STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)
A TECHINCAL REPORT
UNDERTAKEN AT
CAKASA ENGINEERING SERVICES LIMITED

ABUBAKAR BASHIR OPEYEMI

(160151)
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSO,
OYO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH.) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DECEMBER, 2021
DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to the ruler and creator of the Universe for his
everlasting glory and mercies and his protection and guidance during my
SIWES and in the writing of this report. It was a difficult journey with a lot
of challenges but with mercies and grace, I’m forever an overcomer. I’m
also dedicating this work to my family for their continuous support and
encouragement throughout my SIWES program. I also want to dedicate this
report specially to all the staffs I was privileged to work with at Cakasa
Engineering Services Limited. And also, a special dedication to my co-
interns at the company. It was a great honor to work with other students from
different academic backgrounds and cultures due to some of them coming
from different states.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To begin, I will like to thank the Almighty God for being with me during my
industrial training. I am grateful to Ladoke Akintola University lecturers for
providing me with a strong basis on which to grow. I really want to thank the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for their foresight in establishing this
program. I also want to thank the Cakasa Engineering Services Limited
employees who helped make my SIWES program a success. I am also
grateful to the entire Process and Piping department, especially my
supervisor, Mr. Kayode Olalekan, for his constant support and advice. A
special thanks to Mrs. Alabi Atinuke for her added support to my learning
process at CESL. I will also like a give special thanks to the M.D and F.O of
the company, Mr. Adesina
Folorunso for his continuous guidance and support throughout my internship
program.
ABSTRACT
The content of this report includes a detailed summary of my internship at
Cakasa Engineering Services Limited during my Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) and the explanation of my experience and new
information added to my knowledge throughout the period. This report
includes detailed chapters of paragraphs and sections of information from
my commencement and introduction to Cakasa Engineering Services
limited, the services and value offered by the company, The companies long
term goals, my experience and personal take-away from the company during
my Four-months internship program. The report highlights the core values,
history inclusive, organogram, the services rendered, mission and vision
statements of Cakasa Engineering Services Limited (CESL). A detailed
information on safety is also given. The report explains the theories of
experiences gained in the company during the program, which include:
Designing basic and complex diagrams on AutoCAD using the required
tools, The processes involved in designing a Process flow diagram (PFD),
Piping and instrumentation diagram(P&ID), Utility flow diagram (UFD)
using AutoCAD, Using the excel sheet to size a line on a P&ID and
understanding their basis of design (API &DEP), and also the use of Aspen
Hysys for process simulation, also How to fully execute a detailed
engineering design (Dummy Project) and Other relevant details were also
given in this chapters. The report highlights the Relevance of work
experience to career objective, Conclusion, Recommendations and
References.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 SIWES PLACEMENT

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) in the year 1973 to serve the problem of lack of adequate practical
skills preparatory for employment in Industries by Nigerian Tertiary Institution
graduates, and as such enables students of such institutions to have basic technical
knowhow and modus operandi of industrial work base on their course of study before
the completion of their program. The Scheme educates students on Industrial based
skills essential for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of industries and
organization establishments. Students of Tertiary Institutions are given the opportunity
of familiarizing and getting exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery
and equipment which are usually not available in the educational institutions. Partaking
in SIWES Industrial Training has become a crucial prerequisite for the award of Degree
and Diploma Certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning
in Nigeria in line with the government’s education policies.

1.1 STEPS FOR LANDING SIWES PLACEMENT COLLECTION OF SIWES

LETTERS
Students were first required to submit their unofficial transcript to the office of the head
of SIWES to check for their eligibility status concerning the SIWES program. Eligible
students were advised to submit their information such as; name, matriculation number,
email, phone number and address to ensure that they get their SIWES letter via their
emails.

1.2 SUBMISSION OF SIWES LETTERS

I did my research on prospective industries that would be very good for me to carry out
my six-month SIWES program. I found a number of companies such as; Niger Delta
petroleum resources, Sahara energy, and CAKASA Engineering Services Limited. And
I tried to reach out to them through emails and phone numbers found on their website. I
also sent them a copy of my SIWES letter and a copy of a resume I composed. Due to
the global pandemic a lot of them weren’t giving placements to SIWES applicants and
others already gave out their spots. Fortunately for me, I was able to reach out to the
managing director and financial officer of CAKASA Engineering Services Limited via
email.
Fortunately for me, the managing director and financial officer of the company was
able to reach back to me through text with a message of possible placement for me at
CAKASA Engineering Services Limited. I was instructed by him to report to the office
for an in-person interview with himself and the head of the H.R department.
After the interview I was told to resume following week with two passport photographs
by the H.R department for them to include in my employee folder. I was then giving an
office card which served as the entrance key to enable me access into the company.

1.2.1 INFORMATION CONTAINING THE COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENT

CAKASA ENGINEERING SERVICES LIMITED (CESL) HISTORY AND
OVERVIEW
CESL is a subsidiary of CAKASA NIGERIA LIMITED (CNC). Cakasa Engineering is
amongst the most respected engineering companies in Nigeria. Since 2002 when
CAKASA progressed into full scale engineering and project management following a
strategic alliance with Fluor Corporation of USA, CAKASA has executed over 80
projects. These projects have included conceptual, front-end engineering, detailed
engineering, procurement, and construction projects.
The success achieved on these projects resulted in long term relationships with clients
and customers who are majorly international and national oil companies. These clients
have over time come to value the company’s quality, dependability, fidelity, and service
expertise. In a strategic move to reposition Engineering division, the board of Cakasa
(Nigeria) Company limited in 2015 approved the incorporation of Cakasa Engineering
Services Limited (CESL) from what was formerly a division of Cakasa (Nigeria)
Company Limited then known as Engineering and Technical Services Division
(ETSD).
ENGINEERING AND QUALITY
At CAKASA Engineering Services Limited, we provide our clients with exceptional
engineering services by recruiting and retaining highly trained employees who are
motivated by the challenge to deliver quality on every project. we are committed to
effective Quality Management throughout all design and construction processes and
believes that high quality service and workmanship are the key to sustainable business
development. The safety of all employees is a top priority, and we believe that injuries
are preventable with proper training and work planning. We are totally committed to
avoiding work related incidents and injuries.
PARTNERING WITH CESL
Cakasa Engineering sets stringent standards for global safety practices, both at project
work sites and in all office environments. CESL looks for firms specialized in the
engineering, construction, operations, and maintenance of oil and gas assets and related
services.
PICTURES FEATURED PROJECTS

Fig 1.2.2 Construction of Wabeco Depot Calabar

 Fig 1.2.3 Dibi Long Term Facility FEED Project

ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY

2ND Floor, The Rock Tower, The Rock Drive, Off Durosinmi Etti Dr, Lekki Phase 1,
Lagos, Nigeria.

Fig 1.3 Google Map image of the location of CAKASA ENGINEERING SERVICES LIMITED

SERVICES/PRODUCT
Cakasa Engineering sets stringent standards for global safety practices, both at project
work sites and in all office environments.
Our Core deliverables include:
 Conceptual Design
A phase of project planning that includes producing ideas and taking into account the
pros and cons of implementing those ideas. This stage of a project is done to minimize
the likelihood of error, manage costs, assess risk, and evaluate the potential success of
the intended project. In any event, once an engineering issue or problem is defined,
potential solutions must be identified. These solutions can be found by using ideation,
the mental process by which ideas are generated. In fact, this step is often termed
Ideation or "Concept Generation."
The following are widely used techniques
• Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
This Is an engineering design approach normally used to control project expenses and
thoroughly plan a project before a fix bid quote is submitted. It may also be referred to
as Pre-project planning (PPP), front end loading (FEL), feasibility analysis, or early
project planning.
• Detailed Engineering Design (DED)
Detailed engineering follows Front End Engineering (FEED) and Basic Engineering
previous steps on the engineering process for a project development, it contains in
detail diagrams and drawings for construction, civil works, instrumentation, control
system, electrical facilities, management of suppliers, schedule of activities, costs,
procurement of equipment, economic evaluation and also environmental impacts before
starting of construction of a project.
Detailed engineering is used for different stages and purposes in project development
worldwide, detailed engineering is a key component for every project development.
• Drafting and As-Built Drawing:
• 3D Modeling:
This is an engineering field where skilled engineers try to give the clients the best
possible pre-contractor-construction designs. Engineers also use 3D modelling to make
accurate decisions before wasting resources to find the best decision for a system
• Laser Scanning & Dimensional Control
The choice of survey type can sometimes be confusing for project teams, with laser
scan surveys often requested when the required tolerances in fact necessitate
dimensional control techniques with more traditional instrumentation. Laser scanning is
a rapid and reliable method for surveying often inaccessible, complex or congested
areas.

