Chapter 3

Persistence and Databases

1
Outline
Introduction
Overview of the database connectivity
Connection, Cursor, Row Objects
Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD) operations
Query Results and Metadata

2
 Introduction

 A database is an organized collection of data.

 A database management system (DBMS) provides mechanisms for
storing, organizing, retrieving and modifying data for many users.
 Popular relational database management systems (RDBMSs)
 Microsoft SQL Server®
 Oracle®
 Sybase®
 IBM DB2®
 Informix®
 PostgreSQL
 MySQL™

3
 Saved in
Work on

Connect
For java applications JDBC

Access
Use

4
Mostly used DBMS
 We have number of databases so how java
connect to each of this databases?

 Each DBMS has its own drivers (Library )

5
Introduction (cont.)

 Java programs interact with databases using the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC™)
API.
 A JDBC driver enables Java applications to connect to a database in a particular DBMS
and allows you to manipulate that database using the JDBC API.

6
JDBC

 JDBC is a Standard API that enables Java applications to interact with

databases

 Acts as a bridge between your Java application(frontend) and the

database(backend), allowing you to send and retrieve data between the two
systems (Java developed system and database system )

7
Relational Databases

 A relational database is a type of database that organizes data into rows and
columns, which collectively form a table where the data points are related to
each other.
 A relational database is a logical representation of data that allows the data to be
accessed without consideration of its physical structure.

 A relational database stores data in tables.

 Tables are composed of rows, each describing a single entity

 Rows are composed of columns in which values are stored.

 Primary key—a column (or group of columns) with a value that is unique for each
row.
8
9
Relational Database Overview:

 Entity-relationship (ER) diagram.

 Shows the database tables and the relationships among them.
 The names in italic are primary keys.
 A table’s primary key uniquely identifies each row in the table.
 Every row must have a primary-key value, and that value must be unique in the table.
 This is known as the Rule of Entity Integrity.

10
 SQL
 The next several subsections discuss the SQL
queries and statements using the SQL
keywords.

 Structured Query Language (SQL) is the

standard programming language for
interacting with relational database
management systems

 allowing database administrator to add,

update, or delete rows of data easily.

11
Basic SELECT Query

 A SQL query “selects” rows and columns from one or more tables in a
database.
 The basic form of a SELECT query is
 SELECT * FROM tableName
 in which the asterisk (*) wildcard character indicates that all columns
from the tableName table should be retrieved.
 To retrieve all the data in the Authors table, use
 SELECT * FROM Authors
 To retrieve only specific columns, replace the asterisk (*) with a comma-
separated list of the column names, e.g.,
 SELECT AuthorID, LastName FROM Authors

12
13
WHERE Clause

 In most cases, only rows that satisfy selection criteria are selected.
 SQL uses the optional WHERE clause in a query to specify the selection criteria for
the query.
 The basic form of a query with selection criteria is
 SELECT columnName1, columnName2, … FROM tableName WHERE
criteria
 To select the Title, EditionNumber and Copyright columns from table
Titles for which the Copyright date is greater than 2013, use the query
 SELECT Title, EditionNumber, Copyright
FROM Titles
WHERE Copyright > '2013'
 Strings in SQL are delimited by single (') rather than double (") quotes.
 The WHERE clause criteria can contain the operators <, >, <=, >=, =, <> and
LIKE.

14
15
WHERE Clause (cont.)

 Operator LIKE is used for pattern matching with wildcard characters percent (%) and
underscore (_).
 A pattern that contains a percent character (%) searches for strings that have zero or
more characters at the percent character’s position in the pattern.
 For example, the next query locates the rows of all the authors whose last name starts
with the letter D:
 SELECT AuthorID, FirstName, LastName
FROM Authors
WHERE LastName LIKE 'D%'

16
17
WHERE Clause (cont.)

 An underscore ( _ ) in the LIKE pattern string indicates a single wildcard character at

that position in the pattern.
 The following query locates the rows of all the authors whose last names start with any
character (specified by _), followed by the letter o, followed by any number of
additional characters (specified by %):
 SELECT AuthorID, FirstName, LastName
FROM Authors
WHERE LastName LIKE '_o%'

18
19
ORDER BY Clause

 The rows in the result of a query can be sorted into ascending or descending order by
using the optional ORDER BY clause.
 The basic form of a query with an ORDER BY clause is
 SELECT columnName1, columnName2, … FROM tableName ORDER BY column
ASC
SELECT columnName1, columnName2, … FROM tableName ORDER BY column
DESC

 ASC specifies ascending order (lowest to highest)

 DESC specifies descending order (highest to lowest)
 column specifies the column on which the sort is based.

