25-11-2021

SUBSCRIBE
By:- Manish Kumar

Telegram group:- SIRJEE CLASSES

Basics of Computers SIRJEE CLASSES

SYLLABUS OVERVIEW

❖ Architecture of Computers
❖Peripheral device/Input and Output devices
❖Number system
❖ Memory
❖Internet , Modem
❖Operating system
❖Computer language & software
❖MS Office, MS-WORD, MS Excell
❖E-mail
❖website
❖Computer virus & security
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BASICS OF COMPUTER
Generally, computer is the combination of hardware and SIRJEE CLASSES

software which converts data into information. Computer

operates on a set of instructions only, they cannot think as
human being.
Functioning of a computer system
Computer is responsible for performing Four basic
functions.
1. Input- information or data that is entered into
the computer is called input.

2. processing-it is the sequence of actions taken

on data to convert it into information
which is meaningful to the user.

3. Output- it makes process data available to the

user. 3
4. Storage- it stores data and programs
permanently.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
SIRJEE CLASSES

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Top positions of super computers

SIRJEE CLASSES

Rank Name Vendor Site country, year

1 Fugaku Fujitsu RIKEN Center for Computational Science Japan, 2020

2 Summit IBM Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States, 2018

3 Sierra IBM Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory United States, 2018

As of June 2020 there are 2 systems based in India on the TOP 500 supercomputer list.

Rank Site Name

67 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pratyush (Cray XC40)

120 National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting Mihir (Cray XC40)

Note:- 5
Supercomputer PARAM 8000 (made by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
(C-DAC)) was launched on July 1, 1991 is considered India's first supercomputer.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (Von neumann)

Computer Architecture deals with the functional behaviour of a SIRJEE CLASSES

computer system as viewed by a programmer.

It can also be described as the logical structure of the system unit

that housed electronic components.
Components of a computer
A computer consists of three main components:-
(i) Input/Output (I/O) Unit.
(ii) Central Processing Unit (CPU).
(iii) Memory Unit.

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1. Input unit SIRJEE CLASSES

the computer accepts coded information through

input unit by the user.

It is a device that is used to give required information

to the computer.
Ex- keyboard, mouse

Output unit

The output unit sends the processed results to

the user.

It is mainly used to display the desired result to

the user as per input instruction.
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Ex- video monitor, printer.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

SIRJEE CLASSES

The central processing unit consits of set of registers, arithmetic

and control circuits, which together interpret and execute
instructions in assembly language.

The primary functions of the CPU are:-

1. The CPU transfers instructions and input

data from main memory to registers.
e.g, internal memory.

2. The CPU executes the instructions in

the stored sequence.

3. When necessary, CPU transfer output data

from registers to main memory.
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) SIRJEE CLASSES

The arthematic logic unit contains the

electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic
and logical operations on the available data.

It is used to perform all arithmetic calculation

(addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division) and logical calculation(AND, OR, etc)

ALU uses registers to hold the data that is being

processed.

Logical unit performs comparison of numbers,

Letters and special characters.
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REGISTER
SIRJEE CLASSES
Registers are special purpose and high speed
temporary memory units.

Essentially, they hold the information that the

CPU is currently working on.

Registers store data, instructions, address and

intermediate results of processing.
The number and sizes of Register vary from
processor to processor.
CONTROL UNIT
It coordinates with the input and output devices of a computer.

It direct the computer to carry out stored programs and instructions

by communicating with the ALU and the registers.
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It organises the processing of data and instructions.

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MEMORY UNIT
SIRJEE CLASSES

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PREVIOUS COMPUTER QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Which the following control memory

input and output devices?

a. C.P.U. b. A.L.U. Ans-a PARAM

c. C.U. d. Memory From the late 80s we have been hearing of Indian
supercomputers, starting with PARAM 8000,
considered to be India's “first supercomputer”.
Example of super computer is:- It was indigenously built in 1991 by the Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)
and was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow
a. CRAY -2 Ans-d b. CRAY XMP-24 in 1991 under Russian collaboration.
c. Tianhe-2 d. All of above

Ans-b 12

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IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

The first computer which provides storage is:-

Manchester Baby, a developmental, fully
a. TEDSAC b. EDBAC electronic computer that successfully ran
c. MARK-I d. ACE Ans-c a stored program on 21 June 1948.

It was subsequently developed into the

Manchester Mark 1, which ran its first
A typical modern computer uses:- program in early April 1949.

a. LSI chips b. vacuum tubes

Ans-a
c. Valves d. None of these

The period of the second generation computers was-

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a. 1946-1958 b. 1956-63 Ans-b
c. 1940-1960 d. 1957-1964

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

In August 1965, DEC announced

the PDP-8, which used a 12-bit
word length.

This small, inexpensive computer

was suitable for a wide range of
system applications and became
the first minicomputer.

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Ans-4

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PERIPHERAL DEVICE / INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES

SIRJEE CLASSES

➢The computer is a very versatile machine. It can easily

process different types of data. To work with these data, we
require different types of devices. These devices can help us
enter data into the computer.

➢An input device sends information to a computer system for

processing, and an output device reproduces or displays the
results of that processing.

➢Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer

and output devices only receive the outputof data from
another device.

➢The I/O devices are attached, externally to the computer

machine and are also called peripheral device. 15

INPUT DEVICES
An input device is an electro-mechanical device that allows the user SIRJEE CLASSES

to feed data into the computer for analysis and storagre and to give
commands to the computer.

