Computer Networks

Course Code: CSC258

Year/ Semester: II/IV

Compiled by Shishir Ghimire

Credit Hours: 3hrs

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 Unit - 07: Multimedia &
Future Networking
Class Load : 4 hrs

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 Overview
Multimedia
Streaming
7.1
Protocols: SCTP

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 Overview:
❖ Real time multimedia system refers to multimedia data that must be reproduced at exactly
the same rate that it was captured.
➢ i.e. Consider a live telecast.
❖ Multimedia Technology that enables humans to use computers capable of processing
textual data, audio and video, still pictures, and animation.
❖ Today, people not only use the internet to watch movies but also to upload videos
(YouTube), make internet calls (Skype and Google talk).
❖ By the end of the decade and with emerging technologies like 4G and Wi-Fi access, Internet
will not only provide phone service for less money, but will also provide numerous
value-added services, such as video conferencing, online directory services, and voice
messaging.

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 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP):
❖ SCTP is designed as a general-purpose transport layer protocol that can handle multimedia and
stream traffic, which are increasing every day on the Internet.
❖ SCTP is a message-oriented, reliable protocol that combines the best features of UDP and TCP.
❖ SCTP is a computer networking communications protocol which operates at the transport layer.
❖ SCTP provides some features of both TCP and UDP.
❖ It is message oriented like UDP and ensures reliable, in-sequence transport of messages with
congestion control like TCP.
❖ It ensures reliable and in-sequence data transmission so that data units sent over the network
arrive completely, and in the right sequence, to the application or user at the endpoint.
❖ It is connection-oriented and used for transmitting multiple streams of data simultaneously
between any two endpoints that have established a connection in a computer network.

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 SCTP Services:
❖ SCTP is a message-oriented, reliable protocol that combines the best features of UDP and
TCP.
❖ Multiple Streams:
➢ SCTP allows multi stream service in each connection, which is called association in
SCTP terminology. If one of the streams is blocked, the other streams can still deliver
their data.

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 SCTP Services:
❖ Multi-homing:
➢ Host connected to more than one physical address with multiple IP addresses, only
one of these IP addresses per end can be utilized during the connection.

❖ Note: SCTP association allows multiple IP addresses for each end.

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 SCTP Services:
❖ Full-Duplex Communication:
➢ SCTP offers full-duplex service. Each SCTP then has a sending and receiving buffer
and packets are sent in both directions.
❖ Connection-Oriented Service:
➢ SCTP is a connection-oriented protocol. However, in SCTP, a connection is called an
association. When a process at site A wants to send and receive data from another
process at site B, the following occurs:
● 1. The two SCTPs establish an association between each other.
● 2. Data are exchanged in both directions.
● 3. The association is terminated.

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 SCTP Services:
❖ Reliable Service
➢ SCTP is a reliable transport protocol.
➢ It uses an acknowledgment mechanism to check the safe and sound arrival of
data.
❖ Acknowledged
➢ error-free non-duplicated transfer of user data.
❖ Data fragmentation.
➢ Sequenced delivery of user messages within multiple streams.

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 SCTP Packet:
❖ Control information and data information are carried in different chunks.

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 Overview of SDN
and its Features,
Data and Control
7.2
Plane

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 Overview:
❖ Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a networking approach that enables the centralized
and programmable control of network infrastructure through software, allowing for more
flexible, agile, and efficient management of network resources.
❖ SDN originated from OpenFlow .
❖ Centralized Controller
➢ Easy to program
➢ Change routing policies on the fly
➢ Software Defined Network (SDN)
❖ Initially, SDN
➢ Separation of Control and Data Plane.
➢ Centralization of Control.
➢ OpenFlow to talk to the data plane.
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 Contd...
❖ It is an architecture that is dynamic, manageable, cost-effective and adaptable.
❖ It is ideal for high bandwidth, dynamic network.
❖ Highly efficient for cloud services as well.
❖ In a SDN, a network administrator can shape traffic from a centralized control without
having to touch individual devices in the network.

❖ SDN Architecture
➢ It consists of three layers:
■ Application layer
■ Control layer
■ Infrastructure layer

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 Architecture(SDN Architecture):

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 Architecture(SDN Architecture):
1. Application Layer
○ Contains the typical network applications or functions.
○ Include intrusion detection systems, monitoring systems, load balancing systems and
firewalls.
2. Control Layer
○ Represents the centralized SDN controller software that acts as the brain of the
software defined network.
○ Controller resides on a server and manages policies and the flow of traffic through
network.
3. Infrastructure Layer
○ Consists of physical devices like routers and switches.

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 Working of SDN:
❖ Control plane => makes decisions about how packets should flow through the network.
❖ Data plane => actually moves packet from place to place.
❖ SDN Data and Control Plane
➢ In conventional networking, all planes are implemented in the firmware of routers and
switches.
➢ SDN decouples (separates) the data and control planes and implements the control
plane in software.
➢ Moving the control plane to software allows dynamic access and administration.
➢ A network administrator can shape traffic from a centralized control console without
having to touch individual switches.
➢ Data plane decides what to do with the packet, where to transfer, whether to
encapsulate the packet.
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 Three Features that Define SDN:
❖ Abstract the Hardware:

➢ No dependence on physical infrastructure.

❖ Programmable:

➢ Shift away from static manual operation to fully configurable and dynamic

❖ Centralized Control of Policies:

➢ Policy delegation and management

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 Why do we need SDN?
❖ Virtualization:
➢ Use network resource without worrying about where it is physically located, how
much it is, how it is organized, etc. Abstraction ⇒ Virtualization.
❖ Orchestration:
➢ Should be able to control and manage thousands of devices with one command.
❖ Programmable:
➢ Should be able to change behaviour on the fly.
❖ Dynamic Scaling:
➢ Should be able to change size, quantity Virtualization ⇒ Scaling
❖ Automation:
➢ To lower Operating Expense minimize manual involvement Reduce downtime
■ Troubleshooting
■ Policy enforcement
■ Provisioning/Re-provisioning/Segmentation of resources
■ Add new workloads, sites, devices, and resources
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 Why do we need SDN?
❖ Visibility:
➢ Monitor resources, connectivity.
❖ Performance: Optimize network device utilization
➢ Traffic engineering/Bandwidth management
➢ Capacity optimization
➢ Load balancing
➢ High utilization
➢ Fast failure handling
❖ Multi-tenancy:
➢ Tenants need complete control over their addresses, topology, and routing, security.
❖ Service Integration:
➢ Load balancers, firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), provisioned on demand
and placed appropriately on the traffic path.
❖ Openness:
➢ Full choice of “How” mechanisms (Modular plug-ins and abstractions).
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 Data Plane vs Control Plane:
❖ Data Plane: ❖ Control Plane:
➢ Also known as Forwarding Plane. ➢ Makes decision about where
➢ Forwards traffic to the next hop traffic is sent.
along the path to the selected ➢ It’s functions include the system
destination according to the configuration, management and
control plane logic. exchange of routing table
➢ Data plane packets go through information.
the router. ➢ The route controller exchanges
➢ The router use what the control the topology information with
plane built to dispose of other routers and constructs a
incoming and outgoing frames routing table based on protocols
and packets. like RIP, OSPF and BGP.
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 Data Plane
vs
Control
Plane:

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 Overview of NFV 7.3

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 NFV(Network Function Virtualization):
❖ Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) involves substituting traditional network appliance
hardware with virtual machines. It virtualizes network services like routers, firewalls, and
load balancers, which were traditionally operated on proprietary hardware.
❖ NFV allows network operators to manage and expand their network capabilities on
demand using virtual, software based applications.
❖ This makes it easier to load-balance, scale up and down, and move functions across
distributed hardware resources.
❖ It provides a new way to create, distribute and operate networking services.
❖ It is the process of decoupling the network functions from proprietary hardware
appliances so they can run in software.
❖ Infrastructure totally independent from hardware.

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 NFV Architecture:

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 NFV Architecture:
❖ OSS:
➢ Operating Support System
❖ BSS
➢ Business Support System
❖ EMS
➢ Elements Management System
❖ VNF
➢ Virtual Networks Function

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 NFV vs SDN:

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 Overview of NGN 7.4

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 Overview:
❖ NGN stands for Next Generation Network.
❖ Today, telephony, the Internet, and the cellular mobile networks continue to be different
domains, each has its own protocols and services.
❖ NGN will be the foundation for the creation of a new range of multimedia applications that
takes full advantage of the characteristics of the broadband network.
❖ A next-generation network (NGN) is a packet-based network which can provide services
including Telecommunication Services and able to make use of multiple broadband, quality
of Service-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are
independent from underlying transport-related technologies.
❖ It offers unrestricted access by users to different service providers.
❖ It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of
services to users.
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 Overview:
❖ The general idea behind the NGN is that one network transports all type of data and provide
services (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) by encapsulating these into packets,
similar to those used on the Internet.
❖ NGNs are commonly built around the Internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the term all IP is also
sometimes used to describe the transformation toward NGN.
❖ NGN stands for Next Generation, but targeted for Near Generation .
❖ NGN could be value added framework for all players : Users, Operators, Providers and Regulators
etc.
❖ NGN could be evolved from Current Generation Network .
❖ NGN could be basement for making convergence world (real Telecommunication World).
❖ NGN Standards could be Globalize rather than Localize boosting global village and shorten digital
divide .
❖ ITU-T could be centre of NGN standards .
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 NGN Structure:

❖ CGN: Current Generation

❖ Near GN: Near Generation
❖ Next GN: Next Generation

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 NGN Infrastructure:
❖ Content-based Delivery Network Infrastructure.
❖ Service Broker Infrastructure.
❖ Information Broker Infrastructure.

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 NGN Architecture:
❖ The Next Generation Networks

architecture is based on four layers:

➢ Access layer,

➢ Core layer,

➢ Control layer and

➢ Service layer.

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 NGN Architecture:
❖ Access layer elements includes different Media Gateways that support
connection to and from the access network with the core network.
❖ Core layer is the network handling converged services based on IP. Core Layer
handles networks based on IP.
❖ Control layer is the call server that provides control functions and also provides
the control of the Media Gateway.
❖ Service layer is an IT platform that creates a environment extending its
functionality in order to cover new network scenarios as an intelligent network.

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 NGN & Protocols:
❖ Next Generation Networks require new protocols to support converged networks.

❖ Requirements:
■ Support for legacy PSTN interworking,
■ Migration Plan from legacy to NGN,
■ High availability,
■ Lifeline services and
■ Scalability

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 NGN & Protocols:
❖ Applications of NGN:
■ Voice Telephone services
■ Multimedia services
■ Data services
■ Push to talk over NGN (PoN)
■ Content delivery services
■ Global mobility services
■ Virtual Private Services (VPNs)
■ Broadcasting/Multicast services 3D Imaging

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 Advantages(NGN):
❖ Integration of Technologies:
➢ NGN combines the flexibility, efficiency, and innovation of IP with the security,
reliability, and customer-friendly features of traditional PSTN, providing the best of
both worlds.
❖ Revenue Generation:
➢ It opens up opportunities for additional revenue streams through the provision of
new IP/Ethernet services.
❖ Meeting Customer Demands:
➢ NGN meets the increasing customer demand for high bandwidth and Ethernet/IP
solutions.
❖ Expertise Transition:
➢ It reduces reliance on legacy expertise as it transitions to newer technologies.
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 Advantages(NGN):
❖ Vendor Notification:
➢ NGN provides End of Life/End of Service notifications from vendors, ensuring timely
upgrades and replacements.
❖ Multiple Service Providers:
➢ Users can select multiple service providers to benefit from competitive offers while
receiving a single bill for convenience.

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 Disadvantages(NGN)
❖ Migration Complexities:
➢ The transition to NGN involves complexities in migrating from legacy systems to new
infrastructure.
❖ Legacy Service Replacement:
➢ Not all legacy services can be easily replaced with new alternatives offered by NGN.
❖ Infrastructure Dependency:
➢ Not all existing infrastructure can be decommissioned, leading to dependencies on
older systems alongside NGN.
❖ Regulatory Restrictions:
➢ Regulatory restrictions may limit the transition of critical services to NGN, posing
challenges in fully embracing the technology.

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 PYQs:
❖ Explain architecture of SDN. 2080
❖ Write short notes on (any two): 2080
➢ NGN
❖ Explain the architecture of NGN. 2080
❖ Explain in brief about software defined network? What are its features? 2079
❖ What are the different approaches for multimedia streaming? Explain. 2078

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 Assignment-7:
❖ Explain architecture of SDN. 2080
❖ Explain in brief about software defined network (SDN)? What are its features? 2079
❖ Describe the overview of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) in computer network.
❖ Explain the architecture of NGN. 2080
❖ What are the different approaches for multimedia streaming? Explain. 2078
❖ What is NGN? Describe their features.
❖ Compare NGN and SDN with suitable examples.
❖ SDN vs NFV vs NFN with comparison chart.
❖ What is the purpose of multimedia in computer network? Explain
❖ Define Multimedia data? What are the two techniques used to overcome jitter?

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 THANKS!

Do you have any questions?

theciceerguy@p m.me

9841893035

ghimires.com.np

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