JEE (Advanced)

TRIGONOMETRY
THIRD EDITION

G.Tewani

Cengage
Australia ● Brazil» Canada ● India ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ♦ United States
 Brief Contents

Preface VC

1. Logarithm and Its Properties 1.1-1.26

2. Trigonometric Functions 2.1-2.30

3. Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.1-3.44

4, Trigonometric Equations 4.1-4.28

5. Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.1-5.46

6. Height and Distance 6.1-6.4

7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.1-7.40

Solutions S.1-S.158

Appendix 1: Logarithm and Antilogarithm Tables A.1-A.6

Appendix 2: Chapterwise Solved JEE Main 2024 Questions

(Ail 10 Sets of Session 1) A.7-A.8

Appendix 3: JEE Advanced 2022 Solved Questions A.9-A.12

Appendix 4: JEE Advanced 2023 Solved Questions A.13-A.14

 Contents
\

Preface IX
Trigonometric Identities 2.4
Concept Application Exercise 2.2 2.6
I. Logarithm and Its Properties 1.1-1.26
Measurement of Angle 2.7
ExponentialFunction l.l
Degree Measurement 2.7
Graph of Exponential Function and Its Properties 1.1
Radian Measurement 2.7
Graph of Exponential Function for Different Bases 1.2
Conversion between Radians and Degrees 2.7
Concept Application Exercise 1.1 1.3
Relation between Radians and Real Numbers 2.7
Logarithmic Function 1.3
Concept Application Exercise 2.3 2.9
Graph of the Logarithmic Function 1.3
Trigonometric Functions of an Angle 2.9
Graph of the Logarithmic Function for Different
Angles in Trigonometry 2.9
Bases 1.4
Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle 2.II
Concept Application Exercise 1.2 1.6
Concept Application Exercise 2.4 2.12
Fundamental Laws of Logarithm 1.6
Behaviour of Trigonometric Functions 2.12
Addition and Subtraction of Logarithm 1.6
Trigonometric Functions Defined as Circular
Exponents of Argument and Base of Logarithm 1.7
Functions 2.12
Reciprocal of Logarithm Graph of Trigonometric Functions 2.13
Change of Base 1.9
Concept Application Exercise 2.5 2.19
/(/"‘(x)) where/(x) is Exponential Function 1.9
Concept Application Exercise 1.3 l.IO
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles 2.19
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
Logarithmic Equations I.II
n X 90® ± 6 when n is Even 2.19
Concept Application Exercise 1.4 1.12
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
Logarithmic Inequalities 1.12 n X 90® ± 6 when n is Odd 2.20
Standard Logarithmic Inequalities 1.12
Concept Application Exercise 2.6 2.23
Concept Application Exercise 1.5 1.15 Exercises 2.24
Finding Logarithm 1.16
Single Correct Answer Type 2.24
Characteristic and Mantissa of Logarithm 1.16
Multiple Correct Answers Type 2.26
Finding Mantissa Using Log Table 1.16
Linked Comprehension Type 2.27
Negative Characteristics 1.17
Matrix Match Type 2.28
Antilogarithm 1.18 Numerical Value Type 2.28
To Find Anti log of a Number 1.18 Archives 2.29
Concept Application Exercise 1.6 1.20
Answers Key 2.29
Exercises 1.21
3. Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation
Single Correct Answer Type 1.21
Formulas 3.1-3.44
Multiple Correct Answers Type 1.23
Linked Comprehension Tvpe 1.23 Compound Angle Formulas for Cosine and Sine 3.1
MatrixMatch Type 1.24 Cosine of the Difference and Sum of the Angles 3.1
Numerical Value Type 1.24 Sine of the Difference and Sum of The Angles 3.1
Archives 1.25 Some More Results 3.1

An.swers Key 1.25 Expression a cos x-^ h sin x 3.4

Concept Application Exercise 3.1 3.5
2. Trigonometric Functions 2.1-2.30
Compound Angle Formulas for Tangent 3.6
Trigonometric Ratios/Functions of Acute Angles 2.1 Concept Application Exercise 3.2 3.8
Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles 2.1 Transformation Fonnula 3.8
Concept Application Exercise 2.1 2.4 Formula to Transfonn the Product into Sum or
vi Contents

Difference 3.8 Concept Application Exercise 4.9 4.17

Formulas to Transform the Sum or Difference into Exercises 4.18

Product 3.8 4.18
Single Correct Answer Type
Concept Application Exercise 33 3.11 4.22
Multiple Correct Answers Type
Linked Comprehension Type 4.24
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles 3.11
Matrix Match Type 4.25
Formulas for Sine and Cosine of Multiple Angles 3.11
Numerical Value Type 4.26
Fonnulas for Tangent and Cotangent of Multiple
Angles 3.16 Archives 4.26
Concept Application Exercise 3.4 3.17 4.28
Answers Key
Values of Trigonometric Ratios of Typical Angles 3.18

Concept Application Exercise 3.5 3.21 5.1-5.46

5. Properties and Solutions of Triangle
Some Important Results and Their Applications 3.21 Introduction. 5.1
Concept Application Exercise 3.6 3.23 5.1
Sine Rule
Sum of Cosines and Sines when Angles are in A.P. 3.23
Napier Formula (tan rule) 5.4
Concept Application Exercise 3.7 3.24 m-n Theorem 5.5

Conditional Identities 3.24 Concept Application Exercise 5.1 5.6

Some Standard Identities in Triangle 3.24 Cosine Rule 5.6

Concept Application Exercise 3.8 3.27 5.9

Concept Application Exercise 5.2
Finding Range of Expression Using Trigonometric Projection Rule 5.9
Substitution 3.27 5.9
Concept Application Exercise 5.3
Concept Application Exercise 3.9 3.28 5.9
Half Angle Formulas
Inequalities in Triangle 3.28 Half Angle Fonnulas for Sine 5.9
Some Standard Inequalities in Triangle 3.28
Half Angle Formulas for Cosine 5.10

Concept Application Exercise 3.10 3.31 5.11

Concept Application Exercise 5.4
Exercises 3.32 Area of Triangle 5.11

Single Correct Answer Type 3.32 Area of Quadrilateral 5.14

Multiple Correct Answers Type 3.37 5.14

Concept Application Exercise 5.5
Linked Comprehension Type 3.38 5.14
Solutionsof Triangle
Matrix Match Type 3.39
Three Sides (SSS) 5.15
Numerical Value Type 3.40 5.15
Two Sides and the Included Angle (SAS)
Archives 3.42 A Side and the Two Angles Adjacent to It (ASA) 5.15

Answers Key 3.43 A Side, the Angle Opposite to It and an Angle

Adjacent to It (AAS) 5.15
4.1^.28
4. Trigonometric Equations Two Sides and an Angle not Included between
4.1 5.15
Trigonometric Equations Them (SSA)
Important Points in Solving Trigonometric Three Angles (AAA) 5.16

Equations 4.3 Concept Application Exercise 5.6 5.17

Concept Application Exercise 4.1 4.4 5.17

Circumcircle and Circumcentre
Trigonometric Equation sin x = sin ct. 4.4 Properties of Circumcircle and Circumcentre 5.17

Concept Application Exercise 4.2 4.6 5.19

Concept Application Exercise 5.7
4.6 5.19
Trigonometric Equation cos x = cos a Incircle and Incentre
Concept Application Exercise 4.3 4.8 Length of Tangent from Vertices to the Incircle 5.19