The data is entered into the main-memory through the input devices.

Ex- Keyboard, Mouse

➢Audio conversion device
➢Barcode reader ➢Microphone.
➢Biometrics (e.g., fingerprint scanner). ➢MICR.
➢Business card reader ➢Mouse, touchpad, or other pointing
➢Finger (with touch screen or Windows devices.
Touch). ➢OMR (optical mark reader)
➢Gamepad, joystick, paddle, steering wheel, ➢Scanner.
➢Graphics tablet. ➢Sensors.
➢Keyboard. ➢Voice.
➢Light pen. ➢Video capture device.
➢Medical imaging devices (e.g., X-ray, CAT ➢Webcam. 16
scan, and ultrasound images).

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POINTING INPUT DEVICES

Pointing device SIRJEE CLASSES

A pointing device is used to communicate with the computer by pointing

to the locations on the monitor.
Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movement
of the pointer.
Example:-
1. MOUSE 2. TRACK BALL 3. JOYSTICK 4. LIGHT PEN 5. TOUCH SCREEN
1. MOUSE
It is a pointing device which provides a means to input data and commands in
graphic form by selecting through moving an arrow called pointer on monitor.
There are four action of mouse:-
Click - it selects an item on the screen.
Double click- it is used to open a document or program.
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Right click- displays a list of commands on the screen.
Drag and drop- it is used to move an item on the screen.

POINTING INPUT DEVICES

Trackball Joystick SIRJEE CLASSES

Trackball is another pointing device it is a device that moves in all

which is an alternative to a mouse. directions and controls the movement
of the cursor.
It is also used to control cursor
movements and the action on a Joystick are used in flight simulators,
computer screen. CAD/CAM system etc.

It is generally built in laptop, since JoyStick in similar to a mouse except

there is no space for the mouse to that the movement of the cursor on
move on the laptop. screen stops working as soon as user
stop moving the mouse.

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OTHER IMPORTANT INPUT DEVICES

SIRJEE CLASSES

Barcode reader
Optical mark reader (OMR)
It is an input device used for reading
printed bar codes (universal product OMR is the process of detecting
code) available on product to be sold. the presence of intended mark
responses.

OMR is mainly used to detect

marks on a paper.

It uses a beam of light that is

reflected on the paper with marks,
to capture presence and absence
of data.

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Output devices
SIRJEE CLASSES

An output device is a computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by an
information processing to the outside world.
Examples of output devices are:-

➢Printer (dot matrix printer, inkjet printer, and laser printer).

➢Projector. ➢3D Printer.

➢Sound card. ➢Braille embosser.
➢Speakers. ➢Braille reader.
➢SGD (Speech-generating device) ➢Flat panel.
➢TV. ➢GPS.
➢Video card. ➢Headphones.
➢Monitor.
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➢Plotter.

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IMPORTANT OUTPUT DEVICES

SIRJEE CLASSES

Monitor
Monitor is also known by visual
display unit(VDU).

The monitor is provided along

with the computer to view the
display result.

CRT LED

➢Like most early TVs, the first computer monitors were comprised
of a CRT (cathode ray tube) and a fluorescent screen.

➢Today, all monitors are created using flat panel display technology, 21
usually backlit with LEDs.

PRINTER
SIRJEE CLASSES

➢A printer is an external hardware output Printer types:-

device that takes the electronic data
stored on a computer or other device and 1.Impact printer
generates a hard copy of it.
1. Dot-Matrix Printers
➢Printers are one of the most popular 2.Daisy-wheel printers
computer peripherals and are commonly 3.Line printers
used to print text and photos. 4.Drum printer
Printer speed 5. Chain/Band printer

The speed of a printer is measured in:- 2.Non-impact printers

Character per second(CPS),
Lines per minute(LPM) 1.Ink-jet printers
Page per minute (PPM). 2.Laser printers
3.Thermal printer
Faster the printing, the more 22
expensive the printer. Note:- print quality is measured in dots
per inch (DPI).

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INPUT OUTPUT PORTS

The peripheral devices can be connected to computer in several SIRJEE CLASSES

ways. Input output ports are external interfaces that are used to
connect input and output devices like printer, modem and joystick
to computer.
I/O Ports are:-

1. (USB) universal serial bus 2. Parallel port 3. Serial port

It is a common and popular A parallel port is an Serial port transmits

external port available with interface for connecting 8 one bit of data through a
computers. or more data wires. single wire.

USB also has play and plug The data flows through the Serial ports provide
features, which allows devices 8 wires simultaneously. Slow speed transmission
ready to be run. of data.

4. Firewire
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It is used to connect audio and video multimedia devices
like video camera.

PREVIOUS COMPUTER QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Example of input devices is:-

a. Mouse
b. Joystick
c. Track ball Ans-d
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d. All of these

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PREVIOUS COMPUTER QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

The Basic Input Output System, or

Ans-a BIOS, is a very small piece of code
contained on a chip on your system
board.

When you start your computer,

BIOS is the first software that
runs. It identifies your computer's
hardware, configures it, tests it,
Screen or Monitor devices is:- and connects it to the operating
system for further instruction.

a. Hard copy
b. Soft copy
c. Input devices Ans-d
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d. Display devices

ALL IMPORTANT I/O DEVICES QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

2.Non-impact printers
Ans-4
1.Ink-jet printers
2.Laser printers 26
3.Thermal printer

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ALL IMPORTANT I/O DEVICES QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4

Ans-4

Non-impact printers

1.Ink-jet printers
Ans-b 2.Laser printers 27
3.Thermal printer

NUMBER SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal to all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. divide the given no. by base radix.
2. Note the quotient and remainder.

