C PROGRAMMING

By FerdH

MADE EASY
LET'S EXPLORE TECHNOLOGY
TOGETHER TO LIVE IN THE FUTURE

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Module 1: Data types & variables Page 5
Introduction to data types: int, float, double,
char, char[], bool
Declaring and initializing variables
Constants and identifiers
Real-life use of variables (e.g., budgeting,
grading systems)

Module 2: Input and Output Page 8

Using printf() and scanf() effectively
Format specifiers: %d, %f, %lf, %c, %s
Real-life input/output.

Module 3: Operators in C Page 11

Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
Comparison operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical operators: &&, ||, !
Assignment and compound operators: =, +=, -=, etc.
Increment & Decrement: ++, -- (pre/post)
Exercises after each section

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Module 4: Control structures Page 21
if, else, else if statements
Nested if statements
switch statements and break
Real-life projects: Grade evaluation,
login system

Module 5: Loops (for, while, do...while) Page 25

for loop: structure, flow, use cases
while loop: condition-first structure, examples
do...while: guaranteed one-time execution

Module 6: Real-Life Practice with Loops Page 28

Projects involving repetition:
ATM simulator (pin attempts)
Guessing game
Printing patterns with nested loops
Repeated menu interface
Breakdown with full code, line-by-line
explanation

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Module 7: Exam Past Questions (Theory + Coding)
Easy: Page 31
Add two numbers
Even/odd checker
Use of if and scanf

Intermediate:
Largest of 3 numbers
for, while, and do...while applications
Factorials and summation

Advanced:
Login system
PIN retry system
Pattern printing

All questions include:

Code walkthrough
Explanation
Expected output

Module 8: Final Exam Practice

10–15 coding-only questions (no solutions
provided)
Students can contact to access answers or
join paid group
Builds independence and reinforces
concepts

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 What are data types?
Data types tell the computer what kind of
value a variable holds

They help manage memory and operations

on data

Examples: int, float, double, char, etc.

Common data types in C

Data Types Description Example

int teger number int age = 20;

float Decimal number float price = 3.99;

double Precise decimal double pi = 3.14159;

char Single character char grade = 'A';

char[] String of characters char name[] = "Sam";

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 Declaring variables
Syntax: data__type variable_name = value
Example:

int score = 100;

float weight = 72.5;
char grade = 'B';

Rules for naming variables

Must start with a letter or underscore
Cannot use C keywords like int, while,
etc.
Case-sensitive: Age and age are different
Use meaningful names: studentAge, not
just a

Constants in C
A constant value never changes
Declared using const keyword
const float PI = 3.14;

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 Real-life use of variables
Budget calculator: int total = income -
expenses;
Grading system: char grade = 'A';
Temperature sensor: float temp = 37.5;

Practice Questions
Declare an integer to store your age
Create a float variable to store product price
Use a char to represent your grade
Challenge: Store your name using char[]

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 Input and Output in C
Learn how to interact with users using
printf() and scanf()

Output Using printf()

Used to display messages or values

Example:

printf("Your age is %d", &age);

%d is a format specifier (for integers)

Input using scanf()

Used to take input from user
Example:

scanf("%d", &age);

& means "address of" — it stores input into a

variable

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 Format specifiers in C
Specifier Used For Example

%d Integers int age = 20;

%f Float float price = 3.98;

%lf Double double pi = 3.14159;

%c Character char grade = 'A';

%s String char name[] = "Sam";

Example: Basic I/O

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf("You are %d years old",
age);
return 0;
}

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 Explanation
Asks user to input age
Stores it in variable
Prints

Additional Practice Questions

1. Take two integers as input and print their sum and
difference
Example:
Input: 5 and 3
Output: Sum = 8, Difference = 2

2. Input a user's name and age, then print a message like:

Hello Sarah, you are 19 years old.

3. Write a program to input marks for 3 subjects and print

the total and average.

4. Ask user to input temperature in Celsius, print the same

in Fahrenheit
Hint formula: F = C * 9/5 + 32

5. Write a program that takes an integer and a float as input

and displays both.

6. Create a program to display a shopping receipt:

Inputs: item name, quantity, price per item
Output: item name, quantity, total price

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 Operators in C
Learn how to perform calculations and
comparisons in your programs

What Are Operators?

Operators are symbols used to perform
operations on variables and values

Examples: +, -, *, /, ==, !=, etc.

Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning Example

+ Addition a+b

- Subtraction a-b

* Multiplication a*b

/ Division a/b

% Modulus (remainder) a%b

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 Logical Operators in C
Programming
Content:
Understand how to make decisions in a
code using &&, ||, and !
Logical operators are used to combine or
reverse conditions in decision-making (if,
while, e.t.c)

Types:
AND (&&)
OR (||)
NOT (!)
Logical AND (&&)
Syntax:
condition1 and condition2
Explanation:
Returns true only if both conditions are true

int age = 25;

if (age > 18 && age < 30) {
printf("You are a young adult.");
}
output: // You are a young adult.
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 Logical OR (||)
Syntax:
condition1 || condition2
Explanation:
Returns true if at least one condition is true

int temp = 40;

if (temp < 0 || temp > 35) {
printf("Extreme weather!");
}
output: Extreme weather!

Logical NOT (!)

Syntax:
!condition1
Explanation:
Reverses the result of the condition. If true,
false. If false, true

int loggedIn = 0;
if (!loggedIn) {
printf("Please log in.");
}
output: Please log in.
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 Truth Table

A B A && B A || B !A

0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 0

Great question!

In C programming, 0 and 1 are used to

represent Boolean logic (true or false):

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 Equality operators in C
programming
Content:
Used to compare values and check if they
are the same or different
Equality operators are used to compare two
values or.expressions in the conditions (like if
statements)
Main operators:
== Equal to
!= Not Equal to

Equal to (==)
Syntax:
a == b
Explanation:
Checks if the value of a is equal to the value
of b
Returns 1 (true), if equal. 0 (false), if not
int x = 5;
if (x == 5) {
printf("x is equal to 5");
}
output: x is equal to 5 15
 Not Equal to (!=)
Syntax:
a != b
Explanation:
checks if the value of b is not equal to
the value of a
Returns 1 (true) if the value is not equal
to. 0 (false) if equal

int y = 10;
if (y != 5) {
printf("y is not 5");
}
output: y is not 5

Common mistake warning

Don't confuse == with !=
= is for assignment (sets a value)
== Is for comparison
Wrong:

if (x = 5) // This sets x to 5!

Correct:

if (x == 5) // This compares x with 5

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Relational (comparison) operators
Operator Meaning Example

== Equal to a == b;

!= Not Equal to a != b;

> Greater than a > b;

< Lesser than a < b;

>= Greater than or equal to a >= b;

<= Lesser than or Equal to a <= b;

Assignment Operators
Operator Meaning Example

= Assign value a = b;

+= Add and assign a += b;

-= Subtract and assign a -= b;

*= Multiply and assign a *= b;

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Increment & Decrement
Operators in C

Content:
++ increases the value by 1
-- decreases the value by 1

int x = 5;
x++; // x is now 6
x--; // x goes back to 5

Pre-Increment VS Post-Increment
++x increasing before using
x++ increasing before using

int a = 5;
int b = ++a; // a = 6, b = 6
int c = a++; // c = 6, a = 7

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 Step by step explanation

int a = 5;
int b = ++a; // a = 6, b = 6
int c = a++; // c = 6, a = 7

1. int a = 5; 3. int c = a++;

This declares an integer variable a Here, a++ is a post-increment
and assigns it the value 5. operation.

2. int b = ++a; Post-increment means: first use

Here, ++a is a pre-increment the value of a, then increment it.
operation. So:

Pre-increment means: first c is assigned the current value of a,

increment a, then use it. which is 6.
So:
a becomes 6. Then, a is incremented to 7.

