(Greetings)

we’re going to look at the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions: temperature,
concentration and particle size. Before we can understand how these factors affect the
rate of reaction we need to cover the theory behind reactions, known as collision theory.

Reminder of what is atom- (From the word atomos which means uncuttable/indestructible)

So what will happen when it collide with another particle?

Atoms is like billiard balls

For a chemical change to take place or for 2 molecules to combine a simple collision is not
enough.

Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916 proposed the collision theory

Definition of Collision Theory

Under Collision theory the rules/conditions need to be met includes the:

Energy- definition
(theres what we call activation energy the minimum energy or speed needed of particles to
combine together

Reactants: Imagine you have some ingredients before you start cooking. These are your
reactants.
Activation Energy: To start cooking, you need to turn on the stove. This is like the energy
needed to get the reaction going.
Products: After cooking, you have a finished meal. These are your products.

- The dancers (particles) need to meet (collide).

- They need to have the right amount of energy (be in the right mood).
- They need to be in the right position (proper orientation) to dance together (react).

Example
The collision itself isn’t all that’s needed for a reaction to occur.
(What are the other conditions needed according to Collision Theory)
The particles also need to have enough energy and speed
sufficient energy which we call the activation energy and if they collide with less energy
than this then nothing will happen

Even if the particles collide with sufficient speed, if they aren’t at the correct angle, a
reaction won’t happen.
In this example of Nitrogen monoxide and ozone,
the reaction didn’t occur because the oxygen of each molecule touched during the collision.
In this collision of the same two molecules,
the nitrogen touches an oxygen and the reaction occurs, making oxygen and nitrogen
dioxide. The orientation was correct, so the reaction
could occur.

Additional na condition ay:

Frequency of Collisions: This refers to how often the particles collide with each other. Even
though not all collisions are successful, the more often they collide, the more successful
collisions there will be overall.

Concentration and Pressure

Imagine a crowded room. If there are more people (particles) in the room, they are more
likely to bump into each other.

Temperature
Think of boiling water. When you heat it, the water molecules move faster and turn into
steam more quickly.

Particle Size
If you crush a sugar cube into powder, it dissolves faster in water than the whole cube
because the powder has more surface area.

1. **Reactants and Catalyst**:

- The diagram shows two reactants (represented by green and yellow shapes) combining
with a catalyst (orange rectangle).
- The catalyst participates in the reaction but is not consumed by it, meaning it remains
unchanged after the reaction.

2. **Energy Diagram**:
- The energy diagram below compares the reaction with and without a catalyst.
- The **blue curve** represents the energy profile of the reaction without a catalyst,
showing a higher activation energy.
 - The **red curve** represents the energy profile of the reaction with a catalyst, showing
a lower activation energy.

3. **Key Points**:
- **Lower Activation Energy**: The catalyst provides an alternative pathway with lower
activation energy, making it easier for the reaction to occur.
- **Increased Reaction Rate**: With lower activation energy, more molecules have the
required energy to react, leading to more successful collisions and a faster reaction rate.
- **Catalyst Reusability**: The catalyst is not used up in the reaction and can be reused
multiple times.

Stoichiometry Explanation
 Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
 The quantitative relationships of reactants and product in chemical reaction.
 So what does that mean and how we will understand mathematically how everything in
the equation relates to each other?
 For Example:
H2 = N2 += NH3
Hydrogen + Nitrogen = Ammonia
Ang process na ito ay tinatawag na haber process which is usually used for fertilizers
More than half ng nitrogen sa katawan natin is from the food we eat na ginamitan ng
fertilizers that why this reaction is important

The reaction is not balanced

There are 2 Nitrogen on the left and only 1 in the right
So we put 2 in front of ammonia to balance the nitrogen
Now may 6 hydrogen na sa right side so para mabalance we put 3 in front of hydrogen
Now the reaction is balanced
Etong balanced reaction ang ating recipe
This balanced reaction tell us that: 3 molecules of hydrogen reacts with 1 nitrogen makes 2
ammonia
These numbers ay tinatawag din nating coefficients
To understand stoichiometry dapat nating maintindihan kung ano ang nirerepresent ng
coefficient:
Coefficient Represents:
1. Specific amount of either something or an amount of particles,( Gaano kadami ang isang
chemical compound)
2. RATIOS of reactants and products
To understand Stoichiometry kailanagn natin ma understand kung anong sinasabi ng
coefficient satin
Ang coefficient ang magsasabi kung how many ang particles na nagrereact at
maproproduced
3 hydrogen collide w/ 1 nitrogen, broken apart and reformed as ammonia molecules

Pero guys in real word hindi lng tag tatlo or isa isa nga particles ang ginagamit naton
So ang coefficient simply tell us the ratios of what is going on in the chemical reaction.
We use very very large amount of molecules at the everyday BUT the ratios remain
constant. So no matter how many you have, it's always going to be with Haber reaction in a
three to one to two ratio.
Now letss talk about a laaarge amount of nitrogen
Ang hangin na gina breath natin every minute daw ay nag cocontain ng approxiamtely 600
billion trillion nitrogen of molecules which is equal to 6 x 10^23
Now Guys take a look sa last na linya
Ang Coefficient ay nagsilbing molar ratios
Ngauan may 3 moles ng hydrogen and 1 mole ng nitrogen results to 2 moles of ammonia
So the coefficients being ratios can represent any amount including molar amoutns
Coefficients are the Molar Ratios
So now na alam na natin kung ano jan ang molar amount
Itatry natin kung pano ito gagamitin sa ating calculations

Now lets do the mole-mole calculation

(ISulat)
In the question in front, ano ang given value kag ano ang ginapangita nga value sa problem?
(7.5 mols of H2 is what we have and N2 is what we need)
To solve this problem the formula will be given x wanted/have
The amount given is 7.5 moles of hydrogen and multiply it to the fraction to 1N2/3H2
So kung may scientific calculator kamo try nyo icalculate 87.5 x 1/3= 2.5 moles

So for 2nd example, ano gani ang formula naton?