1. Decimal to binary 2. decimal to octal

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal to all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. divide the given no. by base radix.
2. Note the quotient and remainder.

3. decimal to hexadecimal

CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) to Decimal SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. multiply the given digits by power of radix
2. Add all the multiplying digits.

1. Binary to decimal 2. Octal to decimal

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) to Decimal SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. multiply the given digits by power of radix
2. Add all the multiplying digits.

3. Hexadecimal to decimal

CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
BINARY TO OCTAL & HEXADECIMAL
Steps:-
1. Make group of three bit for octal & group of four bit for hexadecimal.
2. convert each group to decimal number.

1. binary to octal 2. binary to hexadecimal

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
OCTAL & HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
Steps:-
1. Convert each octal digit to 3 bit binary & each hexadecimal digit
to 4 bit binary

1. Octal to binary 2. Hexadecimal to binary

CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
Steps:-
1. Convert each octal digit to binary number
2. convert each binary digit to hexadecimal no.

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
Steps:-
1. Convert each hexadecimal digit to binary number
2. convert each binary digit to octal number.

NUMBER SYSTEM IMPORTANT QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

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NUMBER SYSTEM IMPORTANT QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2

Ans-2

NUMBER SYSTEM IMPORTANT QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

Ans-2

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Storage Devices/computer memory

SIRJEE CLASSES

A storage device is used in the computers to store the data.

The computer memory is one of the most inportant elements in

a computer system.

It stores data and instructions required during the processing

of data and output results.

Storage devices are available in different

form factors depending on the type of
underlying device.

For example, a standard computer has

multiple storage devices including RAM,
cache, and hard disk, as well as possibly
having optical disk drives and externally 41

connected USB drives.

Memory Hierarchy
The memory is characterised on the basis of two key factors:- SIRJEE CLASSES

1.Capacity 2. access time

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SIRJEE CLASSES
Accessibility

•It Refers to reading or writing data

records.

•Two types of accessibility:

Random access.
Sequential access.

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Memory Access Methods

SIRJEE CLASSES

Each memory type, is a collection of numerous memory locations.

To access data from any memory, first it must be located and then the
data is read from the memory location. Following are the methods to
access information from memory locations:

Random Access: Main memories are random access memories, in

which each memory location has a unique address. Using this unique
address any memory location can be reached in the same amount of
time in any order.
(Ex- DRAM, SDRAM, VRAM)

Sequential Access: This methods allows memory access in a sequence

or in order.
(Ex- magnetic tapes)

Direct Access: In this mode, information is stored in tracks, with each

track having a separate read/write head.
44
Ex- (PCI controller, hard drive controller)

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Types of storage/memory devices

1. Primary memory or main memory SIRJEE CLASSES

2. Secondary memory or auxilary memory

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1. Primary memory or main memory

SIRJEE CLASSES

The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is

called main memory.

They are volatile in nature, i.e. when power is off contents of these
memory are lost forever.

Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central

processing unit via a memory bus.

•The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes

them as required.

•Example:
–RAM
–ROM 46
–Cache

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1. RAM (Random access memory)

SIRJEE CLASSES

It is called Random Access Memory because any of the data in

RAM can be accessed just as fast as any of the other data.
There are two types of RAM:
1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

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IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

48

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2. ROM (non-volatile memory)

SIRJEE CLASSES

•This memory is used as the computer begins to boot up.

•Small programs called firmware are often stored in

ROM chips on hardware devices (like a BIOS chip), and
they contain instructions the computer can use in
performing some of the most basic operations required
to operate hardware devices.

•ROM memory cannot be easily or quickly overwritten

or modified.

Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically

modified after the manufacture of the memory
device.
Correction of errors, or updates to the software,
49
require new devices to be manufactured and to
replace the installed device.

TYPES OF ROM
1. Programmable read-only memory (PROM SIRJEE CLASSES

One-time programmable ROM (OTP), can be written to or programmed via

a special device called a PROM programmer.

Typically, this device uses high voltages to permanently destroy or create

internal links (fuses or antifuses) within the chip. Consequently, a PROM
can only be programmed once.
2. Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
It can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light then rewritten with a
process that again needs higher than usual voltage applied.

3. Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)

It is based on a similar to EPROM, but allows its entire contents (or

selected banks) to be electrically erased, then rewritten electrically, so 50
that they need not be removed from the computer.

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3. Cache memory
SIRJEE CLASSES

•Cache is a high-speed access area that can be either

a reserved section of main memory or a storage
device.

Cache memory is a storage buffer that stores the data

that is used more often, temporarily and makes them
available to CPU at a faster rate.

Cache memory is very high speed memory placed in

between RAM and CPU. It is also randomly accssesed.

Generally cache memory are available in sizes 256 KB

to 2 MB.

•Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2

51
cache, while older computers include donly L1 cache.

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-c

Full name of EPROM is:-

a. Erasable programmable read only memory

b. Electronic programmable read only memory 52
c. Both a and b Ans-a
d. All of these

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IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-a
53

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Frequently-accessed information is held in:-

a. hard drive
b. Cache memory Ans-b
c. flash memory
d. Read only memory

The primary device that a computer uses to store

information is:-

a. TV
b. desk Ans-d
c. storehouse 54
d. hard drive

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SECONDARY MEMORY
(Auxiliary memory/storage devices)
SIRJEE CLASSES

The secondary memory stores much larger

amounts of data and information for extended
periods of time.