• Project Management Consultancy

This is a professional practice that provides expert advice to others. A project
management consultant provides expert project management advice to external
businesses. A company may hire a project management consultant if it lacks project
management expertise or needs project management advice from an external, impartial
party.
Cakasa Engineering sets stringent standards for global safety practices, both at project
work sites and in all office environments.
Our Core deliverables include:
• Conceptual Design
A phase of project planning that includes producing ideas and taking into account the
pros and cons of implementing those ideas. This stage of a project is done to minimize
the likelihood of error, manage costs, assess risk, and evaluate the potential success of
the intended project. In any event, once an engineering issue or problem is defined,
potential solutions must be identified. These solutions can be found by using ideation,
the mental process by which ideas are generated. In fact, this step is often termed
Ideation or "Concept Generation."
The following are widely used techniques
• Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
This Is an engineering design approach normally used to control project expenses and
thoroughly plan a project before a fix bid quote is submitted. It may also be referred to
as Pre-project planning (PPP), front end loading (FEL), feasibility analysis, or early
project planning.
• Detailed Engineering Design (DED)
Detailed engineering follows Front End Engineering (FEED) and Basic Engineering
previous steps on the engineering process for a project development, it contains in
detail diagrams and drawings for construction, civil works, instrumentation, control
system, electrical facilities, management of suppliers, schedule of activities, costs,
procurement of equipment, economic evaluation and also environmental impacts before
starting of construction of a project.
Detailed engineering is used for different stages and purposes in project development
worldwide. Detailed engineering is a key component for every project development.
• Drafting and As-Built Drawing:
• 3D Modeling:
This is an engineering field where skilled engineers try to give the clients the best
possible pre-contractor-construction designs. Engineers also use 3D modelling to make
accurate decisions before wasting resources to find the best decision for a system.
• Laser Scanning & Dimensional Control
The choice of survey type can sometimes be confusing for project teams, with
laser scan surveys often requested when the required tolerances in fact
necessitate dimensional control techniques with more traditional
instrumentation. Laser scanning is a rapid and reliable method for surveying
often inaccessible, complex or congested areas.
• Project Management Consultancy
This is a professional practice that provides expert advice to others. A project
management consultant provides expert project management advice to
external businesses. A company may hire a project management consultant if
it lacks project management expertise or needs project management advice
from an external, impartial party.
CAKASA ENGINEERING SERVICES LIMITED ORGANOGRAM

SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTS TO ITF OFFICE

I filled my SCAF form that was provided to me in school as required appropriately and
accurately with information such as; my name, school, address of the company where I
worked. Afterwards I proceeded to the office of the Head of H.R for him to stamp my
SCAF form. On getting that done I went to the ITF office closest to my place of work
(located in Lekki phase one) to submit the SCAF form. I was instructed to ensure that I
came back after my internship program to the ITF office to get my logbook stamped as
well.
THE COMMENCEMENT OF INTERNSHIP
I commenced with my four month industrial attachment program at CAKASA
Engineering Services Limited on the early days of August 2021 to be discharged from
the company by December 2021 ending. I was to go to attend work on every working
day of the week and on other days when I’m required to be at the office for some
overtime work. For every working day of the week, I was to have resumed each day at
the office by 8am and was to close the day by the Close of Business hour which was
4:00 pm every day.
PROCESS UNIT
Due to my course of discipline in my school which is Chemical Engineering, my best
fit at the company was without a doubt the Process Engineering Department. Process
engineering involves the utilization of multiple tools and methods. Depending on the
exact nature of the system, processes need to be simulated and modelled using
mathematics and computer science. Processes where phase change and phase equilibria
are relevant require analysis using the principles and laws of thermodynamics to
quantify changes in energy and efficiency. In contrast, processes that focus on the flow
of material and energy as they approach equilibria are best analyzed using the
disciplines of fluid
mechanics and transport phenomena. Disciplines within the field of mechanics need to
be applied in the presence of fluids or porous and dispersed media. Materials
engineering principles also need to be applied, when relevant. Manufacturing in the
field of process engineering involves an implementation of process synthesis steps.
Regardless of the exact tools required, process engineering is then formatted through
the use of a process flow diagram (PFD) where material flow paths, storage equipment
(such as tanks and silos), transformations (such as distillation columns, receiver/head
tanks, mixing, separations, pumps, etc.) and flowrates are specified, as well as a list of
all pipes and conveyors and their contents, material properties such as density,
viscosity, particle-size distribution, flowrate, pressures, temperatures, and materials of
construction for the piping and unit operations. The normal flow of work at my
company was to pass on the approved basic designs made with the careful calculation
and considerations engineering
standards to the piping team for modelling and for further revision. From there the
electrical team begins to do their bit on the project. Other teams such as; Civil and
Mechanical Engineering team come in at the latter stages of design construction and
maintenance.
SUPERVISION
My appointed supervisor at the company by the name Engr. Kayode Olalekan was
mostly in charge of my everyday affairs. I reported mostly to him to get feedback on
every single bit of work I did at the office. While Engr. Lekan was based in the Piping
department he was still able to manage my progress at the office due to his many years
of experience at the office. He ensured to stamp my logbook at the appropriate times.
Aside from Engr. Kayode I still had supervision from other engineers at the office
especially Engr. Alabi Atinuke. This makes sense because she is based in process
engineering and she had a lot
to put me through since we were in the same department.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 FACILITIES AVAILABLE

At CAKASA ENGINEERING SERVICES LIMITED Engineers usually divide their
time, effort and productivity between the office and site. While on site we use various
mechanical and electrical equipment and tools. Then, at the office we have a number of
software used to aid work or simulate work to be done on the sites. Most of the work at
CAKASA entails producing deliverables such as; PFD, P&IDs, UFD, DED, FEED,
PDMS Modelling e.t.c. for the designing and that aiding the construction of storage
plants/facilities for petroleum and whiteproducts and well as oil production processing
plants. Aside from designing, Engineers are also on the site of these facilities to ensure
supervision of the installation of the designed deliverables are being carried out.
ON SITE FACILITIES
STORAGE TANKS:

Storage tanks to hold organic liquids, non-organic liquids, and vapors. The American
Petroleum Institute API-650 specification is used to design and build most storage
tanks.
These tanks can range in size from 2 to 60 meters in diameter or more. They are
typically put inside containment basins to contain spills in the event of a tank break.
Petroleum production and refining, petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, bulk
storage and transfer operations, and other sectors that consume or produce liquids and
vapors are all industries that use storage tanks.
The project that was being worked on during my time at the office contained;
 4 Premiums Motor Spirit (PMS) tanks.
 1 Dual Purpose Tank.
 1 Aviation Turbine Kerosene Tank.
 Slop Tank