Trigonometric Equation tanx = tan a 4.8 Distance of Incentre from the Vertices of Triangle 5.19
4.10 Different Formulas for Inradius 5.19
Concept Application Exercise 4.4
Length of Angle Bisector 5.20
Trigonometric Equation (/(x))^ = (/(«))“,
where/(x) is Trigonometric Function 4.10 Division of Opposite Side by the Internal Angle
Bisector 5.20
Concept Application Exercise 4.5 4.11
Concept Application Exercise 5.8 5.25
Trigonometric Equation a cos x + 6 sin x = c 4.11
Orthocentre and Centroid 5.25
Concept Application Exercise 4.6 4.12
Distance of Orthocentre from Vertices and Sides 5.25
Solving Trigonometric Equations Using Maximum/ 5.26
Minimum Value of Function 4.13 Pedal Triangle and Orthic Triangle
Centroid of Triangle 5.27
Concept Application Exercise 4.7 4.14
Concept Application Exercise 5.9 5.29
Solving Equations Using Graphs 4.14
Escribed Circle and Excentre 5.29
Concept Application Exercise 4.8 4.16
Radii of Excircles (Exradii) 5.29
Trigonometric Inequalities 4.16
Distance between Incentre and Excentre 5.31
 Contents vii

Distance between Excentres 5.31 Simplifying Expression Using Trigonometric

Concept Application Exercise 5.10 5.32 Substitution 7.12

Regular Polygon 5.32 Relating/ '(x) wilh/“'{-v) 7.13

Radii of the Inscribed and the Circumscribed Relating/' '(x) with/''(l/x) 7.14

Concept Application Exercise 7.3 7.16

Circles of a Regular Polygon 5.32

Area of Regular Polygon 5.32 Complementary Angles 7.16

Concept Application Exercise 5.11 5.33 Concept Application Exercise 7.4 7.18
-1
Exercises 5.34 Sum and Difference of Angles in Terms of tan 7.19

Single Correct Answer Type 5.34 Concept Application Exercise 7.5 7.23
-I
Multiple Correct Answers Type 5.38
Sum and Difference of Angles in Terms of sin
-i
Linked Comprehension Type 5.39 and cos 7.24
Matrix Match Type 5.41
Multiple Angles in Terms of sin“ ‘x and cos" ^x 7.26
Numerical Value Type 5.42
Concept Application Exercise 7.6 7.29
Archives 5.43 Exercises 7.30

Answers Key 5.45 Single Correct Answer Type 7.30

Multiple Correct Answers Type 7.34

6. Height and Distance 6.1-6.4 Linked Comprehension Type 7.36

Introduction 6.1 Matrix Match Type 7.37

Numerical Value Type 7.37

Exercises 6.2
Archives 7.38
Single Correct Answer Type 6.2
Answers Kev 7.40
Answers Key 6.3

Solutions S.1-S.158
7. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.1-7.40
Chapter 1 S.l
Introduction 7.1
Chapter 2 S.17
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.1
Chapter 3 S.32
Graph of Inverse Trigonometric Function 7.2
S.65
Function/(/"'(x)), where/(x) is Trigonometric Chapter 4
Function 7.3 Chapter 5 S.92

Concept Application Exercise 7.1 7.7

Chapter 6 S.l 27

Principal Values of Function/ '(/(-^)) 7.7

Chapter 7 S.131
Principal Value of sin"‘(sin x) 7.7
Appendix 1:
Principal Value of cos"' (cos x) 7.9
Logarithm and Antilogarithm Tables A.1-A.6
Principal Value of tan"‘ (tan x) 7.10
Principal Value of cot"^ (cotx) 7.10 Appendix 2:
Principal Value of cosec"*(cosecx) 7.10 Chapterwise Solved JEE Main 2024 Questions
Principal Value of sec"'(sec x) 7.10 (All 10 Sets of Session 1) A.7-A.8

Concept Application Exercise 7.2 7.11

Appendix 3:
Relating Different Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.11
JEE Advanced 2022 Solved Questions A.9-A.12

Appendix 4:
JEE Advanced 2023 Solved Questions A.13-A.14
 Logarithm and
1 Its Properties