Data in secondary memory cannot be processed

directly by the CPU, it must first be copied into
primary storage i.e. RAM.

Secondary memory devices include:-

Magnetic disks optical disks solid state

disks
➢Hard disks drive
➢Floppy disk ➢CD
➢Memory stick ➢DVD ➢Pen/Flash Drive
➢Blue-ray disks 55

Magnetic disk
1. Hard disk
SIRJEE CLASSES

The hard disk drive is the main and usually

largest, data storage device in a computer.
Theharddiskdriveisthemain,andusu
It is used for storing & retrieving data using
allylargest,datastoragedeviceinaco
rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic
mputer.
material

Internal Hard disk

56

External Hard disk

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Magnetic disk
SIRJEE CLASSES

2. FloppyDisk

•A soft magnetic disk.

•Floppy disks are portable.

•Floppy disks are slower to access

than hard disks and have less storage
capacity,but they are much less
expensive.

•Can store data upto 1.44MB.

5 ¼ inch Floppy Disk 3 ½ inch Floppy Disk

•Two common sizes: 5¼” and 3½”.

57

2. Optical disks
Optical disc is any storage media that holds content in digital SIRJEE CLASSES

format and is read using a laser assembly is considered optical

media.
The most common types of optical media
are:-

➢CompactDisc (CD)
➢Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD)
➢Blu-ray(BD)

CompactDisc (CD) types:-

➢CD-ROM
➢CD-R
58
➢CD-RW

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3. Solid/state offline storage device

SIRJEE CLASSES

➢ It is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is

not under the control of a processing unit.

➢ It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a

computer can access it again.

USB Flash Drive

Examples:
•A small, portable flash memory card
–USB Flash
that plugs into a computer’s USB port
or
and functions as a portable hard drive.
pen drive
•Flash drives are available in sizes such
–Memory card
as 256 MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB, and 16 GB
and are an easy way to transfer and store
information. 59

Magnetic tape
SIRJEE CLASSES

➢Magnetic tape data storage is a system for

storing digital information on magnetic
tape using digital recording.

➢Modern magnetic tape is most commonly

packaged in cartridges and cassettes.

➢The device that performs writing or

reading of data is a tape drive.

➢Magnetic tape hold the maximum data,

which can be accessed sequentially.

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Comparison of secondary memory

SIRJEE CLASSES

Secondary Memory Device and their

Storage method and capacity

61

Virtual memory
SIRJEE CLASSES

The technique that extends storage

capacities of main memory beyond the
actual size of the main memory is called
virtual memory.

virtual memory is a memory management

capability of an operating system (OS) that
uses hardware and software to allow a
computer to compensate for physical
memory shortages by temporarily
transferring data from random access
memory (RAM) to disk storage.

Buffer
Buffer is a temporary physical storage used to hold
62
data during execution of process from one place to
another.

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Memory measurement
SIRJEE CLASSES

The most commonly used units of

data storage capacity are the bit,
the capacity of a system that has
only two states,
and the byte (or octet), which is
63
equivalent to eight bits.

Memory measurement
SIRJEE CLASSES

64

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PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

The size of virtual

memory depends on the
size of the address bus.

Processor generates the

Ans-a memory address as per
the size of virtual
memory.

Ans-c

65

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

A byte can represent any number between 0 and:-

a. 2
b. 255
Ans-b
c. 256
d. 1024

The technique that extends storage capacities of main memory

beyond the actual size of the main memory is called:-

a. multitasking
b. Virtual storage
Ans-b
c. multiprogramming
d. multiprocessing 66

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IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following statements is valid?

a. 1 KB = 1024 bits
b. 1 MB = 2048 bits Ans-d
c. 1 MB = 1000 kilobits
d. 1 KB = 1024 bytes

Which of the following is the smallest measure of storage?

a. Terra byte
b. Kilobyte
c. Gigabyte Ans-b
d. Megabyte 67

INTERNET
Internet stands for international Network, which SIRJEE CLASSES

began in 1950’s by Vint curf he is known as father of

the internet.

The term internet is derived from two words-

interconnections and networks, also referred to as
NET

Internet is a network of networks that consists

millions of private and public network of local to
global scope.

Network is a group of two or more computer systems

linked together.

Internet help us in communication, information,

business, social networking, shopping entertainment,
job searching and e-commerce.

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HOW INTERNET IS CONTROLLED

SIRJEE CLASSES

The computers on the internet are connected to each

other through the small networks, and these networks
TCP/IP MODEL
are connected through the gateway to the internet.

APPLICATION
The data move around the internet is controlled by LAYER
protocols, the protocols used is TCP IP Protocol
(transmission control protocol)/internet protocol. TRANSPORT
LAYER

INTERNET LAYER
Here file is broken into smaller parts by the file
server called packets.
NETWORK ACCESS
LAYER
All computers on the Internet communicate with
one another using the TCP IP which is a basic
protocol of the internet.

INTERNET CONNECTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

some of the internet connections available for the internet

access are:-
1. Dial up connection:-
Connection uses the telephone line to connect to
the internet.

The modem connect the computer through the

standard phone lines, which serve as the data
transfer medium.