Figure 2.1.1 A picture taken of a Storage Tank

Figure 2.1.2 picture of a Storage tank system at Ughelli Pump Station

TYPES OF TANKS:
• Fixed-roof tanks
• External floating roof tanks
• Internal floating roof tanks
• Horizontal tanks
• Pressure tanks
• Variable vapor space tanks
• LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tanks
Fixed-roof tanks:
The fixed-roof tank is the least expensive to build of the current tank types andis
typically considered the minimum suitable equipment for storing liquids. A typical
fixed-roof tank is made up of a cylindrical steel shell with a permanently attached cone
or dome-shaped roof. The majority of storage tanks are fully welded and built to be
both liquid and vapor tight, but older tanks are frequently riveted or bolted and are not
vapor tight. Many fixed-roof tanks have a Breather Valve (pressure-vacuum Valve) that
allows the tank to operate at a small internal pressure or vacuum
External floating roofs tanks:
An open-topped cylindrical steel shell with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored
liquid, rising and falling with the liquid level, is a typical external floating roof tank. A
deck, fittings, and rim seal system make up the floatingroof. Pan, pontoon, and double
deck floating roof decks are made of welded steel plates and come in three different
styles. Despite the widespread use of pan-type decks, the current trend is toward
pontoon and double-deck floating roofs. Different versions of these fundamental types
of floating decks are available, each geared to highlight specific attributes such as full
liquid contact, loadcarrying capability, roof stability, or pontoon arrangement. Except in
the small annular area between the deck and the shell, the liquid surface is covered by
the floating deck; the deck may contact the liquid or float directly above the surface on
pontoons.
Internal Floating Roof Tanks:
Inside the tank, there is both a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof. Internal
floating roof tanks are divided into two categories:
tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no internal support columns tanks with a
self-supporting fixed roof and no internal support columns The fixed roof does not
always have no gaps, but it does cover the whole open plan space of the ship. External
floating roof tanks that have been converted to internal floating roof tanks normally
feature a self-supporting roof, whereas fixed roof tanks that have been adapted to
employ an internal floating roof are typically of the first type.
Tanks that were built with a fixed roof and an interior floating roof can be of either
type. A permanent roof and a roof that floats inside the tank on the liquid surface
(contact deck) or is supported by pontoons several inches above the liquid surface are
both present in an internal floating roof tank (noncontact deck). The liquid level causes
the internal floating ceiling to rise and fall.
PUMPS:
Pumps are essential parts of any oil drilling rig. They're intended to speed up the flow
of fluid from one location to another. Refineries cannot run without pumps, as oil
displacement is critical to the overall operation of an oil rig. We'll look at the many
types of pumps used in oil and gas downstream operations, their principal functions,
and the benefits and drawbacks of each model.
Centrifugal Pumps:
The centrifugal pump is the most frequent form of slurry pump used in the oil and gas
industry. Centrifugal pumps have one or more impellers that rotate and suck fluid into
the suction end of the pump before forcing it out the discharge end using centrifugal
force. Pumps with this design can be utilized in a wide range of applications and are
particularly well suited to procedures involving low viscosity liquids and high flow
rates. Centrifugal pumps can handle dirty or low viscosity liquids as long as they don't
contain air, fumes, or a large number of solids.
In the upstream oil and gas industry, centrifugal pumps are employed in triphase or
multiphase pumping applications. Electric submersible pumps, for example, are utilized
as a water and oil separator in which water can be reinjected into a reservoir without
being lifted to the earth surface. If the product is compatible, they can move a large
number of low viscosity liquids in a short amount of time and pump several hundred
gallons of liquid every minute.
Oil Pumps:
When there isn't enough ground pressure to propel the oil onto the surface, a typical oil
pump manually pumps liquid out of an oil well. Oil pumps are utilized in onshore
regions where there is a lot of oil but the ground can't get it out. Depending on the depth
and weight of the oil, these pumps may deliver one to 10 gallons of petroleum every
stroke. Deeper extractions necessitate the use of more powerful pumps to transport the
oil through a vertical discharge column (discharge head). The pumps are powered by a
motor that drives vertical motion to drive the pump shaft. This movement is referred to
as a 'walking' in the industry.
Positive Displacement Pump:
Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal pumps, do not require impellers to
move the fluid. Instead, they use spinning or reciprocating elements to drive the liquid
into a contained space. This design provides pressure, which causes the liquid to flow to
its intended location. Positive displacement pumps are useful for transporting higher
viscous liquids at a lower flow rate but higher pressure. A chemical injection pump is
an example of a positive displacement pump.
Possibility of Positive Displacement Pumps are used in the oil refinery’s upstream
phase. They are a more compact device with a higher high-pressure ratio, making them
one of the most efficient and cost-effective types of pumps. Positive placement pumps,
despite their low cost and high efficiency, require a lot of maintenance, mainly owing to
mechanical part failures. They’re also noisier than centrifugal compressors, which
could pose a problem in some situations. Positive displacement pumps are rarely
employed in circumstances where high flow rates are required.
Oil Transfer Pump:
During the midstream and downstream phases of oil refinement, an oil transfer pump is
utilized to transport glycol from a well to a storage tank. Oil pumps require
considerable maintenance and repairs to keep running properly due to the enormous
level of activity they engage in. Fluid is pushed from one site to another using transfer
pumps, which cause a pressure variation. Electric, solar, hydraulic, or gas power can be
used to power industrial-scale slurry pumps. Transfer pumps are used by oil firms to
transport flammable or corrosive liquids such as oil, gas, or chemicals. Because the
components are made of corrosion resistant metals that can withstand harsh
environmental conditions, these pumps are safe to use in these applications.
Figure 2.1.3 An image of a centrifugal pump
Figure 2.1.4 Representation of a Pump on a CAKASA P&ID

Monitoring and Control System for Tank Terminals:

A fully automated control system was given by Monitor Systems for a state of the art
Tank Terminal. Monitor Systems collaborated closely with their client and their main
contractors to design a system that would first and foremost provide a safe environment
for product storage, transfer, decanting, and weighing, while also ensuring an efficient
operational site that could handle the demands placed on it by operating in the
competitive O&G market.
The completely automated control system allows the user to run the entire tank terminal
from the safety and convenience of the Control Room, including tank transfers, tank
fills, and recirculation processes, while offering full visualization of the operation.
Because of the chemicals that would be housed on site and the vital processes that
would be performed, ATEX certified systems were necessary, as well as a Safety
Instrumented System (SIS) with several Safety Instrumented Functions
(SIFs). The safety systems put in place were critical in guaranteeing that, if necessary,
the system would be placed in a ‘Safe State' to avoid negative Safety, Health, and
Environmental repercussions.
 Fig 2.1.5 & Fig 2.1.6 Tank Terminal Control System

Monitor Systems delivered the plant's PLC control system, as well as the SCADA
software package and IPCs that would serve as the operator's main operation gateway.
To prevent the chance of operator mistake resulting to harmful situations, the SCADA
system was built and developed to automate as many procedures as feasible. The
operator has a basic and easy-to-use system intuitive user-friendly SCADA package
that guarantees the facility runs smoothly on a regular basis thanks to the Monitor
Systems specified and installed all tank farm instrumentation, including Radar Tank
Level, Level Switches, Flow Switches, Temperature Sensors, SIL instruments, Coriolis
and MAG flowmeters, all of which contributed to the client's requirement for a safe
site.
Monitor Systems also includes the following items. Static earth monitors units, plant
and waste water control panels, E-STOPS units, IBC & OST authorized weight-
measurement scales, and a weight - measurement approved mixing tank weighting
system were among the items included in the scope of delivery. Because the site is a
new construction, the installation of the system necessitated meticulous planning and a
close working relationship between various contractors. The facility was built and
commissioned in time for the start of a big contract award, thanks to our engineers and
installation team working in tandem with all other site contractors.
OFF SITE FACILITIES:
At Cakasa while the engineers are the office, we make use of different applications
software to help facilitate work by accurately simulating fluid movements, carrying out
complicated calculations, designing different engineering systems.
Such applications software include:
 AutoCAD
 Excel/Word
 PDMS
 ETAP

AutoCAD:
AutoCAD P ID software allows you to create, modify, and manage schematic piping
and instrumentation diagrams. AutoCAD Plant 3D adds 3D models, including piping,
equipment, support structures, generation of isometric, and orthographic drawings.
AutoCAD Plant 3D includes the features of AutoCAD PID. The Plant SDK supports
both products.
Built on the familiar AutoCAD software platform, AutoCAD P & ID and AutoCAD
Plant 3D bring modern design to plant designers and engineers. The Plant SDK extends
the features of the Object ARX SDK for AutoCAD In CAKASA AutoCAD is used to;
 Draft processing facility designs.
 Produce P&ID (piping and instrumentation diagrams) and PFDs (Process
Flow Diagrams) deliverables.
 Design Plot plans.
AutoCAD designing is the backbone of seeing the bigger picture when it comes to
designing a storage facility or oil process facility. It provides us with sense of direction
on every project as every engineer refers to the AutoCAD designs while doing their
specific works.
Microsoft Excel/Word:
Microsoft Excel uses a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter named
columns to manage data manipulations such as arithmetic operations. It comes with a
number of built-in features to help with statistical, technical, and financial issues. It also
has a limited three-dimensional graphical display and can display data as line graphs,
histograms, and charts. It lets data to be divided into sections to see how it is affected
by various causes from multiple angles (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). A
pivot table is a useful tool for data analysis that can help you save time. This is
accomplished by using PivotTable fields to simplify big data sets. It features a
programming component, Visual Basic for Applications, which allows the user to apply
a wide range of numerical methods, such as solving differential equations in
mathematical physics and then sending the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a
number of interactive features that allow user interfaces to completely hide the
spreadsheet from the user, allowing it to present itself as an application, or decision
support system (DSS), via a custom designed user interface, such as a stock analyzer, or
as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.
At Cakasa Excel is used to provide spreadsheet deliverables such as; Line sizing sheets,
Valve sizing sheets, Pump sizing sheets. This enables us to give engineers the
appropriate parameters when it comes to sizes of systems equipment and tools.

Figure 2.1.8 Excel spreadsheet of a line sizing deliverable.

Microsoft Word has various use at the company including industrial use like creating
engineering reports. In Cakasa, its not enough to just produce the deliverables requested
by the client. Its standard procedure to create an official report explaining the
deliverables in a comprehensive manner which reduces possible misunderstanding
between the clients and the engineers. Sometimes it is used to improve understanding of
the projects being carried out between engineers themselves.
PDMS (Plant Design Management System
PDMS, or Plant Design Management System, is a widely used Engineering Design
software. It’s easy-to-customized user-friendly features and multi-user support in a
multi-discipline setting make it the first choice for many prestigious engineering,
design, and construction projects in the onshore and offshore industries. Pipes,
equipment, structure, ducting, and cable trays all have their own modules in PDMS.
The software includes a fully colored 3D environment and can be easily adjusted based
on client demands and catalogs.
PDMS is used to create 3D simulations of a storage system or an oil process facility. It
helps us simulate fluid flow behavior in these systems in order to avoid possible
clashing and other possible jeopardy to save us from losing money due to technical and
engineering mistakes.