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION the point (0, 1) as = I for any value of a. For a > 1, when
a:2 > we have a^' > a^'
If a is any number such that a > 0 and a ^ I then an exponential y
8
function is a function in the formy{.v) = where a is called the
base and x can be any real number. e.g.,/(.r) = 2^, g(.x) = (4/7/ are 7--

exponential functions. 6

There is a big difference between an exponential function and 5--

a polynomial. The function ^.r) = is a polynomial. Here, the 4-~
V = 2^
variable, X, is being raised to some constant power. The function
3-
/'(a) = 3'^ is an exponential function; the variable is the exponent.
Here, the restriction on the base a is that it is not 0 or I as 2

fix) = (/ = 0 and/(x) = / = 1 and hence, these are constant

functions and won't have many of the same properties that X
_5 J4 -3 _2 -1 0 12 ^4 5
general exponential functions have. Also, we avoid negative -^1
numbers as base so that we don’t get any complex values out of
the function evaluation. For instance, if we allowed a = the Now, consider the function y =fix) = (0.5)'. Here,y(0) = 1,
0.5
function would be,/(x) = (-4/, then we have/(0.5) = (-4) and on increasing the value of x from x = 0 onwards value of y
which is a complex number. We only want real numbers to arise decreases as /(I) = 0.5,/(2) = 0.25 When x approaches to
from function evaluation and so to make sure of this we require
infinity, 2' approaches to zero but never becomes exactly zero.
that a is not a negative number. Thus, /(x) is decreasing function. Also,/(-I) = 2,/(-2) = 4,
Graph of Exponential Function and its f(-3) = 8 and so on. Thus, value of 2'^ increases as the value ofx
Properties becomes more and more negative. The graph of the function can
Consider exponential function v=/(x) = 2T Here/(0) = I, and on be plotted as shown here.
increasing the value of x from x = 0 onwards value of>' increases, 8
y

i.e.,/(1) = 2,/(2) = 4,/(10) = 1024 .... When x approaches

to infinity, 2'^ approaches to infinity. Thus,/(x) is an increasing
6-
function. Now. consider some negative values of.v, i.e.,/(-1) = 0.5, > = (C .5)*
J{-2) = 0.25, /(-3) = 0.125 .... Thus, graph of the function gets 5

closer to x-axis, but never touches or crosses it, as 2'> 0, Vx e R. 4

When X approaches to negative infinity, 2' approaches to 0. This 3

means that there is a horizontal asymptote at the x-axis ory = 0.
2-
From the above discussion, the graph ofj' =J(x) = 2'‘ can be
plotted as shown here.
From the graph, we can see that /(x) = 2"" is an increasing -5 _4 _3 -2 -1 0 18 4 5^
function in its domain R. Also, the graph always remains above -1

x-axis, i.e., 2^> 0. Thus, range of the function is (0, ~). Similarly,
we can draw the graph of;^ =f(x) = y passing through the point
From the graph, we can see that y = fix) = (0.5)^ is an
decreasing function in its domain. In fact, this pattern of the
(0, 1) and having the same nature as the graph of/(x) = 2^. graph is common for /(x) = cf for any base which is less than
In fact, this pattern of the graph is common for/(x) = (f for any l(0<a< 1). Also, all graphs pass through the point (0, l)asa®= I
base which is greater than 1 (a > 1). Also, all graphs pass through for any value of a. For 0 < u- < 1, when X2 > x,, we have .
 1.2 Trigonometry

Graph of Exponential Function for So,

Different Bases Therefore, given equation has no solution.
y = (0.4)^ y = (0.2)^ y
y=5^ Illustration 1 .3
—;5.5-- ^ ^--- -r 3/- lO.t + 3
yi= 8^, y=r 1 Solve jjc- 3| - 1.