When a user initiate a dial up connection the

modem dials the phone number of an internet
service provider (ISP) that is designated to
receive dial up calls.

The ISP then establishes the connection.

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1. Dial up connection
ISP refers to the company that provides SIRJEE CLASSES

internet connection to the users.

Some popular ISP are:-

1. Airtel
2. MTNL
3. Vodafone etc.

A modem changes the digital data from your

computer into analog data, a format that can
be carried by telephone lines.

Modem stands for modulator and demodulator.

INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
SIRJEE CLASSES
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the data
communication.

A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is TCP/IP MODEL

communicated and when it is communicated.

APPLICATION
LAYER
Some protocols used are:-
TRANSPORT
LAYER
1. TCP/IP Protocol- (commonly used for the internet).
INTERNET LAYER
TCP/IP provides end-to-end
connectivity specifying how
NETWORK ACCESS
data should be formatted, LAYER
addressed, transmitted, routed
& received at the destination.

2. FTP (file transfer protocol)-for trasfering,uploading

files.

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INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
SIRJEE CLASSES
3. HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol)-

It defines how messages are formated,

transmitted and what action should be
taken by the web servers & browsers in
respone to various commands.

When we enter URL in web browser it

sends an HTTP command to the web
server directing it to fetch and transmit
the requested page. A typical URL could have the form

http://www.example.com/index.html

We all use URLs to visit webpages and which indicates a protocol (http),
other resources on the web.
a hostname (www.example.com),

and a file name (index.html).

HYPERTEXT
Hypertext is the text that appears on the page on SIRJEE CLASSES

which we can click and reach to another page with

which it is linked.

It is similar to regular text with which we can read,

store, edit but with exceptions that hypertext
contains connection within the text to another
document, this is the reason behind popularity of
world wide web (www).
HYPERLINK

It is a tool which is used to send the reader or surfer to another

web page without having to open a new tab on the search engine.

It is simply called link, which helps to create links between the

various web pages.
http://imojo.in/sirjeeclasses
For creating hyperlinks we need to have a hypertext.

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INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
4. HTML (hyper text mark-up language)- SIRJEE CLASSES

used for designing web pages (web page

format & displayed).

It tells the web browser how to display a web

page’s words and images for the user.

5. Telnet (terminal network)

It enable the internet user for remote login.

Telnet is a TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers. Through Telnet, an

administrator or another user can access someone else's computer remotely. On
the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files from
remote computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of that computer.

With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever privileges you may have
been granted to the specific application and data on that computer.

SERVICES OF INTERNET
SIRJEE CLASSES
1. Downloading and uploading files from/to sites.
2. Online chat.
3. E-mail
4. Video conferencing.
5. E-learning.
6. E-banking.
7. E-shopping
8. E-reservation.
9. Social networking.
10. E-commerce.

Modem

Modem is a device that converts digital signal to analog signal

(modulator) at the sender site and converts back analog signal to
digital signal (demodulator) at the receiver’s end, in order to
make communication possible through telephone lines.

38
 25-11-2021

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-a

77
Ans-a

SIRJEE CLASSES

SIRJEE CLASSES

39
 25-11-2021

OPERATING SYSTEM
SIRJEE CLASSES
Operating system is the first and foremost system software that
manages the hardware, and application softwares.

An Operating System performs basic tasks such as controlling input

and output devices, processing of instructions, controlling and
allocating memory.

It mainly provides an environment to run the software and serves

services to computer hardware.
An operating system consists of a set of programs, which controls,
coordinates and supervises the activities of the various components
of a computer system.

In other words, an operating system is a program which acts as an

interface between a user and hardware.

Ex- unix, MS-DOS, windows 98/2000/XP

Types of operating system

SIRJEE CLASSES

There are different types of operating systems available

which require different types of hardware to run on.

The operating systems are classified as:-

Single user operating system

Single user operating system is a type of operating

system which allows only one user at a time.

Operating system for personal computer (PC) is a

single user operating system.

They are designed to manage one task at a time.

ex- MS-DOS, windows 9X

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OPERATING SYSTEM
Multi user operating system SIRJEE CLASSES

This operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

system concurrently.

It is used in computer networks that allows the same data and

application to be accessed by multiple user at the same time.

Ex- UNIX, LINUX , Windows 2000/2007

OPERATING SYSTEM

Multitasking Operating System

SIRJEE CLASSES

In multi-tasking operating system, more than one processes

can be executed concurrently.

It also allows the user to switch between the running

application.
Ex- LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS 95

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OPERATING SYSTEM
Mobile operating system SIRJEE CLASSES

A mobile OS is an OS that operates on smart phones,

tablets and digital mobile devices.
Ex:- android, symbian, IOS, blackberry

Multi-programming operating system

Mobile operating system

SIRJEE CLASSES

A mobile OS is an OS that operates on smart phones, tablets and

digital mobile devices.
Ex:- android, symbian, IOS, blackberry

84

(LATEST)

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 25-11-2021

Android operating system

SIRJEE CLASSES
Code Version Initial release
name numbers date
Cupcake 1.5 April 27, 2009
Donut 1.6 September 15, 2009
Eclair 2.0 – 2.1 October 26, 2009
Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 May 20, 2010
Gingerbread 2.3 – 2.3.7 December 6, 2010
Honeycomb 3.0 – 3.2.6 February 22, 2011
Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0 – 4.0.4 October 18, 2011
Jelly Bean 4.1 – 4.3.1 July 9, 2012
KitKat 4.4 – 4.4.4 October 31, 2013
Lollipop 5.0 – 5.1.1 November 12, 2014
Marshmallow 6.0 – 6.0.1 October 5, 2015
7.0 August 22, 2016
Nougat
7.1.1 – 7.1.2 December 5, 2016
Oreo 8.0 – 8.1 August 21, 2017
85
Pie 9.0 August 6, 2018
Android 10 10.0 September 3, 2019

MS DOS
(microsoft disk operating system) SIRJEE CLASSES

The DOS OS was developed by Microsoft in 1980 for

micro computers.