Figure 2.1.9 PDMS piping simulation

Its is mostly used by the piping engineers which is a branch out from the mechanical
engineering discipline.
ETAP:
ETAP is a provider of analytical engineering solutions for power systems simulation,
design, monitoring, control, operator training, optimization, and automation. ETAP's
complete digital twin platform provides the most comprehensive set of business
solutions available.
It is used by the electrical and instrumentation department to facilitate:
 Load flow or power flow study
 Short circuit or fault analysis
 Protective device coordination, discrimination or selectivity
 Transient or dynamic stability.
 Substation design and analysis.
 Harmonic or power quality analysis.
 Reliability.
 Optimal power flow.
 Power system stabilizer tuning.
 Optimal capacitor placement.
 Motor starting and acceleration analysis
 Voltage stability analysis
 Arc flash hazard assessment
 Ground loop impedance calculation
 Battery modeling and simulation
 DC Arc Flash Hazard Assessment
2.2 Quality of Supervision:
My supervisor was involved in my everyday affairs at the office. Each day’s work was
explained to me (mostly if it’s something I haven’t done previously) before allowing
me to carry on with the task. I was given a lot of material to read up on (sometimes they
were video clips) to bring me to speed with the work that is being done at the company.
I was assessed based on the material given to me by the supervisor to ensure that I’m
really ready for the task that is to be done.
A lot of the times I was advised to join the virtual meetings that was being held between
the company and the clients to help me have a better understanding of what was being
done by the company for the client. Hence, giving me better understanding of my field
of discipline.
My supervisor preferred to evaluate us (interns) on a daily basis to see how we were
progressing with the task and how much we were learning from it. The duties they were
given and the instructions they gave were both clear and concise. They were able to
create an environment comfortable enough to help with essential explanations and
answer with timely feedback for the benefit of us, the interns, through interactions and
discussions. Because even new employees learn and grow on the job.
2.3 DESCRIPTION OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) software tool developed by Autodesk that
allows drafters, architects, engineers, and other skilled professionals to construct two-
and three-dimensional models of solid surfaces and meshes. AutoCAD is widely used,
and it aids in the prevention of product defects and warranty concerns. With AutoCAD,
the user may build realistic presentations with novel ideas and creative imagination. It
gives you the tools and methodology you need to create and build exceptional things.
Currently, AutoCAD is available in a variety of bespoke variants, based on the needs of
the user. AutoCAD Architecture, Civil 3D, Plant 3D, Map 3D, and AutoCAD LT are
among these programs. The ability to regulate the visual aspects of texts, develop
dimension styles automatically, add lighting and materials to 3D models, and control
the shading and edges of 3D models are just a few of the AutoCAD advantages. Users
can use these features to create realistic representations and looks.
AutoCAD is used by professionals in a variety of industries to design and create various
buildings, structures, and infrastructure. Companies can use AutoCAD to virtually
design and plan projects. AutoCAD has a strong yet simple workflow that corrects and
assists users in executing commands efficiently and accurately.
FUNDAMENTAL TOOLS IN AUTOCAD:
The menu bar, drawing area, various toolbars, command window, model and layout
tabs, and status bar are all part of the basic AutoCAD screen. The current drawing name
is displayed on top of the screen, and the title bar displays an AutoCAD symbol. The
most basic sorts of AutoCAD tools used to assist in drawing a specific part or
component are:
LINE:
Choose the LINE tool from the Draw panel to use the LINE command, or type LINE or
L into the Command Prompt to use the LINE command. Although you will be required
to specify the line's starting point by clicking the mouse, you will also be required to
specify the line's second point. By pressing ENTER, ESC, or SPACEBAR, you can exit
the LINE command.
CIRCLE:
The CIRCLE command is used to draw a circle. You may construct a circle by
specifying the center and radius, the center and diameter, the two diametrical ends, the
three points on a circle, the tangent to two objects, and the tangent to three objects using
six different tools. In some fundamental 2D diagrams, circles are assumed.

RETANGLE:
You can design rectangles by defining two of the rectangle's opposite corners, the area
and size of one of the sides, or the rectangle's measurements.
POLYLINE:
Polylines simply refers to a large number of lines. The PLINE command is used to
create a polyline. The following prompt appears after running the PLINE command and
specifying the start point: Set the starting point. enter the beginning point's coordinates
or specify the starting spot Current line width is: nn.nnn (00.0000) Next point or
[Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: provide the first polyline segment's endpoint.
Next point, or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: specify the second polyline
segment's endpoint, or press ENTER to quit the program.
TRIM:
You may need to eliminate the undesirable and growing edge when making a design.
You can utilize the Trim tool in these situations. When you use the Trim tool, you'll be
asked to choose the cutting edges. Lines, polylines, circles, arcs, ellipses, rays, splines,
text, blocks, x-lines, and even viewports can be used as edges. Following the selection
of the cutting edge/edges, you must pick each object to be trimmed.
EXTEND:
The Extend tool can be thought of as the antithesis of the Trim tool. The Extend tool
can be used to extend lines, polylines, rays, and arcs to meet other objects. This option
can be used whenever you want to extend objects that do not really intersect the
boundary edge but would if the boundary edges were extended.
COPY:
This tool is used to duplicate the selected objects and place them where they are
needed. You must first choose the items and then set the basis point before using this
tool. The next step is to choose a second location for the duplicated objects to be
placed. You can keep specifying the second point to make many copies of the entities
you've chosen.

MIRROR:
This tool is used to make a mirror replica of the objects that have been selected. Any
angle can be used to mirror the objects. When designing symmetrical figures, this tool
comes in handy. You will be required to pick objects when utilizing this tool. You must
input the first point of the mirror line and the second point of the mirror line when
selecting objects to be mirrored. A mirror line is an imaginary line that reflects the
objects.
ROTATE:
When you use this tool, you'll be asked to choose the items to rotate and the base point
to which they'll be rotated. A positive angle causes a counterclockwise rotation by
default, while a negative angle causes a clockwise rotation. By picking an object and
right-clicking in the drawing area, and then selecting Rotate from the shortcut menu,
you can access the Rotate tool.
ERASE:
In some cases, you'll need to remove undesired things from the objects you've drawn.
To erase an object, go to the Modify panel and select the Erase tool. Choose
View>Windows>Toolbars>AutoCAD>Modify from the ribbon to open the Modify
toolbar. When you use the Erase tool, a little box called a select box replaces the screen
cursor. Select the object using the pick box to erase it; the selected object will be
represented in dashed lines, and the Select objects prompt will appear once more. You
can either keep selecting objects or hit ENTER to stop the selection process and erase
the ones you've chosen.
OFFSET:
The Offset tool can be used to create parallel lines, polylines, concentric circles, arcs,
and curves, among other things. When you offset an object, you must specify the offset
distance as well as the offset side.
MOVE:
The Move Tool is used to move one or more objects from their current location to a
new location without changing the size or orientation of the object.

ARRAY:
In some circumstances, you may need to duplicate an object in a rectangular or circular
pattern. An array of items can be used to create this type of layout. The number of rows
and columns, as well as the Row offset distance and Column offset distance, must all be
specified in Rectangular Array. In Polar Array, on the other hand, you must define the
Center point around which the number of objects is required.
SCALE:
To modify the size of items in a drawing, use the scale tool. When an object is either
too huge or too little to complete a project, the scale tool comes in helpful.
FILLET:
Filleting the edges of a model reduces the area where stress is concentrated. The fillet
tool aids in the creation of round corners between any two things forming a sharp
vertex.
EXPLODE:
When you've inserted a complete drawing and need to edit a little detail, this tool comes
in handy. When you select the Explode tool, you'll be asked to choose which objects
you
want to explode. After you've selected the objects, press ENTER or right-click to
explode them, then exit the command.
Process Basis of Design:
The process-design-basis document contains the client’s instructions to the engineering
organization designing for the client regarding what the client wants designed and how
the process design should be carried out. These directions to the process design
engineering endeavor differ from those given to the basic design/mechanical
engineering organization or the design construct organization by the owner. The who,
how, why, and when are also included in the design basis.
Furthermore, the design philosophy, design standards, execution strategy, deliverables
format, and commercial terms are all addressed by the process design basis.
Design Life:
The facility's product tanks and pumps must be constructed to last for at least 25 years.
The upgrade will be carried out in accordance with all applicable codes and standards.

