Data Science Unit-3

Matplotlib in Python:
A wide variety of tools exist for visualization. “matplotlib” is a Python library that helps
in visualizing and analyzing the data for better understanding. Which is widely used for producing
simple bar charts, line charts, and scatterplots by using matplotlib.pyplot module. The pyplot
maintains an internal state in which you build up a visualization step by step. For saving the
graphs use savefig() and to display use show() functions.

Most of the matplotlib utilities lies under the pyplot submodule, and are usually
imported under the plt alias:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Functions in matplotlib

plot() - to create the plot

show() – to display the created plots
xlabel() - to label the x-axis
ylabel() – to label the y-axis
title() - to give the title to the graph
xticks() - to decide how the markings are to be made on the x-axis
yticks() - to decide how the markings are to be made on the y-axis

Creating a Simple Plot

Program 1 :
# importing the required module
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# x axis values
x = [2,4,6]
# corresponding y axis values
y = [5,2,7]

# plotting the points

plt.plot(x, y)

# naming the x axis

plt.xlabel('x - axis')
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel('y - axis')

# giving a title of the graph

plt.title('A simple plot!')
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# function to show the plot

plt.show()

Output:

Program 2 :
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
years = [1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010]
gdp = [300.2, 543.3, 1075.9, 2862.5, 5979.6, 10289.7, 14958.3]
# create a line chart, years on x-axis, gdp on y-axis
plt.plot(years, gdp, color='green', marker='o',
linestyle='solid')
# add a title
plt.title("Nominal GDP")
# add a label to the y-axis
plt.ylabel("Billions of $")
plt.show()

Output:

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Types of Plots:
Most commonly used Plots come under Matplotlib are:
1. Bar Chart
2. Histogram
3. Frequency polygon
4. Quartiles
5. Box-plot
6. Scatter Plot
7. Heat maps

1) Bar Chart:
A bar chart is a graph that represents the category of data with rectangular bars. A bar chart
describes the comparisons between the discrete categories. One of the axis ofthe plot represents
the specific categories being compared, while the other axis represents the measured values
corresponding to those categories. bar() function used to plot Bar chart.

Syntax:
bar(x, height, width, bottom, align)

The function creates a bar plot bounded with a rectangle depending on the given parameters.
x x coordinates of the bars.

height scalar or sequence of scalars representing height(s) of the bars.

width Optional parameter - the width(s) of the bars default 0.8

bottom Optional parameter - the y coordinate(s) of the bars default None.

align Optional parameter - {‘center’, ‘edge’}, default ‘center’

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Program 1:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
y1 = [10, 20, 10, 30]
plt.bar(x, y1, color='r')
plt.xlabel("X values")
plt.ylabel("Y values")
plt.title("Barplot using Matplotlib")
plt.show()
Output:

Program 2:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
movies = ["Annie Hall", "Ben-Hur", "Casablanca", "Gandhi",
"West Side Story"]
num_oscars = [5, 11, 3, 8, 10]
# bars are by default width 0.8, so we'll add 0.1 to the
#left coordinates so that each bar is centered
xs = [i + 0.1 for i, _ in enumerate(movies)]
# plot bars with left x-coordinates [xs],
# heights [num_oscars]
plt.bar(xs, num_oscars)
plt.ylabel("# of Academy Awards")
plt.title("My Favorite Movies")
# label x-axis with movie names at bar centers
plt.xticks([i + 0.5 for i, _ in enumerate(movies)], movies)
plt.show()

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Output:

2) Histogram :
 A histogram is an accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is a kind
of bar graph. A histogram plot shows the frequency distribution (shape) of a set of
continuous data, each bar in histogram represents the height of the number of values
present in that range. In Python hist() function is used to plot a histogram.

Syntax:
hist (x, bins, range, align, color, label)

x : This parameter is the sequence of data.

bins : optional parameter and it contains the integer or sequence or string.
range : optional parameter and it the lower and upper range of the bins.
align : optional parameter and it controls how the histogram is plotted. {‘left’, ‘mid’,
‘right’}
color : optional parameter and it is a color spec
label : This parameter is an optional parameter and it is a string to match datasets.
To construct a histogram, follow these steps :
1) Bin the range of values.
2) Divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals.
3) Count how many values fall into each interval.
Program:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# Creating dataset

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a = np.array([5,5,6,7,8,10,15,15,18,20,25,27,30,50,55,65,65,68,
88, 89,90,92,94,96,99])
plt.hist(a, bins = [0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100])
plt.title("histogram of result")
plt.xticks([0,25,50,75,100])
plt.xlabel('marks')
plt.ylabel('no. of students')

plt.show()
Output:

Differences between Bar chart and Histogram

Histogram is similar to bar chart but the difference is
1) the type of data that is presented
2) the way they are drawn.
 Bar graphs are usually used to display "categorical data", that is data that fits into
categories.
 Histograms on the other hand are usually used to present "continuous data", that is
data that represents measured quantity where the numbers can take on any value in
a certain range. Ex: A good example is weight.

