Dr.

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CS3251- PROGRAMMING IN C

I YEAR / II SEMESTER

PREPARED BY

Mrs. T.THENDRALKANI, CSE Asst.PROFESSOR.

VERIFIED BY

HOD PRINCIPAL MD/DIRECTOR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION

TECNOLOGY

DR. NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

THOLUDUR- 606 303

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UNIT-I
PART- A-2 Marks
1. Write down the steps involved in writing a program to solve a problem.
To design a program, a programmer must determine three basic steps:
a. The instruction to be performed.
b. The sequence in which those instructions are to be performed.
c. The data required to perform those instructions.

2. List out the various stages in evolution of C.

The various stages in evolution of C are as follows

Language Year Founder

ALGOL 1960 International group
BCPL 1967 Martin Richards
B 1970 Ken Thompson
C 1972 Dennis Ritchie
K & RC 1978 Kernighan and Ritchie
ANSIC 1989 ANSI Committee
ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee

3. What is the use of main ( ) function in C program? (May 2009)

Every C program must have main () function. All functions in C, has to begin
with (and end with) parenthesis. It is a starting point of all C programs. The program
execution starts from the opening brace {and ends with closing brace} within which
executable part of the program exists.

4. List out the delimiters in C.

The delimiters in C are
a. : Colon
b. ; Semicolon
c. ( ) Parenthesis
d. [ ] Square Bracket
e. { } Curly Brace
f. # Has h
g. , Comma

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5. What is the purpose of main( ) in C?

main ( ) is a special function used by the C system to tell the computer where the
program starts. Every program must have exactly one main function. The empty
parenthesis immediately following main indicates that the function main has no
arguments.

6. Following are the escape sequences in C

a. \n -new line
b. \t –tab
c. \a –alert
d. \0 –null

7. What do you meant by C Tokens?

C tokens are the basic buildings blocks in C language which are constructed
together to write a C program. Each and every smallest individual unit in a C
program are known as C tokens.
„C‟ language contains the individual units called C tokens. C tokens are of six types.
They are as follows
a. Keywords (Ex: int, while)
b. Identifiers (Ex: main, total)
c. Constants (Ex: 10, 20)
d. Strings (Ex: “total”, “hello”)
e. Special symbols (Ex: (), {})
f. Operators (Ex: +, /,-,*)

8. What is a variable? Illustrate with an example. (Nov 2014)

A variable is an entity whose value can vary during the execution of a program. A
variable can be assigned different data items that at various places within the
program. A variable is a data name used for storing a data value. It can be assigned
different values at different times during program execution. Ex: a=3, b=5.

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9. What are the different data types available in C? (June 2014)

Basic /Primitive Data Types Derived Data Types
Integer types (signed int, unsigned Arrays
int) Floating Type (float, double) Pointers
Character types (signed char) Structures, Enumeration

User Defined Data Types Void

Structure, Union
10.What is meant by Enumerated data type?
Enumerated data type is a user defined data type in C language.
Enumerated data type variables can only assume values which have been
previously declared.
Ex. enum month { jan = 1, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov, dec};

11.What are Keywords? What is the importance of keywords in C? (May 2015)

(A/M 2022) Keywords are pre-defined / reserved words in a C compiler. Each
keyword is meant to can be used only for a specific function in a C program. Since
keywords are referred names for compiler, they can‟t be used as variable name. Ex.
auto, break, const, else

12.Define Constants in C. Mention the types.

The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution.
These fixed values are also called literals. Constants can be of any of the basic data types
like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string constant.
Ex. const int LENGTH = 10

13.List out the rules to be followed in forming in identifier. (June 2010)

a. First letter should be alphabets.
b. Both numeric and alphabets are permitted.
c. Both lower case and upper case are allowed.
d. No special symbols are permitted except underscore ( _ ).
e. Keywords are not permitted, blank space is not allowed.

14.What is identifier? Give any two examples for an identifier. (Jan 2009)
Identifiers are the names given to variable program elements such as variables,

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functions and arrays. Ex. STDNAME, sub, TOT_MARKS,sub123

15.Differentiate between Local and Global Variable.
Local Variable Global Variable
a. Variables are declared inside a a. Variables are declared outside
function. any function.
b. They are accessed only by the b. They are accessed by any statement
statements, inside a function in in the entire program.
which they are declared. c. Stored on a fixed location
c. Local variables are stored on the decided by a compiler.
stack, unless specified. d. Remain in existence for the
d. Created when the function entire time your program is
block is entered and destroyed executing.
upon exit. e. They are implemented by
e. They are unknown to other associating memory locations
functions and to the main program. with variable names.
f. They are recreated each time a f. They do not get recreated if the
function is executed or called. function is recalled

16.What is different between a constant and variable? (Jan 2010)

Variable Constant
a. A variable is a space reserved in A constant is value stored in the
the machine memory for storing application code itself and is not stored
values in runtime. in the memory.
b. The stored value can be changed The value of a constant cannot
anytime. be changed.
c. Variables are comparatively slow Constants are slightly faster than
when compared to constants variables because constants are stored in
the code not running the memory.

17.Is ‘main’ a keyword in C language? Justify your answer. (May 2011,NOV 2023)
The name main is not a keyword in C.
From the compiler's perspective, main() is a function.
Just like any other function that you may define in your program, such as
factorial(), sort().
The simplest way to prove is that you can create a variable "main" in the

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program and that will work.

#include <stdio.h> Output

int main() The value of main is: 10
{
int main = 10;
printf("The value of main is: %d \n", main);
}

18.Define Operator. List out the types of Operator.(NOV2022)

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical manipulations. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides
following type of operators
a. Arithmetic Operators d. Bitwise Operators
b. Relational Operators e. Assignment Operators
c. Logical Operators f. Special Operators

19.What is the difference between ++a and a++?

 ++a means do the increment before the operation (pre increment)
 a++ means do the increment after the operation (post increment).

20.Give two examples for logical and relational expression. (Jan 2011)
Relational Expression Logical Expression
(a>b) if((a>b)&&(a>c))
(a==b) if((a>b)||(a>c))

21.Write the following conditions using ternary operator. (Jan 2009)

4x+100 for x<40
Salary= 300 for x=40
Salary= x<40?4*x+100:x>40?4.5*x+150:300;

22.What are the Bitwise Operators available in C? (Jan 2011)

It is used to manipulate the data at bit level. It operates only integers.

Operator Meaning
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& Bitwise AND

! Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR
<< Shift Left
>> Shift Right
~ One‟s complement

23.What is type casting?

Type casting is a way to convert a variable from one data type to another
data type. For example, if you want to store a long value into a simple integer
then you can typecast long to int. You can convert values from one type to
another explicitly using the cast operator.
int x,y;
c = (float) x/y;
where x and y are defined as integers. Then the result of x/y is converted into float.

24. What do you meant by conditional or ternary operator? Give an

example for Ternary operator. (Nov 2014)
Conditional or ternary operator‟s returns one value if condition is true and
returns another value is condition is false. Using ?: reduce the number of line codes
and improve the performance of application.
Syntax: (Condition? true_value: false_value);
Ex: a<b ? printf("a is less") : printf("a is greater");
is allocated to that data types.
sizeof(char); //1

25.What is use of Sizeof() Operators

inC?
sizeof() is used with the data types such as int, float, char… it simply return amount of
memory is allocated to that data types.
sizeof(int); //4
sizeof(float); //4
sizeof(double); //8
sizeof() is used with the expression,
it returns size of the expression. int a = 0;

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Double d = 10.21;
printf("%d", sizeof(a+d)); //8

26.Mention the various decisions making statement available in C.

a. if statement
b. if...else statement
c. nested if statements
d. switch statement
e. nested switch statements

27.What is the difference between if and while statement?

If While
a. It is a conditional statement. a. It is a loop control statement.
b. If the condition is true, it b. Executes the statements within the
executes some statements. while block if the condition is true.
c. If the condition is false then it c. If the condition is false the control
stops the execution the is transferred to the next statement of
statements. the loop.

28.What are the types of looping statements available in C?

C programming language provides following types of loop to handle looping requirements.
a. for loop
b. while loop
c. do...while loop
29.Write a for loop statement to print numbers from 10 to 1. (Jan 2014)
#include <stdio.h> Output:
void main(void)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
{
Press any key to continue . . .
int count; // Display the numbers 10 to
1 for(count = 10; count >= 1; count--)
printf("%d ", count); }

30.Distinguish between while and do..while statement in C. (Jan 2009)

While Do..while
a. Executes the statements within the a. Executes the statements within the

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while block, if only the condition while block at least once.

is true. b. The condition is checked at the end
b. The condition is checked at the of the loop.
starting of the loop. c. It is an exit controlled loop.
c. It is an entry controlled loop.
31.What are the two types of I/O Statements in C?
There are two types of I/O Statements in C.
1. Formatted I/O Statements
2. Unformatted I/O Statements
32.Differentiate between formatted and unformatted functions.
Formatted I/O functions Unformatted I/O functions
a. Formatted data requires more a. Unformatted input/output is
space than unformatted to usually the most compact way to
represent the same information. store data.
b. Formatted input/output is very b. Unformatted input/output is the
portable. least portable form of input/output.
c. It is a simple process to move c. Unformatted data files can only be
formatted data files to various moved easily to and from
computers, even computers running computers that share
different operating systems, as long the same internal data representation.
as they all use the ASCII
character set.

33.List the various input and output statements in C. (May 2015)

The various input and output statements in C are
Input Statements Output Statements
a. gets() a. puts()
b. getch() b. putch()
c. getchar() c. putchar()
d. scanf() d. printf()
e. getche()

34.Write the limitations of using getchar() and scanf() functions for reading
strings. (Jan 2009)

getchar(): It is written in standard I/O library. It reads a single character only from a
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standard input device. This function is not use for reading strings.
Scanf: It is use for reading single string at a time. When there is a blank was typed,
the scanf() assumes that it is an end.

35. What are the pre-processor directives? (Jan 2014, May 2014, 2015)
Preprocessor directives are the commands used in preprocessor and they begin with
“#” symbol. Before a C program is compiled in a compiler, source code is processed
by a program called preprocessor. This process is called preprocessing.
Macro Syntax: #define
This macro defines constant value and can be any of the basic
data types.
Header file Syntax: #include <file_name>
inclusion The source code of the file “file_name” is included in the
main program at the specified place.
Conditional Syntax: #ifdef, #endif, #if, #else, #ifndef
compilation Set of commands are included or excluded in source
program before compilation with respect to the condition.
Unconditional Syntax: #undef, #pragma
compilation #undef is used to undefine a defined macro variable.
#Pragma is used to call a function before and after main
function in a C program.

36.What is meant by storage Class?

A storage class is the one that defines the scope (visibility) and life time of variables and/or
functions within a C program.

37.What are the storage classes available in C?

Storage classes are categorized in four types as,
Automatic Storage Class -
auto Register Storage Class -
register Static Storage Class -
static External Storage Class –
extern
38.What is register storage in storage class?
Register is used to define local variables that should be stored in a register instead of

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RAM. This means that the variable has a maximum size equal to the register size
(usually one word) and can‟t have the unary '&' operator applied to it (as it does not
have a memory location). Ex. register int a=200;

39.What is static storage class? (Nov 2014)

Static is the default storage class for global variables. The static storage class
object will be stored in the main memory. Ex. static int Count=19;

40.Define Auto storage class in C.

Auto is the default storage class for all local variables. The auto storage class data
object will be stored in the main memory. These objects will have automatic (local)
lifetime. Ex. auto int Month;

41.Define Macro in C. What is the use of #define preprocessor? (Nov 2014)

A macro can be defined as the facility provided by the C preprocessor by which a
token can be replaced by the user defined sequence of characters. Macros are defined
with the help of define directive. Its format is: #define identifier replacement.
#define TABLE_SIZE 100

42.What are conditional Inclusions in Preprocessor Directive?

The conditional inclusion directives are the one that is used to control the
preprocessor with conditional statements. Ex: #ifdef, #else, #endif

43.Define Compilation process.

Compilation process is defined as the processing of source code files and the
creation of an object' file. The compiler produces the machine language instructions
that correspond to the source code file that was compiled.

44.What will be the output for the following program when the value of i is 5 and 10?
(June-2012)
#include<stdio.h> Output
void main() Five (if I is 5)
{ No output if I is 10

inti;
scanf(“%d”,&i);
if(i=5){
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printf(“five”); }.
PART-B
1. Explain in detail about the Structure of C Program.(APRIL 2022,2024)
STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAM

Documentation section

Preprocessor section

Definition section

Global declaration section

main()
{
Declaration
part;
Executable
part;
Subprogram Section
{
Body of
the
subprogr
am
‘C’ program may Documentation Section :
 It consists of set of comment lines used to specify the name of the program etc.
Comments:
 Comments are used to identify the program features and logic of the
program.
 The lines begins with ‘/*’ and ending with ‘*/’ are known as comments
lines.
 These lines are not executable.
 There are two types of comment lines,
 Single comment line eg., /* abcd….
 Nested comment line (or) multiple comment line..........................(e.g,
/*…….. abcd… */
Preprocessor Section :
 It is used to link system library files for defining the macros and for
defining the conditional inclusion.
 C program depends upon some header file .
 Header file is extended with ‘.h’.
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 This file should be included using #.

 Eg., #include<stdio.h>

Global Declaration Section:
 The section declares some variables that are used more than one function.
 These variables are known as global variables.
 These variables must be declared outside of the main function.

Function main:
contain one or more section.
 Every C program must contain main function.
 After main function empty parenthesis are necessary.
 Main () is the starting point of every ‘C’ program.
 The execution starts with opening brace ‘{’ & closing brace ‘}’
 In between these braces the programmer should write executable and
declaration part.
 Executable part:
 it contains a set of statements or a single statement.
 These statements are enclosed between the braces.
 Declaration part:
 It declares the entire variables that are used in executable part.
 Variable initialization is done in declaration section.

Sub program section (or) User defined function
 These section defined by user are called user defined functions.
 These functions are defined after the main function (or) before the main function.

PROGRAMMING RULES:
 All statements should be written in lowercase letters.
 Uppercase letters are only used for symbolic constants.
 Blank space may be inserted between words.
 But it is not used while declaring a variable, keyword, constant and function.
 The programmers can write the statement anywhere between the two braces.
 We can write one or more statements in one line by separating each statement with
semicolon (;)
 The opening and closing braces should be balance

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2. Explain in detail abut the Storage classes with example.(NOV 2022)

STORAGE CLASS:
 It refers to the scope of the variables with in the program.
 Through declaration statement memory is allocated temporarily for variables.
 The size of the allocated memory varies with respect to the type of variable.
 C language supports 4types of storage class. they are ,
 Auto
 Static
 Extern
 Register
Automatic Variable:
 The variables without any specification are considered as automatic variables.
 They are defined inside a function.
 They are called as automatic because their memory space is
automatically allocated as the variable is declared.
 These variable has only temporary memory space .
 after execution all automatic variables are disposed. It can not be accessed directly.
Syntax:
storage_class_type data_type var1,var2,…varn;
Example:
auto int a,b;
auto float x,y;
auto char sex
Example Program: Output:
#include<stdio.h> c=340
#include<conio.h> c=458
void main() c=340
{
int c=340;
clrscr();
printf(“c=%d”,c);
{
int c=458;
printf(“c=%d”,c);
}
printf(“c=%d”,c);
getch();
}

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Static Variable:
 Static variables are the variables for which contents of variables
available throughout the program.
 It may be an internal or external type, depending upon where it is declared.
 If declared outside of the body , it will be a static or global.
 If it is declared inside the body or block it will be auto variable.
 These are permanent with in the function.
Syntax:
storage_class_type data_type var1,var2,…varn;
Example:
static int a,b;
static float x,y;
static char sex;

Example Program: Output:

# include<stdio.h> p=1
#include<conio.h> p=2
void main() p=3
{ p=4
clrscr (); p=5
for(;;;) p=6
print(); p=7
} p=8
print()
{
int static p;
p++;
printf(“p=%d”,p);
getch();
if(p==8) exit(1);
}
External Variable:
 They are declared outside of the main() function.
 The availability of the variable through out the program.(both in main and user
defined function).
 Compiler does not allocate memory for that variable.
 It is already allocated when it is declared as a global.
Syntax:
Storage_class_type data_type var1,var2,…varn;
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Example:
extern int a,b;
extern float x,y;
extern char sex;
Example Program: Output
#include<stdio.h> in fun1() d=124
#include<conio.h> in fun2() d=510
int d=510; in main() d=510
void main()
{
clrscr();
fun1();
fun2();
printf(“in main() d=%d”,d);
getch();
}
fun1()
{
int d=124;
printf(“in fun1() d=%d”,d);
}
fun2()
{
printf(“in fun2() d=%d”,d);
}
Register Variable
 It is a special storage area in central processing unit.
 The arithmetic and logical operations are carried out with in these register.
 Register access is faster than memory access.
 The values of register variable stored with in the registers of computer
cpu rather than in memory.
Syntax:
Storage_class_type data_type var1,var2,…varn;
Example:
register int a,b;
Example Program: Output:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> value of i is: 0

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void main() value of i is: 1

{ value of i is: 2
register int i=0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
printf(“value of i is:%d”,i);
}
getch();
}
3. Explain various types of operators in C language with suitable example.
OPERATORS
 An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the
operands.
 The data items that operators act upon are called operands.
 Operators that require two operands are called binary operators.
 Operators that act upon only one operand is called unary operators.

Example: a+b
Here a, b-> Operator + -> Operand
Types of operators
a) Arithmetic Operators
b) Relational Operators
c) Logical Operators
d) Assignment Operators
e) Increment/ Decrement Operators
f) Conditional Operators(Ternary
Operator)
g) Bitwise Operators
ARITHMETIC OPERATOR

OPERATO MEANING EXAMPL

R E
+ Addition 2+9=11
- Subtraction 9-2=7
* Multiplication 2*9=18
/ Division 9/3=3
% Modulo Division 9%2=1
Arithmetic Operators can be classified into

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i) Unary Arithmetic-It requires only one operand. Ex: +x,-y

ii) Binary Arithmetic-It requires two operands. Ex: a+b, a-b
iii) Integer Arithmetic- It requires both operands are integer values for arithmetic
operation.
Ex: a=5, b=4
Expression Result
a+b 9
a-b 1
iv) Floating Point Arithmetic:

It requires both operands are float type for arithmetic operation.

Expression Result
Ex: a=6.5, b=3.5
a+b 10.0

a-b 3.0

Program For Arithmetic Operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c; output
c = a+b; a+b=13
printf("a+b = %d \n",c); a-b=5
c = a-b; a*b=36
printf("a-b = %d \n",c); a/b=2
c = a*b;
Remainder when a divided by b=1
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
c = a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
c = a%b;

printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d

\n",c);
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return 0;
}
RELATIONAL OPERATORS:
Used to compare two or more operands.
Opera Meaning Exam Retur
to r pl e n
Valu
es
< is less than 2<9 1
<= is less than or 2<=2 1
equal to
> is greater than 2>9 0
>= is greater than or 3>=2 1
equal to
== is equal to 2==3 0
!= is not equal to 2!=2 0
Syntax:
Program For Relational Operators

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
clrscr();
printf(“\N Condition : Return Values \n”);
printf(“\n5!=5 :%5d”, 5!=5);
printf(“\n5==5 :%5d”, 5==5);
printf(“\n5>=50 :%5d”, 5>=50);
printf(“\n5<=50 :%5d”, 5<=50);
printf(“\n5!=3 %5d”, 5!=3);
}
LOGICAL OPERATOR: Used to combine the results of two or more conditions.

Operato r Meaning Example Return Value

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&& Logical AND (9>2)&&(17>2) 1

|| Logical OR (9>2)||(17==7) 1
! Logical NOT 29!=29 0

Logical AND(&&): Used when two or more expressions are TRUE.

Ex: (expr1) && (expr2)
Logical OR(||): Used when atleast one expression is TRUE.
Ex: (expr1) || (expr2)
Logical NOT(!): Reverses the value of expression it operates on.
Ex: !( expr1)

Program For Logical Operators

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int c1,c2,c3;
clrscr();
printf(“enter the values of c1,c2,c3:”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”,&c1,&c2,&c3);
if((c1<c2)||(c1<c3))
printf(“c1 is less than c2 and c3”);
else if(c2<c3)
printf(“c2 is less than c3”);
else
printf(“c3 is greater than c1 and c2”);
getch();
}

ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR:
 It is used to assign a value of a variable to another variable
Syntax:
 Variable=expression(or)value;
Example:
 X=10;
 X=a+b;
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Program For Assignment Operator

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int i,j,k;
clrscr();
k=(i=4,j=5);
printf(“k=%d”, k);
getch();
}
INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS
 ++ is a increment operator
 --is a decrement operator
 It is also called as unary operator
Operator Meaning
++x Pre increment
--x Pre decrement
x++ Post increment
x-- Post decrement
Program For Increment And Decrement Operator
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int a=10;
printf(“a++ = %d”, a++);
printf(“++a = %d”, ++a);
printf(“a-- = %d”, a--);
printf(“--a = %d”, --a);
}

4. Explain different types of conditional statement OR Explain in detail about

Decision making and control statements.(APR 2022,NOV 2022)(APR 2024)
DECISION MAKING STATEMENT
Conditions are placed in the program using decision making statements.
 Decision making statements check the condition and then executes its sub
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blocks.
 ‘C’ language provides the following conditional statements.

if statements
if…..else statements
nested if….else statements
if……else ladder

IF STATEMENTS
 The if statement is a decision making statement
 Used to control the flow of execution by executing statements when the condition
is true (or) false.
Properties of If statement:
 If condition is true, it execute true statement
FLOW CHART:
 If condition is false it does not do anything.
 Condition must be in parenthesis

SYNTAX: EXAMPLE:
Condition
if(condition) #include<stdio.h>
{ void main()
True statement; {
} int a; True statement
printf(“enter the value”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
True statement
if(a==10)
{
printf(“Both are equal”);
}
}

IF…..ELSE STATEMENT
 It is two way decision making statement
 It has two block
 if & else
 if block is executed when the condition is true,
 else block is executed when the condition is false.
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SYNTAX: EXAMPLE:
if(condition is true) #include<stdio.h>
{ #include<conio.h>
True statement; void main() condition
} {
else int num,rem;
True statement False statement
{ clrscr();
False statement; printf(“Enter ur number”);
} scanf(“%d”,&num);
rem=num%2;
if(rem==0)
printf(“the number is
even”);
else
printf(“the number is odd”);
getch();
}

NESTED IF……ELSE STATEMENT

 if…..else statement is written in another if….else statement called
as called nested if else statement
SYNTAX: EXAMPLE FLOWCHART
if(condition 1) #include<stdio.h>
{ #include<conio.h>
if(condition 2)
{ void main()
True statement 2; {
}
else
int
{ a,b,c,
false statement 2;
}
small;
} clrscr(
else );
{
false statement 1; printf(“Enter three
} numbers”); scanf(“%d%d
%d”,&a,&b,&c);
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if(a<b)
{
if(a<c) small=a; else small=c;
}else
{
if(b<c)
small=b;
else
small=c;
}
printf(“the smallest value is”)
}}
IF….ELSE LADDER
 Number of logical conditions is checked for executing various statements.
 If three are more than three alternatives and indentation is not consistent, it may
be different for you to determine the logical structure of the if statement

SYNTAX: FLOW CAHRT EXAMPLE

if(condition 1) #include<stdio.h>
{ main()
Statement 1; {
}
int a,b,c,d;
else if(condition 2)
{ printf(“enter the four numbers”);
Statement 2; scanf(“%d%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c,&d);
} if((a<b)&&(a<c)&&(a<d))
else if(condition 3) printf(“a is greater”);
{ else
Statement 3; if((b>a)&&(b>c)&&(b>d))
}
printf(“b is greater”);
else
{ else
default-statement; if((c>a)&&(c>b)&&(c>d))
} printf(“c is greater”);
else
printf(“d is greater”);
return(0);

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SWITCH CASE STATEMENTS:

Switch statement is a multi-way branch statements.

Used to make a choice from a number of options,
it requires only one variable which is checked with number of case options.
If the value matches with case constant this particular case statement is
executed if not default is executed.
 Every case statements terminate with:
 break statement is used to exit from the current case structure.
SYNTAX:
Switch (variable (or) expression)
{
case constant 1:
statement 1; break;
case constant 2:
statement 2; break;
case constant 3:
statement 3; break;
default: statement;
}

FLOW CHART

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, c, option;
printf(“\n 1.Addition”);
printf(“\n 2.subtraction”);
printf(“\n 3.multiplication”);
printf(“\n 4.Division”);
printf(“\n 5.Exit”);
printf(“\n Enter two number”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
printf(“\n Enter your option”)
scanf(“%d”, &option);
switch(option)
{
Case 1:
c=a+b;
printf(“\n Addition=%d” ,c);
break;
case 2:
c=a-b;
printf(“\n subtraction=
%d”,c); break;
case 3:
c=a*b;
printf(“\n multiplication=%d”,c);
break;
case 4:
c=a/b;
printf(“\n division=%d”,c);
break;
case 5:
Exit(0);
break;
default:
printf(“Invalid Choice”);
}
getch();

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5. Describe the statements for looping OR Explain the various looping constructs.
BRANCHING AND LOOPING (NOV 2022)

Loop:
 A loop is defined as a block of statements which are repeatedly
executed for certain number of times. They are three types of loop
control statements
 for
 while
 do-while

WHILE LOOP:
 It is repetitive control structure used to executed the statements
within the body until the condition becomes false. The while loop
is an entry controlled loop statement
 In that condition is evaluated first ,if it is true, then the body of the loop is
executed.

while(test condition)
{ #include<stdio.h>
body of the loop; void main()
} { condition
int number, digit, rev=0;
printf(“Enter the number:”);
while(number!=0)
{
digit=number%10;
rev=rev*10+digit;
number=number/10; Body of the loop
}
printf(“%d”,rev);
getch();
}

SYNTAX: EXAMPLE FLOWCHART:

DO….WHILE
 Here the condition is checked at the end of the loop.
 The do while loop will executed at least one time even if the condition is false
initially.
 The do-while loop executes until the condition becomes false.

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SYNTAX: EXAMPLE FLOWCHART:

do #include<stdio.h>
{ #include<conio.h>
Statement; void main()
} { Body of the loop
while(condition); int i=2,sum=0;
do
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
condition
}
while(i<=10)
printf(“sum of the numbers upto 10 is=%d”,sum);
getch();
}

FOR LOOP
 It is used to execute set of instructions repeatedly until the condition becomes
false.
 Initialize counter: It is used to initialize the counter variable
 Test condition:
 It is used to test the condition.
 Increment / decrement counter:
 It is used to Increment / decrement the counter variable
SYNTAX:
For(initialize counter; test condition; increment/decrement counter)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i, sum=0;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“The addition of numbers upto 10 is %d”,sum);
getch();
}

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Other Looping statements

Continue Statement:
 The condition statement is used for continuing next iteration of loop statements.
 It is useful when we want to continue the program without executing any part of
the program.
SYNTAX: EXAMPLE
Continue; #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,sum=0;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf(“Enter any number”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n<0)
continue;
else
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(“sum is….%d”,sum;);
}

Goto Statement:
 This statement does not require any condition.
 This statement passes control any where the program
 ie., control is transferred to another part of program without testing the application.
Break statement:
 It is used to terminate the loop.
 When break is used inside loop, control is automatically transferred to first statement
after the loop.
SYNTAX(goto): EXAMPLE(goto) SYNTAX(break):
#include<stdio.h>
goto label; #include<conio.h>
Break;
void main()
………… {
………… int a,b;
label: printf(“Enter a number”); EXAMPLE:
scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b); #include<stdio.h>
{
if(a==b) #include<conio.h>
SYNTAX(goto): { void main()
goto equal; {
goto label; } int i;
………… else for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{ {
…………
printf(“A & B are equal”);
label: if(a==b)
exit(0);
29 break;
}
equal: printf(“%d”,i);
printf(“A & B are not equal”); }
}
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6. Write a program to check whether a given number is prime or not.

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, i, c = 0;
printf("Enter any number n:");
scanf("%d", &n);
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
if (n % i == 0)
{
c++;
}
}
if (c == 2) {
printf("n is a Prime number");
}
else {
printf("n is not a Prime number");
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Enter any

number n:55

n is not a

Prime number

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Write a program quadratic equation using c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(){
float a,b,c;
float d,root1,root2;
printf("Enter quadratic equation in format ax^2+bx+c:");
scanf("%fx^2%fx%f",&a,&b,&c);
d = b * b - 4 * a * c;
if(d < 0)
{
printf("Roots are complex number.\n");
return 0;
}
root1 = ( -b + sqrt(d)) / (2* a);
root2 = ( -b - sqrt(d)) / (2* a)
printf("Roots of quadratic equation are: %.3f , %.3f",root1,root2);
return 0;
}
Output

Enter quadratic equation in the format ax^2+bx+c: 2x^2+4x+-1

Roots of quadratic equation are: 0.000, -2.000

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UNIT-II
PART- A
1. Define array. Give example. (Jan 2009, 2014,)
Array can be define as a collection of similar data elements of similar data type
that are stored in consecutive memory locations. They are referenced by an
index/subscript.
Syntax: data_type array_name [size] Ex.: int rollno[10];

2. Why is it necessary to give the size of an array in an array declaration?(2022)

i. When an array is declared, the compiler allocates a base address
and reserves enough space in the memory for all the elements of the array.
ii. The size is required to allocate the required space. Thus, the size must be
mentioned.

3. What is the difference between an array and pointer?

Arrays Pointers
a. Array allocates space automatically. a. Pointer is explicitly assigned to point to
b. It cannot be resized. an allocated space.
c. It cannot be reassigned. b. It can be resized using realloc().
d. Sizeof (array name) gives the c. Pointers can be reassigned.
number of bytes occupied by the d. Sizeof (pointer name) returns the
array. number of bytes used to store the
pointer variable.

4. List the characteristics of Arrays. (Jan 2013)

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i. The elements of array share the same name and they are
distinguished from one another with helps of an elements
number.
ii. An elements of array a[] can be assigned
iii. The array elements are stored in continuous memory locations.

5. What are the types of Arrays?

i. One-Dimensional Array
ii. Two-Dimensional Array
iii. Multi-Dimensional Array

6. Write the features of array. (Jan 2013)

i. An array is a derived data type. It is used to represent a correction of
elements of the same data type.
ii. The elements can be accessed with base address and the subscript
defined for the position of elements.
iii. The elements are stored in continuous memory location
iv. The starting memory location is represented by the array name and it is
known as the base address of the array.

7. Define One dimensional Array.

One dimensional array can be defined as the collection of data item that can be
stored under a one variable name using only one subscript. Ex. int a[10];

8. Define Two Dimensional Array.(NOV 2023)

Two dimensional arrays can be defined as an array with two subscripts. A two
dimensional array enables us to store multiple row of elements. Ex. int a[10][10];

9. Give example for array initialization.

An array can be initialized at the time of declaration is known as compile time
initialization.
Ex. int a[5]={5,3,5,4,1};

10. Why do you need to use array? (Jan 2012)

In many cases, we need to declare a set of variables that are of the same data
type. Instead of declaring each variable separately, we can declare all variable
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collectively in the format of an array. Each variable, as an element of the array, can be
accessed either through the array elements references or through a pointer that
references the array.

11. List out the disadvantages of an array.

a. The elements in the array must be same data types.
b. The size of an array is fixed.
c. If we need more space at run time, it Is not possible to extend array.
d. The insertion and deletion an operation is an array require shifting of
elements which takes times.

12. What are the limitation of one-dimensional and two dimensional arrays?
The limitations of one dimensional array are
a. There is no easy method to initialize large number of array elements
b. It is difficult to initialize selected array
element The limitations of two dimensional
arrays are
a. Deletion of any element from an array is not possible
b. Wastage of memory when it is specified in large array size

13. Why array elements must be initialized?(APR 2022)

After declaration array elements must be initialized otherwise it holds garbage
value. There are two types of initialization
a. compile time initialization(initialization at the time of declaration) int
a[5]={12,34,23,56,12};
b. run time initialization (when the array has large number of elements it can be
initialized at run time)
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);

14. What is the value of b in the following program?(Jan 2012)

main()
Output: 6
{int a[5]={1,3,6,7,0};
int *b;
b=&a[2];
printf(“%d”,*b);
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15. Write a C Program to calculate power of number.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() Output
{ Enter a base number: 3
Enter an exponent: 4
int base, exponent;
Answer = 81
long result = 1;
printf("Enter a base number: ");
scanf("%d", &base);
printf("Enter an exponent: ");
scanf("%d", &exponent);
while (exponent != 0)
{
result *= base;
--exponent;
}
printf("Answer = %lld", result);
return 0;
}
16. Write a C program to generate Pascal triangle.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int array[30], temp[30], i, j, k, l, num;
printf("Enter the number of lines to be printed: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
temp[0] = 1;
Output
array[0] = 1;
Enter the number of lines to be printed: 4 1
for (j = 0; j < num; j++) 1 1
{ 1 21
printf(" "); 1331
}
printf(" 1\n");
for (i = 1; i < num; i++)
{
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for (j = 0; j < i; j++)

printf(" ");
for (k = 1; k < num; k++)
{
array[k] = temp[k - 1] + temp[k];
}
array[i] = 1;
for (l = 0; l <= i; l++)
{
printf("%3d", array[l]);
temp[l] = array[l];
}
printf("\n");
}
}

17.Write a C program to find the number of elements in an array.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ Output
int array[] = {15, 50, 34, 20, 10, 79, 100}; Size of the given array is 7
int n;
n = sizeof(array);
printf("Size of the given array is %d\
n", n/sizeof(int));
return 0;
}

18. What is the use of ‘\0’ character?

When declaring character arrays (strings), “\0” (NULL) character is
automatically added at end. The “\0‟ character acts as an end of character array.

19. Define string.h.

String.h is a header file which includes the declarations, functions, constants of
string handling utilities. Ex.: strlen(), strrev(), strncpy().

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20. How strings are represented in C language?(Jan 2010)

Strings in C are represented by arrays of characters. The end of the string is
marked with a special character, the null character, which is simply the character
with the value 0. (The null character has no relation except in name to the null
pointer. In the ASCII character set, the null character is named NUL.) Ex.: char
string1[] = "Hello, world!";
21. How strings are declared and initialized in C?
Strings are declared as a array of characters Initialization of strings
Syntax: char string_name[size]; Char name[6]=”RAMKI”;
Example: char text[30]; Char city[]={„B‟,‟O‟,‟M‟,‟B‟,‟A‟,‟Y‟,‟\0‟};

22. Write important string handling functions in C.(APR 2022)

Some of the important strings handling functions in C are as follows
a. strcat()-concatenates two strings
b. strcmp()-compares two strings
c. strcpy()-copies one string over other
d. strlen()-finds length of a string
e. strrev()-reverse the string

23. What is the difference between a string and an array?

String Array
a. String can hold only char data a. Array can hold any data type
b. String size can be changed,if it is a b. Array size cannot be changed
character pointer c. The last element of an array is an
c. The last character of string is a null– element of the specific type
„\0‟character d. The length of an array is specified
d. The length of the string is the number of in [] at the time of declaration
characters + one (except char[])

24. Define Strings.

Strings or character arrays can be defined as the group of characters, digit and
symbols enclosed within quotes. Strings are always terminated with “\0” (NULL)
character. The compiler automatically adds “\0” at the end of the strings.

PART-B
1. Explain in detail about Array(APR 2022)
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ARRAY
 Array is collection of similar data items ,that are stored under a common name.
 A value in an array is identified by index or subscript enclosed in square
brackets with array name.
 Ex: n elements in array q is q[0],q[1],q[2]..q[n]
ARRAY TYPES
 One Dimensional Array
 Two Dimensional Array
 Multidimensional Array

One Dimensional Array

C PROGRAM FOR COMPUTING MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,a[20]={0},sum=0,n,t,b[20]={0},k=0,c1,
max=0,mode; float x=0.0,y=0.0;
printf("\nEnter the limit\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the set of numbers\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
sum=sum+a[i];
}
x=(float)sum/(float)n;
printf("Mean\t= %f",x);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i]>a[j])
{
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t=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=t;
}
}
} if(n%2==0)
y=(float)(a[n/2]+a[(n-1)/2])/2;
else
y=a[(n-1)/2]; printf("\nMedian\t= %f",y);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
mode=0;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i]==a[j])
{
mode++;
}
}
if((mode>max)&&(mode!=0))
{
k=0;
max=mode;
b[k]=a[i];
k++;
}
else if(mode==max)
{
b[k]=a[i];
k++;
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]==b[i])
c++;
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}
if(c==n)
printf("\nThere is no mode");
else
{
printf("\nMode\t= ");
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
printf("%d ",b[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the limit 5
Enter the set of numbers 1 2 3 4 5
Mean = 3.000000
Median = 3.000000
There is no mode

2.TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY(APR 2024)

 Two dimensional arrays are stored in row –column matrix, where the left
index indicates the row and right index indicates the column.
 Two pair of square brackets are required.
 Ex: int a[3][3];

c program for matrix addition

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, first[10][10], second[10][10], sum[10]
[10];
printf("Enter the number of rows and columns of matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
scanf("%d", &first[i]
[j]);
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printf("Enter the elements of second matrix\n");

for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
scanf("%d", &second[i][j]);
printf("Sum of entered matrices:-\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
{
sum[i][j] = first[i][j] + second[i][j];
printf("%d\t", sum[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the number of rows and
columns of matrix 2
2
Enter the elements of
first matrix 1 2
34
Enter the elements of
second matrix 5 6
21
Sum of entered
matrices
6 8
5 5 (NOV 2022)

3.PROGRAM FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY(MATRIX MULTIPLICATION)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
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{
int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3],i,j,k;
clrscr();
printf("enter the a
matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("a[%d][%d] : ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“enter the b matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("b[%d][%d] : ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}}
printf(“multiplication of 2matrices:\
n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
printf("\t%d",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\n");

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}
getch();
}
4.PROGRAM FOR TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX (NOV 2022,APR 2024)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10], i, j, m, n;

printf("\nEnter the number of rows and columns of the matrix:\n");

scanf("%d %d", &n, &m);

printf("\nEnter the elements of the matrix:\n");

for(i = 0; i < n; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < m; ++j)
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);

// Transposing the matrix

for(i = 0; i < m; ++i)
for(j = 0; j < n; ++j)
b[i][j] = a[j][i];

printf("\nTranspose of the matrix:\n");

for(i = 0; i < m; ++i)
{
for(j = 0; j < n; ++j)
printf("%d ", b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the number of rows and columns of the
matrix:
33
Enter the elements of the matrix:

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213
897
153
Transpose of matrix:
281
195
373
5.C PROGRAM FOR MATRIX SCALING (NOV 2022)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j, rows, columns, a[10][10], Number;
printf("\n Enter Number of rows and columns\
n"); scanf("%d %d", &i, &j);
printf("\n Please Enter the Matrix Elements \n");
for(rows = 0; rows < i; rows++)
{
for (columns = 0;columns < j;columns++)
{
scanf("%d", &Multiplication[rows][columns]);
} }
printf("\n Enter the Multiplication Value :
"); scanf("%d", &Number);
for(rows = 0; rows < i; rows++)
{
for(columns = 0; columns < j; columns++)
{
a[rows][columns] = Number * a[rows][columns];
}
}
printf("\n The Result of a Scalar Matrix Multiplication is : \n");
for(rows = 0; rows < i; rows++)
{
for(columns = 0; columns < j; columns++)
{

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printf("%d \t ", a[rows][columns]);

}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter Number of rows and
columns: 3 3 Enter the Matrix
elements
10 20 30
40 50 60
70 80 90
Enter the multiplication value: 3
30 60 90
120 150 180
210 240 270
6. C PROGRAM FOR DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX(APR 2024,NOV 2022)
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int a[3][3], i, j;
long determinant;
printf("Enter the elements of matrix: ");
for(i = 0 ;i < 3;i++)
for(j = 0;j < 3;j++)
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
printf("\nThe matrix is\n");
for(i = 0;i < 3; i++){
printf("\n");
for(j = 0;j < 3; j++)
printf("%d\t", a[i][j]);
}
determinant = a[0][0] * ((a[1][1]*a[2][2]) - (a[2][1]*a[1][2])) -a[0][1] * (a[1][0]
* a[2][2] - a[2][0] * a[1][2]) + a[0][2] * (a[1][0] * a[2][1] - a[2][0] * a[1][1]);

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printf("\nDeterminant of 3X3 matrix: %ld", determinant);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
Enter the elements of matrix:
123
451
234
The matrix is
1 2 3
4 5 1
2 3 4
Determinant of 3X3 matrix: -5
7.EXPLAIN IN DETAIL ABOUT STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS(APR 2022)

STRING:
The group of characters, digit and symbols enclosed within quotes is called as
String (or) character Arrays. Strings are always terminated with ‘\0’ (NULL)
character. The compiler automatically adds ‘\0’ at the end of the strings.
Example:
char name[]={‘C’,’O’,’L’,’L’,’E’,’G’,’E’,’E’,’\0’};
S.No Function Purpose
C
1 strcpy(s1, s2); Copies string s2 into string s1.
2 strcat(s1, s2); Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.
3 strlen(s1); Returns the length of string s1.
4 strcmp(s1, Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1<s2;
s2); greater than 0 if s1>s2.
5 strchr(s1, ch); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in
string s1.
6 strstr(s1, s2); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string
s1.
7 strlwr() Used to convert string to lower case
8 strupr() Used to convert string to upper case
9 strdup() Used to duplicate a string

10 strrev() Used to reverse a string

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Program using string functions:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char a[100],b[100],c[200],d[100];
int scmp,slen,length;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the first string:\n");
gets(a);
printf("Enter the second string:\n");
gets(b);
strcpy(c,a); //String Copy
printf("\nString copy %s ",c);
scmp=strcmp(a,c);
printf("\nString Compare of %s & %s",&a,&c);
if(scmp==0)
printf("\nEntered strings are equal");
else
printf("\nEntered strings are not equal");
strcat(a,b);
printf("\nString concatenation is %s",a);
length=strlen(a); //String Length
printf("\nLength of the string %s is =%d",a,length);
printf("\nReverse string is %s",strrev(b));
printf("\nEnter the string to check
palindrome");
gets(d);
strcpy(b,d);
strrev(b); //String Reverse
if(strcmp(d,b)==0)
printf("\nEntered string is a palindrome."); else
printf("\nEntered string is not a palindrome.");
getch();
strupr(d); //String Upper
printf("\n String Upper is %s",d);
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strlwr(d); //String Lower

printf("\n String Lower is %s",d);
}
8.WRITE PROGRAM FOR NUMBERS IN ASCENDING ORDER
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, a, n, number[30]; printf("Enter the value of N \n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the numbers \n");
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
scanf("%d", &number[i]);
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
for (j = i + 1; j < n; ++j)
{
if (number[i] > number[j])
{
a = number[i];
number[i] = number[j];
number[j] = a;
}
}
}}
Output:
Enter the value of N 3
Enter the numbers 25
35
45
The numbers arranged in ascending order are given below
25 35 45

9.WRITE A C PROGRAM FOR LINEAR SEARCH

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
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{
int arr[20];
int i,size,key;
printf("\n\t-- Linear Search --\n\n");
printf("Enter total no. of
elements : ");
scanf("%d",&size);
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{
printf("Enter %d
element : ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("Enter the element to
be searched: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{
if(key==arr[i])
{
printf("Element exits in the list at position :
%d",i+1);
break;
}
}
getch();
}
Output:
-- Linear Search --
Enter total no. of elements : 3
Enter 1 element : 25
Enter 2 element : 36
Enter 3 element : 45
Enter the element to be
searched: 36 Element
exits in the list at
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position : 2

10. WRITE A C PROGRAM FOR BINARY SEARCH(APR 2024)

#include <stdio.h>
void binary_search();
int a[50], n, item, loc, beg, mid, end, i;
void main()
{
printf("\nEnter size of an array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nEnter elements of an array in
sorted form:\n"); for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
printf("\nEnter ITEM to be searched: ");
scanf("%d", &item);
binary_search();
getch();
}
void binary_search()
{
beg = 0;
end = n-1;
mid = (beg + end) / 2;
while ((beg<=end) && (a[mid]!=item))
{
if (item < a[mid]) end = mid - 1;
else
beg = mid + 1;
mid = (beg + end) / 2;
}
if (a[mid] == item)
printf("\n\nITEM found at location %d", mid+1);
else
printf("\n\nITEM doesn't exist");
}
Output:
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Enter size of an array: 3

Enter elements of an array
in sorted form: 25
36
45
Enter ITEM to be
searched: 36
ITEM found at
location 2

11.EXPLAIN IN DETAIL ABOUT THE SORTING WITH AN EXAMPLE.(2024)

There are many different techniques available for sorting, differentiated by their
efficiency and space requirements. Following are some sorting techniques
1. Bubble Sort
2. Insertion Sort
3. Selection Sort
4. Quick Sort
5. Merge Sort
6. Heap Sort

Selection Sort
PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int arr[10]={6,12,0,18,11,99,55,45,34,2};
int n=10;
int i, j, position, swap;
for (i = 0; i < (n - 1); i++)
{
position = i;
for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
{
if (arr[position] > arr[j])
position = j;
}
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if (position != i)
{
swap = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[position];
arr[position] = swap;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%d\t", arr[i]);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
0 2 6 11 12 18 34 45 99
UNIT-III
PART-A
1. What is a function? (Nov 2014)
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program
has at least one function which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define
additional functions.

2. How will define a function in C?

The general form of a function definition in C programming
language is as follows return_type function_name (parameter
list)
{
body of the function
}

3. What does a function header and function body consist of?

A function definition consists of The Function header consists of
a. Function header a. Return Type
b. Function body b. Function Name
c. Parameters
The Function body consists of
a. Declarations and statements necessary for performing the required

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task.

4. What are the steps in writing a function in a program?

a. Function Declaration/Prototype: Every user-defined functions has to be declared
before the main().
b. Function Callings: The user-defined functions can be called inside any functions
like main(), user-defined function.
c. Function Definition: The function definition block is used to define the user-
defined functions with statements.

5. What is the need for functions? (Jan 2014)

a. Functions are self-contained block or sub program of one or more
statements that performs a specific task.
b. It increases the modularity, reusability of a program.

6. What is the purpose of the main ()? (May 2009)

The main () invokes other functions within it. It is the first function to be called
when the program starts execution.
7. What are the elements of user-defined function?
a. Function Definition.
b. Function Declaration.
c. Function call

8. List the types of functions in C programming.

Depending on whether a function is defined by the user or already included in C compilers,
there are two types of functions in C programming
a. Standard library functions
b. User defined functions

9. What are standard library function?

The standard library functions are built-in functions in C programming to handle
tasks such as mathematical computations, I/O processing, string handling. These functions are
defined in the header file. When you include the header file, these functions are available for
use. For example: The printf() is a standard library function to send formatted output to the
screen (display output on the screen). This function is defined in "stdio.h" header file.

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10.List the advantages of user-defined

function.
The advantages of user defined functions are as
follows
a. The program will be easier to understand, maintain and debug.
b. Reusable codes that can be used in other programs
c. A large program can be divided into smaller modules. A large project can be
divided among many programmers.

11.Is it better to use a macro or a function?(NOV 2022)

Macros are more efficient than function, because their corresponding code is
inserted directly at the point where the macro is called. There is no overhead involved in
using a macro like there is in placing a call to a function. Macros are generally small and
cannot handle large, complex coding constructs. In cases where large, complex
constructs are to handled, functions are more suited, additionally.

12.Classify the functions based on arguments and return values.

Depending on the arguments and return values, functions are classified into four types.
a. Function without arguments and return values.
b. Function with arguments but without return values.
c. Function without arguments but with return values.
d. Function with arguments and return values.

13.What are address operator and indirection operator? (Nov 2014)

a. The address operator (&) - It represents the address of the variable.
b. Indirection pointer (*) - When a pointer is dereferenced, the value stored
at that address by the pointer is retrieved.
14.What is function prototyping? Why it is necessary? (May 2011)
Many built in functions can be used in C programs. The prototype of these
functions is given in the respective header files. With the help of a function
prototype, the compiler can automatically perform type checking on the definition of
the function, which saves the time to delay the program

15.What are actual parameters and formal parameters? (May 2015)

Actual Parameters: The parameters in the calling program or the parameters in the
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Dr.NNCE I / 02 C / QB

function call are known as actual parameters.

Formal Parameters: The parameters in the called program or the parameters in the
function header are known as formal parameters.

16.State the advantage of using functions.

The advantages of using functions are as follows
a. Reduces the size of the program: The length of the source program can be
reduced by using functions at appropriate places.
b. Avoids rewriting the code: As function can be called many times in the program.
Improves re-usability: Same function may be used later by many other programs.
c. Improves re-usability: Same function may be used later by many other programs.
d. Program testing becomes easy: Each function can be tested separately and it
is easy to locate and isolate a faculty function for further investigation.
e. Increases program readability.

17.Differentiate library functions and User-defined functions.

Library Function User- defined functions

a. The library functions are predefined a. The user defined functions are defined by
set of functions. the user.
b. Their task is limited b. Their task is based on user requirement.
c. The user can use the functions c. The user can modify the function
but cannot change or modify according to the requirement.
them.

18.What is a recursive function?

If a function calls itself again and again, then that function is called Recursive function.
This technique is known as recursion.
void recursion()
{ recursion(); /* function calls itself */
}
int main()
{ recursion(); }

19.What are the applications of recursive function?

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 Dr.NNCE I / 02 C / QB

The applications of the recursive function are

a. Calculating Fibonacci Series.
b. Calculating Factorial of a program.

20.State the advantage and disadvantage of recursive function.

Advantage of recursive function Disadvantage of recursive function
a. Reduce unnecessary calling of function. a. It is very difficult to trace (debug and
understand)
b. Through recursion one can solve problem
in easy way while its iterative solution is b. Takes a lot of stack space.
very big and complex.
c. Uses more processor time.

21.What is a Pointer? How a variable is declared to the pointer? (Jan

2013, May 2009)

Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable.

Syntax: data_type
*variable_name;

Ex.: int *x, a=5;

x=&a;

22.List the key points to remember about pointers in C.

The key points to remember about pointers in C are
a. The content of the C pointer always be a whole number i.e. address.
b. Always C pointer is initialized to null i.e., int *p=null.
c. The value of null pointer is 0.
d. The size of any pointer in 2 byte.

23.What are the uses of pointer?

The uses of pointers as follows
a. Pointers are used to return more than one value to the function
b. Pointers are more efficient in handling the data in arrays ·Pointers
reduce the length and complexity of the program ·
c. They increase the execution speed
d. The pointers save data storage space in memory
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24. What is dangling pointer?

In C, a pointer may be used to hold the address of dynamically allocated memory.
After this memory is freed with the free() function, the pointer itself will still contain
the address of the released block. This is referred to as a dangling pointer. Using the
pointer in this state is a serious programming error. Pointer should be assigned
NULL after freeing memory to avoid this bug.

25. What is the output of the following program? (May 2015)

main ()
{
Output
int a=8, b=4, c, *p1=&a, c: 39
*p2=&b; c=*p1**p2-*p1/ *p2+9;
printf (“%d”,c); }

26. List the pointer operators.

* Value at Operator Gives values stored at particular address

& Address Operator Gives address of variable

27. What is the output for the

following? #include<stdio.h> Output
38353229262320171411852
int fun()
{
static int num = 40;
return num--;
}
int main()
{
for(fun(); fun(); fun())
{
printf("%d", fun());
}
getchar();
}

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28. What is a pointer variable?

The variables that hold the memory address are called pointer
variables. int *p;
P = &n;
P stores the address of n.

29. What will be the output of the following program?

include<stdio.h> Output
int main() 20
1260034844
{ 20
int n=20;
printf(“\n %d “, n);
printf(“\n %u“, &n);
printf(“\n %d “, *(&n));
}
30. What are the possible arithmetic operations on pointers in C language?
a. Increment
b. Decrement
c. Subtraction
d. Comparison

31. What are null pointers?

A pointer that does not point to any valid memory address is
called null pointer. Ex: int * ptr =NULL;

32. List out the applications of pointers.

a. We can section multiple values from function using pointer.
b. Supports dynamic management.