So everyone, ano ang given, anon ga coefficient ang needed kag ang what we have
(Solve)

Remember guys, in mole-mole calculation

“A” is the given and “B” is the wanted value
And multiplying by coefficient ratio gets us from moles of B to moles of B

This is always going to be the central calculation for any stoichiometry problem,
palagingtandaan na ang mole A na sa umpisa dapat nasa ilalim para macancel out then
ung B ung nasa taas para makuha natin ang value nga gusto naton mahanap
But there is problem with this daw, because we cant really know directly the amount of
moles we cannot count the amount of particles
But we can weigh the substances which we can convert into moles
So iexpand natin ang ating formula

And this will be our guide in a mass to mass stoichiometry problems that involves multiple
unit convesion
Moving on to the mass-mass stoichiometry
Lets have the example
Sa ating problem ang elecrtolysis is the decomposition where the water break down to its
elements: Hydrogen and Oxygen
Ang unang ste daw is to balance the reaction
Look closely balance ba ang reaction?
No. Because 1 lng ang oxygen sa left while 2 ang oxygen sa right
So to balance it maglalagay tau ng 2 sa harap ng H20 and dahil apat na ang hydrogen sa
right were going to add 2 sa harap ng hydrogen para tig apat sila
Pagkatapos mabalance, were going to calculate the molar masses of water
How? Were going to multiply the mols of each element to their respective masses of grams
from the periodic table (see the ppt)
In other words 1 mole of water is 18.02g
Kung nanotice nyo ang big 2 sa tabi ng h2o ay wala because coefficients in the balanced
reaction do not affect the molar masses
Dahil sa molar mass only 1 mole lng ng substance ang kinacalculate

So onto the lesson 4

We will calculate the percent yield of a reaction

In simple terms, percent yield tells us how much of a product we actually got from a
chemical reaction compared to how much we expected to get (theoretical yield). It’s like
checking how close we came to hitting a target.

Now alamin natin ano ba yang mga theoritical at actual yield na makikita sa formula ng
percent yield
3 ways to quantify chemical reactions:
When we say quantify: It’s about putting a number or value to something that can be
counted or measured.
 Theoritical
 Actual
 Percent

To make this easier, let’s start with an analogy.

So as an example meron taung 6 slices of bread 1 jar of peanut butter and 1 jar of jelly
Ilang sandwich ang magagawa?
Kung tag dalawang slice ng bread para makabuo ng isang sandwich
3 sandwhich ang possible na magawa
That is the Theoritical Yield.. ang inaasahan mong magiging result based on your caculation
Pero pano kung busog na so 2 sandwich na lng ang ginawa ko..
That is the Actual Yield kung ilan ang actual result
So chemists like to compare the actual and theoritical yield by calculating the percent yield
More or less measures the reaction efficiency
Percent yield tells you kung gaano ka effective ang reaction
And percent yield is represented by dividing actual yield by theoritical yield times 100 to
convert it in percentage
So sa example natin ilan ang actual yield (2) divided by the theoritical yield (3)=0.66666..7 x
100= 67%

Now we wil calculate the percent yield of a chemical reaction

The decomposition of Potassium Chloride
When heated it will decompose
And the products of its decomposition are Potassium chloride and oxygen gas
In lab This reaction is used to make oxygen
But becareful because exposure of potassium chlorate to organic compunds like plastics,
grease or rubber could result in a dangerous explosion
Para mapabilis ang reaction ggamit tau ng catalyst
Ano nga ang catalyst?
Ang catalyst na manganese4 oxide ang madalas na ginagamit sa reaction na ito
Sinusulat sa ilalim reaction arrow
At kung natatandaan nyo ang catalyst helps the reaction to speedn up without being used
up or d sya nasasama sa calculation thus it will be ignored in our stoichiometry calculations
As it is written sa ating problem
Hindi pa balance ang reaction
There are 3 oxygen in the left side pero 2 lng sa right side
So we put 2 in the left and 3 sa O2 para patas na 6 oxygen in both sides
Potassium and chlorine naman ang d ngaun balance so maglalagay tau ng 2 sa sa right KCI
After balancing the reaction lets look at the problem

Huuu (solve in the board for more comprehensive lesson)

The 3.92g of oxygen is the theoritical yield

which is the maximum amount we can have
Pero ano ba talaga ang actual yield o talang amount of oxygen na nacocollect? (3.41g)
Saan ko ito nakuha? Which you can actually find in the question itself
So gagamitin na natin ang frmula na actual yield / theoritical yield x 100
So 3.41g / 3.92g x 100
Paki calculate sa calculator guys
Kung mapapansin nyomas mababa ang actual yield compared to theoritical yield?
Theres a lot of factors affecting that such as:

Pero paano namn kung mas malai ang actual yield sa theoritical yield?
that’s actually a bigger problem because that means you made a mistake
It is imposible to make bigger actual yield tha n theoritica yield