Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in C++ is an approach where programs are structured

around objects rather than functions and logic. Key OOP concepts in C++ include:

1. Objects: Basic run-time entities that are instances of a class.

2. Class: A blueprint of data and functions.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

class MyClass { // The class

public: // Access specifier

int myNum; // Attribute (int variable)

string myString; // Attribute (string variable)

};

int main() {

MyClass myObj; // Create an object of MyClass

// Access attributes and set values

myObj.myNum = 15;

myObj.myString = "Some text";

// Print values

cout << myObj.myNum << "\n";

cout << myObj.myString;

return 0;

}
3. Encapsulation and Data Abstraction: Combining data and functions into a single unit.

class MyClass { // The class

public: // Access specifier
int myNum; // Attribute (int variable)
string myString; // Attribute (string variable)
};

4. Inheritance: Mechanism for creating a new class from an existing class.

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

// Base class

class Vehicle {

public:

string brand = "Ford";

void honk() {

cout << "Tuut, tuut! \n" ;

};

// Derived class

class Car: public Vehicle {

public:

string model = "Mustang";

};
 int main() {

Car myCar;

myCar.honk();

cout << myCar.brand + " " + myCar.model;

return 0;

5. Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types.

6. Dynamic Binding: Resolving method calls at runtime.

7. Message Passing: Communication between objects.

The general rules for naming variables are:

• Names can contain letters, digits and underscores

• Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)

• Names are case-sensitive (myVar and myvar are different variables)

• Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !, #, %, etc.

• Reserved words (like C++ keywords, such as int) cannot be used as names

How to do printf in C++;

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
cout << x + y + z;
return 0;
}
How to do Scanf in C++;

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main () {

x;

cout << "Type a number: "; // Type a number and press enter

cin >> x; // Get user input from the keyboard

cout << "Your number is: " << x;

return 0;

C++ Comments

Comments can be used to explain C++ code, and to make it more readable. It can also be used
to prevent execution when testing alternative code. Comments can be singled-lined or multi-
lined.

Single-line Comments

Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//).

Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by the compiler (will not be executed).

C++ Multi-line Comments

Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */.

Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by the compiler:

C++ Variables

Variables are containers for storing data values.

In C++, there are different types of variables (defined with different keywords), for example:

• int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123

• double - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99

• char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single
quotes

• string - stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are surrounded by double quotes

• bool - stores values with two states: true or false

Declare Multiple Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-separated list:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int x, y, z;

x = y = z = 50;

cout << x + y + z;

return 0;

}
C++ Identifiers

All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.

These unique names are called identifiers.

Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, sum, totalVolume).

Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create understandable and

maintainable code:

int minutesPerHour = 60;

Constants

When you do not want others (or yourself) to change existing variable values, use
the const keyword (this will declare the variable as "constant", which means unchangeable and
read-only):

Example

const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15

C++ Data Types

a variable in C++ must be a specified data type:

Example

int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number)

float myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number
double myDoubleNum = 9.98; // Floating point number
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean
string myText = "Hello"; // String
Basic Data Types
Data Type Size Description

boolean 1 byte Stores true or false values

char 1 byte Stores a single character/letter/number, or ASCII values

int 2 or 4 bytes Stores whole numbers, without decimals

float 4 bytes Stores fractional numbers, containing one or more decimals.

Sufficient for storing 6-7 decimal digits

double 8 bytes Stores fractional numbers, containing one or more decimals.

Sufficient for storing 15 decimal digits

The data type specifies the size and type of information the variable will store: