OSI

Reference Model
Presented by Muktianto

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OSI Layer Overview

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 Why a Layered Network
Model?

7 Application • Reduces complexity

6 Presentation • Standardizes interfaces

5 Session • Facilitates modular

engineering
4 Transport
• Ensures interoperable
3 Network technology

2 Data Link • Accelerates evolution

• Simplifies teaching and
1 Physical learning

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 Layer Functions

7 Application Network processes to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connections

3 Network Addresses and best path

2 Data Link Access to media

1 Physical Binary transmission

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 Peer-to-Peer Communication

Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport segment Transport
Network packet Network
Data Link frame Data Link
Physical bit Physical

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 Data Encapsulation

Host A Host B
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Data
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network
Network Header
Data Network
Frame Network Frame
Data Link Header Header
Data Trailer
Data Link
Physical 010010011010101 Physical

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Upper Layer
Overview

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 Application Layer

Word Processing
Spreadsheet Electronic Mail
Database File Transfer
Design/Manufacturing Remote Access Electronic Data Interchange
Project Planning Client/Server Process World Wide Web
Others Network Management E-Mail Gateways
Browser Others Special-Interest Bulletin Boards
Filezila
Financial Transaction Services
Ms. Outlook
Internet Navigation Utilities
Conferencing (Video, Voice, Data)
Internetwork application can
Others
extend beyond the enterprise

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 Presentation Layer

• Text
• Data • Graphics
ASCII • Visual Images
EBCDIC PICT
Encrypted TIFF
JPEG
• Sound GIF
• Video
MIDI
MPEG
Quick Time

Provides code formatting and conversion for applications

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 Session Layer

Network File System (NFS)

Structured Query Language (SQL)
Remote-Procedure Call (RPC)
X Window System
AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)
DNA Session Control Protocol (SCP)

Service Request

Service Reply

Coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts

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Transport Layer
Overview

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 Transport Layer

• Segments upper-layer applications

• Establishes an end-to-end connection
• Sends segments from one end host to another
• Optionally, ensures data reliability

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 Segment Upper-Layer
Applications
Application
Presentation Electronic File Terminal
Mail Transfer Session
Session

Application Application Application

Transport port
Data
port
Data
port
Data

Transport segments share traffic stream

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 Establishes Connection

SENDER RECEIVER

Synchronize
Negotiate Connection
Synchronize
Acknowledge
Connection Established
Negotiate Connection
(Send Segments)

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 Sends Segments with Flow
Control

SENDER RECEIVER

Transmit

Not Ready Buffer Full

Stop
Process
Segments

Ready Buffer OK
Go
Resume Transmission

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 Reliability with Windowing

Window size = 1
Send 1 Recv 1
Ack 2
Send 2
SENDER Recv 2 RECEIVER
Send 3 Ack 3

Window size = 3
Send 1
Send 2 Recv 1
SENDER Send 3 Recv 2 RECEIVER
Recv 3
Send 4 Ack 4

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Network Layer
Overview

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 Network Layer: Path
Determination

Which Path?

Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the

internetwork

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 Network Layer: Communicate
Path

5
2 9

4 6 8
11
10
1 3

Addresses represent the path of media connections

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 Addressing: Network and Host

Network Host
1 1
2
3 1.2
2.1
2 1 1.3
3 1 1.1
3.1

• Network address - Path part used by the router

• Host address - Specific port or device on the network

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 Routing Uses Network
Addresses

Destination Direction and

Network Router Port 2.0
1.0 1.1 2.1
1.0
2.0 2.1 1.1 3.1
3.0

3.0 3.1

• Network portion of address used to make path selections

• Node portion of address refers to router port to the path

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 Network-Layer Protocol
Operations
X Y
C

X B Y
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session A B C Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical

Each router provides its services to support upper-layer

functions

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Physical
and
Data Link
Overview

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 Physical and Data-Link Types
LAN WAN

802.2 LLC X.25

Data Link E Dial ISDN
(frames) on SDLC HDLC Frame
t
Demand Relay PPP
h
e 8 8 F
r 0 0 D V.24
Physical n 2 2 D EIA/TIA-232 G.703
(bits, . . I V.35
e
signals, EIA/TIA-449 EIA-530
t 3 5
clocking) HSSI

Separate physical and data link layers for LAN and WAN

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 LAN Data Link Sublayers

Logical Link Control

Network LLC
Data Link
MAC
Physical
Media Access Control

MAC Frame 802.2 LLC Packet or Datagram

• LLC refers upward to higher-layer software functions

• MAC refers downward to lower-layer hardware functions

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 Physical and Logical
Addressing

0000.0c12.3456

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 MAC Address

24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code Serial Number

0000.0c12.3456
ROM
RAM

MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card

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 Finding the MAC Address
ARP Request
Host Y Host Z
Host Z
Broadcast MAC ? Host Z

Example 1 : TCP/IP destination local ARP Reply

Host Y Host Z
MAC MAC
ARP Request
Host Z
Host Y Router A
Host Z
Broadcast MAC ? Host Z

Routing
Example 2 : TCP/IP destination ARP Reply Table:
not local
Host Y Router Net for
MAC MAC Host Z

• An example: TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• ARP finds the MAC address for a data-link connection

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 WAN Technology Overview

SDLC

HDLC
LAPB
PPP

X.25
Frame Relay
ISDN

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 Physical Layer: WAN
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
X.21
HSSI
others

DSU/CSU

(Modem)

DTE DCE
Data Terminal Equipment Data Circuit-Terminating
End of the user’s device Equipment
on the WAN link End of the WAN provider’s
side of the communication facility

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 Data Link Layer: WAN
Protocols
(Modem)
(Modem)
DSU/CSU
DSU/CSU

• SDLC - Synchronous Data Link Control

• HDLC - High-Level Data Link Control
• LAPB - Link Access Procedure Balanced
• Frame Relay - Simplified version of HDLC framing
• PPP - Point-to-point Protocol
• X.25 - Packet level protocol (PLP)
• ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network (data-link signaling)

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End Of Session

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