Experiment 1: Design an experiment to measure temperature using a

temperature sensor with Raspberry Pi and send the data to ThingSpeak

Procedure:

Step 1: Connect the DHT11/DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor to the Raspberry Pi:

●​ VCC → 3.3V (Pin 1)

●​ GND → GND (Pin 6)
●​ DATA → GPIO4 (Pin 7)

Step 2: Power on your Raspberry Pi and ensure it has internet access.

Step 3: Create a ThingSpeak account at https://thingspeak.com, and create a new channel.​

Note the Write API Key from the API Keys tab.

Step 4: Create a Python file named dht_thingspeak.py.

Step 5: Write a Python program to read from the DHT sensor and send the data to ThingSpeak.

Step 6: Save and run the Python script:

python dht_thingspeak.py

CODE:
import time
import board
import adafruit_dht
import requests

# Set up DHT sensor on GPIO4

dhtDevice = adafruit_dht.DHT11(board.D4)

# Your ThingSpeak API key

THINGSPEAK_API_KEY = "YOUR_API_KEY_HERE"
# ThingSpeak URL
url = "https://api.thingspeak.com/update"

while True:
try:
temperature = dhtDevice.temperature
humidity = dhtDevice.humidity
print(f"Temp: {temperature}°C Humidity: {humidity}%")

# Send data to ThingSpeak

response = requests.get(url, params={
'api_key': THINGSPEAK_API_KEY,
'field1': temperature,
'field2': humidity
})
print(f"Data sent to ThingSpeak: {response.status_code}")

except Exception as e:
print("Error:", e)

time.sleep(20) # ThingSpeak allows updates every 15 sec (min)

Experiment 2: Design an experiment to control an LED connected to

Arduino remotely via Zigbee

Procedure:

Step 1: Connect an LED to Arduino:

●​ Positive (Anode) → Digital Pin 13 (through 220Ω resistor)

●​ Negative (Cathode) → GND

Step 2: Connect a Zigbee (XBee) module to the Arduino:

●​ VCC → 3.3V
●​ GND → GND
●​ TX of XBee → RX (Pin 0) of Arduino
●​ RX of XBee → TX (Pin 1) of Arduino​
(Note: Use a voltage divider for RX pin if using a 5V Arduino with 3.3V Zigbee)
Step 3: Insert another Zigbee module in a USB adapter and plug it into your PC for sending
commands.

Step 4: Open Arduino IDE and create a new sketch.

Step 5: Write code to turn ON/OFF the LED based on received Zigbee data.

Step 6: Upload the code to the Arduino board.

Step 7: Use a serial terminal on your PC to send '1' to turn ON and '0' to turn OFF the LED.

CODE:

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication

pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output

void loop() {

if (Serial.available() > 0) {

char command = Serial.read(); // Read command from Zigbee

if (command == '1') {

digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn ON LED

} else if (command == '0') {

digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn OFF LED

}
Experiment 3: Establish a Bluetooth connection between Arduino and a
smartphone. Send sensor data from Arduino to the smartphone via
Bluetooth and display it on a mobile app.

Procedure:

Step 1: Connect an HC-05 Bluetooth module to the Arduino:

●​ VCC → 5V
●​ GND → GND
●​ TX → RX (Pin 0)
●​ RX → TX (Pin 1)

Step 2: Connect a sensor (e.g., DHT temperature sensor):

●​ VCC → 5V
●​ GND → GND
●​ OUT → A0 (Analog pin)

Step 3: Open Arduino IDE and create a new sketch.

Step 4: Write a program to read sensor data and send it via Serial (Bluetooth).

Step 5: Upload the code to Arduino (disconnect RX/TX wires before uploading and
reconnect after upload).

Step 6: Pair the HC-05 with your smartphone via Bluetooth settings. Default password is
usually 1234 or 0000.

Step 7: Install a serial Bluetooth app like “Serial Bluetooth Terminal” or “Bluetooth Terminal
HC-05” from Play Store.

Step 8: Open the app, connect to HC-05, and view the incoming sensor data.

CODE:

const int sensorPin = A0; // LM35 connected to A0

float temperature;
void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication (Bluetooth)

void loop() {

int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // Read analog value

temperature = (sensorValue * 5.0 * 100) / 1024; // Convert to °C

Serial.print("Temperature: ");

Serial.print(temperature);

Serial.println(" °C");

delay(2000); // Wait 2 seconds before next reading

Experiment 4: Design a system using Arduino and a GSM module to send

an SMS alert when a sensor detects a predefined event

Procedure:

Step 1: Connect a GSM module (SIM800L/SIM900) to the Arduino:

●​ GSM RX → Arduino Pin 10

●​ GSM TX → Arduino Pin 9
●​ GND → GND
●​ VCC → 12V external power supply (not from Arduino)

Step 2: Connect a sensor (e.g., a push button or motion sensor):

 ●​ Sensor OUT → Arduino Pin 2
●​ VCC → 5V
●​ GND → GND

Step 3: Insert a SIM card into the GSM module.

Step 4: Open Arduino IDE and include the SoftwareSerial library.

Step 5: Write a program to check the sensor input and send an SMS when the condition is met.

Step 6: Upload the code to the Arduino.

Step 7: Monitor the GSM module status using serial monitor if needed.

CODE:

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial gsm(9, 10); // RX, TX for GSM

const int sensorPin = 2; // Sensor connected to pin 2

bool alertSent = false;

void setup() {

pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);

gsm.begin(9600);

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(1000);

void loop() {

int sensorState = digitalRead(sensorPin);

 if (sensorState == HIGH && !alertSent) {

sendSMS("+910000000000", "Alert: Sensor triggered!");

alertSent = true;

if (sensorState == LOW) {

alertSent = false;

delay(1000);

void sendSMS(const char* phoneNumber, const char* message) {

gsm.println("AT+CMGF=1");

delay(1000);

gsm.print("AT+CMGS=\"");

gsm.print(phoneNumber);

gsm.println("\"");

delay(1000);

gsm.println(message);

delay(100);

gsm.write(26); // ASCII code of CTRL+Z to send message

delay(5000);

Great! Here's Experiment 5:

Experiment 5: Design an experiment to interface a temperature sensor
(DHT11/22) with Raspberry Pi

Procedure:

Step 1: Connect the DHT11 or DHT22 sensor to the Raspberry Pi:

●​ VCC → 3.3V (Pin 1)

●​ GND → GND (Pin 6)
●​ DATA → GPIO4 (Pin 7)
●​ Add a 10kΩ pull-up resistor between VCC and DATA

Step 2: Power on the Raspberry Pi and open the terminal.

Step 3: Create a new Python script named dht_read.py.

Step 4: Write a Python program to read temperature and humidity values from the DHT sensor.

Step 5: Save and run the script:

python3 dht_read.py

CODE:

import time

import board

import adafruit_dht

# Initialize the DHT device on GPIO4

dhtDevice = adafruit_dht.DHT11(board.D4)
while True:

try:

temperature = dhtDevice.temperature

humidity = dhtDevice.humidity

print(f"Temperature: {temperature}°C Humidity: {humidity}%")

except Exception as e:

print("Sensor read error:", e)

time.sleep(2)