33. What are pointers to pointers?

Pointer variable contains the address of another variable. Similarly another
pointer variable can store the address of a pointer variable. The pointer variable is
said to be pointer to pointer.

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34. What is pointer arithmetic?(NOV 2022)

One of the uses of pointer is pointer arithmetic. Like an ordinary variable, pointer
variable can also be used in arithmetic expressions. Assume x, y and z are pointer
variables, and the values are 10, 20, 30 respectively. Then the following is an
example of pointer expression.

Expression Resul
t
C =*y + 10 Value of c is 30
C = *z + *y Value of c is 50
C = *x + 10 + *y Value of c is 40
C = ++*x Value of c is 11

35. Distinguish between Call by value Call by reference. (May 2014)

Call by Value / Pass by value Call by reference / Pass by reference
a. In Call by value, the value of actual a. In Call by reference, the address of
agreements is passed to the formal actual arguments values is passed to
arguments and the operation is done on formal argument values.
formal arguments. b. Formal arguments values are pointers
b. Formal arguments values are to the actual arguments values.
photocopies of actual arguments c. Since address is passed, the changes
values. made in the formal arguments will be
c. Changes made in formal arguments reflected back to the actual arguments.
valued do not affect the actual argument
values

PART-B:
1. Explain in detail about the function with an example.(APR 2022)
Function:
 A Function is a set of instructions that are used to perform specified tasks which
repeatly occurs in the main program.
 Function is itself a block of code which can solve simple or complex task/calculations.
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Dr.NNCE I / 02 C / QB

 A function performs calculations on the data provided to it is called "parameter" or

"argument". A function always returns single value result.
Types of function:
1. Built in functions (Library
functions)
a.) Inputting Functions.
b.) Outputting functions.
2. User defined functions.
a.) fact();
b.) sum();
Parts of a function / Elements of User Defined Functions:
1. Function definition.
2. Function declaration.
3. Function call.
Function Definition:
It is the process of specifying and establishing the user defined function by specifying all
its elements and characteristics.
Function Declaration:
Like the normal variables in a program, the function can also be declared before they are
defined and invoked.
Syntax:
returntype function name (parameter list);
The declaration of function name, its argument and return type is called function
declaration.
Function Calling:
The function can be called by simply specifying the name of function, return value and
parameters if present.
Syntax: <var_name>=<function_name>(<list of arguments>).
Function definition:
The process of writing a code for performing any specific task is called function
definition.
Syntax:<return type><function name>(<type of arguments>)
{
statement-1> <statement-
2> return(<vlaue>)
}
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Example: program based upon function:

Write a C program to compute cube of a no. using
function.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int c,n; int cube(int);
printf("Enter a no.");
scanf("%d",&n);
c=cube(n);
printf("cube of a no. is=%d",c);
}
int cube(int n)
{
c=n*n*n;
return(c);
}
Write a C program to compute factorial of a no. using function:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,f=1;
int fact(int)
printf("Enter a no.");
scanf("%d",&n);
f=fact(n);
printf("The factorial of a no. is:=%d",f);
}
int fact(int n)
int f=1;
{
for(int i=n;i>=n;i--)
{
f=f*i;
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 Dr.NNCE I / 02 C / QB

}
return(f);
}
2. Describe the concept of Recursion with an Example.
A function that calls itself is known as a recursive function. And, this technique is
known as recursion.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,f;
int fact(int)
printf("Enter a no.");
scanf("%d",&n);
f=fact(n);
printf("The factorial of a no. is:=%d",f);
}
int fact(int n)
{
Int f=1;
if(n=0)
return(f);
else
return(n*fact(n- 1));
}

3. c program for scientific calculator using built in functions.NOV 2022

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define PI 3.14159265

float sine(float x);

float cosine(float x);
float tangent(float x);
float sineh(float x);
float cosineh(float x);
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float tangenth(float x);

float logten(float x);
float squareroot(float x);
float exponent(float x);
float power(float x,float y);

int main()
{
int x,y,n,answer;
printf("What do you want to do?\n");
printf("1.sin 2.cos 3. tan 4. sinh 5.cosh 6.tanh 7.1og10 8. square root. 9.exponent
10.power.");
scanf ("%d",&n);
if (n<9 && n>0)
{
printf("\n What is x? ");
scanf("%f",&x);
switch (n)
{
case 1: answer = sine(x); break;
case 2: answer = cosine(x); break;
case 3: answer = tangent(x); break;
case 4: answer = sineh(x); break;
case 5: answer = cosineh(x); break;
case 6: answer = tangenth(x); break;
case 7: answer = logten(x); break;
case 8: answer = squareroot(x); break;
case 9: answer = exponent(x); break;
}
}
if (n==10)
{
printf("What is x and y?\n");
scanf("%f%f",&x,&y);
answer = power(x,y);
}
if (n>0 && n<11)
printf("%f",answer);
else
printf("Wrong input.\n");
return 0;
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}
float sine(float x)
{
return (sin (x*PI/180));
}
float cosine(float x)
{
return (cos (x*PI/180));
}
float tangent(float x)
{
return (tan(x*PI/180));
}
float sineh(float x)
{
return (sinh(x));
}
float cosineh(float x)
{
return (sinh(x));
}
float tangenth(float x)
{
return (sinh(x));
}
float logten(float x)
{
return (log10(x));
}
float squareroot(float x)
{
return (sqrt(x));
}
float exponent(float x)
{
return(exp(x));
}
float power(float x, float y)
{
return (pow(x,y));
}
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4.Explain in detail about the function prototypes with an example.(NOV 2022)

Functions can be differentiated into 4 types according to the arguments passed and value
returns these are:
 Function with arguments and return value
 Function with arguments and no return value
 Function with no arguments and with return value
 Function with no arguments and no return value
Function with arguments and return value:
Syntax:
Function declaration: int function ( int );
Function call: function( x );
Function definition:
int function( int x )
{
statements;
return x;
}
Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int function(int, int[]);
int main()
{
int i, a = 20;
int arr[5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
a = function(a, &arr[0]);
printf("value of a is %d\n", a);
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("value of arr[%d] is %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
int function(int a, int* arr)
{
int i;
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a = a + 20;

arr[0] = arr[0] + 50;

arr[1] = arr[1] + 50;
arr[2] = arr[2] + 50;
arr[3] = arr[3] + 50;
arr[4] = arr[4] + 50;
return a;
}

OUTPUT:
value of a is 40
value of arr[0] is 60
value of arr[1] is 70
value of arr[2] is 80
value of arr[3] is 90
value of arr[4] is 100
Functions with arguments but no return Values:
When a function has arguments, it receives any data from the calling function but it
returns no values. These are void functions with no return values.
Syntax:
Function declaration : void function ( int );
Function call : function( x );
Function definition:
void function( int x )
{
statements;
}

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void function(int, int[], char[]);
int main()
{
int a = 20;
int ar[5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
char str[30] = "thendralkani"; // function call
function(a, &ar[0], &str[0]);
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return 0;
}

void function(int a, int* ar, char* str)

{
int i;
printf("value of a is %d\n\n", a);
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("value of ar[%d] is %d\n", i, ar[i]);
}
printf("\nvalue of str is %s\n", str);
}

Output
value of a is 20
value of ar[0] is 10
value of ar[1] is 20
value of ar[2] is 30
value of ar[3] is 40
value of ar[4] is 50
value of str is thendralkani
Function with no argument and no return value:

When a function has no arguments, it does not receive any data from the calling
function. Similarly, when it does not return a value, the calling function does not receive any
data from the called function.

SySyntax:
Function declaration : void function();
Function call : function();
Function definition :
void function()
{
statements;
}

Example:

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#include <stdio.h>
void value(void);
void main() {
value();
}
void value(void)
{
float year = 1, period = 5, amount = 5000, inrate = 0.12;
float sum;
sum = amount;
while (year <= period) {
sum = sum * (1 + inrate);
year = year + 1;
}
printf(" The total amount is :%f", sum);
}
}}
Output: The total amount is :8811.708984
Functions with no arguments but return values:

There could be occasions where we may need to design functions that may not take any
arguments but returns a value to the calling function. An example of this is getchar function
which has no parameters but it returns an integer and integer-type data that represents a
character.

Syntax

Function declaration : int function();

Function call : function();
Function definition :
int function()
{
statements;
return x;
}
Ex
Example
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

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int sum();

int main()
{
int num;
num = sum();
printf("Sum of two given values = %d", num);
return 0;
}

int sum()
{
int a = 50, b = 80, sum;
sum = sqrt(a) + sqrt(b);
return sum;
}
OUTPUT:
Sum of two given values = 16

4. Explain in detail about the pointers with an example.(NOV 2022)

1. A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.

2. Pointers are powerful tools that allow for direct memory access and manipulation, which
can be both efficient and risky.
3. Pointers are essential for dynamic memory allocation, function arguments (pass by
reference), and data structures like linked lists.
Pointer Syntax : data_type *var_name;
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int number = 10; // A normal integer variable
int *ptr; // Declaration of a pointer to int
ptr = &number; // Assign address of 'number' to pointer
printf("Value of number: %d\n", number);
printf("Address of number: %p\n", &number);
printf("Pointer ptr stores address: %p\n", ptr);
printf("Value pointed by ptr: %d\n", *ptr);

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return 0;
}
5.Explain pointer operators and pointer arithmetic in c.

pointer operators are used to work with memory addresses and indirectly access data stored
in memory.

1. Address-of Operator (&)-Used to get the address of a variable.

int x = 10;
int *ptr = &x; // ptr now holds the address of x
2. Dereference Operator (*)-Used to access the value stored at the memory address a pointer
points to.
int x = 10;
int *ptr = &x;
printf("%d\n", *ptr); // Outputs 10 (value at the address stored in ptr)

Pointer arithmetic in C refers to performing arithmetic operations on pointers. This allows

navigation through arrays or memory blocks efficiently. It's particularly useful when dealing
with arrays, strings, or dynamic memory.

Basic Pointer Arithmetic Operations

int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptr = arr; // points to arr[0]
Expression Meaning Value
ptr points to arr[0] address of arr[0]
*(ptr) value at ptr (i.e., arr[0]) 10
ptr + 1 points to arr[1] address of arr[1]
*(ptr + 2) value at arr[2] 30
ptr++ moves pointer to next element now points to arr[1]
ptr-- moves pointer to previous element now points to arr[0]
ptr[i] same as *(ptr + i) (array notation) e.g., ptr[3] = 40
Example Program Using Pointer Arithmetic
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25};
int *ptr = arr;

printf("Accessing elements using pointer arithmetic:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("*(ptr + %d) = %d\n", i, *(ptr + i));
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return 0;
}

6.explain array of pointers in C with suitable example.

An array of pointers in C is an array where each element is a pointer, typically used to point
to different memory locations (e.g., strings, integers, structs).

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30;
int *arr[3]; // Array of 3 integer pointers
arr[0] = &a;
arr[1] = &b;
arr[2] = &c;

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

printf("Value at arr[%d] = %d\n", i, *arr[i]);
}

return 0;
}

Output:

Value at arr[0] = 10
Value at arr[1] = 20
Value at arr[2] = 30

Each element in arr holds the address of a different integer.

In C, a pointer to an array is a pointer that points to an entire array (not just the first element
of the array). This is different from a pointer to the first element of an array.

Syntax

To declare a pointer to an array of 5 integers:

int (*ptr)[5];
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int is the type of elements in the array.

(*ptr) says that ptr is a pointer.

[5] indicates that it points to an array of 5 integers.