I2.0--
i Sol. ^ Given that
T T r r"
|^._3|3^'-mr + 3 = 1, we have following cases
If 3.x- -1 Ox + 3 = 0, where x 3
x= 1/3
T r T T" T T 1 r n r“
If |x-3j= 1, x-4,2
y=j3^ ●^-f-0.5- — ■sLT

y = a^
^y=(o.4)^ Illustration 1.4
-;-y = (0,2)^
I 1 Solve (l/2f^-^'^< 1/4.
-1 -0^8 -0,6 -0I4 -0*2
t I I
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
x^-lx
Sol. ^ We have (1/2) <{1/2)2 (v base, 1/2 < 0)
I LLUSTRATION 1 . 1 It means x^ ~ 2x > 2
I (x-{l+V3))(x-{l-V3))>0
X > 1 + V3 < 1 -Vs
X

Solve for x; 4’^ - 3 ^=3 ^ - 2 2x-\ orx

X e (-«, 1 - u (1 + Vs, «)
1

4-’^-3"'2 = 3''''2-2 2.r-l Illustration 1 .5

S'" 4-v Find the smallest integral value ofx satisfying

or = 3-^VJ-- (x-2)^"-^^^ > I.
V3 2

Sol. ) Clearly,x>2
Ix4-'^ = 3"(V3 +
1
or - 6.t + 8
2 73 (x-2)'- > 1
" - 6a: + 8 0
(x~2Y >{x-2)
or -x4^=rx4 When X - 2 > 1
2 73
or x>3 ...(ii)
4'^- 3.V-1 We have
or
4I/2 73 .x-2 - 6x + 8 > 0
-3/2 X-V2
or 4-r = 3
(x-2)(x-4)>0
A--3/2
f4 => X < 2 or X > 4 ...(iii)
or = 1
From (ii) and (iii), x > 4
When X - 2 < 1
3
or x-- = 0
2
or x<3 ...(iv)
or x = 3/2 We have

x^ - 6x + 8 < 0
Illustration 1 .2
(x - 2)(x - 4) < 0
SIIIA- -Sin X
Solve e -e -4 = 0. 2 <X< 4

From (i), (iv) and (v), we have

Sol. ^ Given that
2<x<3
SU1.V -sin A
e - e -4 = 0.
SIHA _
Thus, X E (2, 3) u (4, °o).
Let e =y-

Then, given equation becomes Illustration 1 .6

1
y 4=0
Find the number of solutions of equation (2x - 3)2^ = 1.

f Sol. 1 We have (2x - 3)2'^ = 1

or r - 4y - i = 0 ■ or 2x - 3 =2-'^
= 2 + Vs, 2 - V5
sin A
v = e
To find the number of roots of the above equation, we need to
Since 0, 2 - Vs
sin A
find the number of points of intersection of y = 2x - 3 and y = 2
Also, maximum value of e is c when sin x = 1.
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.3

The graphs of these functions are as shown in the following figure. Graph of the Logarithmic Function
If we consider any point {p, q) on the graph of y = we have
q = d\ So, we have p = \o^^q, or there is a point {q, p) on the
graph of y = log^jA*. Thus, for any point {p, q) on the graph of
y = d, we have a point (q, p) on the graph of y = log^r. Since
point ({/, p) is the mirror image of the point (p, q) in the line
y = .Y, we can draw the graph of y = Iog,^r by taking the mirror
image of the graph of ^ = cr' in line y = x. Thus, graphs ofy = d‘
andy = log^^Y are symmetrical about the liney = .ras shown in the
following figure.
Case I: When a> \

From the figure, graphs intersect at only one point.

Hence, there is only one solution of the given equation.
r
Concept Application Exercise 1.1

1. Forx < 2. solve ‘ =x^-y-~ + 3'*"^' + 3

1
2. Solve <2^'.
2

3. Solve for x and y : y' = x''\ x = 2y.

x + 2 X i 3 x + 4 From the graph, we can see that y = log^^v is an increasing
4. Solve 2 -2 -2 >5^^'-5 -v + 2
\6jr+ lO-.t' function in its domain. The value of log^^ approaches to infinity
( 3 27
as -V approaches to infinity. The value of log,^Y approaches to
5. Solve - <
4 64 negative infinity as x approaches to 0. Also, for X2> X], we have
6. Find the number of solutions of |x| ● 3^' = 1. log^2>log^^-,.
ANSWERS Case II: When 0 < </ < 1

