Hypertension

1. The highest concentrations of lymph nodes are in the _____ areas.

A. axillary, GI tract and thoracic
B. axillary, mammary and thoracic
C. axillary, inguinal and mammary
D. thoracic, axillary and mammary
E. thoracic, inguinal and GI tract

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is C. Although the lymph nodes are distributed throughout the body, a
schematic diagram would show that they are mostly found in the axillary (armpit), inguinal
(groinal) and cervical (neck) areas. The second highest number would be in the mammary
region.

2. Afferent vessels enter the _____ side of the lymph nodes and efferent vessels exit through
the _____ side.
A. convex; concave
B. concave; convex
C. superior; inferior
D. inferior; superior
E. posterior; anterior

Answer Alert:
The best answer is A. The afferent vessel is shown penetrating the lymph node at the convex
part and exiting through the inner concave part. Although its position is indeed superior, this
would not be the best anatomical position to explain the question.

3. Which of the following is not a branch of the thoracic aorta?

A. Oesophageal plexus
B. Superior phrenic artery
C. Superior mesenteric artery
D. Mediastinal plexus
E. Pericardiacophrenic artery

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is C. he superior mesenteric artery is a branch of the abdominal aorta
that supplies the distal duodenum, jejuno-ileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse
colon. It is a branch of the abdominal aorta.

4. Which important nerve lies on and partly curves posterior to the arch of the aorta?
A. Left phrenic nerve
B. Left vagus nerve
C. Right phrenic nerve
D. Right sympathetic trunk
E. Left sympathetic trunk
 Answer Alert:
The best answer is B. The left and right phrenic nerves, which innervate the diaphragm, are
lateral to the vagus nerves and are not looping near the aortic arch. The left and right
sympathetic trunks lie on the posterior chest wall and are not involved with the aortic arch.

5. The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders and arms is the _____.
A. coronary sinus
B. internal jugular vein
C. left recurrent laryngeal nerve
D. inferior vena cava
E. superior vena cava

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is E. The superior vena cava receives deoxygenated blood from the
upper extremities.

6. Arrange the three layers which make up the blood vessel wall from the interior going
outwards to the exterior.
A. tunica media, tunica adventitia, tunica externa
B. tunica media, tunica externa, tunica adventitia
C. tunica intima, tunica adventitia, tunica externa
D. tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
E. tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima

Answer Alert:
The best answer is D. The innermost layer is the tunica intima, followed by tunica media and
tunica adventitia on the outermost layer.

7. The blood capillaries have multiple adaptations to increase the efficiency of oxygen
transport to the organs. Why is this so?
A. A layer of tunica intima helps account for the large total surface area and maximises
diffusion of substance across capillaries.
B. The presence of both muscular and middle part of the capillaries allow proper
adherence to the surface of organs for better gaseous exchange.
C. A microscopic layer of collagen fibres prevents the rupture of the capillaries when blood
with high pressure is passing through it.
D. Mucus secreted by the blood capillaries bind to the haemoglobin for better combination
with the oxygen molecule before unloading.
E. The presence of vasa vasorum on the surface of blood capillaries can be regenerated
easily to form more blood capillaries and hence supply more blood to a region.

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is A. All the capillaries’ efficient functions are attributed to their relative
one-cell thick size and this is primarily because of a thin layer of tunica intima.
8. Poiseuille's Law explains the effect of three factors on peripheral resistance. According to
this law,
A. the smaller the radius of a vessel, the higher the resistance to blood flow
B. increased resistance causes increased blood flow
C. the higher the blood viscosity, the lower the peripheral resistance
D. longer blood vessel offers less resistance than a shorter vessel of the same radius
E. there is no effect of the length of blood vessels on the resistance to blood flow

Answer Alert:
The best answer is A. A reduced diameter of the blood vessel (vasoconstriction) can cause a
higher resistance to blood flow and ultimately increase the blood pressure to force the
blood through the capillaries.

9. The movement of lymph within lymphatic vessels is dependent upon _______.

A. residual blood pressure forcing the plasma through the blood vessels
B. suction from the contracting lymph nodes
C. skeletal muscle contraction and the action of one-way valves
D. active transport of lymph by cilia lining the lymphatic system
E. ameboid movement of the cellular component of the lymph, primarily the T-cells that
"travel"

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is C. Option A is describing how the interstitial fluid is formed. The
question, however, is asking for the movement into the lymphatic vessels for venous return
to the heart.

10. Chemoreceptors in the aortic and the carotid body detects all of the following except:
A. Oxygen levels
B. Blood pressure
C. Carbon dioxide
D. PH level
E. A and D

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is B

11. Tone in vascular smooth muscle

A. Is independent of changes in intracellular calcium
B. Is increased by stretch
C. Is independent of sympathetic activity
D. Is independent of hormonal activity
E. All of the above

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is B. This is due to the myogenic response.
12. The arterial baroreceptors
A. Stop firing action potential above mean arterial pressure of 250mmHg
B. Show a firing rate that is independent of the magnitude of the pulse pressure
C. Exert their primary effect via the medullary vasomotor centre
D. Are located within the lumen of most major arteries in the body
E. A and C

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is C. The arterial blood pressure are firing continuously at pressure above
200mmHg. Baroreceptors are also very sensitive to pulse pressure

13. What is the order of clotting?

A. Fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin, thromboplastin
B. Prothrombin, thromboplastin, thrombin, fibrin, fibrinogen
C. Thromboplastin, thrombin, prothrombin, fibrin, fibrinogen
D. Thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is D.

14. Methods of autologous transfusion includes

A. Cell Salvage
B. Preoperative Autologous Donation
C. Acute Normovolaemic Haemodilution
D. All of the above

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is D.

15. If blood pressure is too low, the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata
attempts to compensate by causing
A. Systemic arteriole dilation
B. Decreased heart rate
C. Increased contractility of the myocardial cells
D. Decreased cardiac output

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is C.

16. If the blood pressure is elevated, the cardiovascular centers would compensate by
A. Increasing heart rate
B. Sending sympathetic signals to the myocardial cells
C. Increasing cardiac output
D. Causing vasodilation

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is D
17. Which of these statement is true?
A. Compensations must be made in order for mean arterial pressure and venous return to
stay constant
B. No compensation = decreased mean arterial pressure and decreased venous return
C. Heart rate and peripheral resistance compensate for postural changes
D. All of the above

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is D.

18. When someone is not exercising, most of his total blood volume is in the
A. Heart
B. Arteries
C. Capillary
D. Vein

Answer Alert:
The correct answer is D. The veins have large lumens and therefore slower flow rates. Blood
accumulates in the venous vessels, and the veins serve as a "reservoir" of extra blood that
can be transferred to the arteries during exercise