Example

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *p = a; // same as int*p = &a[0]
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("%d", *p);
p++;
}
return 0;
}
7.Write C Program to Sorting a Names Using Array of Pointers

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define SIZE 5
#define MAX_LEN 100

// Function to sort names using pointer array

void sortNames(char *names[], int size) {
char *temp;
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
if (strcmp(names[i], names[j]) > 0) {
// Swap the pointers, not the actual strings
temp = names[i];
names[i] = names[j];
names[j] = temp;
}
}

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}
}

int main() {
// Declare array of string pointers and actual strings
char name1[MAX_LEN] = "thendral";
char name2[MAX_LEN] = "nila";
char name3[MAX_LEN] = "Jeeva";
char name4[MAX_LEN] = "keerthi";
char name5[MAX_LEN] = "aadhini";

// Array of pointers to the names

char *names[SIZE] = { name1, name2, name3, name4, name5 };

printf("Original list:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
printf("%s\n", names[i]);
}

sortNames(names, SIZE);

printf("\nSorted list:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
printf("%s\n", names[i]);
}

return 0;
}

8..Explain in detail about the parameter passing methods.(NOV 2022)(NOV 2023)(APR

2024)
 When a function gets executed in the program, the execution control is transferred
from calling function to called function then executes function definition, and
finally comes back to the calling function.
 When the execution control is transferred from calling function to called function
it may carry one or more number of data values. These data values are called as
parameters.
 In C, there are two types of parameters
 Actual Parameters

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 Formal parameters
 The actual parameters are the parameters that are specified in calling function.
 The formal parameters are the parameters that are declared at called function.
 When a function gets executed, the copy of actual parameter values are copied into
formal parameters.
 In C Programming Language, there are two methods to pass parameters from
calling function to called function and they are as follows...
 Call by value
Call by reference
Call by value:
In this approach we pass copy of actual variables in function as a parameter.
Hence any modification on parameters inside the function will not reflect in the actual
variable.
For example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=5,b=10;
swap(a,b);
printf("%d %d",a,b);
return 0;
}
void swap(int a,int b)
{
int temp;
temp =a;
a=b;
b=temp;
}
Output: 5 10
call by reference:
In this approach we pass memory address actual variables in function as a parameter. Hence
any modification on parameters inside the function will reflect in the actual variable.
For example:
#incude<stdio.h>

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int main(){
int a=5,b=10;
swap(&a,&b);
printf("%d
%d",a,b);
return 0;
}
void swap(int *a,int *b){
int *temp;
*temp =*a;
*a=*b;
*b=*temp;
}
Output: 10 5

UNIT IV STRUCTURES
PART – A
1. Distinguish between arrays and structures.(NOV 2022)
Arrays Structures
a. An array is a collection of data items a. A structure is a collection of data items
Of same data type. of different data types. Structures can be
Arrays can only be declared. declared and defined.
b. There is no keyword for arrays b. The keyword for structures is struct.
c. An array name represents the c. A structure name is known as tag. It is a
address of the starting element Shorthand notation of the declaration.
d. An array cannot have bit fields d. A structure may contain bit fields

3. Differentiate between Structures and

Union.

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(APR 2023)
Structure Union
a. Every member has its own memory. a. All members use the same memory.
b. The keyword used is struct. b. The keyword used is union.
c. All members occupy separate memory c. Different interpretations for the
location, hence different same memory location are
interpretations of the same memory possible.
location are not possible.
d. Consumes more space compared to d. Conservation of memory is possible.
union.
Structure can be defined as a collection of different data types which are grouped
together and each element in a C structure is called member. To access structure
members in C, structure variable should be declared. The keyword used is struct.
3. How will you define a structure?(NOV 2022)
A structure can be defined as
struct tag
{ datatype member 1;
datatype member 2;
………
………
datatype member n;
};
where struct is a keyword, tag is a name that identifies structures, member 1,
member 2,….. member n are individual member declarations.

4. How will you declare structure variables? struct library_books

Declaration of structure variables includes the following {
statements char title[20];
char author[15];
a. The keyword struct int pages;
b. The structure name float price;
};
c. List of variable names separated by commas
struct library_books b1,b2,b3;
d. A terminating semicolon

5. What is meant by Union in C? (May 2014)

A union is a special data type available in C that enables to store different data

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types in the same memory location. Union can be defined with many members, but
only one member can contain a value at any given time. Unions provide an efficient
way of using the same memory location for multi-purpose.

6. How to define a union in C.

The format of the union statement is as follows
union tag
{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} one or more union variables;

7. How to define a union in C.

The format of the union statement is as follows
union tag
{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} one or more union variables;

8. How can you access the member of union?

1. To access any member of a union, use the member access operator (.).
2. The member access operator is coded as a period between the union variable name and
the union member to access.
3. Union keyword is used to define variables of union type.

9. List the features of structures. (May 2015)

The features of structures are as follows
a. All the elements of a structure are stored at contiguous memory locations
b. A variable of structure type can store multiple data items of different data
types under the one name
c.
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10. List the main aspects of working with structure.

a. Defining a structure type (Creating a new type).
b. Declaring variables and constants (objects) of the newly created type.
c. Initializing structure elements

11. What are the two ways of passing a structure to function in C?

a. Passing structure to a function by value
b. Passing structure to a function by address(reference)

12. Write any two advantage of Structure.

a. It is used to store different data types.
b. Each element can be accessed individually.
13. How to initialize a structure variable? Give it’s syntax.
Static storage class is used to initialize structure. It should being and end with curly braces.
Syntax: Static structure tag-field structure variable = {value1, value2,...value 3};

14. Define Anonymous structure.

Unnamed anonymous structure can be defined as the structure definition that
does not contain a structure name. Thus the variables of unnamed structure should be
declared only at the time of structure definition.

15. What are the operations on

strctures?
The operations on structures are
a. Aggregate operations: An aggregate operation treats an operand as an entity
and operates on the entire operand as whole instead of operating on its
constituent members.
b. Segregate operations: A segregate operation operates on the individual
members of a structure object.
c.
16. How to access members of a structure object?
a. Direct member access operator (dot operator)
b. Indirect member access operator(arrow operator)

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17. What is the use of ‘period (.)’ in C?

To access any member of a structure, we use the member access operator (.). The
member access operator is coded as a period between the structure variable name and the
structure member that we wish to access.. The members of structure can be accessed
individually using period operator. Ex: S1.roll.no;

18. How will you access the structures member through pointers?
The structures member can be accessed through pointers by the following ways
a. Referencing pointer to another address to access memory
b. Using dynamic memory allocation

19. Define Nested structure.

Nested structure can be defined as the structure within structure. One structure can
be declared inside other structure as we declare structure members inside a
structure. The structure variables can be a normal structure variable or a pointer
variable to access the data.

20. Define array of structures.

Each elements of an array represent a structure variable. If we want to store more
array objects in a structure, then we can declare “array of structure”.

21. Consider the declaration and illustrate the application of size of operator to
this structure. (Nov 2010)

struct student
Size of this is 3 bytes:1 byte for name and 2 bytes for integer num.
{
char name;
int num;
} S;

22. Define Dynamic memory allocation.

The process of changing the array size during program execution is called as
dynamic memory allocation.

23. What are various dynamic memory allocation functions in C?

a. malloc() – Used to allocate blocks of memory I required size of bytes

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b. free() – Used to release previously allocated memory space

c. calloc() –Used to allocate memory space for an array of elements
d. realloc()-Used to modify the size of previously allocated memory space

24. What is a volatile and non-volatile memory?

Volatile memory: also known as volatile storage is computer memory that
requires power to maintain the stored information, unlike non-volatile memory
which does not require a maintained power supply. It has been less popularly known
as temporary memory. Non-volatile memory: nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-
volatile storage, is computer memory that can retain the stored information even
when not powered.

25. What is Linked List?

A linked list is a set of nodes where each node has two fields „data and „link‟.
The data field is used to store actual piece of information and link field is used to
store address of next node.

26. Write down the steps to modify a node in

linked lists.
The steps to modify a node in linked lists are
a. Enter the position of the node which is to be modified.
b. Enter the new value for the node to be modified.
c. Replace the original value of that node by a new value
d. Display the message as “The node is modified”.

27. List the operations on singly linked list.

a. Create function
b. Display function
c. Search function
d. Insert function
e. Delete function
28. What are the pitfalls encountered in singly linked list?
The singly linked list has only forward pointer and no backward link is provided.
Hence the traversing of the list is possible only in one direction. Backward traversing is
not possible.
Insertion and Deletion operations are less efficient because for inserting the
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element at desired position the list needs to be traversed. Similarly, traversing of the
list is required for locating the element which needs to be deleted.

29. Define doubly linked list.

Doubly linked list can be defined as a kind of linked list in which each node has
two link fields. One link field stores the address of previous node and the other link
field stores the address of next node.

30. Differentiate between arrays and lists.

In arrays any element can be accessed randomly with the help of index of array,
whereas in lists any element can be accessed by sequential access only. Insertions
and deletions of data is difficult in arrays on the other hand insertion and deletion of
data is easy in lists.

31. Write syntax of calloc() and relloc().

Calloc() is for allocating the required amount of memory.
Syntax: Void *calloc(size_t nitems,size_t size)
Relloc() function modifies allocated memory size by malloc() and calloc().
Syntax:Void *relloc(void *ptr,size_t size)

32. What is the use of typedef?

Typedef is used for renaming data types. It redefines the name of existing
variable type. It provides a short and meaningful way to call a data type.

Part-B
};
1. What is a structure? Create a structure with data members of various
types and declare two structure variables. Write a program to read data
into these and print the same. Justify the need for structured data type.
(NOV 2022,APR2022)
It is the collection of dissimilar data types or heterogenous data types
grouped together. It means the data types may or may not be of same type.
Structure declaration:
struct tagname
{
Datatype member1;
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Datatype member2;
Datatype member3;
………
………
Datatype member n;
};
struct tagname
{
struct element 1;
struct element 2;
struct element 3;
………
………
struct element n;
};
Structure variable declaration;
struct student
{
int age;
char name[20];
char branch[20];
}; struct student s;

Initialization of structure variable-

Like primary variables structure variables can also be initialized when they are
declared. Structure templates can be defined locally or globally.
If it is local it can be used within that function. If it is global it can be used by
all other functions of the program.
We cant initialize structure members while defining the structure
struct student
{
Int age=20;
char
name[20]=”sona”;
}s1;
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The above is invalid.

A structure can be initialized as struct student
{
int age,roll;
char name[20];
}struct student s1={16,101,‖sona‖};
struct student s2={17,102,‖rupa‖};
If initialiser is less than no.of structure variable, automatically rest values are taken
as zero.
Accessing structure elements-
Dot operator is used to access the structure elements. Its associativety is from
left to right. structure variable ;
s1.name[];
s1.roll; s1.age;
Elements of structure are stored in contiguous memory locations. Value of structure variable
can be assigned to another structure variable of same type using assignment operator.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int roll, age; char branch;
} s1,s2;
printf(“\n enter roll, age, branch”);
scanf(“%d %d %c”, &s1.roll, &s1.age, &s1.branch);
s2.roll=s1.roll;
printf(“students details=\n”);
printf(“%d %d %c”, s1.roll, s1.age, s1.branch);
printf(“%d”, s2.roll);
}
Unary, relational, arithmetic, bitwise operators are not allowed within structure
variables.

2.Write a C program to store the employee information using structure

and search a particular employee using Employee number.

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#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>

#define MAX_EMPLOYEES 100
// Structure to store employee information
struct Employee {
int empNo;
char name[50];
float salary;
};
int main() {
struct Employee employees[MAX_EMPLOYEES];
int n, i, searchEmpNo, found = 0;

printf("Enter number of employees: ");

scanf("%d", &n); // Input employee details
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\nEnter details for Employee %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Employee Number: ");
scanf("%d", &employees[i].empNo);
printf("Name: ");
scanf(" %[^\n]", employees[i].name); // Read string with spaces
printf("Salary: ");
scanf("%f", &employees[i].salary);
}

// Search employee by number

printf("\nEnter Employee Number to search: ");
scanf("%d", &searchEmpNo);

for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if(employees[i].empNo == searchEmpNo) {
found = 1;
printf("\nEmployee Found:\n");
printf("Employee Number: %d\n", employees[i].empNo);
printf("Name: %s\n", employees[i].name);
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", employees[i].salary);
break;
}
}

if(!found) {
printf("\nEmployee with Number %d not found.\n", searchEmpNo);
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return 0;
}

2. Define and declare a nested structure to store date, which including day,
month and year.(NOV 2023)
Nested structure in C using struct is also known as structure within a structure
#include <stdio.h>

// Define a nested structure

struct Date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
};

// Structure containing the nested Date structure

struct Employee {
int empNo;
char name[50];
float salary;
struct Date joiningDate; // Nested structure
};

int main() {
struct Employee emp;

// Sample data assignment

emp.empNo = 101;
strcpy(emp.name, "John Doe");
emp.salary = 50000.0;
emp.joiningDate.day = 4;
emp.joiningDate.month = 5;
emp.joiningDate.year = 2025;
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// Display the employee data

printf("Employee Number: %d\n", emp.empNo);
printf("Name: %s\n", emp.name);
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp.salary);
printf("Joining Date: %02d/%02d/%04d\n",
emp.joiningDate.day,
emp.joiningDate.month,
emp.joiningDate.year);

return 0;

Explanation:
struct Date is a standalone structure that holds day, month, and year.

Inside struct Employee, we include a struct Date member called joiningDate

.
4.Explain about array of structures and pointers in structures with example program.
Array of structures
When database of any element is used in huge amount, we prefer Array of
structures.
Example: suppose we want to maintain data base of 200 students, Array of
structures is used.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct student
{
char name[30];
char branch[25];
int roll;
};

void main()
{
struct student s[200];
int i; s[i].roll=i+1;
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printf("\nEnter information of students:");

for(i=0;i<200;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the roll no:%d ",s[i].roll);
printf("\nEnter the name:");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("\nEnter the branch:");
scanf("%s",s[i].branch);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nDisplaying information of students:\n\n");
for(i=0;i<200;i++)
{printf("\n\nInformation for roll no%d:\n",i+1);
printf("\nName:");
puts(s[i].name);
printf("\nBranch:");
puts(s[i].branch);
}
}

pointers can be used with structures to dynamically manage memory and pass structures to
functions efficiently.

