SHORT ANSWER TYPES

1. Define Namespace.
Namespaces are used to organize the classes. It helps to control the scope of methods and
classes in larger .Net programming projects. It is also referred as named group of classes having
common features. The members of a namespace can be namespaces, interfaces, structures, and
delegates.

2. VB.Net is a compiled language. Why?

VB.NET code is compiled into IL when we build your project. The IL is saved in a file on disk.
When we run our program, the IL is compiled again, using the Just In Time (JIT) compiler (a
process often called JIT’ing). The result is machine code, executed by the machine’s processor.

3. Differentiate webconfig and machine config file.

The machine.config file is the master configuration file on our system with a lot of default
settings. Web.config on the other hand is the file for the local settings to be applied for a website
which store configuration data in XML format. The settings of Machine.config file are applied
to the whole asp.net applications on our server whereas the settings made in the Web.config file
are applied to that particular web application only.

4. Differentiate web farm and web garden.

Web Garden is the web hosting system which comprises of multiple processes whereas Web
Farm is the web hosting system which comprises of multiple computers.A hosting environment
consisting of multiple web servers is said to be a Web Farm.Web garden is a scenario in which
a single machine has multiple asp.net worker processes running simultaneously.

5. Cross Language compatibility in .Net framework is possible due to common language

runtime (CLR) and the common language specification (CLS)

6. What is the main role of JIT compiler?

The JIT compiler translates the MSIL code of an assembly to native code and uses the CPU
architecture of the target machine to execute a .NET application. It also stores the resulting
native code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls.

7. What is garbage collection in VB.Net?

The garbage collector (GC) manages the allocation and release of memory. . The garbage
collector serves as an automatic memory manager. When there isn’t enough memory to allocate
an object, the GC must collect and dispose of garbage memory to make memory available for
new allocations. This process is known as garbage collection.

8. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC)?

The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a folder in Windows directory to store the .NET assem-
blies that are specifically designated to be shared by all applications executed on a system. The
GAC is a machine-wide code cache used for side-by-side execution of assemblies. The GAC
implements the feature of shared library where different applications reuse the code placed in
the files located in a common folder.

9. What is managed and unmanaged code?

Managed code is the one that is executed by the CLR of the .NET framework while unmanaged
or unsafe code is executed by the operating system. The managed code provides security to the
code while undamaged code creates security threats. Runtime services are provided in managed
code while they are not provided in unmanaged code.

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10. What is ASP.Net?
ASP.Net is a web development platform provided by Microsoft. It is used for creating web-
based applications. ASP.NET is an open-source, server-side web-application framework de-
signed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to
allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, applications and services.

11. What do you mean by inheritance in OOP?

Inheritance is the procedure in which one class inherits the attributes and methods of another
class. The class whose properties and methods are inherited is known as the Parent class. And
the class that inherits the properties from the parent class is the Child class.

12. What is Master page?

A master page is an ASP.NET file with the extension .master (for example, MySite.master) with
a predefined layout that can include static text, HTML elements, and server controls.

13. What is .Net Strong name?

A strong name is a .NET assembly name combined with its version number and other informa-
tion to uniquely identify the assembly. This allows multiple versions of the same assembly to
peacefully co-exist in the global assembly cache, where shared assemblies are typically stored.

14. What is worker process?

The Process which is responsible for processing Asp.net application request and sending back
response to the client , is known as ”Worker Process”. All ASP.NET functionalities runs within
the scope of this process. In short, Process which is responsible for all asp.net requests and
response cycle is known as worker process.

15. Give two features of VB.net which is not in Visual Basic?

Inheritance and Method Overloading and Overriding.

16. What is the execution engine of .NetFramework called?

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

17. What is a class in OOP?

In object-oriented programming, Class are a blueprint or a set of instructions to build a specific
type of object. It is a basic concept of Object-Oriented Programming which revolve around the
real-life entities. Class determines how an object will behave and what the object will contain.

18. What is the runtime compiler in .Net Framework called?

Just In Time (JIT) Compiler

19. What is data access technology in .Net called?

ActiveX Data objects for the . NET Framework (ADO.NET) is a data access technology

20. What do you mean by managed code?

Managed code is the code which is managed by the CLR(Common Language Runtime) in .NET
Framework.