1. x = 2 2. .Y€ 7?-{0,±l} 3. AT = 4,y = 2

\^4. xe (0, 5. -Kx<7 6. 2

logarithmic function
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the exponent to
which the base must be raised in order to produce that number.
For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10 to
the power of 3 is 1000, i.e., 10^ ^ 1000. We write logi„1000 = 3.
Here ‘10’ is called the base of the logarithm. Similarly log^64 is
the value to which ‘2’ must be raised to get 64. Since 2^ = 64,
log264 = 6. Thus, if =y, then we have log,y = .v. In exponential
function y = (f,x can take any real value, so log,y can also take
any real value. Also, y = a'> 0, so log^v is defined only ify > 0.
Thus, we can define logarithmic function as /{.v) = log^^v, a > 0, From the graph, we can see thaty = log,^Y is decreasing function
a ^ having domain (0, <») and range R. Thus, logarithmic in its domain. The value of log^v approaches to negative infinity
function is actually inverse of exponential function. So, domain as ,Y approaches to infinity. The value of log^v approaches to
and range of exponential function are range and domain of positive infinity as x approaches to 0. Also, for .Y2 > x',, we have
logarithmic function, respectively. log^2<5og.Ai-
1.4 Trigonometry

Graph of the Logarithmic Function for

3<102
Different Bases
3^< 10, which is true
y.

2 2 , .1
Hence, -<log,o3<-

Illustration 1 .0

Arrange log25, logo sS, log75, log35 in decreasing order.

y = Io94x
SoQ log25 = exponent of 2 for which we get 5
0 2 3 4 log75 = exponent of 7 for which we get 5
= logo2X Clearly, Iog25 > iog75
With similar reasons, we have logjS > logjS > log75.
-1
Also logo s5 ®
log25 > logjS > log75 > logo 55
Iy = io9o5x
Illustration 1.1Q
●2
I
Prove that number log2 7 is an irrational number.
Since = 1, we have log„l = 0. Thus, graph ofy = log^x for any Sol. Let log-)7 is a rational number. Then,
value of base ‘a’ passes through the point (1, 0) on x-axis.
Also, since a' = a, we have logger = 1, for any base ‘a’. logi7 = ^\p.qeQovl = lP'‘^ QxV = IP
g
Note:
which is not possible for any integral values of p and q.
● Common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. It is also
Hence, log27 is not rational.
known as the decadic logarithm, named after its base. It is
indicated by logl0(x). Illustration 1.11
● Natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e, where e is
an irrational constant approximately equal to 2.718281828. Which of the following numbers are positive/negative?
1
x/«
(i) log27 (ii) logo,23 (iii) log,/3( 1/5)
Here, (? is defined exactly as e= lim iH— .The natural (iv) log43 (V) I0g2(l0g2 9)
oj -»» V w >

logarithm is generally written as ln(.r) or log^(x). Sol.)

Illustration 1.7 (i) Let 1o§27 = x=>7-2'^^x>0

(ii) Let logo23 => 3 = 0.2'^ =>x< 0
Find the value of log2^ 1728. (iii) Let log,^3(1/5) - X 1/5 = (l/3f =>5 = 3^=>x>0
(iv) Let log43 =x => 3 ^4" =>x> 0
^oQ Let log2^1728 ^x
(v) Let log2 (Iog2 9) =x => log2 9 = 2^^ 9 = 2^ ^ X > 0
1728 = {2^/3)■‘■
Illustration 1.12
(2''’3^) = {2^Y
(2 'Jsf = (2^3)-' Find the value of log tan 1 ° log tan 2® ● ● ● log tan 89®.
X = 6
Sol.^ log tan 1 ° log tan 2° ■ ■ ■ log tan 89°
Illustration 1 .3 = log tan 1 ° log tan 2® ● ● ● log tan 45® ● ● ● log tan 89‘
2 1 = log tan I® log tan 2° ■ ■■ (log 1) ■■■log tan 89®
Prove that — < log,o 3 < — . = 0 (as log 1 = 0)
5 2

