Lab leaning outcomes.

1. Basic chemicals in labs?

Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, Xylene, Toluene, Ethyl acetate, Tetrahydrofuran, Ethyl ether,
Benzene, Dimethylformamide, Acetonitrile, Hexane, Pyridine

2. Basic equipment’s in labs?

Among the many items that would be considered general lab equipment are pipettes, scales,
centrifuges, Bunsen burners, freezers, hot plates, incubators, coolers, stirrers, water baths, and
fume hoods - to name a few.

3. What is the purpose of research at labs?

To familiarize students with experimental apparatus, the scientific method, and methods of data analysis
so that they will have some idea of the inductive process by which the ideas were originated. To teach
how to make careful experimental observations and how to think about and draw conclusions from such
data.

4. How to prepare distilled water at lab?

The distillation process is as follows:
1. Water is heated in a boiling chamber. The water is heated to a rolling boil, which causes
evaporation and steam production.
2. Steam leaves the boiling chamber. ...
3. Steam condenses. ...
4. Remaining contaminants are removed. ...
5. Water collects in a storage container.
6. What happens if we drink distilled water?
Drinking distilled water creates health problems from the lack of essential nutrients and causes
dehydration. Drinking distilled water is never a bad idea because the body cannot absorb dissolved
minerals from water into the tissue.

5. Why we use distilled water?

Distilled Water Is a Type of Purified Water
This process is very effective at removing contaminants like bacteria, viruses, protozoa like
giardia and chemicals like lead and sulfate (14). Due to the fact that distilled water is
exceptionally pure, it is commonly used in medical facilities and laboratories.

6. How to sampling?
Wear gloves and eye protection when collecting samples. Rinse the bottle and cap three times with sample
water and fill the bottle to within one to two inches from the top. Place the sample into a cooler with ice for
immediate delivery or shipment to the laboratory. Sterile 125 or 150 mL plastic bottles must be used
7. How to make a solution at lab?
8. How to measure dose amount in labs?
 9. Basic apparatus of lab?
10.How to measure noise ?
11.How to prepare solution

12.What is pH

What is the full form of pH?

The full form of pH is “Potential of Hydrogen”. pH is known as the negative logarithm of H+ ion
concentration. Hence the meaning of the name pH is explained as the strength of hydrogen or
power of hydrogen. pH describes the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a solution, which is
the indicator of the acidity or basicity of the solution. The pH value on a pH scale varies from 0 to
14.
pH meter
A pH meter is an electronic instrument used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a
liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A
typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an
electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading.
✓ Calibration and use
For very precise work the pH meter should be calibrated before each measurement. For normal
use calibration should be performed at the beginning of each day. Calibration should be performed
with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH values to be measured. For
general purposes buffers at pH 4 and pH 10 are acceptable.

pH of Acid And Base

The pH of the solution ranges from 0 to 14.

• Solutions with a pH value varying from 0 to <7 on the pH scale are called acidic solutions.
• Solution with a pH value ranging from >7 to 14 is known as basic solutions.
 • On a pH scale, solutions with a potential of hydrogen or a pH value equal to 7 are known
as neutral solutions.
Solutions with a pH value of 0 are considered to be extremely acidic. Additionally, the acidity
decreases as the pH value increase from 0 to 7, while solutions with a pH value equal to 14 are
known to be strongly basic solutions. The acid and base intensity depends on the number of H+ and
OH– ions produced. Acids furnishing more H+ ions are known to be strong acids, and vice versa.

Importance of pH

• A living organism can withstand only a limited range of pH changes, and any more pH
adjustments will make life difficult. For example: in the case of acid rain, the pH of the
water is less than 7. It decreases the pH of river water as it flows into a river which hinders
the survival of marine life.
• The human stomach lining secretes hydrochloric acid, which helps digest food by activating
certain enzymes. Antacids are used to neutralise the acid produced in the stomach in case
of acid reflux.
• Often the bacteria present in our mouth lower the pH of our mouth by generating acids
through food particle degradation. This results in the demineralisation of teeth and tooth
decay. Therefore, we are told to clean our teeth and mouths since mouthwash neutralises
the acid and helps in remineralisation. Fluoride toothpaste aids in remineralisation and
prevents decay.
• In the case of a bee sting, we feel a lot of pain when the bee injects formic acid (methanoic
acid) through its sting. Therefore, we are usually recommended to apply baking soda or
other mild bases to the surface because it helps to neutralise the acid and maintain the pH.

pH, quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The term,
widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of the concentration of
the hydrogen ion—which ordinarily ranges between about 1 and 10−14 gram-equivalents per
litre—into numbers between 0 and 14.