Bar chart Histogram

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3) Frequency polygon

A frequency polygon shows the overall distribution of a data set. It looks like a line graph–but
the points on the graph can be plotted using data from a histogram or a frequency table.

Frequency polygons are especially useful for comparing two data sets

Frequency polygon plotted using data from a histogram

Frequency polygon plotted using data from the Frequency table

 Frequency polygons are very similar to histograms, except histograms have bars, and
frequency polygons have dots and lines connecting the frequencies of each class
interval.
 To create a frequency polygon, start just as for histograms, by choosing a class interval.
 Then draw an X-axis representing the values of the scores in your data.
 Mark the middle of each class interval with a tick mark, and label it with the middle
value represented by the class.
 Draw the Y-axis to indicate the frequency of each class. Place a point in the middle of
each class interval at the height corresponding to its frequency.
 Finally, connect the points. You should include one class interval below the lowest
value in your data and one above the highest value.
 The graph will then touch the X-axis on both sides
Ex: 642 psychology test scores from frequency table
Middle of
Class Interval Cumulative
Lower Limit Upper Limit (Round off) Count Count
29.5 39.5 35 0 0
39.5 49.5 45 3 3

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49.5 59.5 55 10 13
59.5 69.5 65 53 66
69.5 79.5 75 107 173
79.5 89.5 85 147 320
89.5 99.5 95 130 450
99.5 109.5 105 78 528
109.5 119.5 115 59 587
119.5 129.5 125 36 623
129.5 139.5 135 11 634
139.5 149.5 145 6 640
149.5 159.5 155 1 641
159.5 169.5 165 1 642
169.5 179.5 175 0 642

• choosing a class interval. Then draw an X-axis representing the values of the scores in your
data. Mark the middle of each class interval with a tick mark, and label it with the middle
value represented by the class.

Frequency polygon for the psychology test scores

• It is easy to discern the shape of the distribution from the above Figure. Most of the scores
are between 65 and 115. It is clear that the distribution is not symmetric in as much as good
scores (to the right) trail off more gradually than poor scores (to the left). The distribution
is skewed.

Cumulative Frequency polygon

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Cumulative frequency polygon for the psychology test scores

• A cumulative frequency polygon for the same test scores is shown in the above Figure. The
graph is the same as before except that the Y value for each point is the number of students
in the corresponding class interval plus all numbers in lower intervals(cumulative count).
Uses of Frequency polygon
Frequency polygons are useful for comparing distributions. This is achieved by overlaying
the frequency polygons drawn for different data sets.

4) Quartiles

Quartiles are measures of variation, which describes how spread out the data is. Quartiles
are type of quantiles. These are values that separate the data into four equal parts.

Quartiles are the values that divide the data in to four equal parts (quarters)

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• The first quartile, or lower quartile, is the value that cuts off the first 25% of the data
when it is sorted in ascending order.
• The second quartile, or median, is the value that cuts off the first 50%.
• The third quartile, or upper quartile, is the value that cuts off the first 75%.

Procedure :
Arrange the data in ascending order then start by finding the median or middle value. The
median splits the data values into halves. Again find the middle value of these two halves.

Example:

With Python use the NumPy library quantile() method to find the quartiles
Syntax:
quantile (x,q)

x : This parameter is the sequence of data.

q : List of quartiles 0.25 for Q1, 0.5 for Q2, 0.75 for Q3 and 0 for minimum
and 1 for maximum values
Program:
import numpy
values = [13,21,21,40,42,48,55,72]
x = numpy.quantile(values, [0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1])
print(x)

Output:
[13. 21. 41. 49.75 72. ]

Here Q0(Minimum) = 13, Q1(First Quartile) = 21, Q2(Second Quartile) = 41,

Q3(Third Quartile) = 49.75, Q4(Maximum) = 72

Program: only first quartile

import numpy
values = [13,21,21,40,42,48,55,72]
x = numpy.quantile(values, [.25])
print(x)

Output:
[21.]
5) Box-plot
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A Box Plot is also known as Whisker plot is created to display the summary of the set
of data values having properties like minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile and
maximum. In the box plot, a box is created from the first quartile to the third quartile, a vertical
line is also there which goes through the box at the median. Here x-axis denotes the data to be
plotted while the y-axis shows the frequency distribution.

