FORMULAS

General Physics:
Distance(S)
 Speed = Time (T )
Displacement (S )
 Velocity (v) = Time (T )
 Distance (s) = Area Under the Graph
Final Velocity ( v )−Initial Velocity (u)
 Acceleration (a) = Time (t)
Mass(m)
 Density (D) = Volume(V )
 Hooke’s Law: F = kx
 Moment = Force (F) x Perpendicular Distance
from Pivot (S)
 Driving Force = Air Resistance
 Driving Force = Power x Velocity
 Momentum (p) = Mass (m) x Velocity (v)
 Change in Momentum = mv – mu
 Change in Momentum = Impulse
 Impulse = Force (F) x Time (t)
 G.P.E (J) = Mass (m) x Gravity (g) x Height (h)
1
 K.E (J) = 2 mv 2
Output Energy ( ¿ ) Power
 Efficiency = Input Energy ( ¿ ) Power x 100
 Work Done = Force (F) x Distance moved (s)
Work Done (W ) Useful Energy Transferred ( E)
 Power (P) = Time Taken(T ) (OR) Time Taken(T )
 Hydraulics Pressure = P1V1 = P2V2

 Equations of motion:
1.Final Velocity = Initial Velocity (u) +
Acceleration (a) x Time (t)
 Initial Velocity(u)+ Final velocity (v )
2.Distance (S) = 2
1
3.S = (u x t) + 2 x at2
4.V2 = U2 + (2 x a x s)
 Resultant Force = Mass (m) x Acceleration (a)
Thermal Physics:
Intial Pressure(P 1) Final Pressure (P2)
 The Pressure Law: =
Initial Temperature(T 1) Final Temperature(T 2)
Volume( V )
 The Charles Law: KelvinTemperature(T )
Voltage ( V ) x Current ( I ) x Time(t )
 Specific Heat Capacity = Mass ( m) x △ t(Final−Initial temp)
Energy (E)
 Latent Heat of Fusion = Final Mass ( M 2 )−Initial Mass(M 1)
Final time ( E 2 )−Initial time(E 1)
 Laten Heat of Vaporization = Final Mass ( M 2 )−Initial Mass(M 1)
 Energy:
1. E = m x Specific Heat Capacity (c) x △t
2. E = m x l (Latent heat of Fusion)
3. E = m x l (laten heat of vaporization)
Wave Physics:
 Speed of waves = frequency (f) x Wavelength
(λ)
 The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection

 Refractive Index:
The speed of light ∈air
1. The speed of light ∈the medium
sin i
2. sin r
1
3. sin c
 Electricity:
Charge (Q)
 Current (I) = Time (T )
 Potential Difference (V) = Current (I) x
Resistance (R)
Potential Difference (V )
 Resistance (R) = Current (I )
 Series Resistance = R1 + R2
R1 x R2
 Parallel Resistance = R 1+ R 2
 Electrical Energy = Voltage x Current x Time in
seconds
 Power = Voltage (V) x Current (I) [OR] V2/R [OR]
I2 x R
Vp Np
 Transformer Equation: Vs = Ns [OR] Ip x Vp = Is x
Vs
Resistance x Area of the wire
 Resistivity = length of the wire
length of the wire
 Resistance = Area of the wire
x Resistivity

NOTES
General Physics:
 Free fall – An object that is moving only under
the influence of the gravity and the object will
have a constant acceleration which is
approximately 10m/s
 Driving Force – The Force required in order to
start a motion
 When atmospheric pressure increases the
liquid in the barometer rises and in a
manometer the liquid moves to the left
For an object to be in equilibrium:
 1. Sum of clockwise moment = Sum of anti-
clockwise moment [OR] No resultant
moment
2. No resultant force
 Mercury Barometer is used to measure
atmospheric pressure

 Acceleration of free fall is where a falling

object is only in gravity’s influence
 Terminal velocity graph: The skydiver
accelerates as he begins to fall. As the skydiver
speeds up the air resistance increases. Then
the skydiver reaches terminal velocity where
his velocity would be constant with no
acceleration as his weight is balanced by the
air resistance. Then when he opens the
parachute the air resistance pulls the
parachute up decreasing the velocity of the
skydiver where he reaches another terminal
velocity
 To calculate the time taken for the pendulum to
swing measure the number of swings and
divide it by the time taken and multiply it by 2
 Gradient of Speed – Time Graph = Distance
 Gradient of Distance – Time graph = Speed
Distance – Time Graph and Speed – Time Graph:
 Thermal Physics:
 Evaporation causes cooling because the
molecules with the highest kinetic energy
escape. Hence the average kinetic energy of
the molecules decreases. So, the liquid
becomes cooler after evaporation takes place

 When the temperature of the liquid or the

surface area of the liquid increases the rate of
evaporation increases and it can also be
increased when a draught of air is blown on the
liquid surface
 Thermal Capacity: The amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of a substance by 1℃.
 Specific heat Capacity: The amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of one kg of a
substance by 1℃.
 Latent heat of an object: The energy required
to change the state of an object without
changing its temperature
 Specific latent heat of fusion: the energy
needed to melt 1kg of a substance at its
melting point.
 Specific latent heat of vaporization: The energy
needed to change 1kg of a substance at its
boiling point from liquid to vapour.
 Conduction: the process by which heat or
electricity is directly transmitted through the
material of a substance when there is a
difference in temperature or of electrical
potential between adjoining regions, without
movement of the material.
 Convection: The movement of fluid molecules
from higher temperature regions to lower
temperature regions.
 Radiation: Radiation is the emission or
transmission of energy through waves or
particles through space or a material medium.

Wave Physics:
 Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a wave
 Wavelength: Distance between 2 consecutive
crests or 2 consecutive troughs
 Frequency: Number of complete vibrations per
unit time
 Speed of sound in air: 340 m/s
 Speed of sound in a vacuum: 343 m/s
 The angle of incidence = The angle of reflection
 Refraction: Change in direction of the waves at
the boundary when they travel from one
medium to another
 Diffraction: Spreading of Waves
 Dispersion: Separation of visible light into
different colours
 Image formed by plane mirror: Same size as
the object, same distance as the object,
laterally inverted, the image is virtual, upright

 Critical angle: the angle of incidence beyond

which rays of light passing through a denser
medium to the surface of a less dense medium
are no longer refracted but totally reflected.
 Total Internal Reflection: the complete
reflection of a light ray reaching an interface
with a less dense medium when the angle of
incidence exceeds the critical angle.
 When the object is beyond 2F1 a diminished,
real and inverted image will be formed
between F1 and 2F2
 When the object is between F and 2F1 a
magnified, real and inverted image will be
formed beyond F2
 When the object is at 2F1 a virtual, upright
image of the same size as the object will be
formed at 2F2
 When the object is between F and the lens a
magnified, virtual and upright image will be
formed behind the object
 When the Image is in F1 a highly magnified,
real and inverted image will be formed at
infinity
 Convex lens: Converging lens (Produces real
image only) and convex mirror: Diverging
mirror
 Concave lens: Diverging lens (Produces virtual
image only) and concave mirror: Converging
mirror
 Monochromatic light: Light of a single
frequency
 Speed of electromagnetic waves – 3 x 108 m/s
 Loud sounds (High volume) have big
amplitudes and Quiet sounds are vice versa
 High pith sounds have high frequency and
small wavelength and low pitch sounds are vice
versa.
 Echoes: Reflected sound waves
 Rarer to denser – Ray bends towards the
normal
 Denser to Rarer – Ray bends away from the
normal
Electricity:
 Electromotive Force (E.M.F) is the energy
needed to drive a circuit
 Electric field is the region in which a force acts
upon an electric charge
 When the length of a wire increases the
resistance increases
 When the cross-sectional area / Surface area of
the wire increases the resistance decreases
 The fuse and the circuit breaker in a circuit
should be placed in the live wire
 When a negatively charged rod is brought near
a sphere the electrons close to the rod are
repelled hence a charge separation occurs.
When the sphere is earthed the excess
electrons from the right side of the sphere
leave the sphere and the sphere becomes
positively charged.
 In series the current and the voltage are the
same in all the parts
 In parallel Voltage 1 + Voltage 2 = Total voltage
 A DC (Direct Current) flows only in one
direction and its supplies are batteries and
cells
 An AC (Alternating Current) is a current that
changes direction continuously
 Step–up transformer increases the voltage
induced and a
step–down transformer decreases the voltage-
induced
 A split ring commutator reverses the current
after every half rotation and a slip ring
commutator transfers the current to and from
the rotor
 Working of a transformer:
1. When a voltage is applied in the primary
coil an AC is induced in it which creates an
alternating magnetic field in the soft iron
core
2. This alternating magnetic field’s field
lines cut the secondary coil and induce a
voltage in it which shows that the electrical
energy is passed from the primary coil to
the secondary coil
3. Transformers don’t work in DC because
DC can’t cause electromagnetic induction
 The thumb in the right-hand thumb rule shows
the north pole
 Nuclear Physics:

 Alpha particle – Subtraction and beta particle –

Addition
 Radioactive decay is the process by which
certain unstable nuclei emit radiation to
become stable
 Background radiation is the ionising radiation
or the radioactive emissions which are always
present in the environment and its sources
include rocks, cosmic rays from space, Foods,
X-rays, Radon gas, Buildings and nuclear
wastes
 Nuclear fission is the process of splitting of
nucleus which is used for power generation and
nuclear fusion is the process which combines 2
nuclei which is used as a source of energy

Space Physics:
 Countries closer to the equator are hotter
2 πr
 Orbital speed [ v ] = T
 1 Light Year = 9.5 x 1015 m3
 The Sun is a medium size star containing
Hydrogen and Helium atoms
 The diameter of the Milky Way is
approximately 1 x 105 light-years.
 Hubble Constant is the ratio of the speed at
which the galaxy is moving away from the
earth
 At the “Equinox” the sun exactly rises in the
east and exactly sets in the west and Equinox
is where the day and night are approximately
equal in length
 Moon revolves around the earth and
completes the revolution in about 27 – 28
days (roughly a month)
 For orbital speed time should be in seconds
and distance should be in meters
 The current estimate of Hubble Constant HO is
2.2 x 10-18/ sec
 finding the Orbital radius should be done by
adding the radius with the height above the
surface which is r = R + H
 Asteroids are rocky objects orbiting the sun
and the asteroid belt lies between Mars and
Jupiter
 Supernovae is the dying or Exploding stars

 In the northern hemisphere (above the

equator):
1. In summer, the sun rises north of east and
sets north of west
2. In winter, the sun rises south of the east
and sets south of the west
3. The Sun is highest above the horizon at
noon (12 pm)
 4. In the northern hemisphere, the daylight
hours are longest up until roughly the 21st
of June and is known as the summer
solstice (the Sun is at its highest point in
the sky all year)
5. The daylight hours then decrease to their
lowest around 21st December which is
known as the winter solstice (the Sun is at
its lowest point in the sky all year)
 Comets are made up of dust and ice and orbit
the sun in a different orbit compared with the
planet’s orbit and when the comets approach
the sun the ice melts and forms a tail behind
the comet
Distance travelled∈the radius of the orbit
 Time = 8
Speed of light (3 x 1 0 m/s)

 Gravitational Field Strength: The strength of

gravity on different planets after an object’s
weight on that planet
 When the star moves away from the observer,
the star redshifts and if the star moves towards
the observer the star blueshifts.
 Life cycle of a solar mass star:

 Life of a star bigger than our sun: