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SQL Questions

The document outlines various SQL interview questions categorized into basic, intermediate, advanced, and scenario-based questions. It covers fundamental concepts such as SQL statements, joins, normalization, indexes, and ACID properties, as well as practical SQL queries for specific scenarios. This resource serves as a comprehensive guide for preparing for SQL interviews.

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2 views10 pages

SQL Questions

The document outlines various SQL interview questions categorized into basic, intermediate, advanced, and scenario-based questions. It covers fundamental concepts such as SQL statements, joins, normalization, indexes, and ACID properties, as well as practical SQL queries for specific scenarios. This resource serves as a comprehensive guide for preparing for SQL interviews.

Uploaded by

praveentalend8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL MOST IMP

interview questions

✅**Basic SQL Interview


Questions**
✅**Intermediate SQL
Questions**
✅**Advanced SQL
Questions**
✅**Scenario-Based SQL
Questions**
### 🔹 **Basic SQL Interview Questions**
1. **What is SQL?**

* SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to


communicate with relational databases for
storing, manipulating, and retrieving data.

2. **What are the different types of SQL


statements?**

* DDL (Data Definition Language): `CREATE`,


`ALTER`, `DROP`
* DML (Data Manipulation Language):
`SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`
* DCL (Data Control Language): `GRANT`,
`REVOKE`
* TCL (Transaction Control Language):
`COMMIT`, `ROLLBACK`, `SAVEPOINT`
3. **What is the difference between
`WHERE` and `HAVING`?**

* `WHERE` filters rows before grouping,


`HAVING` filters after `GROUP BY`.

4. **What is a Primary Key?**

* A field (or combination) that uniquely


identifies each record in a table.

5. **What is the difference between `INNER


JOIN`, `LEFT JOIN`, and `RIGHT JOIN`?**

* `INNER JOIN`: Only matching rows


* `LEFT JOIN`: All from left, matching from
right
* `RIGHT JOIN`: All from right, matching
from left
### 🔹 **Intermediate SQL Questions**
6. **What is normalization?**

* Process of organizing data to reduce


redundancy and improve integrity (1NF, 2NF,
3NF, etc.).

7. **What are indexes? Why are they used?**

* Indexes improve query speed by allowing


faster data retrieval, but they can slow down
write operations.

8. **What is the difference between `DELETE`,


`TRUNCATE`, and `DROP`?**

* `DELETE`: Removes specific rows (can be


rolled back)
* `TRUNCATE`: Removes all rows, can't be
rolled back
* `DROP`: Deletes the table structure
9. **What is a foreign key?**

* A key used to link two


tables, enforcing referential
integrity.

10. **What is a subquery?**

* A query nested inside


another query.
### 🔹 **Advanced SQL
Questions**

11. **What is a `CROSS


JOIN`?**

* Produces a Cartesian
product of two tables.

12. **What is a window


function?**

* Functions like
`ROW_NUMBER()`, `RANK()`,
`LEAD()`, `LAG()` used over
partitions of data.
13. **What is the difference between
`UNION` and `UNION ALL`?**

* `UNION`: Removes duplicates


* `UNION ALL`: Includes duplicates

14. **What is the difference between


`EXISTS` and `IN`?**

* `EXISTS` is used for correlated


subqueries; more efficient in large
datasets compared to `IN`.

15. **What are ACID properties?**

* Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,


Durability – they guarantee reliable
database transactions.
### 🔹 **Scenario-Based
SQL Questions**

16. **How do you find the


second highest salary from
a table?**

```sql
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (SELECT
MAX(salary) FROM
employees);
```
17. **How do you retrieve duplicate
rows in a table?**

```sql
SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
```

18. **How can you get the top N


records?**

```sql
SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER
BY column_name DESC LIMIT N;
```
19. **How to find rows that exist in one table but
not in another?**
```sql
SELECT *
FROM table1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM table2 WHERE table1.id =
table2.id
);
```
20. **What is a Common Table Expression (CTE)?
**
* A temporary result set that can be referred
within `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, or
`DELETE` statements.
```sql
WITH cte_name AS (
SELECT ...
)
SELECT * FROM cte_name;
```

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