In pure water, which is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), the concentration of the hydrogen ion
is 10−7 gram-equivalents per litre, which corresponds to a pH of 7. A solution with a pH less than
7 is considered acidic; a solution with a pH greater than 7 is considered basic, or alkaline.

The measurement was originally used by the Danish biochemist S.P.L. Sørensen to represent the
hydrogen ion concentration, expressed in equivalents per litre, of an aqueous solution: pH =
−log[H+] (in expressions of this kind, enclosure of a chemical symbol within
square brackets denotes that the concentration of the symbolized species is the quantity being
considered).

Sodium Hydroxide Solution Preparation

1. Take about 100ml of distilled water in a cleaned and dried 1000 ml volumetric flask.
2. Add about 4.2 gm of Sodium hydroxide with continues stirring.
3. Add more about 700ml of distilled water, mix and allow to cool to room temperature.
4. Make up the volume 1000 ml with distilled water.
 5. For The HCL pH 0.1 N Hcl solution
Dilute 8.50ml of hcl with distilled water to make volume upto 1000ml
What is TDS
TDS stands for Total Dissolved Solids and refers to the total concentration of
dissolved substances in drinking water. TDS comprises inorganic salts and a
small amount of organic matter as well. Inorganic salts are made up of the
positively charged cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) and
negatively charged anions (carbonates, nitrates, bicarbonates, chlorides and
sulfates). The TDS level is how much of the total dissolved solids are present in
the water.
Importance of TDS in Drinking Water
TDS in drinking water originates from places like natural sources, sewage, urban
run-offs, industrial wastewater, chemicals in the water treatment process,
chemical fertilizers used in the garden and plumbing. Water is a universal solvent
and easily picks up impurities and can absorb and dissolve these particles
quickly. Although elevated levels of TDS in drinking water is not a health hazard,
it does lend the water a bitter, salty, or brackish taste. Calcium and magnesium,
two minerals commonly found in TDS, can also cause water hardness, scale
formation, and staining.
What are Different TDS levels
The TDS level helps indicate whether the drinking water is fit for consumption,
requires filtration or is highly contaminated. Parts per million (PPM) is the
measurement used for measuring TDS level in the water.
TDS Level Chart for Drinking Water
TDS in Water (measured in
PPM) Suitability for Drinking Water
Between 50-150 Excellent for drinking
150-250 Good
250-300 Fair
300-500 Poor, not good for drinking
Above 1200 Unacceptable
Why Should You Measure TDs Levels
Naturally, mineral water has no smell or taste. A change in the TDS level changes the
texture and taste, making the water unfit for consumption. Some of the reasons why you
should measure the TDS level of your drinking water are:
*Taste (high TDS level can make the water salty and/or bitter).
*Health Concerns (water with high TDS level will not have a drastic impact on your health
but the high level of lead or copper can make you fall sick).
*Cooking (TDS level above 1000 PPM can change the way the food tastes).
Conclusion
Maintaining the TDS level of mineral water is essential. You don’t need to worry about
filtration and impurities when you can drink Bisleri water. The ideal TDS level maintained in
every bottle or jar of Bisleri mineral water will make sure your body gets the essential
dissolved organic and inorganic salts. The brand is about building trust and maintaining the
purity of water. Now, with Bisleri’s online water delivery platform, health safety and
immunity are just a click away.
FAQs:
1. What is the best TDS level for drinking water?
Ans: Generally, the TDS level between 50-150 is considered as the most suitable and
acceptable.
2. Is Low TDS level bad or harmful for health
Ans: If the TDS level is about 1000 PPM, it is unsafe and unfit for human consumption.
3.What TDS level Bisleri maintains in water?
Ans: Bisleri water maintains a TDS level up to 120 PPM, making it safe to drink.