MS DOS was the first operating system that ran on

PC developed by IBM Corporation in 1981.

DOS is a single user operating system.

It is the only operating system which can be loaded

in the main memory of the computer using a single
disk.

43
 25-11-2021

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
SIRJEE CLASSES

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-1

Ans-4
88

44
 25-11-2021

COMPUTER SOFTWARE & LANGUAGE

SIRJEE CLASSES

Computer software, or simply software, is a

collection of data or computer instructions
that tell the computer how to work and what
to work.

Software is a interface between user and

computer.

It is responsible for controlling, integrating

and managing the hardware components of a
computer system.

Software cant be touched or feel but it is

effected by virus. 89

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
SIRJEE CLASSES

Software can be divided into two major

categories.

1. System Software.
2. Application Software.

90
Ans-d

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 25-11-2021

System Software
SIRJEE CLASSES

System software consists of several programs, which are directly

responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual
hardware components of a computer system.

It also provides the interface between the user and component of the
computer.

The purpose of system software is to insulate the applications

programmer as much as possible from the detail of the particular
complex computer being used.

Depending on the functionality, the system software can be further

divided into two major categories:-

1. System management program. 91

2. Developing software.

1. System Management Program:

SIRJEE CLASSES

It includes an integrated system of programs, which manages the

operations of the processor, controls input/output, manages storage
resources and provides various support services.
Some common examples of system management programs are:
1. operating system (MS-DOS, windows XP/2000/98, UNIX, LINUX)
2. device driver ( printer software, pen tablet software).
3. system utilities.
2. Developing Software
It is a software which provides service required for the development
and execution of application software. They are:-

1. The programming languages.

2. language translator.
3. loader.
4. Linker. 92

These are required for the application software development.

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 25-11-2021

1.Programming Languages
SIRJEE CLASSES

A programming language is a primary interface of a programmer with a

computer. A programming language is an artificial language to express
computation that can be performed by a computer.

Programming languages are divided into two categories:-

1. Low Level Language (LLL).

2. High Level Language (HLL).
1.Low Level Language (LLL)

1. Machine Language: It is sometimes, referred to as machine code

or object code. It is a collection of binary digits or bits that
computer reads and interprets.

2. Assembly Language: It is used to interface with computer 93

hardware. It uses English –like mnemonics code to write a program.

2. High Level Language (HLL)

SIRJEE CLASSES
It is machine independent language and uses translator. It is also
called source code. Some commonly used high level languages are:-

1. C & C++ 2. BASIC, 3. FORTRAN, 4. PASCAL, etc.

Some Object oriented based programming language:-

1. Python
2. Java
3. C++
4. Ruby
5. Scala
6. PHP

94

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 25-11-2021

Some High level language

SIRJEE CLASSES

95

2. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
SIRJEE CLASSES

A language translator helps in converting programming languages

to machine language. The translated program is called the object
code. There are three different kinds of language translator:-

1. Assembler:- It is used to convert the assembly language into

machine language (i.e.,0 or 1), This language consists of mnemonic
codes which are difficult to learn and is machine dependent.

2. Compiler:- It is used to convert the source code (written in high

level language) into machine language. Compiler reads whole source
code at a time and trap the errors and inform to programmer.

3.Interpreter:- This language processor converts a high level language

program into machine language by converting it line-by-line.

If there is any error in any line during execution, it will report it at 96

the same time and cannot resume until the error is rectified.

48
 25-11-2021

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-c

97
Ans-b

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-c

Ans-b 98

49
 25-11-2021

MICROSOFT (MS) OFFICE

SIRJEE CLASSES

Microsoft Office was developed by Microsoft in

1980s .

It is a collection of software, based on specific

purpose and mainly used in office work.

There are 5 packages of MS Office:-

1. MS Word (word processing software).

2. MS Excel (tabular data formatting software).

3. MS PowerPoint (presentation software).

4. MS Access (database management software).
5. MS Outlook ( email client).
99
Operating system: Microsoft Windows.

MICROSOFT (MS) OFFICE

1. Microsoft Word (MS-Word) SIRJEE CLASSES

MS Word is a word processing application

and is one of the most important and
widely used application found on
computer.

Word processing software is mainly used

for the creation of text-based documents.
It provides tools for composing, editing,
formatting and printing of documents
which is smaller than 45k.

The document can be a poster report, letter

brochure web page newsletter etc.

e.g. wordstar , easy word, notepad for 100

File format .doc
Windows.

50
 25-11-2021

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-d

Ans-b 101

Shortcut keys of MS-Word and their Descriptions

SIRJEE CLASSES

Standard toolbar

102

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 25-11-2021

2. Microsoft Excel SIRJEE CLASSES

An electronic spreadsheet is used for

analysing, sharing and managing
information for accounting purpose
performing mathematical calculations,
budgeting, billing.

