Object Oriented Programming

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Lecture Five
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OOP Concepts
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BY Basha K | Faculty of Computing and Software Engineering |AMIT
 Lecture Five
OOP Concepts

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Topics to be covered
♣ Encapsulation

♣ Inheritance

♣ Polymorphism

♣ Abstraction

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1. Encapsulation
➢ Encapsulation is one of the four fundamental OOP concepts.

➢ The other three are inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

➢ Encapsulation is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single

unit, for example capsule i.e. mixed of several medicines.

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 …cont’d
➢ It is the technique of making the fields in a class private and providing access to the fields
via public methods.
➢ If a field is declared private, it cannot be accessed by anyone outside the class, thereby
hiding the fields within the class.
➢ For this reason, encapsulation is also referred to as data hiding.
➢ We can create a fully encapsulated class in java by making all the data members of the
class private.
➢ Now we can use setter and getter methods to set and get the data in it.
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Advantage of encapsulation in java
❖ The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only.

❖ A class can have total control over what is stored in its fields.

❖ The users of a class do not know how the class stores its data.

❖ A class can change the data type of a field and users of the class do not need to
change any of their code.

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public class Student public void setAge(int newAge)
{ {
private String name; this.age=newAge;}
private int age; public int getAge()
private String sex; {
public void setName(String return this.age;
newName) }
{ public void setSex(String newSex)
this.name=newName; {
} this.sex=newSex;
public String getName() }
{ public String getSex()
return this.name; {
} return this.sex;
}}
public class RunEncap

public static void main(String args[])

Student encap = new Student( );

encap.setName("Basha");

encap.setAge(20);

encap.setSex("M");

System.out.println("Your Name : " +encap.getName()+ " Age : "+ encap.getAge()+" Sex : "+ encap.getSex());

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 2. Inheritance
➢ Inheritance is defined as the process where one object acquires the properties of
another object.

➢ In other words, the derived class inherits the states and behaviors from the base
class.

➢ The derived class is also called sub-class and the base class is also known as super
class.
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➢ With the use of inheritance the information is made manageable in a hierarchical
order.

➢ The extends keyword is used to determine whether one object IS - A type of

another.

➢ When we are using inheritance there is IS – A relationship.

➢ IS-A is a way of saying : This object is a type of that object.

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 …cont’d
Example to show how the extends achieve this.

public class Animal{

}
public class Mammal extends Animal{
}
public class Reptile extends Animal{
}
public class Dog extends Mammal{
}
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 …cont’d
➢ Now, from the above example, if we consider the IS – A relationship, we can say:
▪ Mammal is - A Animal.

▪ Reptile is - A Animal.

▪ Dog is A – Mammal.

▪ Hence, Dog is Animal as well.

➢ With use of the extends keyword the subclasses will be able to inherit all the properties of the
super class except for the private properties of the super class.

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Types of inheritance
➢ On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance: single, multilevel and
hierarchical in java.
1. Single inheritance: is when a class extends another one class.

2. Multi level inheritance: is when one can inherit from derived class, thereby making
this derived class the base class for the new class.

3. Hierarchal inheritance: when one class is inherited by many classes.

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 …cont’d
➢ When a class extends multiple classes i.e. known as multiple inheritance.
➢ Java supports only single inheritance.

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…cont’d

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3. Polymorphism
➢ Polymorphism in java is a concept by which we can perform a single action by
different ways.

➢ Polymorphism is derived from two Greek words: poly and morphs.

➢ The word “poly” means many and “morphs” means forms.

➢ So polymorphism means many forms.

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There are two types of polymorphism in java:

1. Compile time polymorphism ( Method Overloading).

2. Runtime polymorphism (Method Overriding).

➢ We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method overriding.

➢ If you overload static method in java, it is the example of compile time polymorphism.

➢ Here, we will focus on runtime polymorphism in java.

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Method Overloading
➢ If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in
parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.

Advantage of Method overloading

➢ If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the

methods increases the readability of the program.

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There are two ways to overload the method in java.

1. By changing number of arguments

2. By changing the data type

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Method overloading: changing no. of arguments
➢ In this example, we are created two methods, first add( ) method performs
addition of two numbers and second method performs addition of three
numbers.

➢ In this example, we are creating static methods

…..so that we don’t need to create instance for calling methods.

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class Adder{
public static int add(int a, int b){
return a+b;
}
Public static int add(int a,int b,int c)
{
return a+b+c;
}
Public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(add(3,4));
System.out.println(add(4,5,6));
}
}
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Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

▪ In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type.

▪ The first add method receives two integer arguments and second add

method receives two double arguments.