Engineering Design Information

The design information about the tanks and products is described in this section.
Products:
 PMS
 DPK
 AGO
 ATK
1. Truck Loading Capacity:
This section explains the design based on a tanker capacity of 33m3 (33,000 liters) for
PMS/AGO and 36m3 (36,000 liters) for ATK. There are four islands at the loading
gantry, each loading island consists of two loading arms, a loading pump which shall
operate at a flow rate of 144m3/hr (2,400 litres/min) is attached to each arm. There is a
provision for dedicated spare loading pumps for PMS and ATK while the DPK and
AGO products will share the same spare loading pump. It is projected that document
processing, ticketing, and vehicular movement will take 10 minutes for each truck,
while the actual truck filling operation will take 15 minutes, resulting in a total time of
25 minutes for each truck from gate to gate.
Assumptions: Eight (8) hours of daily operation Six (6) working days per week
2. Sparing Philosophy:
The system's sparing philosophy is to ensure that once a loading pump fails, downtime
is kept to a minimum so that daily loading operations are not disrupted. With the
exception of DPK and AGO, the design must include a provision for a spare loading
pump per product.
3. PMS Loading Pump:
For each PMS truck loading operation, two islands with 2 loading arms and five loading
pumps, including a spare, will be assigned. A loading arm can load two (2) PMS trucks
with a capacity of 33 m3 (33,000 liters) in 50 minutes at a flow rate of 144 m3/hr,
assuming a gate-to-gate time of 25 minutes for each truck. A loading arm can load 19
trucks in an 8-hour operation, giving the two (2) islands a total capacity of 76 trucks.
This equates to 1,842.6 metric tons per day and 11,055.8 metric tons per week of PMS.
Because the total net capacity of all three PMS tanks is 29,887.4 m3 (21,958.3 metric
tons), emptying all three PMS tanks should take about twelve (12) days.
4. DPK Loading Pump:
For each DPK truck loading operation, one loading arm and one loading pump with a
spare shared pump must be assigned. The loading arm can load one (1) DPK truck with
a capacity of 33 m3 (33,000 liters) in 25 minutes at a flow rate of 144 m3/hr, meaning
that the loading arm can load one (1) DPK truck with a capacity of 33 m3 (33,000
liters) in 25 minutes at a flow rate of 144 m3/hr. The DPK loading arm can load 19
vehicles in an 8-hour operation. This equates to 507.9 metric tons per day and 3047.4
metric tons per week of DPK. Because the DPK tank's entire net capacity is 9,962.5m3
(8,070.1 metric tons), emptying the tank should take about sixteen (16) days.
5. AGO Loading Pump:
For each AGO truck loading operation, one island with two loading arms and two
loading pumps with a spare (shared with DPK) will be assigned. A loading arm can
load two (2) AGO trucks with a capacity of 33 m3 (33,000 liters) in 50 minutes at a
flow rate of 144 m3/hr, assuming a gate-to-gate duration of 25 minutes for each truck.
A loading arm can load 19 vehicles in an 8-hour operation, implying that one (1) island
can load a total of 38 trucks. This equates to 1,078.47 metric tons per day and 6,470.82
metric tons per week of AGO. Because the AGO tank's entire net capacity is 9,962.5m3
(8,070.1 metric tons), emptying it should take around eight (8) days.
6. ATK Loading Pump:
For each ATK truck loading operation, one loading arm and two loading pumps,
including a backup pump, must be assigned. The loading arm can load one (1) ATK
truck with a capacity of 36 m3 (36,000 liters) in 25 minutes at a flow rate of 144 m3/hr,
meaning that the loading arm can load one (1) ATK truck with a capacity of 36 m3
(36,000 liters) in 25 minutes at a flow rate of 144 m3/hr. The ATK loading arm can
load 19 vehicles in 8 hours of operation. This equates to 554.07 metric tons per day and
3,324.4 metric tons per week of ATK. Because the entire net capacity of the ATK tank
is 9,962.5m3 (8,070.1 metric tons), emptying the tank should take about fifteen (15)
days.

7. Piping Specifications:
Unless otherwise specified in the piping material specification, all piping shall be
designed to ASME B31.3 and made of carbon steel of class #150. All flange
components must comply with ANSI B16.5.
8. Piping and pipeline Sizing:
The process and utility lines must be calculated using API 14E and NFPA formulae,
and they must be scaled according to the pressure drop and velocity standards given in
the Flour Daniel Design Basis Memorandum.
9. Pump Sizing:
Friction factor that is gloomy Drop in pressure (psi). Pump sizing will be based on the
physio-chemical parameters listed in Table 4.0, and the velocity criteria listed in API
14E will be utilized to size the pump inlet and outlet lines. The pump's suction pipe
should be sized for a velocity of 2-3 feet per second, while the discharge pipe should be
sized for a velocity of 6-9 feet per second.
10. Vent/PVRV Sizing:
The product tanks must have a normal vent and a PVRV fitted to protect them during
in-breathing and out-breathing scenarios, and they must be sized according to API
2000.
11. Slop Tank:
In the facility, there will be two (2) slop tanks. One is for PMS products, while the other
is for DPK/AGO/ATK products. Each of the slop tanks will be sized using a dead stock
height of 500 mm. A pump will fill the slop tank from the product tanks, and another
pump will empty it into the decanter truck.
12. Oily-Water-Separator:
The facility will include two (2) oil-water separators, one for PMS and the other for
DPK/AGO/ATK. The Oil-Water-Separators must be manually operated on a regular
basis and intended to receive all water drain-off from product tanks, pumps, and other
drain sources via gravity.
Rainfall intensity, oil droplet size, rising velocity, average flow density (oil and water),
and maximum oil concentration in effluent are all important design parameters for an
oil water separator.
PROCESS SAFETY PHILOSOPHY
Fire and Gas Detection System:
A fire and gas detection system must be installed throughout the facility to detect
smoke and flame.
The Fire Alarm Control Panel must be linked to each detector. An alert signal is sent to
the Fire Alarm control panel when a flame detector is activated, which controls the
following:
• Turning on the fire alarm
• Turning on the firewater diesel pumps
• The valves of the firefighting network corresponding to the location where the fire
occurs are automatically opened.
INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD),
PIPINGAND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID), UTILITY
FLOW DIAGRAM (UFD) USING AUTOCAD
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram used in chemical and process engineering
to show how plant operations and equipment flow. The PFD depicts the relationship
between key plant equipment but excludes smaller data like plumbing details and
designations. It can also be constructed utilizing a library of chemical engineering
symbols from process simulators (such as Aspen HYSYS), CAD applications, or flow
chart tools. Standardization groups such as DIN, ISO, and ANSI provide rules and
symbols. PFDs are frequently printed on big sheets of paper.
A PFD should include:
➢ Process Piping
➢ Major equipment symbols, names, and identification numbers
➢ Control, valves, and valves that affect operation of the system
➢ Interconnection with other systems
➢ Major bypass and recirculation lines
➢ System ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and maximum flow,
temperature and pressure.
➢ Composition of fluids. Some PFDs drafted by me during my SIWES program are
attached below:
Figure 2.3.6 P&IDs Drafted by me

USING THE EXCEL SHEET TO SIZE A LINE ON A P&ID AND

UNDERSTANDING THEIR BASIS OF DESIGN (API &DEP)
To put it another way, to simply size a line is to be able to determine the best pipe
diameter to utilize when marking your line on your P&ID. As a result, this procedure
saves you money.
Sizing Criteria:
Both the flow velocity and the pressure drop should be considered when determining
the diameter of pipe to be used in platform piping systems. For liquid lines (single-
phase gas lines, and gas/liquid two-phase lines) separate calculations are used to
calculate the pipe diameter. Many companies utilize computer systems to make piping
designs easier.

1. Instead of considering the initial flow rate, the maximum flow rate projected over the
life of the facility should be considered when calculating line diameters. Unless surge
expectations have been properly estimated by pulse pressure measurements in similar
systems or by a specific fluid hammer calculation, it is also recommended to add a
surge
factor of 20-50 percent to the predicted normal flow rate. The table below shows some
typical surge factors that may in large diameter flow lines producing liquid-vapor phase
fluids between platforms through riser systems, surge factor has been knows to exceed
200% due to slog flow.
2. The influence of valves and fittings, manufacturer data, or an equal length offered
should all be considered when determining pressure drop in a line.
3. According to competent engineering judgment, calculated line sizes may need to be
changed. However, we concentrated more on the sizing requirements for liquid lines
based on hands-on work offered to me at the organization. As a result, the next bullet
point follows.
Sizing Criteria for Liquid Lines:
Single Phase liquid lines should be sized primarily in the basis of flow velocity. For
lines transporting liquids in single phase from one pressure vessel to another by
pressure differential, the flow velocity should not exceed 15 feet/ second at maximum
flow rate and should not be less than 3 feet/ second to minimize deposition of sand and
other solids. At these flow velocities, the overall pressure drop in the piping will usually
be small
Vi= 0.012 x Qi / Di
Where vi is average liquid flow velocity ft/s
Qi is liquid flow rate, bbl/day Di is pipe inside diameter, inches
Ap=0.00115fQ^3 Si / di^5
Where Ap is pressure drop (100 feet per length)
F is moody friction factor, dimensionless
Si is liquid specific gravity (water =1)
di is pipe inside diameter, inches
The enigmatic friction factor f is determined by the Reynolds number and the pipe's
surface roughness. Once the Reynolds number is known, the modified gloomy diagram
can be used to calculate the friction factor.
Re= p(density) di x v/absolute
Pump sizing: Suction piping systems for reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal pumps
should be built so that the available net positive suction head (NPSH) at the pump input
flange is more than the pump's necessary NPSH.
Using Excel Worksheet to Create the Data Required for The Diameter, Pressure Drop
and Reynolds Number The diameters, or range of sizes, for any particular pipe
specification can be generated. (Note that if the diameter is in mm, you must multiply
by 12 to convert to inches, which is an exact S.I unit.)
1. Open a new excel worksheet (attach images for each step).
2. Add another sheet which makes it sheet 1 and sheet
3. Arrange the respective diameters you want to use on any row in sheet 2.
4. Go back to sheet 1 and select the cell in which you want the diameters to be located.
5. Go to Data on the ribbon bar, then select the data validation.
6. A dialogue box would appear, click on “all list” or “list” and highlight the diameters
arranged on sheet 2.
7. Here you have the diameters in the cell you selected in step 4.
8. You proceed by arranging the different parameters (velocity, pressure drop, Reynolds
number) in a unified manner for easy visualizing.
9. To calculate the velocity, you need to input the formulae in the respective cell and
your answer is produced.
10. Repeat step 9 to calculate for Reynolds number and pressure drop how to fully
execute a detailed engineering design (dummy project)
For this given project. Name of project: Project Alpha Design Basis: Alpha resources
limited asked CESL to design a farm tank containing 4 PMS, 1 AGO, 1 DPK (white
products) with a diameter of tank each 35m3 each, height 25m.
Other data given:
 Piping specification; 11201 (shell standard)
 Line conditions from jetty to tank Flow rate 600m3/h
 Temp-35-degree centigrade \
 Pressure- 4 barg Line conditions from tank to pump
 Flow rate of pump-144m3/h
 Temperature-35 degree centigrade
 Line conditions from pump to loading gantry
Step 1: Make a rough sketch of the PFDs and P&IDs. Do not tag the lines in the P&IDs
until your line sizing has been completed for each of the lines in the P&ID.
Step 2: In the P&IDs all the instrumentations should be included on the individual
tanks.
Step 3: proceed into line sizing with the given information with Microsoft excel
spreadsheet
Step 4: The dimensions for the DEP piping standard are obtained from the pipe
schedule table.
Step 5: Once the line sizing on the excel spreadsheet has been completed. Then, on the
P&ID, begin tagging your lines.
Step 6: Following the successful design of the P&IDs, a back sheet with the revision
block and some minor drawing information was prepared.
Step 7: Convert the drawing to a pdf file so that it may be printed successfully. P&IDs
that have been printed.
Note: Every P&ID that is developed must include a legend sheet that directs the client
to the information utilized in the drawing. Note that each company's instruments and
equipment are labeled differently.

