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Python Concepts 16 To 22 Clean

The document provides an overview of nested dictionaries, explaining their structure and use for complex data storage. It also outlines the differences between absolute and relative paths, file reading and writing methods in Python, string methods, and how to read specific lines from a file. Additionally, it covers functions from the OS module and a Python program to calculate the total size of all files in a directory.

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thakurdivyanshi15
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1 views4 pages

Python Concepts 16 To 22 Clean

The document provides an overview of nested dictionaries, explaining their structure and use for complex data storage. It also outlines the differences between absolute and relative paths, file reading and writing methods in Python, string methods, and how to read specific lines from a file. Additionally, it covers functions from the OS module and a Python program to calculate the total size of all files in a directory.

Uploaded by

thakurdivyanshi15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16.

Nested Dictionaries

- A nested dictionary is a dictionary inside another dictionary.


- Useful for storing complex data with multiple layers.

Example:
students = {
"101": {"name": "Divyanshi", "age": 19, "grades": {"Math": 90, "Physics": 85}},
"102": {"name": "Rahul", "age": 20, "grades": {"Math": 78, "Physics": 88}}
}

print(students["101"]["name"]) # Output: Divyanshi


print(students["101"]["grades"]["Math"]) # Output: 90

17. Difference Between Absolute and Relative Paths

Aspect | Absolute Path | Relative Path


----------------|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------
Definition | Complete path from the root or drive letter | Path relative to the current working
directory
Starts with | Root directory (e.g., C:/, /home/) | Current directory or folder (e.g., ./, ../)
Usage | Independent of current directory | Depends on where the program is run
Example | C:/Users/Divyanshi/Documents/file.txt | Documents/file.txt or ../file.txt

18. File Reading and Writing in Python

- Use open() to open a file.


- Mode 'r' for reading, 'w' for writing, 'a' for appending.
- Always close the file or use with statement (context manager) to auto-close.

Reading Example:
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)

Writing Example:
with open("output.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, world!")

19. String Methods Examples

a) lower()
- Converts string to all lowercase.

print("HELLO".lower()) # Output: hello

b) upper()
- Converts string to all uppercase.

print("hello".upper()) # Output: HELLO

c) islower()
- Checks if all alphabetic characters are lowercase.

print("hello".islower()) # True
print("Hello".islower()) # False

d) isupper()
- Checks if all alphabetic characters are uppercase.

print("HELLO".isupper()) # True
print("Hello".isupper()) # False

20. Reading Specific Lines from a File


You can read specific lines by:
- Reading the entire file and accessing lines by index, or
- Iterating line by line and checking line numbers.

Example: Read specific lines (say lines 2 to 4) from a file

def read_specific_lines(filename, start, end):


with open(filename, 'r') as file:
lines = file.readlines() # Read all lines into a list
# Slice the list to get lines from start to end (1-based indexing)
selected_lines = lines[start-1:end]
for line in selected_lines:
print(line.strip())

read_specific_lines('example.txt', 2, 4)

21. Examples of OS Module Functions

Make sure to import os before using these.

i) os.getcwd()
Returns the current working directory.

import os
print(os.getcwd())

ii) os.chdir(path)
Changes the current working directory to the specified path.

os.chdir('/path/to/directory')
print(os.getcwd()) # Prints the new current directory

iii) os.makedirs(path)
Creates directories recursively. If intermediate directories don't exist, it creates them too.

os.makedirs('parent_dir/child_dir/grandchild_dir')

22. Python Program to Find Total Size of All Files in a Directory

import os

def get_total_size(directory):
total_size = 0
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory):
for file in files:
filepath = os.path.join(root, file)
if os.path.isfile(filepath):
total_size += os.path.getsize(filepath)
return total_size

folder = '/path/to/your/directory'
print(f"Total size of files in '{folder}': {get_total_size(folder)} bytes")

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