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
// Define a structure
struct Employee {
int empNo;
char name[50];
float salary;
};
int main() {
struct Employee *emp; // Declare a pointer to a structure
emp = (struct Employee *)malloc(sizeof(struct Employee));
// Allocate memory for one Employee

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if (emp == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");
return 1;
}

printf("Enter Employee Number: ");

scanf("%d", &emp->empNo);

printf("Enter Name: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]", emp->name); // Read string with spaces

printf("Enter Salary: ");

scanf("%f", &emp->salary);

// Display data using pointer

printf("\n--- Employee Details ---\n");
printf("Employee Number: %d\n", emp->empNo);
printf("Name: %s\n", emp->name);
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp->salary);

// Free allocated memory

free(emp);

return 0;
}

4.Write a C program to create mark sheet for students using self referential structure.
#include<stdio.h> (NOV 2022,APR2022,NOV 2023)
#include<conio.h>
struct mark_sheet{
char name[20];
long int rollno;
int marks[10];
int total;
float average;
char rem[10];
char cl[20];
}students[100];
int main(){
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int a,b,n,flag=1;
char ch;
clrscr();
printf("How many students : \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(a=1;a<=n;++a)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter the details of %d students : ", n-a+1);
printf("\n\nEnter student %d Name : ", a);
scanf("%s", students[a].name);
printf("\n\nEnter student %d Roll Number : ", a);
scanf("%ld", &students[a].rollno);
students[a].total=0;
for(b=1;b<=5;++b)
{
printf("\n\nEnter the mark of subject-%d : ", b);
scanf("%d", &students[a].marks[b]);
students[a].total += students[a].marks[b];
if(students[a].marks[b]<40)
flag=0;
}
students[a].average = (float)(students[a].total)/5.0;
if((students[a].average>=75)&&(flag==1))
strcpy(students[a].cl,"Distinction");
elseif((students[a].average>=60)&&(flag==1))
strcpy(students[a].cl,"First Class");
elseif((students[a].average>=50)&&(flag==1))
strcpy(students[a].cl,"Second Class");
elseif((students[a].average>=40)&&(flag==1))
strcpy(students[a].cl,"Third Class");
if(flag==1)
strcpy(students[a].rem,"Pass");
Else
strcpy(students[a].rem,"Fail");
flag=1;
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}
for(a=1;a<=n;++a)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\t\t\t\tMark Sheet\n");
printf("\nName of Student : %s", students[a].name);
printf("\t\t\t\t Roll No : %ld", students[a].rollno);
printf("\n ");
for(b=1;b<=5;b++){
printf("\n\n\t Subject %d \t\t :\t %d", b, students[a].marks[b]);
}
printf("\n");
printf("\n\n Totl Marks : %d", students[a].total);
printf("\t\t\t\t Average Marks : %5.2f",students[a].average);
printf("\n\n Class : %s", students[a].cl);
printf("\t\t\t\t\t Status : %s", students[a].rem);
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\t\t Press Y for continue . . . ");
ch = getche();
if((ch=="y")||(ch=="Y"))
continue;
}
return(0);
}

5.Discuss about dynamic memory allocation with suitable example C program.(APR

2024)

In C, dynamic memory allocation allows you to allocate memory at runtime (i.e., during
the execution of the program), instead of compile time. This is useful when you don’t know
the amount of memory needed in advance (e.g., array size, number of students, etc.).

Dynamic memory allocation is done using the following functions from <stdlib.h>:

Function Description
malloc() Allocates uninitialized memory
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Function Description
calloc() Allocates memory and initializes to zero
realloc() Reallocates memory to a new size
free() Frees dynamically allocated memory

Example:
/#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *arr; // Pointer to hold base address of array
int n, i;

printf("Enter number of elements: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

// Allocate memory using malloc

arr = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));

// Check if memory allocation was successful

if (arr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1;
}

// Input elements
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

// Display elements
printf("You entered:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
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}
printf("\n");

// Free allocated memory

free(arr);

return 0;
}

6.Explain about singly linked list with suitable example C program.

A singly linked list is a linear data structure where each element (node) contains two parts:

Data: The actual data or value that is being stored.

Next: A pointer (or reference) to the next node in the list.

In a singly linked list, each node points to the next node in the sequence, and the last node
points to NULL, indicating the end of the list.

Structure of a Singly Linked List:

struct Node {
int data; // Stores the data
struct Node* next; // Pointer to the next node
};
C Program Example: Singly Linked List Operations(NOV 2023)

Below is an example C program that demonstrates basic operations on a singly linked list:
insertion, traversal, and deletion.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Node {
int data; // Data part
struct Node* next; // Pointer to the next node
};
// Function to create a new node
struct Node* createNode(int data) {
struct Node* newNode = (struct Node*) malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
// Allocate memory for the new node
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newNode->data = data; // Set the data of the node

newNode->next = NULL; // Set the next pointer to NULL
return newNode;
}
// Function to insert a node at the beginning
void insertAtBeginning(struct Node** head, int data)
{
struct Node* newNode = createNode(data); // Create a new node
newNode->next = *head; // Point the new node to the current head
*head = newNode; // Update head to point to the new node
}
// Function to insert a node at the end
void insertAtEnd(struct Node** head, int data) {
struct Node* newNode = createNode(data); // Create a new node
if (*head == NULL) {
*head = newNode;
// If the list is empty, the new node becomes the head
}
else {
struct Node* temp = *head;
while (temp->next != NULL) {
temp = temp->next; // Traverse to the last node
}
temp->next = newNode; // Insert the new node at the end
}
}
// Function to delete the first node
void deleteFirstNode(struct Node** head) {
if (*head == NULL) {
printf("List is empty, nothing to delete.\n");
return;
}
struct Node* temp = *head;
*head = (*head)->next; // Move the head to the next node
free(temp); // Free the memory of the deleted node
}
// Function to display the linked listvoid displayList(struct Node* head) {
if (head == NULL) {
printf("List is empty.\n");
return;
}
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struct Node* temp = head;

while (temp != NULL) {
printf("%d -> ", temp->data); // Print data of the current node
temp = temp->next; // Move to the next node
}
printf("NULL\n"); // Indicate the end of the list
}
int main() {
struct Node* head = NULL; // Initialize the list with NULL (empty list)

// Inserting nodes
insertAtBeginning(&head, 10);
insertAtBeginning(&head, 20);
insertAtEnd(&head, 30);
insertAtEnd(&head, 40);
insertAtBeginning(&head, 50);

printf("Linked List after insertions:\n");

displayList(head); // Display the list

// Deleting the first node

deleteFirstNode(&head);
printf("\nLinked List after deleting the first node:\n");
displayList(head); // Display the list again after deletion

return 0;
}
Output:
Linked List after insertions:50 -> 20 -> 10 -> 30 -> 40 -> NULL

Linked List after deleting the first node:20 -> 10 -> 30 -> 40 -> NULL

7. Explain typedef with c program.

the typedef keyword is used to create an alias (a new name) for an existing data type. This can
make your code easier to read, improve portability, and allow for better abstraction.

Purpose:

Create aliases for existing data types, making code more readable.

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Simplify complex type declarations by creating shorter, more manageable names.

Improve code maintenance, especially when dealing with structures or pointers, by

allowing you to use more intuitive names.

Syntax:
typedef existing_type new_name;

existing_type: This is the original data type that you want to create an alias for.

New_name: This is the alias (or new name) that will represent the existing type.

Example 1: Basic typedef Usage

#include <stdio.h>
typedef int Integer; // Create an alias for 'int'
typedef float Real; // Create an alias for 'float'
int main() {
Integer a = 10; // 'Integer' is now equivalent to 'int'
Real b = 20.5; // 'Real' is now equivalent to 'float'

printf("a: %d, b: %.2f\n", a, b);

return 0;
}

Output:

a: 10, b: 20.50

Example 2: typedef with Structures

typedef is commonly used with structures to simplify type declarations, especially when
working with pointers to structures.

#include <stdio.h>
struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
};
typedef struct Person Person;
int main() {
Person p1;
snprintf(p1.name, sizeof(p1.name), "Alice");
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p1.age = 25;
printf("Name: %s, Age: %d\n", p1.name, p1.age);
return 0;
}

Output:

Name: Alice, Age: 25

8.Explain Union in c programming.

In C, a union is a special data type that allows storing different data types in the same memory
location. Unlike a structure, where each member has its own memory location, a union
shares the same memory location for all its members. This means that only one member of the
union can hold a value at a time.

Key Features of Union:

Memory Sharing: All members of a union share the same memory space, and the size
of the union is determined by the size of its largest member.

Single Value Storage: Only one member of the union can store a value at any given
time.

Efficient Memory Use: Unions are useful when you need to store different types of
data but only need to store one type at a time, saving memory.

Syntax of Union:
union union_name {
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
// other members
};
Example: Union in C

#include <stdio.h>
// Define a union
union Data {
int i;
float f;
char c;
};
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int main() {
// Declare a union variable
union Data data;

// Assign an integer value

data.i = 10;
printf("data.i = %d\n", data.i); // Output: 10

// Assign a float value (overwrites the previous value)

data.f = 3.14;
printf("data.f = %.2f\n", data.f); // Output: 3.14

// Assign a char value (overwrites the previous value)

data.c = 'A';
printf("data.c = %c\n", data.c); // Output: A

// At this point, only 'data.c' holds a valid value, as the other members were overwritten.

return 0;
}

Output:

data.i = 10data.f = 3.14data.c = A

Example: Union with Structures

#include <stdio.h>
// Define a structure containing a unionstruct Employee {
char name[50];
union {
int id;
float salary;
};
};
int main() {
struct Employee emp1;

// Assign a value to the 'id' member of the union

emp1.id = 1001;
printf("Employee ID: %d\n", emp1.id);

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// Assign a value to the 'salary' member of the union (overwrites 'id')

emp1.salary = 50000.50;
printf("Employee Salary: %.2f\n", emp1.salary);

return 0;
}

Output:

Employee ID: 1001Employee Salary: 50000.50

9.Explain Storage Classes in C

Storage classes in C define the scope, visibility, lifetime, and memory location of variables
and/or functions. They tell the compiler how long to keep a variable in memory, where to
store it, and who can access it.

Types of Storage Classes in C:

Storage Class Keyword Scope Lifetime Default Value Stored In
Automatic auto Local Function block Garbage value Stack
Register register Local Function block Garbage value CPU Register*
Static static Local/Global Entire program Zero (0) Data Segment
External extern Global Entire program Zero (0) Data Segment

1. auto Storage Class

Default for all local variables.Stored in stack memory.

Lifetime: Exists till the function/block is executing.

Scope: Local to the block.

#include <stdio.h>
void example() {
auto int a = 10; // 'auto' is optional
printf("Value of a: %d\n", a);
}

2. register Storage Class

Suggests that variable be stored in CPU registers (faster access).

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Can't use & (address-of) operator (registers don’t have memory addresses in C).

Used for variables that require fast access, like loop counters.

#include <stdio.h>
void example() {
register int i;
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
}

3. static Storage Class

Keeps the value of a variable between function calls.

Initialized only once, retains value across invocations.

Can also be used with global variables to restrict scope to the file.

Example 1: Static local variable

#include <stdio.h>
void counter() {
static int count = 0;
count++;
printf("Count: %d\n", count);
}
int main() {
counter();
counter();
counter();
return 0;
}

Output:

Count: 1Count: 2Count: 3

4. extern Storage Class

Used to declare a global variable or function in another file.

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Tells the compiler that the variable is defined elsewhere.

No memory is allocated with extern; it’s just a declaration.

Example: Using extern

// file1.cint x = 100;
// file2.cextern int x; // Refer to x defined in file1.c
printf("Value of x: %d\n", x);

FILE PROCESSING
UNIT V
PART-A
1. What is a file?(NOV 2022)
A file is a collection of related data stored on a secondary storage device like hard disk. Every
file contains data that is organized in hierarchy as fields, records, and databases. Stored as
sequence of bytes logically contiguous (may not be physically contiguous on disk

2. List out the types of files.

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The following are the types of files

a. Text file or ASCII text file: collection of information or data
which are easily readable by humans.
Ex. .txt, .doc, .ppt, .c, .cpp
b. Binary file: It is collection of bytes. Very tough to read by humans.
Ex. .gif, .bmp,.jpeg, .exe, .obj.
3. What are file attributes?
a. File name
b. File Position
c. File Structure
d. File Access Methods
e. Attributes flag

4. What is the use of functions fseek(), fread(), fwrite() and ftell()?

a. fseek(f,1,i)Move the pointer for file f of a distance 1 byte from location i.
b. fread(s,i1,i2,f)Enter i2 dataitems, each of size i1 bytes from file f to string s.
c. fwrite(s,i1,i2,f)send i2 data items,each of size i1 bytes from string s to file f.
d. ftell(f)Return the current pointer position within file f.
e. The data type returned for functions fread,fseek and fwrite is int and ftell is long int.

5. How is a file opened and file closed?

a. A file is opened using fopen()function. Ex: fp=fopen(filename,mode);
b. A file closed using fclose()function. Ex: fclose(fp);

6. What are the statements used for reading a file? (Nov 2014)
a. FILE*p;Initialize file pointer.
b. fp=fopen(“File_name” ”r”);Open text file for reading.
c. Getc(file_pointer_name);Reads character from file.
d. fgets(str,length,fp); Reads the string from the file.

7. What is the difference between getc() and getchar()? (May 2015)

int getc(FILE * stream) gets the next character on the given input stream „s file
pointer to point to the next character.
int getchar(void) returns the next character on the input stream stdin.