21. What is method overloading in OOP?

Method overloading is a form of polymorphism in OOP. Polymorphism allows objects or meth-
ods to act in different ways, according to the means in which they are used. One such manner
in which the methods behave according to their argument types and number of arguments is
method overloading. Overloading happens when you have two methods with the same name
but different signatures (or arguments).

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22. What is module in VB.Net?
A module (sometimes called a standard module) is similar to a class but with some important
distinctions. Every module has exactly one instance and does not need to be created or assigned
to a variable. Modules do not support inheritance or implement interfaces. A module has the
same lifetime as your program.

23. What do you mean by language interoperability in .Net?

Language interoperability is the capability of two different programming languages to natively
interact as part of the same system and operate on the same kind of data structures. When
you compile .Net program, it is compiled into IL (Intermediate Language). That compiled
program can then be used by any other .NET language, for example a Visual Basic program
could reference yours, create an instance of your Math class and use it.

24. What is a sub procedure?

A Sub procedure is a separate set of codes that are used in VB.NET programming to execute
a specific task, and it does not return any values. The Sub procedure is enclosed by the Sub
and End Sub statement. The Sub procedure is similar to the function procedure for executing
a specific task except that it does not return any value, while the function procedure returns a
value.

25. What do you mean by data encapsulation?

Data encapsulation, also known as data hiding, is the mechanism whereby the implementation
details of a class are kept hidden from the user. The user can only perform a restricted set of
operations on the hidden members of the class by executing special functions commonly called
methods.

26. What is image map in ASP.Net?

The ImageMap control in ASP.NET 2.0 and onward versions can be used to create an image
that contains defined hot spot regions. When a user clicks a hot spot region, the control can
either generate a post back to the server or navigate to a specified URL.

27. What is CLR?

CLR is the basic and Virtual Machine component of the .NET Framework. It is the run-time
environment in the .NET Framework that runs the codes and helps in making the development
process easier by providing the various services. Basically, it is responsible for managing the
execution of .NET programs regardless of any .NET programming language.

28. What is group of logically related .Net classes called?

Assembly

29. Name the type of JIT compiler that is suitable for running scripts.

30. What is Web Garden?

A web garden is a web hosting system in which an application pool can be configured while
also specifying the number of worker processes for that pool.

31. Name the system which defines type of usage in the .Net Framework Common language
runtime
The CTS(Common Type System) defines the rules governing type inheritance, virtual methods
and object lifetime.

32. Which ADO.Net object acts as a bridge between Dataset and Database?
A DataAdapter object is used as a bridge between a database and a DataSet.

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33. Give one point of difference between authentication and authorization in ASP.Net
Authentication is the process of obtaining some sort of credentials from the users and using
those credentials to verify the user’s identity. Authorization is the process of allowing an au-
thenticated user access to resources.
34. What is Web Server?
A web server is a computer that stores web server software and a website’s component files.
35. What is .Net Code Access Security?
Code Access Security enables users to restrict, on a very granular level, what managed code
can do according to a level of trust. If the CLR trusts the code enough to allow it to run then it
will begin executing the code depending on the permissions given to the assembly. If the code
is not trusted and attempts to perform some action it does not have relevant rights for then a
security exception is thrown.
36. What is ProcessRequest()?
The ProcessRequest() is a method that ASP.NET will use to allow the handler to handle a
request. Essentially all handler work begins with this method.
37. What are the two main parts of .Net? The Common Language Runtime and the . NET
Framework Class Library.
38. What is CLS?
CLS stands for Common Language Specification. It defines a set of rules and restrictions that
every language must follow which runs under the . NET framework.
39. What is Globalization?
Globalization is the process of designing the application in such a way that it can be used by
users from across the globe (multiple cultures).
40. What is Localization?
Localization is a the process of customization to make our application behave as per the current
culture and locale.
41. What is code review?
Code Review is a verifying and finding defects on source code in development phase. It is an
improvement of source code quality to provide quality software for the developer’s in develop-
ment phase.
42. What is INTERNAL keyword in .Net framework?
The internal keyword is an access modifier for types and type members. Internal types or
members are accessible only within files in the same assembly
43. What is Connection Pool?
Connection pooling reuses existing active connections with the same connection string instead
of creating new connections when a request is made to the database which minimizes the cost
of repeatedly opening and closing connections.
44. What is Message passing in OOP?
Message passing is a type of communication between processes or objects in computer science.
In this model, processes or objects can send and receive messages to other processes or objects.
45. What is ASP.Net Configuration?
ASP.NET Configuration system is used to describe the properties and behaviors of various
aspects of ASP.NET applications.

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46. What is an IL and metadata?
Metadata is information about the assemblies, modules, and types that constitute .NET pro-
grams. In .NET, metadata is a common mechanism that the .NET runtime, compilers, and tools
all can use. Microsoft .NET uses metadata to describe all types that are used and exposed by
the particular .NET assembly.
Intermediate language (IL) is an object-oriented programming language designed to be used
by compilers for the .NET Framework before static or dynamic compilation to machine code.
The IL is used by the .NET Framework to generate machine-independent code as the output of
compilation of the source code written in any .

47. What is the difference between Namespace and Assembly?

A .Net Namespace provides the fundamental unit of logical code grouping while an assembly
provides a fundamental unit of physical code grouping.
Namespaces is a logical group of related classes that can be used by any other language tar-
geting the Microsoft .Net framework . It is more used for logical organization of your classes.
Namespaces are a way of grouping type names and reducing the chance of name collisions. An
assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical
unit of functionality. It is an Output Unit, that is .exe or .dll file. It is a unit of Deployment and
a unit of versioning and also it contain MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) code. As-
semblies are self describing, it contains all the metadata about the modules, types, and other
elements in the form of a manifest.

48. Explain DataSet and DataReader

DataReader is used to read the data from the database and it is a read and forward only connec-
tion oriented architecture during fetch the data from database. DataReader will fetch the data
very fast when compared with dataset.
DataSet is a disconnected orient architecture that means there is no need of active connections
during work with datasets and it is a collection of DataTables and relations between tables. It is
used to hold multiple tables with data. DataSet provides us with rich features like saving data
as XML and loading XML data.

49. What are the two fundamental object in ADO.Net?

DataSet and DataReader are two fundamental objects in ADO.NET.

50. What is ArrayList?

the ArrayList is a non-generic collection of objects whose size increases dynamically. It is the
same as Array except that its size increases dynamically. An ArrayList can be used to add
unknown data where you don’t know the types and the size of the data.

51. What server is needed to run page in ASP.Net?

Internet Information Server (IIS) is one of the most popular web servers from Microsoft that is
used to host and provide Internet-based services to ASP.NET and ASP Web applications.

52. Define the Following?

(a) .Net assembly manifest:The assembly manifest contains this assembly metadata. An
assembly manifest contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly’s version
requirements and security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the
assembly and resolve references to resources and classes.

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 (b) MSIL:The assembly manifest contains this assembly metadata. An assembly manifest
contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly’s version requirements and se-
curity identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve
references to resources and classes.
(c) Application Pool: An application pool defines a group of one or more worker processes,
configured with common settings that serve requests to one or more applications that are
assigned to that application pool. Application pools can contain one or more worker pro-
cesses. Each worker process represents work being done for a Web site, Web application,
or Web service. The ¡applicationPools¿ element contains configuration settings for all
application pools running on your Internet Information Services (IIS) 7 or later server.
(d) HTTP Module:Http modules are filters that can pre and post-process requests as they
pass through the HTTP pipeline. As a matter of fact, many of the services provided by
ASP.NET are implemented as HTTP Modules. Examples are modules which are used to
implement ASP.NET security as well as ASP.NET session state.
(e) IIS:The term ”IIS” stands for Internet Information Services, which is a general-purpose
webserver that runs on the Windows operating system. The IIS accepts and responds to
the client’s computer requests and enables them to share and deliver information across
the LAN (or Local Area Network) such as a corporate intranet and the WAN (or Wide
Area Network) the internet. It hosts the application, websites, and other standard ser-
vices needed by users and allows developers to make websites, applications and virtual
directories to share with their users.
(f) SOAP:SOAP is an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML-based mes-
saging protocol for exchanging information among computers. SOAP is an application of
the XML specification.
(g) WSDL:WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language. It is the standard format
for describing a web service. WSDL is written in XML.
(h) Satellite Assembly:A satellite assembly is a .NET Framework assembly containing re-
sources specific to a given language. Using satellite assemblies, we can place resources
for different languages in different assemblies, and the correct assembly is loaded into
memory only if the user selects to view the application in that language

53. What is Web Service?

Web services are components on a Web server that a client application can call by making
HTTP requests across the Web. ASP.NET enables us to create custom Web services or to use
built-in application services, and to call these services from any client application. In simple
sense, Web Services are means for interacting with objects over the Internet.