A spreadsheet is a matrix of rows and

columns similar to an accounting ledger.

the spreadsheet program also provides tools

for creating graphs, inserting pictures and
chart, analysing the data etc.

e.g.
Microsoft-Excel (MS-Excel), coral Quattro 103
pro, snowball, lotus-1-2-3.

MS-EXCEL
Basics of spreadsheet SIRJEE CLASSES

MS Excel allows creation of spreadsheets. It may hold:-

Basic terms of spreadsheet are-
1. Numbers (constant).
1. Spreadsheet is a software tool that lets one 2. Formulas (mathematical
enter, calculate, manipulate and analyse equation).
set of numbers.
3. text.
2. The intersection of each row and column is
called cell. a cell is an individual container
for data.
An array of cell is called a sheet or worksheet. Worksheet holds information
presented in tabular row and column format with text that levels the data.

Each new workbook created in excel has three worksheet by default.

Active cell a cell in which you are currently working. 104

File format or extension of Excel is, .xlsx or .xls.

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 25-11-2021

Shortcut keys of MS-Excel and

their descriptions SIRJEE CLASSES

105

3. MS-POWERPOINT
Microsoft Powepoint SIRJEE CLASSES

106
File format for the documents created is .pptx or .ppt.

53
 25-11-2021

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

The header is a section of the document

107
that appears in the top margin, while the
Ans-b footer is a section of the document that
appears in the bottom margin.

(ALL IMPORTANT MS-OFFICE QUESTIONS)

SIRJEE CLASSES

108

54
 25-11-2021

Shortcut Keys of Microsoft Powerpoint SIRJEE CLASSES

and their Descriptions

109

4. MS-ACCESS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Microsoft Access is an application

which allows the creating of
databases.

Microsoft Access is a relational

database management system
(rDBMS).

Access is a tool for managing the

database.

It Allows you to design and create

complete database with quick and
easy data entry, maintain them 110

and search for information.

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 25-11-2021

5. Microsoft Outlook
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is an email client and personal information

manager that is available as a part of Microsoft
Office Suite.

Windows mobile devices are the version of MS

Outlook, enables users to synchronise their E-
mails data to their smartphones.

It can work with Microsoft exchange server and

Microsoft SharePoint server for multiple users in
an organisation such as:-

➢shared mailboxes,
➢calendars,
➢exchange public folders,
111
➢sharepoint lists
➢meeting schedules.

IMPORTANT EXTENTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

112

56
 25-11-2021

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

113

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3
(3) MS outlook

Ans-2

Ans-2
114

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 25-11-2021

(ALL IMPORTANT MS-OFFICE QUESTIONS)

SIRJEE CLASSES

115

E-mail (electronic mail)

Invented by Ray Tomlinson. SIRJEE CLASSES

Email is the electronic version of sending and receiving

letter. Electronic mail allow us to send and receive messages
in electronic form.

Email is transmitted between computer system according

to certain internet protocols or rules for exchanging
E-mail.

A user must have email address to Use email, which consists

Of two parts swparated by @ symbol.
[email protected]
username host name( Domain name)

Spaces are not allowed within email address. 116

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 25-11-2021

E-mail (electronic mail)

SIRJEE CLASSES
CC stands for carbon copy. Email addresses in this
field will receive a copy of the email. CC is done just to
keep the recipients informed about the matter that
sender and recipients in To field are discussing through
email. Boss, Manager, employee

BCC stands for blind carbon copy. This field is almost

same as the CC field with only difference being that none
of the recipients will know who else was sent a BCC copy
of the email.

BCC is generally used when you want to send bulk email.

For example, if you want to send some information to 400
people, it would be inappropriate to put all the email IDs
in To or CC field.
117

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-c
118

59
 25-11-2021

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-1

Ans-2

119

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

Ans-3

120
Ans-3

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 25-11-2021

WEBSITE
A website is a collection of web pages (documents SIRJEE CLASSES

that are accessed through the Internet),that follow

the same theme and are connected together with
hyperlinks is called a website.
A web page can contain any type of information,
and can include text, color, graphics, animation
and sound.
In other words, a website is a collection of digital
documents, which is basically a HTML files, that
are linked together.
Websites and web pages are written in a coding
language that makes it possible to add pictures,
sound.
http://www.facebook.com website
http://www.facebook.com/profile webpage 121

First page of a website is called home page.

WEB ADDRESS OR URL

SIRJEE CLASSES
It is address of a website, file, or document, in the general
format:- http://www.address/directories/filename
http://www.facebook.com/services/profile

Every computer connected to the internet has its unique

web address, without which it cannot be reached by other
computers.
On the, web addresses are called URL(uniform resource
locator).
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in
an address bar.
A typical URL could have the form
http://www.facebook.com/index.html
(http)-protocol
(www)- indicate that web page is part of world wide web
(facebook.com)-domain name & indicates unique address of a website. 122
(index.html)-file name

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 25-11-2021

WEB SERVER

A web server is a computer where the web SIRJEE CLASSES

content is stored.

A web server can, in general, contain one or web server

more websites.
Web server helps to deliver web content that can be
accessed through the Internet, alongwith other uses
like :-
gaming, data storage or running
business applications. 234.134.4.45

A web server commonly known as HTTP server which is a program

that servers content using the HTTP protocol.