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8. Differentiate text file and binary file.

Text file Binary File
a. Data are human readable characters a. Data is in the form of sequence of bytes.
b. Each line ends with a newline b. There are no lines or newline character.
character. c. An EOF marker is used.
c. Ctrl+z or Ctrl+d are end of file d. Data may be read in any direction.
character e. Data stored in file are in same format
d. Data is read in forward direction only that they are stored in memory
e. Data is converted into the internal
format
before being stored in memory

9. What is random access file?(NOV 2023)

A file can be accessed at random using fseek() function
fseek(fp,position,origin); fp file pointer position number of bytes offset from origin
0,1 or 2 denote the beginning current position or end of file respectively.

10. What does the syntax depicts fread(&my_record,sizeof(struct rec),

ptr_myfile); (May 2015)
a. In the above statement, my_record is a pointer to an area of memory that will
receive the data from the file.
b. Size of (struct rec) indicates that number of bytes required for structure rec to be read.
c. Paramater „1‟ indicates that only one time bytes required for structure rec to be read.
d. ptr _myfile is pointer to previously opened file.

11. State the two types of data files.

a. Steam oriented or standard data files.
b. System oriented or low level data files.

12. State 2 categories of standard data files.

The two categories of standard data files are
a. Text files.
b. Unformatted data files (Binary files).

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13. What are unformatted data files or binary files?

The files that organize data into blocks of contiguous bytes of information are called
b unformatted data files or binary files.

14. State the parameter of fopen function.

The parameter of fopen function are
a. Name of the file to be open
b. Mode of use

15. Define text files.

Text files are more restrictive than binary files since they can only contain
textual data. However, unlike binary files, they are less likely to become corrupted.
While a small error in a binary file may make it unreadable, a small error in a text
file may simply show up once the file has been opened.

16. Define binary files.

Binary files typically contain a sequence of bytes, or ordered groupings of eight
bits. When creating a custom file format for a program, a developer arranges these
bytes into a format that stores the necessary information for the application.

17. What do you mean by data file?

The data was written to the standard output and data was read from the standard
input. As long as only small amount of data are being accessed in the form of simple
variables and a character strings. This type of I/O is sufficient. With large amount of
data, the information has to be written to or read from auxiliary device. Such
information is stored on the device in the form of a data file.

18. What is the use of rewind function?

rewind(): This function is used to move the file pointer to the beginning of the given file.
Syntax : rewind(fptr); Where fptr is a file pointer.

19. List the different modes of opening a file.

The function fopen() has various modes of operation that are listed below

Mod Description

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e
R Opens a text file in reading mode
W Opens or create a text file in writing mode.
A Opens a text file in appended mode.
r+ Opens a text file in both reading and writing
mode.
w+ Opens a text file in both reading and writing
mode.

20. Define logical file.

A logical file determines how data records are selected and defined when read by
an application program. A logical file can be a simple, multiple formats, or join
logical file.

21. What are command line arguments?(APR 2022)(APR 2024)

It is possible to pass some values from the command line to your C programs
when they are executed. These values are called command line arguments and many
times they are important for your program especially when you want to control your
program from outside instead of hard coding those values inside the code.
#include <stdio.h>
int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) Output
$./a.out testing
{ The argument supplied is testing
if( argc == 2 ) {
printf("The argument supplied is %s\n", argv[1]); $./a.out testing1 testing2
Too many arguments supplied.
}
else if( argc > 2 ) { $./a.out
One argument expected
printf("Too many arguments supplied.\n");
}
else {
printf("One argument expected.\n");
}}
22. Which methods are used to write in to binary files?
The following are the methods are used to write in to binary files
a. fread() function is used to read a binary file.
b. fwrite() functions is used to write a binary file.

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23. What is the basic file operation in C?

There are four basic operations that can be performed on any files in C
programming language.
a. Opening / Creating a file.
b. Closing a file
c. Reading a file.
d. Writing in a file.
24. State the fflush() method.
fflush() is typically used for output stream only. Its purpose is to clear (or flush)
the output and move the buffered data to console (in case of stdout) or disk (in case
of file output stream). Syntax. fflush(FILE*ostream);

25. What is the difference between printf() and sprint()?

sprint() writes data to the character array whereas printf(…) writes data to the
standard output device.
26. What is the different file extensions involved when programming in C?
Source codes in C are saved with .C file extensions. Header files or library files
have the .H file extension. Every time a program source code is successfully
compiled, it creates an.OBJ object file, and an executable .EXE file.

27. What is a sequential access file?

When writing programs that will store and retrieve data in a file, it is possible to
designate that file in to different forms. A sequential access file is such that data are
saved in sequential access file, one data is placed in to the file after another. To
access a particular data within the sequential access, data has to be read one data at a
time, until the right one is reached.

28. Is it possible to create your own header files?

Yes, it is possible to create a customized header file. Just include in it the
function prototypes that you want to use in your program, and use the #include
directive followed by the name of your header file.

29. How do you search data in a data file using random access method?
Use the fseek() function to perform random access input / output on a file. After
the file was opened by the fopen() function, the fseek would require three parameters
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to work: a file pointer to the file, the number of bytes to search, and the point of
origin in the file.

PART-B

1.Explain about main types of files used in file processing.(APR 2024)

In file processing in C, “files” typically refer to data files that a program can open, read,
write, or modify. These files can be of various types based on structure, content, and usage.

1. Text Files

1. Store data as readable characters (ASCII/UTF-8).

2. Easy to read and edit manually.
3. Suitable for storing logs, configuration, CSVs, etc.

Examples:

 data.txt
 report.csv
 logfile.log

2. Binary Files

1. Store data in binary (machine-readable) format.

2. Compact, efficient, and faster to read/write.
3. Used for images, executables, serialized structures, etc.

Examples:

 data.bin
 image.jpg
 archive.zip

3. Structured Files (custom-defined in binary)

1. Store complex data like arrays, structs, records.

2. Require consistent encoding/decoding logic.
3. Often used in databases, simulations, or games.

Example:
A file storing a list of employee structs in binary format.
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4. Delimited Files

1. A subtype of text files using a delimiter (like ,, |, ;) to separate values.

2. Useful for importing/exporting tabular data.

Examples:

 CSV (Comma Separated Values)

 TSV (Tab Separated Values)

5. Log/Configuration Files

1. Typically text files used to record events or store settings.

2. Often read and appended to during runtime.

Examples:

 settings.ini
 error.log

Each of these file types can be processed using C's standard file handling functions from
stdio.h, such as:fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite(), fprintf(), fscanf(), fgets(), fputs()

Modes Used in fopen()

Mode Meaning
"r" Read (text)
"w" Write (text, truncates file)
"a" Append (text)
"rb" Read (binary)
"wb" Write (binary)
"ab" Append (binary)
"r+" / "rb+" Read/write
"w+" / "wb+" Write/read, truncates
"a+" / "ab+" Append/read

2. Explain types of file processing:

Feature Sequential Access Random Access

Data is read/written in order, one Can jump directly to any part of the
Access Pattern
record at a time file
Speed (specific Slower for specific data Faster for accessing specific records
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Feature Sequential Access Random Access

data)
Databases, index files, editing
Use Case Logs, reports, reading all records
specific records
File Types Text files (.txt, .csv) Binary files (.dat, .bin)
Functions Used fopen(), fscanf(), fprintf() fseek(), ftell(), fread(), fwrite()
Memory
Efficient for full-file processing Better for partial-file processing
Efficiency

Example of Sequential Access (C):

// Reading numbers from a file sequentially
FILE *fp = fopen("data.txt", "r");
int num;
while (fscanf(fp, "%d", &num) != EOF) {
printf("%d\n", num);
}
fclose(fp);

Example of Random Access (C):

// Accessing the 5th record directly in a binary file
FILE *fp = fopen("data.bin", "rb");
int num;
fseek(fp, 4 * sizeof(int), SEEK_SET);
// Jump to 5th int (index 4)
fread(&num, sizeof(int), 1, fp);
printf("Fifth number: %d\n", num);
fclose(fp);

3.SEQUENTIAL ACCESSS FILE IN FILE PROCEESING (APR 2021)

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In C programming, a sequential access file is typically handled using standard I/O functions
like fopen(), fgets(), fscanf(), fprintf(), etc. These allow you to read and write files from start
to finish in order.

Basic Example

1. Writing to a Sequential File

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("employees.txt", "w"); // Open for writing

if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file!\n");
return 1;
}
// Writing records
fprintf(fp, "001 John_Smith 50000\n");
fprintf(fp, "002 Jane_Doe 55000\n");
fprintf(fp, "003 Alice_Jones 60000\n");

fclose(fp); // Always close the file

return 0;
}

2. Reading from a Sequential File

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp;
char id[10], name[50];
int salary;

fp = fopen("employees.txt", "r"); // Open for reading

if (fp == NULL) {
printf("File not found!\n");
return 1;
}
// Reading sequentially

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while (fscanf(fp, "%s %s %d", id, name, &salary) != EOF) {

printf("ID: %s, Name: %s, Salary: %d\n", id, name, salary);
}

fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
Key Points:

 Files are processed line by line (or record by record) in the order they appear.
 You can't jump to a specific record — this is sequential access, not random access.
 It is simple and works well for log files, reports, and simple databases.

C program that reads numbers from a sequential access file and calculates their average.

Example: Finding Average from a File

Suppose your file numbers.txt contains:

10
20
30
40
50

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *fp;
int number, sum = 0, count = 0;
float average;

fp = fopen("numbers.txt", "r"); // Open the file for reading

if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error: Could not open file.\n");
return 1;
}

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// Read numbers sequentially

while (fscanf(fp, "%d", &number) != EOF) {
sum += number;
count++;
}

fclose(fp);

if (count == 0) {
printf("No numbers found in the file.\n");
} else {
average = (float)sum / count;
printf("Average = %.2f\n", average);
}

return 0;
}

Notes:

 fscanf(fp, "%d", &number) reads one number at a time

 It uses sequential access, reading from start to end.
 Handles the case where the file is empty.

4.Write a C program for random access file processing with a transaction processing
system.

It simulates updating a student's balance based on transaction input using a binary file.

Goal

 Maintain a file of student records (roll number, name, balance).

 Process a set of transactions (e.g., deposits/withdrawals)
 Update the file using random access.

Structure Definition
typedef struct {
int roll;
char name[30];
float balance;
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} Student;

Step-by-Step Implementation
1. Create a Binary File with Student Records

#include <stdio.h>
typedef struct {
int roll;
char name[30];
float balance;
} Student;
void createFile() {
FILE *fp = fopen("students.dat", "wb");
Student s;

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

printf("Enter Roll, Name, Balance: ");
scanf("%d %s %f", &s.roll, s.name, &s.balance);
fwrite(&s, sizeof(Student), 1, fp);
}
fclose(fp);
}
2. Apply Transactions Using Random Access

void applyTransaction(int rollToFind, float amount) {

FILE *fp = fopen("students.dat", "rb+");
Student s;
int found = 0;

while (fread(&s, sizeof(Student), 1, fp)) {

if (s.roll == rollToFind) {
s.balance += amount; // Apply transaction
fseek(fp, -sizeof(Student), SEEK_CUR); // Go back
fwrite(&s, sizeof(Student), 1, fp); // Update record
found = 1;
break;
}
}

if (!found)

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printf("Student with Roll %d not found.\n", rollToFind);

fclose(fp);
}

3. Display All Records

void displayFile() {
FILE *fp = fopen("students.dat", "rb");
Student s;

printf("\nStudent Records:\n");
while (fread(&s, sizeof(Student), 1, fp)) {
printf("Roll: %d, Name: %s, Balance: %.2f\n", s.roll, s.name, s.balance);
}
fclose(fp);
}

4. main() Function
int main() {
int roll;
float amount;
int choice;
createFile(); // Step 1: Initial setup

printf("\nTransaction Processing:\n");
printf("Enter Roll No to update: ");
scanf("%d", &roll);
printf("Enter transaction amount (+ for deposit, - for withdrawal): ");
scanf("%f", &amount);

applyTransaction(roll, amount); // Step 2: Process transaction

displayFile(); // Step 3: Show updated data

return 0;
}
Key Concepts:

 Binary file for fixed-size records.

 fseek() + fwrite() = random access update.
 Simple transaction logic (no concurrency control — meant for learning purposes).

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5.Explain about command line arguments.(NOV 2022,APR 2024)

command line arguments to pass filenames and other input data to your program at runtime.
This is especially useful in file processing, where you might want to specify the input/output
file without hardcoding it.

Syntax for Command Line Arguments in C

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 argc: Number of arguments (including the program name)

 argv[]: Array of strings holding the arguments

Example: Reading a File Name from Command Line

Program: Print Contents of a File Passed as Argument
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
FILE *fp;
char ch;

if (argc != 2) {
printf("Usage: %s <filename>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
fp = fopen(argv[1], "r"); // Use command line argument as file name

if (fp == NULL) {
printf("Error opening file: %s\n", argv[1]);
return 1;
}
printf("Contents of %s:\n\n", argv[1]);
while ((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {
putchar(ch);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
Compile & Run:
gcc file_read.c -o file_read
./file_read input.txt

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