BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.

Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

LESSON 1 INTERPRETATIONS AND APPROACHES TO GLOBALIZATION

A. DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. ACTIVITY – THE WORLD AND ITS COMPOSITIONS

2. ACTIVITY – EXPLORING AND EXPLAINING THE DEFINITION(S) OF
GLOBALIZATION

B. INTERPRETATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-
history-of-globalization/

QUESTIONS

 Referencing on the chart/graph found in the link, how many categories were
there that each series of globalization differ in contents? (1)
 What are the series of globalization according to the chart in the link? (5)
 What were the leading exports in globalization 1.0? (2)
 What were the leading nations in the Age of Discovery of globalization? (4)
 What were the enabling innovations in the 3rd Industrial Revolution? (2)
 What were the enabling innovations in the 4th Industrial Revolution? (2)
 What’s the time frame of the Scientific Revolution? (1)
 What’s the time frame of the 2nd Industrial Revolution? (1)
 In 1st century BC, what appeared to Rome and from where? (2)
 How did the products get to Rome? (1)
 According to the link, trade continues or thrives when nations do what? (1)
 Between 7th and 15th centuries, Islamic merchants focused on the trading of
what? (1)
 What trade routes existed between 7th and 15th centuries? (2)
 What country do Maluku islands belong? (1)
 What countries integrated new lands in their economies in the Age of
Discovery? (4)
 Why was the Age of Discovery not considered a true globalization? (5)
 The First Industrial Revolution according to the link may also be called as
what? (1)
 What were the innovations of the British Empire? (2)
 What were the in-demand products during the 1st Industrial Revolution
coming from the British Empire? (3)
 What structure was built during the First Industrial Revolution that allowed the
Mediterranean to connect with the Indian Ocean? (1)

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

 What particular countries were mentioned in the link that benefitted through
exporting their goods during the First Industrial Revolution and what goods
were they exporting? (3)
 What was the only independent country left in Africa during the First Industrial
Revolution? (1)
 What remained connected in the global scale between the world wars? (1)
 What does hegemon mean? (2 points)
 Give at least 2 examples of hegemons in the context of globalization. (2)
 Explain why you consider each as a hegemon. (4)
 What encouraged nations all over the world to enter into free trade
agreements? (1)
 What connected people all over the world in even more direct way during the
3rd Industrial Revolution? (1)
 According to the article, what are the two global powers that increasingly
dominate the world? (2)
 What is considered as the new frontier in the article? (1)
 What are the leading innovations in Globalization 4.0? (4)
 What project did Xi Jinping rally nations to join China with? (1) = 67 points

2. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/globalization ;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsBRvugSWA

QUESTIONS:

 According to the article, what are being spread around the world in
globalization? (5)
 What mark globalization in the economic context? (4)
 What is the purpose of these globalization characteristics in the economic
context? (2)
 What are the drivers of globalization according to the article? (2)
 What are the types of globalization according to the video? (3)
 According to the video in the article, globalization is the _______ of
knowledge and capital. (1)
 Globalization according to the video is the interaction and integration among
what concepts? (3)
 According to the video, globalization is the physical _________. (1)
 Globalization, according to the video also refers to what impacts of global
integration? (3)
 When did economic globalization blow up? (1)
 What are examples of political globalizations? (3)
 What type of globalization refers to mere closing contact of the world as a
result of networking technologies? (1)

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

 What continue to drive global integration on multiple fronts according to the

video? (2)
 It refers to bitcoin and other crypto currencies. (1)
 What do countries specialize in a globalized economy? (2)
 What does competitive advantage in a country mean? Start your answer with
“Competitive advantage is the ability of the country to …” (2)
 What drive economic globalization? (3)
 What do these economic globalization drivers do? (3)
 Technological advances have been especially mentioned in what
innovations? (2)
 What are the technological changes that played a role in globalization? (6)
 What made cross-border product management more efficient because the
tracking of assets in transits is enabled? (2)
 What made possible to move raw materials, parts, and finished products
around the globe more efficiently? (1)
 What reduced geographic constraints in manufacturing? (2)
 This refers to the benefit of blockchain which reduces fraud and unauthorized
activity. (1)
 It is a benefit of blockchain that refers to ensuring that the transactions cannot
be changed or deleted. (1)
 How many benefits do blockchain users can enjoy? (1)
 What are the specific negative effects of the many types of globalization
articulated in the link? (2)
 It is an international forum that aims to foster international cooperation by
addressing global economic issues. (1)
 What are the specific global economic issues that G20 aims to address? (2)
 Is Philippines a member of the Group of Twenty? Yes or No? (1)
 Where was the G20 Summit held in 2023? (1)
 Enumerate the benefits of globalization articulated in the link. (4)
 Enumerate the negative consequences of globalization. (6)
 What do globalization critics promote? (1)
 Write down the view of the critics of globalization. (1)
 What can slow down globalized supply chains according to the article and
what example was provided? (2)

3. https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/globalization-concept-
causes-and-consequences#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20world
%20economy,responding%20to%20the%20same%20impulses.
4. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/020915/when-did-globalization-
start.asp

5. PERFORMANCE TASK: NECESSITY OF THE EMERGENCE OF

GLOBALIZATION: A STAGE PRESENTATION
This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

INSTRUCTIONS:

Compose a script or screenplay about how and why globalization

emerged, develop a stage presentation from the screenplay, and present on
stage the written composition about the emergence of globalization.

Objectives: At the end of the stage presentation, the students are expected to
have…
1. accurately documented the beginnings/chronology of globalization;
2. produced dialogues that reflect the possible transpirations of events
from each globalization era in the narrative composed/written;
3. exhibited unique interpretations of the script reflected through the
dialogues, props, costumes, sound effects, and other stage
presentation elements; and…
4. individually understood and journalized why globalization had to
emerge.

Rubric
 Screenplay/Script
- Accuracy of Contents – 30 pts
- Originality/Citations – 20 pts
 Stage Performance
- Organization – 5 pts
- Mastery – 5 pts
- Dialogues – 10 pts
- Effects – 5 pts
- Props – 5 pts
- Costume – 5 pts
- Discipline – 5 pts
- Collaboration/Teamwork – 10 pts

 Total - 100 pts

C. APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, and VALUES ACTIVATION
Exercise 1: Text Interpretation (A Group Task)

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

Instructions: Read, study, and analyze the excerpt from a memoirs or quotation
written in 1948 by the Secretary of State, Corder Hull, of the
United States of America and in your own words, explain the
message of it.
Write your explanation in blanks provided (if you prefer) or create
a presentation in video format or Power Point format and present
it to the class. Further, provide concrete examples or justifications
of your explanation(s).

Explanation(s):
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Delivery/Instruction

The “Approaches to Globalization” topic refers to how individuals, groups, and nations
take and deal with the concept, idea, theory, or word “globalization”. For the “take” part, it could
This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

be that an individual or a country considers globalization as an acceptable phenomenon, a

rejectable global activity, or as merely a natural or scientific process that has a beginning and an
end, and has the ability to grow and terminate depending on how an individual, a group, or a
nation takes it. For the “deal” part, depending on how globalization is taken, steps or measures
are then accordingly made by an individual, group, or nation. For example, if an individual,
group, or country accepts globalization, they then initiate means on how to join the movement.
Otherwise, when they reject the idea, means on how to avoid automate. Further, when they take
it as a scientific or natural process, they begin to scrutinize globalization, and when they
discover that its going to benefit them, either politically, culturally, economically, or even
environmentally, steps to realize such benefits commence. On the other hand, when they find
out that globalization detriments them, considerable measures to counter or avoid the
phenomenon begin.
Objectives: At the end of the lessons and exercise, the students must have…
1. unlocked the meanings of the terminologies such as (1) transnational capital;
(2) inexorable; (3) evolutionary liberals; (4) fiber optics; (5) MNCs; (6) trade
unions; (7) world financial markets; (8) free market economy trade; (9) tariffs;
(10) trade barriers; (11) global political identity; (12) global civil society; (13)
Pax Britannica; (14) Bretton woods; (15) Pax Americana; (16) Cuban Missile
Crisis; (17)
2. known the famous personalities such as (1) Ohmae; (Immanuel Kant); (John
Locke); and (Thomas Hobbes)
3. increased their personal understanding of globalization by studying and
scrutinizing the two approaches – radical and liberal;
4. understood that the government plays a crucial role in the success and failure
of globalization, and…
5. debated on how the Philippine government should approach its
understanding of globalization.
Exercise 2: Approaches to Understanding Globalization: Introspecting to
Identify Personal Approach to Understanding Globalization
Instructions: Read the file about Approaches to Understanding Globalization.
Study the contents and examine yourself which of the two
approaches to understanding globalization do you dominantly
favor – Radical or Liberal?
After scrutinizing the contents of the file, and engaging in class
discussions, write an essay describing your individual
classification of the two approaches read on a short bond paper
either manually written or typed. Your essay must use the 3-part
essay structure – Introduction, Body, and conclusion.
Study the rubric below for your guidance in hitting the score.
RUBRIC