The matplotlib.pyplot module of matplotlib library provides boxplot( ) function

Syntax:

boxplot (data, notch, vert, widths)

data array or sequence of array to be plotted

notch optional parameter accepts boolean values

optional parameter accepts boolean values false and true for horizontal and vertical
vert
plot respectively

widths optional parameter accepts array and sets the width of boxes

Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Creating dataset
data = [1,3,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,8]

# Creating plot
plt.boxplot(data)

# show plot
plt.show()
Output:

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Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Creating dataset
data = [1,3,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,8]

# Creating plot
plt.boxplot(data, notch=True)

# show plot
plt.show()
Output:

Uses of Boxplots
1) To compare and analyses two data sets
2) To identify outliers

1) To compare and analyse two data sets

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Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Creating dataset
data1 = [1,3,3,4,5,6,6,7,8,8]
data2 = [2,4,4,5,7,7,8,8,8,9]

data = [data1, data2]

# Creating plot
plt.boxplot(data, vert = False)

# show plot
plt.show()
Output:

2) To Identify outliers

Outliers : In a box plot, an outlier is an a data point that is located outside the whiskers of
the box plot. That is 1.5 times interquartile range above the upper quartile or below
the lower quartile

outlier = (Q1 - 1.5 * IQR) or (Q3 + 1.5 * IQR)

Here IQR – Inter quartile Range = Q3-Q1

Program:
# with outliers
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Creating dataset
data = [52, 57, 57, 58, 63, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70,

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70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 76, 78, 79, 89]
# Creating plot
plt.boxplot(data)
# show plot
plt.show()
Output:

The round circle represents outliers. In this case Maximum and minimum
are outliers.

6) Scatter Plot:
A scatterplot is used for visualizing the relationship between two paired sets of data. Scatter
plots are widely used to represent relation among variables and how change in one affects the
other.
• Data are displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable
determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable
determining the position on the vertical axis.
• A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations between variables with a certain
confidence interval.
Ex: weight and height, weight would be on y axis and height would be on the x axis.
• Correlations may be positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated).
• If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right, it indicates a positive
correlation between the variables being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper
left to lower right, it indicates a negative correlation.
• A line of best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in order to study the
relationship between the variables.
• The scatter() method in the matplotlib library is used to draw a scatter plot. Scatter plots
are widely used to represent relation among variables and how change in one affects the
other.
Syntax:
scatter(x_axis_data, y_axis_data, s, c, marker,
linewidths, edgecolors)

x_axis_data- An array containing x-axis data

y_axis_data- An array containing y-axis data
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s- optional, marker size (can be scalar or array of size equal to size of x or y)

c- optional, color of sequence of colors for markers
marker- optional, marker style
linewidths- optional, width of marker border
edgecolor- optional. marker border color

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

height = np.array([99,86,88,111,132,103,125,94,78,77,129,116])
weight = np.array([65,57,59,69,77,72,75,63,45,43,81,71])

plt.scatter(height, weight)

plt.xlabel('Height')
plt.ylabel('Weight')
plt.title('Relationship between Height & Weight')
plt.show()

Output:

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Program:

illustrates the relationship between the number of friends the users have and the number of minutes
they spend on the site every day:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

friends = [ 70, 65, 72, 63, 71, 64, 60, 64, 67]
minutes = [175, 170, 205, 120, 220, 130, 105, 145, 190]
labels = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i']

plt.scatter(friends, minutes)

# label each point

for label, f_count, m_count in zip(labels, friends, minutes):
plt.annotate(label, xy=(f_count, m_count))

plt.title("Daily Minutes vs. Number of Friends")

plt.xlabel("# of friends")
plt.ylabel("daily minutes spent on the site")

plt.show()

Output:

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7) Heat Maps:
A heat map is a graphical representation of data where the individual values contained in a
matrix are represented as colors. i.e a colored representation of a matrix. It is a great tool for
visualizing data across the surface. It is used to see the correlation between columns of a dataset
where we can use a darker color for columns having a high correlation.
Ex: Below figure shows the analysis of the data by using bar charts and heat maps. It is easy to
understand the relationship between data by using heatmaps.

Matplotlib Heatmaps can be created using functions such as imshow()

Syntax:
imshow(X, cmap, alpha)

X :- this is input data matrix which is to be displayed

cmap :- Optional parameter - Colormap use to display the heatmap,default
Viridis colour palette
alpha :- Optional parameter - it specifies the transpiracy of the heatmap

Method 1: Using matplotlib.pyplot.imshow() Function

Program:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data = np.random.random(( 12 , 12 ))
plt.imshow( data)

plt.title( "2-D Heat Map" )

plt.show()
Output:

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Adding Colorbar to Heatmap Using Matplotlib:

Add a colorbar to the heatmap using plt.colorbar(). colorbar shows the weight of color relatively
between a certain range.

Program:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data = np.random.random((12, 12))

plt.imshow(data, cmap='autumn')

# Add colorbar
plt.colorbar()

plt.title("Heatmap with color bar")

plt.show()

Output:

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Method 2: Using Seaborn Library

Seaborn library has a function called seaborn.heatmap() to create heatmaps

Program:
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pylab as plt

data_set = np.random.rand( 10 , 10 )
ax = sns.heatmap( data_set , linewidth = 0.5 , cmap = 'coolwarm' )
plt.title( "2-D Heat Map" )

plt.show()

Output:

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