20
ORDER BY Clause (cont.)

 To obtain the list of authors in ascending order by last name (), use the query
 SELECT AuthorID, FirstName, LastName
FROM Authors
ORDER BY LastName ASC
 To obtain the same list of authors in descending order by last name (), use the
query
 SELECT AuthorID, FirstName, LastName
FROM Authors
ORDER BY LastName DESC
 Multiple columns can be used for sorting with an ORDER BY clause of the form
 ORDER BY column1 sortingOrder, column2 sortingOrder, …
 sortingOrder is either ASC or DESC.
 Sort all the rows in ascending order by last name, then by first name.
 SELECT AuthorID, FirstName, LastName
FROM Authors
ORDER BY LastName, FirstName

21
22
ORDER BY Clause (cont.)

 The WHERE and ORDER BY clauses can be combined in one query, as in

 SELECT ISBN, Title, EditionNumber, Copyright
FROM Titles
WHERE Title LIKE '%How to Program'
ORDER BY Title ASC

 which returns the ISBN, Title, EditionNumber and Copyright of each book
in the Titles table that has a Title ending with "How to Program" and sorts
them in ascending order by Title.

23
24
Merging Data from Multiple Tables:
INNER JOIN
 Database designers often split related data into separate tables to ensure
that a database does not store data redundantly.
 Often, it is necessary to merge data from multiple tables into a single
result.
 Referred to as joining the tables
 An INNER JOIN merges rows from two tables by matching values in
columns that are common to the tables.
 SELECT columnName1, columnName2, …
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.columnName = table2.columnName
 The ON clause specifies the columns from each table that are compared
to determine which rows are merged—these fields almost always
correspond to the foreign-key fields in the tables being joined.
25
Merging Data from Multiple Tables:
INNER JOIN (cont.)
 The following query produces a list of authors accompanied by the ISBNs for books
written by each author:
 SELECT FirstName, LastName, ISBN
FROM Authors
INNER JOIN AuthorISBN
ON Authors.AuthorID = AuthorISBN.AuthorID
ORDER BY LastName, FirstName

 The syntax tableName.columnName in the ON clause, called a qualified name,

specifies the columns from each table that should be compared to join the tables.

26
INSERT Statement

 The INSERT statement inserts a row into a table.

 INSERT INTO tableName (columnName1, columnName2,
…, columnNameN)
VALUES (value1, value2, …, valueN)
where tableName is the table in which to insert the row.
 tableName is followed by a comma-separated list of column names in
parentheses
 not required if the INSERT operation specifies a value for every
column of the table in the correct order
 The list of column names is followed by the SQL keyword
VALUES and a comma-separated list of values in parentheses.
 The values specified here must match the columns specified after the
table name in both order and type.
27
INSERT Statement (cont.)

 The INSERT statement

 INSERT INTO Authors (FirstName, LastName)
VALUES ('Sue', ‘Red')

 indicates that values are provided for the FirstName and LastName columns. The
corresponding values are 'Sue' and ‘Red'.
 We do not specify an AuthorID in this example because AuthorID is an
autoincremented column in the Authors table.
 Not every database management system supports autoincremented columns.

28
UPDATE Statement
 An UPDATE statement modifies data in a table.
 UPDATE tableName
SET columnName1 = value1, columnName2 = value2, …,
columnNameN = valueN
WHERE criteria
 where tableName is the table to update.
 tableName is followed by keyword SET and a comma-separated list of
columnName = value pairs.
 Optional WHERE clause provides criteria that determine which rows to
update.
 The UPDATE statement-
 UPDATE Authors
SET LastName = ‘Black'
WHERE LastName = ‘Red' AND FirstName = 'Sue'
 indicates that LastName will be assigned the value Jones for
the row where LastName is Red and FirstName is Sue.

29
30
DELETE Statement
 A SQL DELETE statement removes rows from a table.
 DELETE FROM tableName WHERE criteria

 where tableName is the table from which to delete.

 Optional WHERE clause specifies the criteria used to determine which rows to delete.
 If this clause is omitted, all the table’s rows are deleted.
 The DELETE statement
 DELETE FROM Authors
WHERE LastName = ‘Black' AND FirstName = 'Sue'
 deletes the row for Sue Jones in the Authors table.

31
32
How java application talk to
databases then ?

33
 3.5 Overview of the database connectivity

 JDBC – Java DataBase Connectivity

 Industry standard interface for connecting to relational databases from Java
 Independent of any DBMS
 Allows three things
 Establish a connection with Relational databases
 Send SQL statements
 Process the results

 Provides two APIs

 API for application writers
 API for driver writers

34
 JDBC Architecture

Application JDBC Driver

 Java code calls JDBC library

 JDBC loads a driver
 Driver talks to a particular database
 Can have more than one driver -> more than one database
 Ideal: can change database engines without changing any application code

35
 import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

Class.forName() is a static
method in Java’s
java.lang.Class class. It
dynamically loads a class into
memory at runtime by its fully
qualified name (e.g.,
com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver).
In the context of JDBC, it was
historically used to register a
database driver with the
DriverManager before
establishing a connection.

getConnection() is a static method in

the java.sql.DriverManager class.
It’s your gateway to establishing a
connection between your Java
application and a database.
Once called, it returns a Connection
object, which you use to interact with
the database—running queries, updates,
or managing transactions.

createStatement() is a method of the java.sql.Connection

interface. It creates a Statement object, which you use to
36
send SQL queries or updates to the database. Think of it as
your tool to tell the database what you want to do—whether
it’s fetching data (SELECT), inserting rows (INSERT), or
updating records (UPDATE).
A JDBC Driver

 Is an interpreter that translates JDBC method calls to vendor-specific database

commands

Database
JDBC calls commands
Driver
Database

 Implements interfaces in java.sql

 Can also provide a vendor’s extensions to the JDBC standard

37
Overview of Querying a Database With JDBC

Connect

Query

Process
Results

Close

38
Stage 1: Connect

Connect Register the driver

Query Connect to the database

Process
results

Close

39
 Registering a Driver
 In order to begin with, you first need to load the driver or register it before using it in the program.
Registration is to be done once in your program.
 You can register a driver in one of two ways mentioned below as follows:
Class.forName()
Here we load the driver’s class file into memory at the runtime.
No need of using new or create objects. DriverManager.registerDriver()
The following example uses Class.forName() to load the Oracle DriverManager is a Java inbuilt class with a static
driver as shown below as follows: member register.
Here we call the constructor of the driver class at
Class.forName(“oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver”); compile time.
Statically load driver
Class.forName(“Driver Name”);
The following example uses
Use the jdbc.drivers system property
DriverManager.registerDriver()to register the Oracle
Every driver has its own name
driver as shown below:
For example
mysql - com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
Oracle - oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver DriverManager.registerDriver(new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver())

40
 Connection to the Database

After loading the driver, establish connections as shown below as

 Handled by DriverManager class Object follows:

 Calls getConnection() Method Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,password)

 Accepts
 JDBC URL, user: Username from which your SQL command prompt can be
 username accessed.
 password password: password from which the SQL command prompt can
be accessed.
 Returns a Connection object
con: It is a reference to the Connection interface.
 Throws java.sql.SQLException Url: Uniform Resource Locator which is created as shown below:

41
JDBC URLs
 JDBC uses a URL to identify the database connection
jdbc:subprotocol:source

 Each driver has its own subprotocol

 Each subprotocol has its own syntax for the source

42
Connection

 A Connection represents a session with a specific database.

 Within the context of a Connection, SQL statements are executed and results are
returned.

 Can have multiple connections to a database

 Also provides “metadata” -- information about the database, tables, and fields
 Also methods to deal with transactions

43
Obtaining a Connection
String url = jdbc:oracle:thin:@dbserv.cs.siu.edu:1521:cs";
try {
Class.forName ("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }
catch (SQLException e)
{ e.printStackTrace(); }

44
Stage 2: Query

Connect

Query Create a statement

Process Query the database

results

Close

45
Statement

 A Statement object is used for executing a SQL statement and obtaining the results
produced by it.
 Different types of Statements
 Statement
 PreparedStatement
 CallabaleStatment

46
Statement

 Once a connection is established you can interact with the database.

 The JDBCStatement, CallableStatement, and PreparedStatement interfaces define the methods that enable
you to send SQL commands and receive data from your database.
 Use of JDBC Statement is as follows:

 Statement st = con.createStatement();

 Statement
 Used for executing a static SQL statement

 Created by createStatement()method on the connection object

 Returns a new Statement object
47
PreparedStatment

 Creates precompiled SQL statements - more efficient than Statement class

 Can also allow specifying parameters that can be filled during run time
 Usually used if the statements is going to execute more than once
 A PreparedStatement is an interface in the java.sql package that extends Statement.
 It represents a precompiled SQL statement with placeholders (parameters) that you set
dynamically.

 Unlike a regular Statement, which executes static SQL strings, PreparedStatement is designed
for queries or updates where values change—like user inputs or repeated operations.

 Created by prepareStatement()method on the connection object

 Accepts the query
 returns a new PreparedStatement object

48
CallableStatment
 Many DBMS can store individual or set of SQL statements in a database
 Stored Procedures
 A stored procedure is a prepared SQL code that you can save, so the code can
be reused over and over again.

 JDBC allows programs to invoke stored procedures using CallableStatment

interface

 A Callable statement object holds parameters for calling stored procedures

 Created by prepareCall(String sql)
 Accepts the query
 returns a new CallableStatement object
49
Statement Methods

 executeQuery(String)
 Accepts SQL query
 Execute a SQL query that returns a single ResultSet
 executeUpdate(String)

 Execute a SQL INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement. Returns the

number of rows changed.
 Execute()
 Execute a SQL statement that may return multiple results.

50
Class Myclass

51
Stage 3: Process the Results

Connect

Query
Step through the results

Process Assign results to Java

results variables

Close

52
ResultSet
 A ResultSet provides access to a table of data generated by executing
a Statement.
 Only one ResultSet per Statement can be open at once.
 The table rows are retrieved in sequence.
 A ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of data.
 The 'next' method moves the cursor to the next row.
A ResultSet is an interface in the java.sql package that represents the data
returned from a database query, typically a SELECT statement.

It acts like a table of rows and columns, letting you iterate over the results
and extract values (e.g., strings, integers) from each row.
53

Think of it as your bridge to the data fetched from the database.

ResultSet Methods

 boolean next()
 activates the next row
 the first call to next() activates the first row
 returns false if there are no more rows

54
ResultSet Methods

 Type getType(int columnIndex)

 returns the given field as the given type
 fields indexed starting at 1 (not 0)

 Type getType(String columnName)

 same, but uses name of field
 less efficient

 int findColumn(String columnName)

 looks up column index given column name

55
ResultSet Methods
• String getString(String columnName)
• boolean getBoolean(String columnName)
• byte getByte(String columnName)
• short getShort(String columnName)
• int getInt(String columnName)
• long getLong(String columnName)
• float getFloat(String columnName)
• double getDouble(String columnName)
• Date getDate(String columnName)
• Time getTime(String columnName)
• Timestamp getTimestamp(String columnName)

56
Stage 4: Close

Connect

Query
Close the result set

Process
results Close the statement

Close Close the connection

57
Close
• Close the ResultSet object

• void close()
– disposes of the ResultSet
– allows you to re-use the Statement that created it
– automatically called by most Statement methods

 Close the Statement Object

• void close()
 Close the connection
 void close()

58
 Step 1: import java.sql Package
 Step2: Load and register the driver
 Step 3:Connect to the database
 Step 4: Create statements
 Step 5: Execute statements & Process the Result
 Step 6: close ResultSet and Statement
 Step 7: Close the connection

59
JDBC Object Classes
• DriverManager
– Loads, chooses drivers
• Driver
– connects to actual database
• Connection
– a series of SQL statements to and from the DB
• Statement
– a single SQL statement
• ResultSet
– the records returned from a Statement
 The following program demonstrates how to connect to a MySQL database using JDBC, execute a query,
retrieve the results, and display them in a Java program.