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

Mechanics (format, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations, punctuations) - 10

Accuracy - 50
Coherence - 10
Cohesion - 10
Grammar -5
Word Choice/Diction - 15
100
References:
1. https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization
2. file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/519446309-Approaches-of-Globalisation.pdf
3. approaches-to-the-study-of-globalization.pdf
4. https://www.studocu.com/in/document/tripura-university/political-science/
approaches-to-understanding-globalization/53928662
PERFORMANCE TASK
DEBATE ON APPROACHES IN UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION: A PERFORMANCE TASK
BATTLE BETWEEN THE HOUSE OF RADICALS & HOUSE OF LIBERALS

TOPIC:
Why must the Philippine government approach its understanding of globalization as
liberals or as radicals?

PROCESS
1. The class will be divided into 4 groups. Each group will be addressed either
as the “House of Liberals” or “House of Radicals”.
2. After the groupings, each group shall brainstorm and give a name to its
house.
3. Once the name has been given, each group will compose a 30-second to 1-
minute yell/cheer.
4. The yell/cheer must contain descriptions about the liberals or radicals
stressing on their defenses on the given topic.
5. The debate will be divided into 3 parts – the 1st speech, 2nd speech, and the
3rd speech.
6. The 1st Speech will be about highlighting the house’s defense about their
assigned approach to understanding globalization.
7. The 2nd speech will be each house’s rebuttals of the contending house’s 1st
speech.

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

8. The 3rd speech will be the conclusion – the persuasive speech about why the
judge must favor your house to win the debate.
9. Rubric – (a) Contents – accuracy, substance/depth, relevance to the
contemporary world, diction/word choice; (b) Speech –
pronunciation/articulation, intonation, vocal volume, clarity/enunciation,
fluency; (c) Confidence; (d) Stage demeanors; (e)Teamwork.
10. No time limit for each speech, the moderator, who is the teacher, shall be the
one to signify when the speech halts and proceeds to the next speech.

D. APPROACHES IN STUDYING GLOBALIZATION

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

1. Understood and remembered that studying globalization can

be approached in four ways;
2. Identified the three groups of academics studying globalization
and their perspective about the phenomenon;
3. defined and understood key terms such as deductive,
empirical, epochal, quantum, trickle, hallmark, disperse,
discrete, acceleration, deregulation, credit control,
privatization, endanger, intrinsic, juggernaut, superconductor,
unleash, nation-state, crucial, statism, capitalism,
homogeneity, Americanization, McDonalidization, and
McWorld;
4. discussed in class with the teacher and classmates their
reactions on each approach in studying globalization
5. differentiated the groups of academics – rejectionists, sceptics,
and modifiers – from each other on how they study and how
they view globalization;
6. choose from the four approaches in studying globalization a
future Filipino financial manager should use and present and
defend in class via Power Point or video format.