CHAPTER 3

OML 30 UGHELLI PUMP STATION AS-BUILT UPDATE AND

DOCUMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Field Overview
OML 30 is situated in the onshore Niger delta. The licence covers approximately
1,095 square km located about 35km East of Warri in great Ughelli depobelt and
contains eight fields; Afiesere, Eriemu, Evwreni, Oweh, Olomoro-Oleh, Kokori,
Oroni, Uzere with oil and gas contained in numerous stacked reservoirs. Three fields
straddling the licence boundary are Osioka, Uzere and Isoko. OML 30 Production is
collected in the Ughelli Pump Station (UPS) from hydrocarbon liquid is evacuated into
the Forcados Oil Terminal (FOT) via the Trans Forcardos Pipeline (TFP). OML 30
comprises nine (9) flow stations, six (6) compression stations, the UPS and the TFP is
operated by HEOSL (herein referred to as COMPANY) on behalf of the JV Partners -
NPDC and SNRL, to develop OML 30 to its full potential. A pictorial view of OML30
is shown below.
Figure

General Description of Project and Existing Facilities

OML 30 flowstation / facilities were built over 50 years ago. In the course of time,
some modifications have been carried out in some process systems or equipment to
optimize production and reduce operations bottlenecks. The existing As-Built
drawings and technical documentation no longer give a true reflection of the current
state of OML 30 Ughelli Pump Station. Therefore, an update to existing
documentation is critical for safe operations and facilities modification works. This
project is expected to commence with a site survey to gather field information,
followed by redline mark-ups and backdrafting of existing as-built documentation.
Project Objectives
The overall Project objective is to:
 Digitize existing drawings and update as necessary. Obtain As-Built
documentation of OML 30 Ughelli Pump Station (UPS) containing the latest design
information for safe operation of facilities.

 Create an accurate 3D CAD model as built of the Ughelli Pump Station using
high definition Laser Scanning of the units populated with plant data.

The execution of this work is be carried out in synergy with other ongoing Company
projects.
Definitions and Abbreviations
Definitions
Company: The party that initiates the project and ultimately is responsible
in this case Heritage Energy operational Services Limited (HEOSL)
Contractor: The party that carries out the described SoW.
Subcontractor: The party that execute all or certain part of the contractor`s
scope of work for the Contractor
Vendor: The party that manufactures and supplies equipment and services
to perform the duties specified by the Contractor
Shall: This indicates a mandatory requirement.
Should: This indicates a preferred (but not mandatory) course of action.
May: This indicates a possible course of action
Abbreviations
CAD: Computer-Aided Design
PDMS: Plant Design Management System
SoW: Scope of Work
HSSE: Health, Safety, Security and Environment
HEOSL: Heritage Energy Operational Services Limited
FTO: Freedom to Operate
I/O: Input/output
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
IEC: Institution of Electrical Engineers
JV: Joint Venture
MDR: Master Document Register
OML: Oil Mining Lease
P&ID: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
PFD: Process Flow diagram
UEFS: Utility Engineering Flow Scheme
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
TFP: Trans Forcados Pipeline
QHSSE: Quality Health Safety, Security and Environment
UPS: Ughelli Pumping Station
FRM: Forcados River Manifold
SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

KEY SCOPE ACTIVITIES

Summary of Project Main Activities
The Contractor scope of work shall include but not limited to:
• Site survey including a thorough walk through of the existing facilities at OML30
Ughelli Pump Station (UPS) to determine site modification and changes to original As-
Built documentation

• Laser scanning & 3D model extraction at Ughelli Pump Station

• Review of the existing as-built documentation (CAD & pdf files) and redline
mark-up of these documents
• Update existing as-built CAD documentation and back drafting to produce latest
as-built documents for OML 30 Ughelli Pump Station (UPS). Contractor shall duly
incorporate changes and modifications arising from all ongoing projects on the facilities
into the new As-Built documentations, as much as reasonably practicable.

2.2. Project Management & Services

Contractor shall provide all the management services necessary to execute the Scope of
Work. These shall include but not limited to:
• Daily coordination and supervision by qualified personnel

• Project monitoring and control, progress reporting

• Support services for activities to be executed in the field

Engineering
Engineering is limited to CAD work. Contractor shall provide all the qualified
manpower, supervision and support services to be able to successfully execute this
project.
The SoW shall cover Ughelli Pump Station
Arranged below by disciplines are the minimum expected deliverables:
GENERAL
• Master Document Register

PROCESS
• Process Flow Diagram

• Process Equipment List

• P&IDs
• Cause and Effects Matrix

PLANT LAYOUT
• General Plot Plan

• Key Plan

HSE
• Fire Equipment Location Drawing

CIVIL
• Equipment Foundation Layout drawings

PIPING
• Isometric Drawings

• Equipment Arrangement Drawings

• Piping General Arrangement Drawings

INSTRUMENT & CONTROL

• Instrument Index

• Cable Routing Drawing

• Junction Box Wiring Diagram

• Instrument Loop Diagram

• Instrument Location Drawing

• Instrument Hook-Up Drawing

• I/O list

• Cause and Effects Matrix

• Instrumentation and Control architectural diagram

• Fire and Gas Mapping

ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Load Summary

• General single Line Diagram

• Switch Gear Single Line Diagram

• Cable Trays & Cable Routing Layout

• Electrical Junction Box Diagram

• Electrical Cable Schedule

• Lighting and Small Power Layout

• Earthing Layout Drawings

• Hazardous Area Classification

Based on the purpose of this project, the abovementioned documents will need to be
reviewed in conjunction with Company personnel and a final list consolidated based on
criteria like ‘MUST HAVE’ and ‘NICE TO HAVE’. The final document list will be
decided prior to project commencement.
Project Coverage Area
The following facility forms this Work Order scope and coverage area:
Table 1:

Facility Type Facility Name

Ughelli Pump Station Ughelli

 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Plan

• HSSE Plan

• Community Affairs and Security Plan (as applicable)

• Nigerian Content Plan (as applicable)

• Propose software for use on the project

• Communication Procedure

• Information Management

During Project Execution

• Master Document Register (MDR)

• Work Procedures as applicable to various aspects of the work

• Project Schedule level 4

• Schedule Recovery plan as applicable

• Weekly and Monthly reports

• Documents Handover Process (hard and soft copies)

At Project Close Out

Contractor shall deliver ‘As-Built’ documentation as per agreed MDR in pdf and native
CAD formats and 3D model of OML 30 Ughelli Pump Station, four hard copies and
electronic copies.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Contractor shall be responsible to HEOSL for the management and control of the work
from the EFFECTIVE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT of the contract through to
COMPLETION, and shall ensure that HEOSL is fully informed of the status of the
WORK at all times.
In this regard, Contrcator shall implement sound and effective procedures for control,
co-ordination and reporting of its activities, those of its SUBCONTRACTORS and the
management of interfaces with HEOS.
Contractor shall discharge all responsibilities under the contract through a dedicated
management team, and shall provide supervision, integrated planning services, progress
monitoring, cost control, reporting, invoicing, quality assurance and control systems,
and all other associated services that are required to satisfactorily complete the work.
All documentation issued in connection with the contract (whether or not classified as a
deliverable) shall be well-structured, as per approved by HEOSL format, in correct
English and prepared in the form of graphics, spreadsheets or word processing using the
approved software and hardware.

Kick Off and Mobilization

HEOSL will organize a Kick off Meeting to officially commence the project. The
objective of the Kick Off Meeting is to ensure Contractor’s readiness to commence the
project and to review key Project documents as specified in the sections above in
readiness for project implementation.
At this session, Company will also review the qualification and competencies of the
personnel contractor proposes to deploy on the project.
Contractor shall provide the project organisational structure showing the personnel
required to execute the engineering scope of work.
The contractor shall submit the Master Deliverables Register (MDR) and the schedule
of delivery for Company`s approval.
A medical certificate of Fitness-to-Work with recent passport size photograph issued by
an approved hospital/clinic, for each of the CONTRACTOR’s staff to be deployed to
the WORK site.
All Contractor’s equipment Operators (e.g. Laser scanner expert, etc), shall possess
valid competency certificates and licences to carry out such activities.
Contractor shall provide his staff and workforce with adequate transportation to, from
and around all OML 30 Ughelli Pump Station. All vehicles must be in good condition,
in
compliance with HEOSL standards and shall be fully maintained for the contract
duration.
Engineering
In general, the work to be performed shall be organised around the following
conceptual steps:
• Issued for Review (IFR)

• Issued for Approval (IFA)

• As-Built

At each of these phases, contractor will share the documents with HEOSL for
comments and expect feedback within a pre-agreed response time.
Several quality checks will be conducted by HEOSL. The output of each stage will be
tracked using the Master Document Register (MDR).
Communication
Contractor shall issue a Communication Procedure at project inception.
Contractor shall also make sure that there is an effective communication between
HEOSL and contractor personnel. In addition, contractor shall ensure that
communication between HEOSL and contractor himself is always possible by means of
telephone and mails.
For site survey, Contractor shall provide intrinsically safe cameras for contractors or
personnel on site for taking pictures/photos where necessary.
Use of mobile phones within the flow stations, compression stations and UPS Tank
Farm is strictly forbidden.
Quality Assurance / Quality Control
Contractor shall prepare a Quality Assurance and Quality Control Plan that ensures
delivery of all aspects of the project scope to specifications. Unless otherwise specified,
the project shall be delivered to the applicable industry codes and standards.
Quality management of all project activities shall conform to ISO 9000 Series latest
edition, Contractor shall have an approved checking and approval process in place (as a
part of its ISO9000 system), which is implemented and supported by regular
assurance /quality checks. This will ensure that the information deliverables are
reviewed and checked internally before they are delivered to HEOSL.

Subcontractors and Suppliers

Contractor is responsible for selecting any subcontractor labour for the work. The
selected subcontractor shall be reviewed and approved by HEOSL prior to
mobilization.
Contractor shall ensure that all the requirements of this Contract are reflected in its
contract with its Subcontractors and ensure that its Subcontractors comply with these
requirements.
Health, Safety and Environment Requirements
Contractor shall demonstrate to possess an HSE Plan applicable to its own type of
work/facilities and that the plan is implemented and followed up.
When performing activities at site Contractor shall comply at all times with Company
HSE policies which include travel management.
Community Affairs and Security
Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring a cordial working relationship with the
Communities whenever activities will require to interface with them.
Company’s Community Relations Dept (CRD) has overall responsibility to maintain
stability in its Area of Operation and has a GMOU with the Communities, so Contractor
is expected to stay within the boundaries of the agreements with the Communities.
If applicable, Contractor shall obtain Freedom-To-Operate (FTO) from the
Communities, with the assistance of Company’s CRD personnel. Company shall
reimburse Contractor (with no mark-up) for the amount paid to Community as agreed in
the FTO document jointly signed by Community, Contractor and Company’s CRD
staff.
Contractor shall be responsible for the safe delivery of the project and the security of its
personnel while on transit to and from OML30 facilities.
Nigerian Content Development (as applicable)
Contractor must familiarise itself with the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content
Development Act 2010 and develop a Nigerian Content Plan indicating how it will
comply to the Act on this work.
Contractor will ensure that the percentage of Nigerian Content for each component of
the work as required in the Exhibit to the Act is met.
For this project all engineering and services, back drafting including other services,
shall be done in country.
Third Party Approvals and Regulatory Requirements
As part of the Contractor’s Project Execution Plan, Contractor shall identify all the 3rd
party approvals required for project implementation and shall be required to process
and obtain such permits to enable successful project delivery.
Information Management
Document Numbering

Company will issue at Kick Off Meeting the Company Numbering Procedure.
Contractor shall adjust its own numbering procedure to the one used by Company and
where more convenient implement the double coding (Company and Contractor codes
on the same drawing / document).
Document Management

At the beginning of the project implementation, HEOSL and Contractor will agree the
list of documents and deliverables to be provided by the Contractor and this list shall be
documented in a Master Document Register (MDR).
They will also define the minimum data content of each document typology which in
general shall be in line with international standards and customised where required by
the pre-existing conditions.
The understanding is that an MDR is a ‘live document’ and as such it is expected to
change during the execution reaching stability when more maturity will be reached.
Contractor is expected to be fully familiar with such a process and being able to manage
it accordingly.
Handover package (documents) shall be submitted in both electronic and hard copies
except for documents where Company specifically agrees to electronic documents only.
IT and Software Management
Contractor shall include for an Information and Data Security Management System as
well as suitable Virus Protection Software. These shall ensure that the probability for
third party to breach into Contractor networks are minimised. Contractor shall also
ensure and when prompted, being able to demonstrate to Company, the functionality of
its cyber security system. Contractor, according to the SoW to be performed, shall be
able to secure a fully licensed version of the following software:
Table 2:
S/N Item Software
1 Operating System Microsoft Office Suite
2 Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel
3 Viewgraphs and Presentation Microsoft Powerpoint
4 Planning/Scheduling Microsoft Project
5 Drawings AutoCAD

In general, all the above listed software packages are deemed approved to use. When a
version is to be decided then the Company used version shall be adopted, or
compatibility being demonstrated.
Any other proposed software shall be specifically approved by Company before its use
and in general be part of Contractor Quality Plan.
Project Controls
Project Organization and Staffing Requirements
Contractor shall provide a project organization chart at the inception for the project
indicating key personnel for Company approval.
Project Schedule, Schedule Management and Reporting Requirements
Contractor shall provide an initial schedule for the project which shall be built with
sufficient data and/or assumptions that will make the schedule credible and robust. The
schedule shall be supported by manpower available, skills, efficiency, logical work
sequence and required information being available.
In terms of reporting there shall be a general requirement to produce one weekly and a
monthly report for Company approval.
The Weekly Reports Shall Cover the Following:
Executive summary; project document status, QA/QC Activities, progress reports on all
phases of the project including achievement for the week, plan for the coming week,
Manpower and Man-hour Summaries, Work Delays / Downtime with full description
including Areas of Concern or requiring management intervention, proposed solution,
Reason for variation if any, Overall Progress curve.
The Weekly Progress Report shall be timed to arrive at HEOSL, before 1600 hrs
Nigerian time on Mondays each week and reporting progress during the previous week
up to Friday at 1800 hours.
The Monthly Report Shall Cover the Following:
Contract Information; Executive summary; Cost and schedule status and Latest
Estimate forecasts; Progress reports on all phases of the work; Status of Contract
amendments/Change Orders; Manpower and Man-hour Summaries, Action Item
Register; Project Risk Register; Areas of Concern.
Attachments to monthly reports shall include: Progress & Man-hour S-curves;
Manpower Histogram; Nigerian Content Performance template
The Monthly Project Report shall be issued within ten calendar days of the end of the
preceding month.
Technical or Cost Changes
Where change becomes inevitable, the approved Change Management Process shall be
complied with and duly authorised in writing by the formally authorised company
representative prior to implementation.
Contractor shall ensure that any Standby required during the implementation of the
project shall be first minimised and duly authorised in advance using the Company’s
Standby Authorisation Form forming part of the Contract document. The form shall be
signed by the formally authorised company Representative in advance.
In exceptional circumstances where standby is suddenly required, Contractor shall
ensure authorisation form is signed off within 24 hrs, in order to be able to make any
claim.
Risk and Interface Management
Contractor is required to compile a risk register of the main five risks and thereafter
effectively manage them’
Contractor shall also expect to proactively manage all interfaces (internal and external)
Company, Contractors, Subcontractors and any other Third Party to avoid delays,
rework, schedule slippages and costs overruns
Contractor is required to maintain updated Interface/Risk Registers that will document
all identified risks and interfaces and the mitigations/steps to be taken.
Project Close Out
Contractor shall submit a project close out at the end of the project. The report shall
contain as a minimum:
• Project Execution Overview (List of Content to be agreed with Company)

• HSSE Statistics

• Project Organization and Staff loading

• Project Schedule and S-Curve

• Initial Contract value, Variations and Final Project cost

• Deliverables Register

• Key challenges and Lessons Learnt

This report shall be submitted as a requirement before the last final milestone certificate
will be signed off.
SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS
General Codes and Standards
The project shall be designed, constructed and operated in accordance with:
• Nigerian law;

• Project specifications;

• International industry standards;

• CONTRACTOR’s codes and working standards.

In the event of any contradiction between the above referenced list of codes and
standards, the most stringent shall apply. However, CONTRACTOR shall review the
merits and demerits of the conflicting specifications and provide advice on the most
appropriate specification. If the advice is contrary to the above stated order of
precedence, Company shall review the advice and provide the final decision on which
specification to adopt.
Deviations from applicable rules, codes and standards shall be subject to HEOSL’s
written agreement. Failure to identify deviations shall signify that the CONTRACTOR
shall meet all specified requirements.
If new laws, regulations, standards, codes or specifications come in to force during the
execution of the WORK, Company shall review the impact and instruct the
CONTRACTOR how to proceed.
Nigerian National Regulations & Guidelines
Nigerian legislation and regulations ruling the Nigerian Oil and Gas industry are
mandatory and should be considered in the engineering design where applicable.
The Project design must be compliant with applicable Nigerian regulations including:
• National Petroleum Investment Management Services (NAPIMS)

• Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)

• Nigerian Content Development Monitoring Board (NCDMB)

• Nigerian Port Authority (NPA)

• Federal Environment Protection Agency

• Federal Ministry of Environment

Following is a list of applicable Nigerian regulations ruling oil and gas industry (list not
exhaustive):
• Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Bill, 2010

• Coastal and Inland Shipping (Sabotage) Act

• Niger Delta Development Commission

• Oils in Navigable Waters Act

• The Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulation

• Petroleum Act

• Oil Pipelines Act

• Petroleum Drilling and Production Act

• Crude Oil (Transportation and Shipment) Regulations

Specific Codes and Standards Applicable to this Project

During project execution, reference to the following codes and standards is expected as
a minimum:
• IEC

• ASME

• API

• ANSI

• ISO

• BS

• NFPA

• NACE
 CHAPTER FOUR

CONTRIBUTIONS DISCUSSIONS ON THE APPLICABILITY OF THE

GAINED
KNOWLEDGE ON:
3.1.1 STUDENTS FIELDS OF STUDY AND EDUCATIONAL CAREER
The process department at Cakasa gives a more in-depth sense of understanding of
petroleum storage and production for students in the field of petroleum engineering.
Aside from the calculations of mathematical problems that are originally originated
from the field of chemical engineering, the line of work requires a deep understanding
of petroleum minerals and their behaviors at different physical conditions.
It’s also applicable in the field of engineering terms of safety. All engineering servicing
companies has the safety at the pinnacle of their priorities. Me working at Cakasa has
helped me to improve my instincts when it comes to safety.
Another sector of application is my understanding of technical designs. Due to me
spending majority of my time at Cakasa producing a lot of designs. Digressing into
other fields of petroleum engineering that requires an ability to design would be a lot
easier for me than the typical engineer without knowledge of designing in engineering.
3.1.2 GOALS OF COMPANY OF ENGAGEMENT
Since the break out of Cakasa Engineering Services Limited (CESL) from Cakasa
Nigeria Limited (CNL), the company has been committed to improving their
enlargement and reach by creating many branches around western Africa in order to
solidify their legacy and maximize profits by getting involved in most major
downstream projects going on in that region of the world.
3.1.3 THE LARGER SOCIETY
A lot of investors coming into the oil field in Nigeria are more comfortable sourcing
their services from foreign companies thereby reducing the job opportunities for
engineers that are employed to the locally originated companies. Cakasa is committed
to breaking the misconception that “companies founded in Nigeria can’t provide
standard industrial services like foreign companies” by defying the odds are still
providing ‘Grade A’
services to her clients despite the economical challenges being faced by every industry
in the country due to poor leadership.
Cakasa has several charity/community-building initiatives that help people in rural
areas (especially where oil resources are being mined or processed) to get industry
standard education involving oil process and storage facilities. This initiative was
originally originated to settle disputes between industries and local residence where oil
is being mined or processed, they claim the industries cause them a lot of problems and
never give back to these societies. The initiative has created an understanding between
these two
parties and everybody is fine with the compromise of both parties. This initiative
ensures that people in the community have a chance of being a part of these kind of
organizations therefore ensuring the development of their own community.
3.1.4 CORROBORATION OF SCHOOL THEORY AND INDUSTRIAL
PRACTICALS
The practical work at the company mostly helped in providing a vivid and bigger
picture of the essence of the school theoretical education we are normally accustomed
to. There were a lot of concepts I was introduced to at the company that had their roots
in some of the courses I learned at the university.
Concepts like stages of fluid flow in pipes were initially introduced to me as a chemical
engineering student in CHE304. AutoCAD was an easy field for me to get into because
of the AutoCAD course I had taken in my 200 level as MEE201.
Separation of petroleum minerals in different phases was introduced to me in courses
like PET 326 and PET 417. The concept of pressure-drop in a pipe had some relations
with things I learned in PET 314 and PET 413.
I had an easy time doing works on excel spreadsheet because of the knowledge I
initially acquired in PET 415.
3.1.5 CULTURE OF THE COMPANY TOWARDS ACHIEVING THEIR GOALS
The first step the company takes when they have a project to carry out is to organize a
meeting to
 First of all, make sure the work to be carried out is understood
 properly by everyone that could be possibly involved in that project.
 The next stage is appointing specific tasks to everyone on that project.
 Then they proceed to put a time frame of each stage of the task and schedule the
next meeting.
Due to the bulkiness of the works to be carried out a lot of the employees end up doing
a lot work at home even though its not included in documented total time worked by
each employee. The general attitude is to ensure that deadlines are met because one
person’s delayed work could stall everyone on the project increase the total time spent
to do the
project. There’s also a conscious behavior of carrying everyone along to each stage of
the project. This is to ensure that the project work is never disorganized at any point in
time.
3.2 CHALLENGES
Challenges faced by student
 The first challenge I faced was difficulty getting my IT placement. It was a
frustrating task having to carry several copies of my application letters to different
companies around Lagos. This difficulty getting placed is due to companies’ inability to
find complete balance since the unfortunate commencement of the pandemic.
 Another difficulty was the issue of me coming too early to the office and
having to wait outside till opening of business to access the office. My reason for going
to the office to early was to avoid the expected heavy traffic of Lagos.

 A major difficulty for me was the no stipend policy included in my employment

contract. Although the company was able to accept interns, they were unable to pay
them.
 The company had a lot of classified projects which were only available to
employees bounded by an NDA. I am legally prohibited from reporting or attaching
images of some of the projects I witnessed at the company. Challenges faced by the
company and contributors
 Although the company was busy at the time I was there. The company was subtly
going through a drought of clients. There weren’t enough projects to fund the
company’s usual day to day expenses which led to shutting off of a lot of policies in
the company. Again, this is another effect of the pandemic that happened the year
prior.
 Another issue was the inability of all the workers coming to work at the same
time. The H.R had to prepare different working schedules for different employees to
reduce the amount of people at the office at once.

CONTRIBUTION
 Assistance: I did a lot of assisting when the company was having a meeting and
some employees couldn’t do some things that were within my abilities. Such as;
locating project files.
 Teaching: Due to different vacation times of different schools, some students
resumed their internship placements late at the office where I worked. This meant I had
to put them through on everything I had learnt at the company.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
From the experience gathered and the skills acquired during the period of my training, I
have come to a conclusion that the Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) is indeed an invaluable, unforgettable and indispensable experience for
undergraduates who are willing to yield themselves to learn and acquire the necessary
skills in their field of study.
Thus, within this period, at Cakasa Engineering Services Limited I have gained a lot
from this program, it has made me 38 realize that hard work, diligent and a full sense of
commitment to your course or your pursuit in life would grant you great rewards. The
time I spent in CAKASA Engineering Services Limited exposed me to a world where
commitment to your responsibilities says a lot about your character, I learnt how to use
the AutoCAD software properly and incorporate it into PFDs and P&IDs which led to
on how to calculate the desired requirement needed when designing a tank and also a
pump. I learnt how properly size any process line with the use of Microsoft Excel. I
learnt that when you are producing a product you should work with approved standards
for that product in other to comply with world best requirement. I cultivated that if I
would
start my own company, I would always strife hard to produce products that would
exceed customer’ expectation, above recommended standards and cost efficient.
Knowledgeable insights on when running a business, you should try to make your staffs
comfortable, responsible, and happy.
Also, when running an engineering firm, you must take safety issues in your company
seriously in other to reduce injuries and cost incurred from damages to company’s
properties or fees pay for the treatment of your staff. I learnt that when you are
entrusted with the position of leading people, you should be the lead by example and
always be interested in what your colleagues entrusted to you are compliant with their
responsibility. Overall, the experience was totally worth the time and to an extent, the
gap between the technical/practical and theoretical aspect of petroleum engineering
taught in school has been bridged. Also, the sectors involved in the oil and gas was
properly bridged which led to a basic knowledge on the midstream sector of the oil and
gas industry
REFERENCES
a) Chemical Engineering Desk Book Issue, October 11,1971.
b) Miller, J.E, “Experimental Investigation of Plunger Pump Suction Requirements”,
Petroleum Mechanical Engineering Conference, Los Angeles, California, September
1964.
c) Tube Turns Corporation, “Line Expansion and Flexibility”, Bulletin 809, 1956.
d) ENGR. ATINUKE’S “Microsoft excel line sizing sheet”, 2020. e) Educba “Basic
Knowledge in AutoCAD”