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Distribution System Imp Mid-1

A distributed system consists of independent computers that function as a single system, characterized by resource sharing, concurrency, scalability, fault tolerance, transparency, openness, heterogeneity, and security. Inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms include Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), message passing, shared memory, distributed objects, publish/subscribe systems, web services, and data serialization frameworks. The OS layer structure in distributed systems includes hardware, kernel, communication, middleware, and application layers, promoting modularity and abstraction by defining clear roles and interfaces between layers.

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1 views3 pages

Distribution System Imp Mid-1

A distributed system consists of independent computers that function as a single system, characterized by resource sharing, concurrency, scalability, fault tolerance, transparency, openness, heterogeneity, and security. Inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms include Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), message passing, shared memory, distributed objects, publish/subscribe systems, web services, and data serialization frameworks. The OS layer structure in distributed systems includes hardware, kernel, communication, middleware, and application layers, promoting modularity and abstraction by defining clear roles and interfaces between layers.

Uploaded by

dharavathsuman1430
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.Explain the characteristics of a distributed system:-?

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users as a


single coherent system. Here are the key characteristics:
*Resource Sharing: Resources like files, printers, and data can be shared across the network
among multiple users and applications.
*Concurrency: Multiple processes run concurrently, which allows for efficient resource utilization
and responsiveness.
*Scalability: Distributed systems can be scaled easily by adding more machines to the network
without significant changes to the system structure.
*Fault Tolerance: These systems are designed to continue functioning even if some of the
components fail, ensuring high availability and reliability.
*Transparency: Users perceive the system as a single entity, with transparency in aspects like
location, access, migration, replication, and failure handling.
*OPPENES:- The system is open to new additions or updates and supports interoperability
between heterogeneous systems.
*HETEROGENITY:- Distributed systems can involve different types of hardware, operating system
*SECURITY :-Ensuring secure communication, authentication, and data integrity is crucial due to
the distributed nature.
4.Explain the different mechanisms used for inter-process communication (IPC) in a distributed
environment:-?
In a distributed environment,INTER-PROCESS COMMUNICATION) enables processes
1. Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Allows a program to cause a procedure to execute in another address space (commonly on
another computer)
Examples:-once,Rpc Xml- Rpc,Json-Rpc Grp
2. Message Passing
Processes communicate by sending and receiving messages using a communication protocol..
Examples:
Sockets: Low-level, flexible, used for TCP/UDP communication.
3. Shared Memory (Distributed Shared Memory-DSM)
Simulates shared memory across different systems
4. Distributed Objects
Objects in one process can invoke methods on objects in another process.
Examples: CORBA,JAVA,RMI,NET Remoting
5. Publish/Subscribe Systems
Processes (publishers) send messages to a topic, and subscribers receive messages based on
their subscriptions.
Examples: MQTT, Apache Kafka, ZeroMQ
6. Web Services
Processes communicate over HTTP using RESTful endpoints.
7. Data Serialization Frameworks

3.Describe the OS layer structure in distributed systems. How does it help in


achieving modularity and abstraction..?
A:-distributed systems, the Operating System (OS) layer structure is designed to manage the
complexities of distributed resources and provide a consistent interface for higher-level software
components.
OS Layer Structure in Distributed Systems
"Hardware Layer"
Consists of physical devices (processors, memory, storage, network interfaces).
"KERNAL LAYER"
Provides basic OS functionalities: process management, memory management, I/O operations,
and device drivers.
"Communication Layer"
Handles inter-process communication (IPC) across different nodes
"Middleware Layer"
Sits between the OS and application layers.
Provides a uniform interface for resource
"Application Layer"
Contains user-facing applications and services.
How It Helps in Achieving Modularity and Abstraction
Modularity:
Each layer has a well-defined role and interacts with adjacent layers through standardized
interfaces.
"Abstraction"
Higher layers do not need to deal with the complexities of lower-level hardware or networking.

2.Explain the Architectural Models of distributed systems. Describe different


architectural styles with suitable diagrams and examples....?
What are Distributed Systems?
Distributed Systems are networks of independent computers that work together to present
themselves as a unified system
Multiple Nodes: Consists of multiple interconnected computers or servers that communicate
over a network.
Resource Sharing: Enable sharing of resources such as processing power, storage, and data
among the nodes.
Scalability: This can be scaled by adding more nodes to handle increased load or expand
functionality.
Fault Tolerance: Designed to handle failures of individual nodes without affecting the overall
system’s functionality.
Transparency: Aim to hide the complexities of the underlying network, making the system appear
Architecture Styles in Distributed Systems
Layered Architecture in distributed systems organizes the system into hierarchical layer
"Layers and Their Functions"
Presentation Layer
Function: Handles user interaction and presentation of data. It is responsible for user interfaces
and client-side interactions.
Responsibilities: Rendering data, accepting user inputs, and sending requests to the underlying
layers.
Application Layer
Function: Contains the business logic and application-specific functionalities.
Middleware Layer
Function: Facilitates communication and data exchange between different components or
services..
"Data Access Layer"
Function: Manages data storage and retrieval from databases or other data sources.
.2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
In a P2P architecture, all nodes (peers) are equal participants in the network

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