LESSON 2 EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, AND

POLITICAL SYSTEMS
A. Global System: Definition and Facts
 https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/ap-hug/global-systems

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER


https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=SjpKFSq9VD0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=What+is+global+s
ocial+system
%3F&ots=nSiqq_rTsO&sig=O8wFwyPjmrouKLBrCUkg3EyUDo8&redir_e
sc=y#v=onepage&q=What%20is%20global%20social%20system
%3F&f=false
 https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=0A4iwSxpj44C&lpg=PA69&ots=Oi-YED8bwd&dq=What%20is
%20global%20social%20system%3F&lr&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q=What
%20is%20global%20social%20system?&f=false
B. Why and how did the global economic system emerge?
 https://www.edology.com/blog/accounting-finance/how-does-global-
economy-work#:~:text=Globalisation%3A%20Globalisation
%20describes%20a%20process,advent%20of%20the%20global
%20economy.
 https://books.lib.uoguelph.ca/mgmt1000/chapter/1-2-economic-
systems-around-the-world/#:~:text=Today%20the%20world's%20major
%20economic,more%20than%20one%20economic%20system.
 https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/politics-and-government/
emerging-economies-overview#:~:text=Emerging%20economies%3A
%20Countries%20in%20a,Also%20known%20as%20emerging
%20markets.

C. What is the global economic system?

 https://www.edology.com/blog/accounting-finance/how-does-global-
economy-work#:~:text=Globalisation%3A%20Globalisation
%20describes%20a%20process,advent%20of%20the%20global
%20economy.
 https://books.lib.uoguelph.ca/mgmt1000/chapter/1-2-economic-
systems-around-the-world/#:~:text=Today%20the%20world's%20major
%20economic,more%20than%20one%20economic%20system.
 https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/politics-and-government/
emerging-economies-overview#:~:text=Emerging%20economies%3A
%20Countries%20in%20a,Also%20known%20as%20emerging
%20markets.
D. What is a Political System?
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system

E. What is global political system?
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
International_political_economy#:~:text=The%20emergence%20of
%20international%20political,and%20Trade%2C%20drew%20increasing
%20attention
This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003266365-4/
emergence-global-governance-craig-murphy
F. Why and how did the global political system emerge?
 file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/9781003266365_previewpdf.pdf
 https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003266365/
international-organization-global-governance-thomas-weiss-rorden-
wilkinson?refId=6a287e6d-115c-4943-919c-a5464a5a60cd&context=ubx
G. What is a social system?
 https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/54673
 https://www.scribd.com/document/558347866/Social-System
 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20system
H. What is global social system?
 https://journals.isss.org/index.php/jisss/article/view/3818
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/global-society-definition-lesson-
quiz.html
I. Why and how did the global social system emerge?
 https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1017&context=ant_facpub#:~:text=Energy%20problems%20%2D
%2D%20oil%2C%20on,it%20does%20mean%20significant%20change.
J. What is cultural system?
 https://www.csub.edu/pacificrim/countryprospectus/
culture.htm#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20is%20a%20culture,Spanish
%20conquistadors%2C%20and%20American%20rulers.
 https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_leading-with-cultural-intelligence/
s04-01-cultural-systems.html
 https://www.britannica.com/event/Culture-System
 https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_leading-with-cultural-intelligence/
s04-01-cultural-systems.html#:~:text=Imagine%20a%20tree%20as
%20a,store%20nutrients%20for%20later%20feeding.
 https://simplicable.com/culture/culture-system
K. What is global cultural system?
L. Why and how did the global cultural system emerge?
LESSON 3 CONTEMPORARY DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION
A. What are the contemporary drivers of globalization?
B. Why do they drive globalization?
C. What are the purposes of globalization?
D. What will the world become when globalization achieves its prime purpose?
LESSON 4 ISSUES CONFRONTING THE NATION-STATE
A. The SONA (State of the Nation Address)
B. Why there must be a SONA?
This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025
 BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC COLLEGE, INC.
Carmen-Locsin Streets, Brgy. San Pedro, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental 6107
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD MODULE

SY 2024-2025 SECOND SEMESTER

C. Do all nations observe and exercise SONA?

D. What are the issues confronting the nation-state?

LESSON 5 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON DIFFERENT SOCIAL UNITS AND THEIR

RESPONSES
A. What are Social Units?
B. Who are the constituents of social units?
C. What are the effects of globalization on the social units?
D. How do the constituents of the social units respond to globalization?

REFERENCES
1. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2018/12/why-indonesians-fight-like-avengers-for-
globalization/
2.

This is an Intellectual Property of Agustin Panaguiton Baquereza Jr., MAEd English and Literature. Any form of
reproduction, copying, or representation of this material absent of the authority of the author will be subjected to
the Intellectual Property Rights of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
All Rights Reserved © 2025