Computer fundamental
What is computer?
Computer is electro-mechanical device, which takes input and process it and give the
desirable output.
In a computer system, units are categorized based on their functions. Here are the main
types:
1. Input Units: - These devices are used to enter data and instructions into the
computer.
Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, Joystick.
2. Output Units: - These devices display or output the processed data.
Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speakers, and Projector.
3. Control unit: - The brain of the computer that processes instructions. Performs all
arithmetic and logical operations. Directs all operations in the computer by
interpreting and executing instructions.
Memory/Storage Units
It is used to store data temporarily or permanently. Storage device is divided in to two
parts
1. Primary Memory (Main Memory):
RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory for processing.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent memory for essential system instructions.
2. Secondary Storage:
HDD (Hard Disk Drive), SSD (Solid State Drive), CD/DVD, pen drive, memory card etc.
Generation of computer
The development of computers is often categorized into five generations, each marked by
significant technological advancements.
I. 1st Generation (1940–1956) – Vacuum Tubes
Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC
II. 2nd Generation (1956–1963) – Transistors
Example: IBM 1401, IBM 7090
III. 3rd Generation (1964–1971) – Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Example: IBM System/360
IV. 4th Generation (1971–Present) – Microprocessors / (VLSI)
Example: Apple Pcs , IBM PCs
V. 5th Generation (Present & Beyond) – Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Example: AI, cloud computing, internet
Computers can be categorized according to their size, processing power, and
purpose. Here are the main categories.
1. Supercomputers
Size: Extremely large
Power: Most powerful in terms of processing speed and data handling
Use: Weather forecasting, scientific simulations, nuclear research, space exploration
Example: TATA eka,
2. Mainframe Computers
Size: Large
Power: High performance, can process large volumes of data for multiple users
Use: Banks, government agencies, large corporations for bulk data processing
Example: IBM Z series
3. Minicomputers (Mid-range Computers)
Size: Medium
Power: Less powerful than mainframes but more powerful than personal computers
Use: Small to medium businesses, departmental work
Example: PDP-11, VAX
4. Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
Size: Small
Power: Used by individuals for general-purpose tasks
Use: Home, education, office work
Example: Desktop computers, laptops
Software
application
System Software
software
General purpose Specific purpose
Operating Language
Utility Software Application Application
System Translator
software software
Assembler, Microsoft Word, Our school MCB
window 7,10,11, Antivirus software , Interpreter,
Disk Management, Excel, App, Hotel
Android, red hat, Compiler Powerpoint, Billing App, bus
Disk cleanup tools
Linux, MAC Google Chrome, ticket booking
Gmail, App.
Photoshop,
Skype, Zoom
Software:
All the non-touchable part of the computer is called software. It is the collection of instructions, data, or
programs used to operate computers and perform specific tasks.
System Software:
Software designed to manage and control computer hardware so that application software can function.
It acts as a bridge between hardware and user applications.
Application Software:
Programs designed to perform specific tasks for users, such as word processing, web browsing, or
playing games. It runs on top of system software.
Operating Software (Operating System):
A type of system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common
services for computer programs. Examples include Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.
Utility Software:
System software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, or maintain a computer. Examples
include antivirus programs, file management tools, and disk cleanup tools.
Language Translator:
Software that converts the binary language (0/1) in to human understandable language and vice versa.
This includes:
Compiler: Translates high-level code into machine code all at once.
Interpreter: Translates and executes code line-by-line.
Assembler: Converts assembly language into machine code.
General Purpose Application Software:
Software that can be used for a variety of tasks by many users. Examples include Microsoft Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, and web browsers.
Specific Purpose Application Software:
Software designed to perform a specific task or function. Examples include payroll systems, airline
reservation systems, and hospital management systems.