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class Adder{
public static int add(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
}
public static double add(double a, double b)
{
return a+b;
}
Public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(add(3,4));
System.out.println(add(2.4,8.6));
}
} 22
2. Run time polymorphism
➢ Run time polymorphism is a process in which a call to an overridden
method is resolved at runtime rather than compile time.

➢ In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference

variable of a super class.

➢ The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being

referred to by the reference variable.

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Example of java runtime polymorphism
➢ In this example, we are creating two classes Vehicle and Bike.

➢ Bike class extends vehicle class and overrides its run method( ).

➢ We are calling the run method by the reference variable of parent class.

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…cont’d
➢ Since it refers to the subclass object and subclass method overrides the

parent class method, sub class method is invoked at runtime.

➢ Since method invocation is determined by the JVM not compiler, it is

known runtime polymorphism.

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public class Vehicle {
public void run( ){
System.out.println("Vehicle is running");
}}
class Bike extends Vehicle{
@Override
public void run( ){
System.out.println("Bike is running");
}}
class MainClass{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Vehicle v=new Vehicle( );
v.run( );
Bike b=new Bike( );
v.run( );
Vehicle c=new Bike();
c.run( );
}
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4. Abstraction
➢ Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing
only functionality to the user.

➢ Another way, it shows only important things to the user and hides the
internal details for example sending sms, you just type the text and send
the message.

➢ Data abstraction provides the outside world with only essential

information, in a process of representing essential features without
including implementation details
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…cont’d
➢ In java, abstraction is achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.

Abstract class
➢ A class that is declared with abstract keyword , is known as abstract class in java.

➢ Abstraction refers to the ability to make a class abstract in OOP.

➢ It can have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body).

➢ An abstract class is one that cannot be instantiated.

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…cont’d
➢ All other functionality of the class still exists, and its fields, methods, and
constructors are all accessed in the same manner.

➢ You just cannot create an instance of the abstract class.

➢ If a class is abstract and cannot be instantiated, the class does not have much use
unless it is subclass.

➢ The abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class in java.

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…cont’d
Abstract methods:
➢ If you want a class to contain a particular method but you want the actual
implementation of that method to be determined by child classes, you can declare
the method in the parent class as abstract.

➢ The abstract keyword is also used to declare a method as abstract.

➢ An abstract method consists of a method signature, but no method body.

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…cont’d
➢ Abstract method would have no definition, and its signature is followed by a
semicolon, not curly braces.

➢ If a class contains an abstract method, the class must be abstract as well.

➢ Any child class must either override the abstract method or declare itself abstract.

➢ A child class that inherits an abstract method must override it.

➢ If they do not, they must be abstract and any of their children must override it.

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 Example
package pack; public class Dashen extends Bank{

public abstract class Bank { public float interest() {

public void deposit() System.out.println("Dashen bank interest

implimentetion...");
{
return 0.0f;
System.out.println("common deposit method across all
}
banks...");
}
}
public class Wegagen extends Bank{
public void withdraw()
public float interest()
{
{
System.out.println("common withdraw method across all
System.out.println("Wegagen bank interest
banks...");
implimentetion...");
}
return 0.0f;
public abstract float interest(); }
} }
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public class Demo {
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bank w=new Wegagen();
w.deposit();
w.withdraw();
w.interest();

Bank d=new Dashen();

d.deposit();
d.withdraw();
d.interest();
}
}
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Interface
➢ An interface is a collection of abstract methods.

➢ A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the

interface.

➢ A class describes the attributes and behaviors of an object.

➢ An interface contains behaviors that a class implements.

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 … cont’d
➢ The purpose of an interface is to specify behavior for a class.

➢ In other words, we can say that interface is a design contract. It specifies methods
and classes can implement the interface and thereby sign the contract.

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 …cont’d

Differences and similarity between abstract class and interface

➢ You can not instantiate an interface.
➢ An interface does not contain any constructor.
➢ All of the methods in an interface are abstract.
➢ An interface can not contain instance fields.
➢ The only fields that can appear in an interface must be both static and final.
➢ A class can implement more than one interface at a time.

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 …cont’d

Declaring interface

➢ The interface keyword is used to declare an interface.

➢ A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface.

➢ By default all methods in interface are public and abstract.

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 Example
package pack;
interface Animal { public class Demo {
void run(); public static void main(String
void eat(); args[])
} {
class Dog implements Animal{ Animal animal=new Dog();
@Override animal.run();
public void run() {
animal.eat();
}
System.out.println("Dogs can run");
}
@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println("Dogs can eat too");
}
}
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THE END
Q?

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