’t overload slides.
8. Use animations and transitions minimally – Keep them smooth and professional.
9. Practice speaking – Time yourself and rehearse transitions.

Engage with audience – Make eye contact, ask questions, be interactive.

Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

🖼 Slide Structure Example:

Slide 1: Title Slide

Topic: Climate Change

Presenter: Rohan Verma, Date: 14 June 2025

Slide 2: Introduction

What is climate change?

Why is it important to study?

Slide 3: Causes

 Greenhouse gases
 Deforestation
 Pollution

Slide 4: Effects

 Rising sea levels

 Extreme weather
 Threats to biodiversity

Slide 5: Conclusion & Call to Action

🎤 Key Phrases for PowerPoint Presentations

1. Introduction Phrases

 Good morning/afternoon everyone.

 I’m pleased to be here today to talk about...
 Let me begin by introducing myself...
 The topic of my presentation is...
 Today, I will be presenting on...

This presentation is divided into three main parts...

2. Transitioning Between Slides

 Now let’s move on to...

 As you can see on the next slide...
 Let’s take a closer look at...
 Moving forward...
 I’d like to draw your attention to...

This leads us to the next point...

Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

3. Explaining a Point or Visual

 This graph shows...

 According to this chart...
 What this table illustrates is...
 Let me explain this with an example...
 This image demonstrates...

It’s important to note that...

4. Emphasizing Key Points

 I’d like to highlight that...

 Please remember this point...
 This is especially important because...
 The key takeaway here is...

What I want to stress is...

5. Handling Questions or Interruptions

 That’s a great question. Let me explain...

 I’ll come back to that in a moment.
 Could you please hold your questions until the end?
 Thank you for your question; here’s what I think...

I’m happy to clarify that...

6. Concluding the Presentation

 To summarize...
 In conclusion...
 Let’s recap what we’ve discussed...
 I’d like to end by saying...
 Thank you for your attention.

General Essay Questions that can be asked based on the following titles:
(The questions mentioned here are just samples; in the exam, you may get
different questions related to these topics)

 Genetics
 Social Media
 New Age Entrepreneurs
 Health and Nutrition

Essay Question 1:

Explain the structure of DNA and its role in the inheritance of genetic information.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
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Answer:

DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the molecule of heredity that carries the genetic
instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known
living organisms. It is primarily located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

The structure of DNA is famously known as the double helix, a model proposed by Watson
and Crick in 1953. This structure consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted around
each other. Each nucleotide is made up of three components: a phosphate group, a
deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). The base pairing rule ensures
that A pairs with T and C pairs with G, held together by hydrogen bonds.

DNA plays a central role in inheritance because it contains genes, which are specific
sequences of nucleotides that code for proteins. These proteins determine the traits or
phenotypes of an organism. During cell division, DNA is replicated so that each new cell
receives an exact copy of the genetic material. This replication process is critical for the
transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

In conclusion, the structure of DNA not only provides stability and fidelity in storing genetic
information but also allows it to be precisely copied and transmitted, making it fundamental to
the process of genetic inheritance.

Essay Question 2:

Who are New-Age Entrepreneurs, and how are they redefining business in the 21st century?

Answer:

New-Age Entrepreneurs represent a new generation of business leaders who are innovative,
tech-savvy, and socially conscious. Unlike traditional entrepreneurs who often focused solely
on profit, new-age entrepreneurs aim to build ventures that combine economic success with
positive societal impact.

One of the defining traits of new-age entrepreneurs is their use of digital technologies. With
the rise of the internet, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and block chain, these
entrepreneurs leverage modern tools to disrupt conventional industries. For example,
companies like Byju’s, Zomato, and Paytm in India have revolutionized education, food
delivery, and digital payments respectively.

In addition to technological innovation, new-age entrepreneurs are driven by purpose and

values. Many start sustainable businesses or social enterprises that address environmental
issues, mental health, gender equality, or rural development. Their business models often
reflect the principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and inclusive growth.

Another key feature is the start-up culture they create—lean, agile, and collaborative. They
value creativity, risk-taking, and continuous learning, often working in co-working spaces
and building global networks through social media and venture capital platforms.
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

In conclusion, new-age entrepreneurs are transforming the business landscape with a blend
of technology, innovation, and social vision. They not only create wealth but also contribute
to building a more equitable and sustainable world.

Essay Question 3:

Discuss the impact of social media on modern society. What are its benefits and potential
drawbacks?

Answer:

Social media has become an integral part of modern society, influencing the way people
communicate, interact, and consume information. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, and WhatsApp have revolutionized digital communication, making it faster and
more accessible than ever before.

One of the major benefits of social media is its ability to connect people globally. It allows
users to maintain relationships, form new ones, and even participate in virtual communities
that share common interests. For professionals, platforms like LinkedIn help with networking
and career development. Social media also plays a key role in raising awareness about
important social, political, and environmental issues.

Furthermore, social media has transformed the way information is shared. News and updates
spread in real-time, and users have become both consumers and creators of content. It has
given rise to digital activism, where movements such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter
gained momentum.

However, there are several drawbacks to social media. One concern is the spread of
misinformation and fake news, which can mislead the public and create panic. Another issue
is cyberbullying, which affects the mental health of individuals, especially teenagers. Privacy
concerns and data breaches are also critical issues; as personal information can be misused.

Additionally, addiction to social media has been linked to reduced productivity, sleep
disturbances, and lower self-esteem due to the constant comparison with others' online lives.

In conclusion, while social media offers numerous advantages, such as global connectivity
and instant communication, it also brings challenges that must be addressed responsibly. The
key lies in balanced usage, promoting digital literacy, and ensuring ethical behaviour online.

Essay Question 4:

Discuss the importance of balanced nutrition in maintaining overall health and preventing
lifestyle diseases.

Answer:

Health and nutrition are closely interlinked, as the food we consume plays a critical role in
determining our physical well-being, mental alertness, and immunity. A balanced diet is
Notes Prepared by Dr. Baiju
Krishnan

essential for maintaining good health, promoting growth and development, and preventing
lifestyle-related diseases.

A balanced diet includes all the essential macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
—along with micronutrients like vitamins and minerals in appropriate proportions.
Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins are crucial for tissue repair and muscle building, and
fats aid in hormone production and vitamin absorption. Vitamins such as Vitamin A, C, D,
E, and B-complex support various bodily functions, while minerals like calcium, iron, and
zinc are vital for bone strength, oxygen transport, and immune function.

Poor nutrition can lead to malnutrition, which includes both undernutrition and over
nutrition. While undernutrition can cause stunted growth, weakened immunity, and fatigue,
over nutrition, often due to excessive intake of calories, leads to obesity, diabetes,
hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases.

In modern society, lifestyle diseases have become increasingly prevalent due to sedentary
behaviour, unhealthy eating habits, and stress. These include Type 2 diabetes, coronary
artery disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, these conditions can often be
prevented or managed through a nutrient-rich diet, regular physical activity, hydration, and
adequate sleep.

In conclusion, nutrition is the cornerstone of a healthy life. Adopting healthy eating

practices, avoiding junk food, and being conscious of our nutritional choices can
significantly enhance our quality of life and reduce the risk of chronic illnesses.

***

Best Regards G🤞

Dr. Baiju Krishnan

Assistant Professor of English,
Department of English (EoFL),
VFSTR, Deshmukhi, Hyderabad Campus