This content is generally in the form of HTML documents, images,

and other web resources.
123
Every web server is given a unique address i.e. IP address (ip v-4, 32 bit
ip v-6 128 bit). 234.134.4.45

WEB BROWSER
It is a software application used to locate, SIRJEE CLASSES

retrieve and display content on the World Wide

Web, including webpages, images, video and
other files.
Purpose of web browser

1. Connect to a server and sends request for

information

2. Receives the information and then displays

it on users computers.

Types of web browser

1. Text web browser (text-based information).
2. Graphical web browser (text and graphic).
124
Note:-
NCSA Mosaic (1st graphical web browser)

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 25-11-2021

SEARCH ENGINE
A search engine is a website that provides the SIRJEE CLASSES

required data on specific topics. It is a tool for

finding information on any topic.

When we type any term in search bar, then search

engine will look for matching websites from all
over the world.

Many search engine haves directories or list of

topics that are organised into categories.

Some popular search engine:-

1. Google 5. AOL.com 9. DuckDuckGo

2. Bing 6. Baidu 10. Hotbot
3. Yahoo 7. Yandex.ru 11. Lycos 125
4. Ask.com 8. Internet Archive

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4 Ans-3

Ans-3

126

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 25-11-2021

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

Ans-2

127
Ans-4

COMPUTER VIRUS & SECURITY

SIRJEE CLASSES
Malware is an unwanted software that any unauthorised person
want to run on your computer.
It includes:-
1. Worms 2. computer virus
3. trojan/trojan horse, 4. spyware etc.

1. worms
It is a computer program that replicates itself
in order to spread to other computers.

worms almost always cause atleast some harm to

the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth,
where as virus almost always corrupt or modify
files on a targeted computer.
worms are hard to detect because they are invisible 128
files.

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 25-11-2021

2. COMPUTER VIRUS
SIRJEE CLASSES

VIRUS-vital information resource under siege.

Computer virus is a small software program that spreads

from one computer to another and that interferes with
computer operation.

It obtains the control of a PC and directs it to perform

unusual and often destructive actions.

Viruses are copied itself and attached itself to other

programs which further spread the infection.

The virus can affect or attack any part of the computer

software such as:-
Boot block Files 129
Operating system Application program

3. TROJAN/TROJAN HORSE
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is a non- self- replicating type of Malware

which appears to perform a desirable function
but instead facilitates unauthorised access to the
users computer system.
Trojans Do not attempt to inject themselves
into other files like a computer virus.

Trojan Horses may Steal information, or harm

their host computer systems.

Trojan Horse install via online games or internet

driven application in order to reach the target
computers.
It is non-replicating in nature.
130
e.g., beast, zeroAccess Rootkit etc.

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 25-11-2021

4. SPYWARE
Spyware is program which is installed on a computer SIRJEE CLASSES

system to spy on the system owner's activity and collects

all the information which is misused afterwards.
Spyware can transmit personal information to another
person's computer over the internet.

Spyware can harm in many ways like:-

1. Steal your password.

2. Observe your browsing choices.
3. Redirect your web browser to phishing pages.
4. Can alter your computer settings ( web browser,
home page settings or placement of your desktop
icon).

e.g., cool web search, FinFisher, 131

SOME OTHER THREATS TO COMPUTER

1. SPOOFING SIRJEE CLASSES

Spoofing is a technique to access the unauthorised

data without concerning to the authorised user
over the network.
It pretend to be someone one is not.

2. HACKING

It is Act of intruding into someone else's computer

or network.

It prevents The authorised users from accessing

the resources of the computer.
132
Hacker is someone who does the hacking process.

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 25-11-2021

SOME OTHER THREATS TO COMPUTER

3. PHISHING
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is an attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive

information such as passwords, credit cards details,
etc by masquerading as a trustworthy person.
Phishing messages usually take the form of fake
notifications from bank providers, e-pay systems
and other organisation.
It is a type of internet fraud that seeks to acquire
a user's credential by deception.

4. SPAM
It is an act of sending unsolicited bulk messages in
the form of emails.

It is a subset of electronic spam involving nearly

133
identical messages sent to numerous recipient by
emails.

SOLUTIONS TO COMPUTER SECURITY

SIRJEE CLASSES
Some safeguards or solutions to protect computer system from
unauthorised access and threats are:-

1. Antivirus software

Antivirus software is a application software that are designed to

prevent, search for, detect and remove viruses and other malicious
software like worms, trojans, adware and more.

Popular antivirus software are

➢Avast
➢K7 ➢Norton
➢AVG ➢Trend micro
➢Kaspersky ➢McAfree
➢Quick Heal ➢Symantec
134

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 25-11-2021

2. Digital signature
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is an electronic form of a signature that can be used to authenticate

the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document.

3. Passwords

A password is a secret word or a string of characters used for user

authentication to prove identity or access approval to gain access to
resource, which should be kept secret from those who are not
allowed to get access.

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTIONS

135

SOLUTIONS TO COMPUTER SECURITY

5. firewall SIRJEE CLASSES

A firewall can either be software based or

hardware based and is used to help in keeping a
network secure.

Its primary objective is to control the incoming

and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the
data packets and determining whether it
should be allowed through or not, based on
predetermined rule set.

A networks Firewall builds a bridge between

Internal network that is assumed to be secure
and another network, usually an external
network, such as the internet, that is not 136
assumed to be secure and trusted.

68
 25-11-2021

PREVIOUS UPSSSC JE QUESTION

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-3

137
Ans-1

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-1

Ans-1

138

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 25-11-2021

SIRJEE CLASSES

70