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The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), detailing its purpose in managing relational databases and the various types of SQL commands including DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL. It covers important SQL commands, clauses, constraints, joins, aggregate functions, subqueries, views, indexes, transactions, normalization, and security concerns such as SQL injection. Overall, it serves as a structured guide for understanding and utilizing SQL effectively.

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5 views3 pages

Upload SQL Complete Notes

The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), detailing its purpose in managing relational databases and the various types of SQL commands including DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL. It covers important SQL commands, clauses, constraints, joins, aggregate functions, subqueries, views, indexes, transactions, normalization, and security concerns such as SQL injection. Overall, it serves as a structured guide for understanding and utilizing SQL effectively.

Uploaded by

shubhamsss2000sss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structured Notes on SQL

1. Introduction to SQL

- SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to communicate with relational databases.

- It is used for creating, modifying, managing, and querying data in RDBMS (e.g., MySQL, Oracle,

PostgreSQL, SQL Server).

2. Types of SQL Commands

- DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

- DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

- DCL (Data Control Language): GRANT, REVOKE

- TCL (Transaction Control Language): COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

3. Important SQL Commands

- CREATE TABLE table_name (column datatype constraints);

- ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column datatype;

- DROP TABLE table_name;

- TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

- INSERT INTO table_name (col1, col2) VALUES (val1, val2);

- SELECT col1, col2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

- UPDATE table_name SET col1 = val1 WHERE condition;

- DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

4. SQL Clauses
- WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY, LIMIT

5. SQL Constraints

- NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, DEFAULT

6. Joins in SQL

- INNER JOIN: matching rows in both tables

- LEFT JOIN: all rows from left + matching rows from right

- RIGHT JOIN: all rows from right + matching rows from left

- FULL JOIN: rows with a match in one of the tables

7. Aggregate Functions

- COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN()

8. Subqueries

- Nested queries within another query

Example: SELECT name FROM employees WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM

employees);

9. Views

- Virtual table based on result of a query

CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT col1, col2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

10. Indexes

- Improves data retrieval speed

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name(column_name);


11. Transactions

- ACID Properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

12. Normalization

- 1NF: Atomic values

- 2NF: No partial dependency

- 3NF: No transitive dependency

- BCNF: Every determinant is a candidate key

13. SQL Injection (Security)

- Occurs when untrusted data is passed into SQL statements.

- Prevention: Use prepared statements or parameterized queries.

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