Then, b is assigned the value of a, Result: c = 6, a = 7.

which is now 6.
Final values:
Result: a = 6, b = 6. a=7
b=6
c=6

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 Real-Life Use Cases
Calculating grades, prices, tax
Comparing ages or scores
Checking if user input meets conditions
Adding items in shopping cart

Practice Questions
1. Write a program to calculate the sum,
difference, product and quotient of two
numbers.

2. Take two numbers and check which is

greater using relational operators.

3. Input a number and check if it's odd or

even using %.
4. Check if a student passed using logical
operator: marks > 40 and < 100.

5. Demonstrate post-increment and pre-

increment in a simple program.

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Control statement in C
Making decisions in programs
What are control statements in C?
They allow your program to make decisions and
control the flow of execution based on
conditions.
Mainly used: if, else, else if

The if statement
if (condition) {
// code runs if condition is
true
}

Example:

if (age >= 18) {

printf("You can vote");
}

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 The if...else statements

if (condition) {
// runs if true
} else {
// runs if false
}

Example:

if (score >= 50) {

printf("Pass");
} else {
printf("Fail");
}

The else if Ladder

if (mark >= 70) {

printf("A");
} else if (mark >= 60) {
printf("B");
} else {
printf("Fail");
}
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 Nested if statements
You can write an if inside another if for
more complex checks.

if (a > 0) {
if (a % 2 == 0) {
printf("Positive
Even");
}
}

Real-life examples
Voting eligibility
Grading systems
ATM PIN validation
Login/password checks

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Missing { } for multiple lines
Using = instead of ==
Forgetting to end statements with ;

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 Practice Questions
1. Write a program that checks if a number
is positive or negative.

2. Ask for a user's age and tell if they are a

child, teenager, or adult.

3. Write a grading system using else if.

4. Input two numbers and print the larger

number.

5. Check if a number is even or odd using if-

else.

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 Loops in C
Repeating tasks efficiently

What are loops?

Loops allow a block of code to run multiple
times until a condition is false.

The while loop

while (condition) {
// code runs while condition
is true
}

Example:

int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}

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 The do-while loop

do {
//code runs at least once
}while (condition)

Example:

int I = 1;
do {
printf("%d\n", i);
. i++;
} while(i <= 5);

Real-Life Examples of Loops

Display menu until user chooses “Exit”
Keep asking for password until correct
Countdown timers
Printing repeated patterns

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 Common Mistakes to Avoid
Infinite loop: forgetting to update the variable
Wrong condition that never becomes false
Misplaced ; after loop declaration

Practice Questions
1. Print numbers from 1 to 10 using a while loop.
2. Use a do-while loop to ask user for a password
until it’s correct.
3. Write a program that prints the multiplication
table of a number.
4. Print even numbers from 1 to 20.
5. Sum the first 10 natural numbers using while
loop.

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 The for loop in C

A for loop is used when the number of iterations is known

in advance.
Syntax includes initialization, condition, and
increment/decrement in one line.

Syntax of for loop

for (initialization; condition;

update) {
// code runs in here
}

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

printf("%d/n", i)
}

How it Works (Step-by-Step)

1. Initialize i = 1
2. Check condition i <= 5
3. Execute code block
4. Update i++
5. Repeat until condition is false
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 Use cases of for loops
1. Printing number series
2. Multiplication tables
3. Pattern printing
4. Running fixed number of tests

Nested for Loops

One for loop inside another
Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= 2;
j++) {
printf("%d %d\n", i, j);
}
}

Common mistakes
1. Off-by-one errors (looping too much or
too little)
2. Using wrong condition
3. Infinite loop by forgetting update

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 Practice Questions

1. Print numbers from 10 to 1 using a

for loop.
2. Display the squares of numbers 1
to 5.
3. Print even numbers from 2 to 20.
4. Use nested loops to print a
rectangle of *.
5. Calculate the factorial of a
number using a for loop.

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