60
 Overview of what the code does
1.The program loads the MySQL JDBC driver using the
Class.forName() method.
2.It then connects to the MySQL database using the
DriverManager.getConnection() method and a JDBC URL that
specifies the database name, username, and password.
3.It creates a Statement object to execute SQL queries.
4.It executes a SELECT query on the "Authors" table using the
executeQuery() method and stores the results in a ResultSet object.
5.It iterates through the ResultSet using the next() method and
retrieves the values of the "authorId", "firstName", and "lastName"
columns using the getInt() and getString() methods.
6.It displays the retrieved data using the System.out.println()
method.
7.It closes the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection objects using
61

the close() method.

 Example
import java.sql.*;
public class DisplayAuthors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Load the JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
// Connect to the database
String url =
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Books?user=myuser&password=mypassword";
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
// Create a Statement object to execute SQL queries
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
// Execute the query and store the results in a ResultSet object
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT authorId, firstName,
62
lastName FROM Authors");
 Example
// Iterate through the ResultSet and display the data
while (rs.next()) {
int authorId = rs.getInt("authorId");
String firstName = rs.getString("firstName");
String lastName = rs.getString("lastName");
System.out.println("Author ID: " + authorId + ", First Name: " +
firstName + ", Last Name: " + lastName); }
// Close the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection objects
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();

} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} }}
63
Overview of what the code does
1.The program loads the MySQL JDBC driver using the Class.forName()
method.
2.It then connects to the MySQL database using the
DriverManager.getConnection() method and a JDBC URL that specifies
the database name, username, and password.
3.It creates a PreparedStatement object to execute SQL statements. In
this case, the SQL statement is an INSERT statement that inserts a new
record into the "Authors" table with a first name of "John" and a last name
of "Doe". The ? placeholders are used to specify parameter values later.
4.It sets the parameter values for the INSERT statement using the
setString() method.
5.It executes the INSERT statement using the executeUpdate() method
and gets the number of rows affected.
6.It displays a message indicating how many rows were inserted.
7.It closes the PreparedStatement and Connection objects using the
close() method. 64
 Insert a single record
import java.sql.*;
public class InsertAuthor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try { // Load the JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
// Connect to the database String url =
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Books?user=myuser&password=
mypassword"; Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(url); // Create a
PreparedStatement object to execute SQL statements
String query = "INSERT INTO Authors (firstName, lastName)
VALUES (?, ?)";
65
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(query);
Insert a single record
// Set the parameter values for the query
pstmt.setString(1, "John");
pstmt.setString(2, "Doe");
// Execute the query and get the number of rows affected
int rows = pstmt.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(rows + " row(s) inserted.");
// Close the PreparedStatement and Connection objects pstmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
66
}}}
 Overview of what the update code does
1.The program loads the MySQL JDBC driver using the Class.forName()
method.
2.It then connects to the MySQL using DriverManager.getConnection()
method and a JDBC URL that specifies the database name, username, and
password.
3.It creates a PreparedStatement object to execute SQL statements. In
this case, the SQL statement is an UPDATE statement that updates the
"firstName" and "lastName" columns of the record with an "authorId" of 1
to "Jane" and "Doe", respectively. The ? placeholders are used to specify
parameter values later.
4.It sets the parameter values for the UPDATE statement using the
setString() and setInt() methods.
5.It executes the UPDATE statement using the executeUpdate() method
and gets the number of rows affected.
6.It displays a message indicating how many rows were updated.
7.It closes the PreparedStatement and Connection objects using the
close() method. 67
 Update a single record
import java.sql.*;
public class UpdateAuthor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try { // Load the JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
// Connect to the database String url =
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Books?user=myuser&password=mypas
sword";
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
// Create a PreparedStatement object to execute SQL statements
String query = "UPDATE Authors SET firstName = ?, lastName = ?
WHERE authorId = ?";
PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(query);
68
Update a single record
// Set the parameter values for the query
pstmt.setString(1, "Jane");
pstmt.setString(2, "Doe");
pstmt.setInt(3, 1);
// Execute the query and get the number of rows affected
int rows = pstmt.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(rows + " row(s) updated.");
// Close the PreparedStatement and Connection objects pstmt.close();
conn.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}}} 69
Exercises

70