54. What is UDDI? Explain in brief.

UDDI is an XML based standard for describing, publishing, and finding web services. UDDI
stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration. UDDI is a set of specifications
defining a registry service for Web services and for other electronic and non-electronic services.
A UDDI registry service is a Web service managing information about service providers, ser-
vice implementations and service metadata. Providers advertise their Web services on the UDDI
registry. Consumers then use UDDI to discover Web services suiting their requirements and ob-
tain the service metadata needed to consume those services. UDDI is a platform-independent,
open framework. UDDI uses Web Service Definition Language(WSDL) to describe interfaces
to web services. UDDI is seen with SOAP and WSDL as one of the three foundation standards
of web services. UDDI is an open industry initiative, enabling businesses to discover each other
and define how they interact over the Internet. UDDI has two sections

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 • A registry of all web service’s metadata, including a pointer to the WSDL description of
a service.
• A set of WSDL port type definitions for manipulating and searching that registry.

55. Give three point of difference between Private assembly and Public Assembly.
An assembly in .NET can be classified into two different types’ namely public assembly and
private assembly. Difference between these two types of assembly is tabulated below:

Private Assembly Public Assembly

Private assembly can be used by only one Public assembly can be used by multiple
application. applications.
Private assembly will be stored in the
Public assembly is stored in GAC (Global
specific application’s directory or sub-
Assembly Cache).
directory.
There is no other name for private assem- Public assembly is also termed as shared
bly. assembly.
Strong name is not required for private as- Strong name has to be created for public
sembly. assembly.
Private assembly doesn’t have any version Public assembly should strictly enforce
constraint. version constraint.
By default, all assemblies you create are An example to public assembly is the ac-
examples of private assembly. Only when tuate report classes which can be imported
you associate a strong name to it and store in the library and used by any application
it in GAC, it becomes a public assembly. that prefers to implement actuate reports.

56. Give two point of difference between ASP and ASP.Net

ASP ASP.Net
ASP is the interpreted languages. ASP.NET is the compiled language.
ASP uses ADO (ActiveX Data Objects)
ASP.NET uses ADO.NET to connect and
technology to connect and work with
work with database.
databases.
ASP is partially object oriented. ASP.NET is fully object oriented.
ASP.NET Pages have the file extension
ASP Pages have the file extension .asp.
.aspx.
ASP doesn’t have the concept of inheri- ASP.NET inherit the class written in code
tance. behind.
ASP.NET use full fledged programming
ASP pages use scripting language.
language.
Error handling is very poor in ASP. Error handling is very good in ASP.NET.
ASP has maximum four in-built classes i.e.
ASP.NET has more than 2000 in-built
Request, Response, Session and Applica-
classes.
tion.

57. What is web server control?

An ASP.NET server control is a tag written in a Web page to represent a programmable server-
side object used for displaying a user interface element in a Web page. ASP.NET server controls
are tags that can be understood by the server. They are coded in a .aspx file and expose proper-
ties, methods and events of the control that can be accessed from server-side code.

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58. What are the different common validation controls available in ASP.Net? Explain them
in brief.
ASP.NET provides a set of web controls called validation controls that are used to validate
HTML forms. Most of the times while using HTML forms we need to validate the user input
for certain criteria. In ASP there was no other way but to write our own server or client side
validation routines. There are 6 types of validation controls available :

• RequiredFieldValidator : This control is used to validate fields that requires user input i.e.
the fields which are mandatory.
• CompareValidator: This control is used to compare value of a control with :
(a) value from another control or
(b) a specific value
• RangeValidator: Rangevalidator is used to ensure that the value of a control lies between
the given range.
• RegularExpressionValidator
• CustomValidator: Even though in-built controls provide great deal of functionality, we
may need some customized validation not covered by in-built controls. Customvalidator
control allows such facility.
• ValidationSummary: Validation summary control provides a nice way to display a list of
all the validation errors occurred in the form.

59. What is validation in Web development?

Validation is useful when we need a user to input information that is expected to meet cer-
tain requirements. There are two validation standards: server side validation and client side
validation.

60. What is form in VB.Net?

Form is the container for all the controls that make up the user interface. Every window we
see in a running VB.Net application is a form, thus the terms form and window describe the
same entity. Visual Studio creates a default form for us when you create a Windows Forms
Application.