1. **What is image acquisition and sensing? Explain all sensor arrangements briefly.

**

Image acquisition refers to the process of capturing or obtaining an image from the real
world and converting it into a digital format for processing. It involves sensors that detect
light, color, and other attributes of a scene. Sensing is the action of gathering these inputs
from the environment, typically using devices such as cameras, scanners, or satellites.

Sensor arrangements vary depending on the application. Common types of sensor

arrangements include:

- **Single Sensor**: A single sensor, like a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) or CMOS
(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) sensor, is used to capture images in
devices such as digital cameras.

- **Linear Sensor Array**: This setup uses an array of sensors in a single line, capturing
images sequentially as the sensor moves across the scene (used in scanners or line
cameras).

- **Two-Dimensional Array (2D Sensor)**: This is used in most digital cameras, where the
sensor has multiple rows and columns, capturing the image in one pass.

2. **What is image processing? Explain the fundamental steps in digital image

processing.**

Image processing refers to the manipulation of an image to enhance its quality or extract
useful information from it. This process involves a series of operations on a digital image to
improve its appearance or transform it for further analysis.

The fundamental steps in digital image processing are:

- **Image Acquisition**: Capturing the image from the real world.

- **Preprocessing**: Correcting distortions, removing noise, or adjusting lighting.

- **Segmentation**: Dividing the image into regions or objects.

- **Feature Extraction**: Identifying and isolating features that are of interest.

 - **Image Enhancement**: Improving the visual appearance of an image through
techniques like contrast adjustment or filtering.

- **Compression**: Reducing the size of the image data to optimize storage or

transmission.

- **Representation and Description**: Converting the processed image into a form

suitable for analysis.

- **Post-processing**: Final modifications to the image after analysis or transformation.

3. **What are the basic components of an image processing system? Explain all
components with a block diagram. Write down the three examples of fields that use
DIP.**

The basic components of an image processing system are:

- **Image Acquisition**: Captures the image from a physical source.

- **Preprocessing**: Enhances image quality or removes noise.

- **Image Storage**: Saves the image for further processing.

- **Image Processing Unit**: The core computational unit for processing the image.

- **User Interface**: Allows users to interact with the system and view results.

- **Display/Output**: Displays the processed image or its result to the user.

Example fields using Digital Image Processing (DIP):

- **Medical Imaging**: Enhancing and analyzing medical scans like MRI or X-rays.

- **Remote Sensing**: Satellite imaging to study environmental or geographical features.

- **Machine Vision**: Automation and quality control in manufacturing through visual

inspection.

4. **Convert RGB color (200, 100, 50) into HSI.**

 To convert an RGB color to HSI, we first normalize the RGB values (divide each by 255)
and then apply the HSI conversion formulas. Here’s how you can do it:

- Normalized RGB:

R = 200 / 255 = 0.784

G = 100 / 255 = 0.392

B = 50 / 255 = 0.196

- **Hue (H)**:

H = cos⁻¹[(0.5 * ((R – G) + (R – B))) / √((R – G)² + (R – B)(G – B))]

- **Saturation (S)**:

S = 1 – (3 / (R + G + B)) * min(R, G, B)

- **Intensity (I)**:

I = (R + G + B) / 3

The result is approximately:

- H = 0.45 radians (about 25.8°)

- S ≈ 0.58

- I ≈ 0.45

5. **Explain the application of DIP.**

Digital Image Processing (DIP) has numerous applications across various industries.
Some of the major areas include:
 - **Medical Imaging**: Helps in enhancing and analyzing medical images such as X-rays,
MRIs, and CT scans to detect diseases and conditions.

- **Satellite Imaging**: Used in remote sensing to monitor Earth’s surface, analyze

weather patterns, and assist in environmental studies.

- **Robotics**: Machine vision is employed to guide robots in navigating, identifying

objects, or performing tasks in automated environments.

- **Security and Surveillance**: Image processing techniques are used to improve image
clarity, detect motion, or recognize faces in security cameras.

- **Agriculture**: Helps in monitoring crop health, detecting pests, or assessing soil

conditions using drone or satellite images.

6. **An RGB pixel (120, 200, 150) converted into CMY and HSI.**

**CMY Conversion**:

- Normalize the RGB values:

R = 120 / 255 = 0.471

G = 200 / 255 = 0.784

B = 150 / 255 = 0.588

- **Cyan (C)**:

C = 1 – R = 1 – 0.471 = 0.529

- **Magenta (M)**:

M = 1 – G = 1 – 0.784 = 0.216

- **Yellow (Y)**:

Y = 1 – B = 1 – 0.588 = 0.412
 Resulting CMY = (0.529, 0.216, 0.412).

**HSI Conversion** (similar process to the RGB to HSI conversion above):

- Normalize the RGB values:

R = 120 / 255 = 0.471

G = 200 / 255 = 0.784

B = 150 / 255 = 0.588

- Calculate H, S, and I using the respective formulas (already outlined).

The result will be:

- H ≈ 0.45 radians (about 25.8°)

- S ≈ 0.43

- I ≈ 0.66

7. **What is sampling and quantization? What is the need for this process in DIP?**

**Sampling** refers to the process of converting a continuous image into a discrete one
by selecting specific points (pixels) from the original continuous image. The image is
sampled at regular intervals, where the spatial resolution defines how finely the image is
sampled.

**Quantization** involves converting the continuous intensity levels of an image into a

finite number of levels. In digital systems, this means mapping the range of pixel intensity
values to a discrete set of values, typically in the form of integers.
 These processes are necessary in digital image processing because the computer can
only process discrete data, not continuous signals. Sampling reduces the size of the image
data, while quantization ensures the image intensity values can be represented in a digital
format.

8. **Write an expression to find the number of bits to store a digital image.**

The number of bits required to store a digital image is determined by the formula:

\[

\text{Number of bits} = \text{Image width} \times \text{Image height} \times \text{Number

of bits per pixel}

\]

Where:

- **Image width** and **height** are the dimensions of the image.

- **Number of bits per pixel** is determined by the bit depth (e.g., 8 bits for grayscale, 24
bits for RGB).

For example, for an RGB image of size 1920x1080, the number of bits required would be:

1920 \times 1080 \times 24 = 49,766,400 \text{ bits}