Illustration 1.13
2
Sol.3 Let log,o3> —
If log,; 3 = 2 and log* 8 = 3, then prove that log„ b = log3 4.
2

3>1Q5 lflog„3 = 2
3=a^
3^ > 10", which is true
a = >/3
1
Now, log,o3<- If log* 8 = 3
Z = b^
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.5

h = 2
logX ^ logy _ ^
So, log„6= log^2 =j:(let) log z log z
2 = R.H.S. ofEq. (i)--3
4 = 3-' Iog,o^ = 3 orA:= 10'^
x = \og^4
Illustration i . l *7

ILLUSTRATION 1.14
Solve 2(25f- 5(1 + 2(4^) > 0.
If log3 y = x and log2 z = x, find 72* in terms of y and z.
SoT) 2(25f - 5( 1 a^) + 2(4^) > 0
SqIQ log3^ = X 2(5)
2r
5(5f (20 + 2(2~0 > 0
3^-3* 2x

lOg2Z = X 2 1 + 2>0
=> z = 2* 2y 2>

Now, 72* = (2^30'' = 2^*3^ = (2*)^(30^ = 5Y

-2 2 -1 >0

LLUSTRATION 1.15
\2J UJ

If
x(_v + z - x) _ y{z + X - z(x + y - z)
, prove that
(iX <- or
^5 V
>2
logx logy logz a) 2 2)
X < log2,5 0.5 or X > log2.5 2

Illustration 1.1 B

log„ X log„ y log,, z Find the number of solution to equation log2 (x + 5) = 6 - x:

x{y + z - x)
log,, X = rSoL^ Here,x+5 = 2^“*.
k
xjy + z-x)
X= a ^
>’(x + z-v) z(;r +y-z)

Similarly, jF = o * andz=<j ^
xy(y+z-x) ;^(z+.t-v)
k k
Now x^y = a a

xy^-¥xyz-x^y+xys-\-x^y-xy^ Ixyz
k
a = a

2xy%

Similarly, z'y = AT z*= a *

Illustration 1.16

SupposeX,jF, z > 0 and are not equal to 1 and logx + logy+logz

1 1 1 i 1
+ +

= 0. Find the value of x‘°s^ xy‘°s^ log^: XZ

log X log y

(base 10). Now graph ofy = x + 5 andy = 2^ * intersect only once.

Hence, there is only one solution.
1 i 1

Fet^= ^.log.Yiogz xy
log Z log X X z
log.« logy Illustration 1.19

1 1 1 1 Find the number of solutions of the following equations:

log K ~ logx + log y (i) x“’^logo.5X= 1
log y log z log Z log X
(ii) x^-4x + 3-log2X = 0
1 1
+ logz (i)
log X log y
(i) We have, x logo,5 ^ ^ 1
Putting log X + log y + log 2 = 0 (given), we get logo.5 ^ ^
To find the number of solutions, we must draw the graphs
log X ^ log z 1; log y ^ log z = -i; ofy = andy = logo 5 x and number of points of
log y log y log X log X their intersection.
1.6 Trigonometry

Graphs of functions are as shown in the following figure. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF

4- LOGARITHM
3 Addition and Subtraction of Logarithm
2-
We have the following laws for addition and subtraction of
1 logarithm:
Form, « > 0, a > 0, a 1;
-1 O 1
1. log^ (m«) = log„ m + log^ n
-1
Proof:
-2
Let log„ m = x => cr* = w
-3 and \o%^n=y a*'= n ...(ii)
mn = cf
From the figure, we see that graphs intersect at only one
point. log„ {mn)=x+y
Hence, there is only one solution, log„(wn) = log„m + log„ n
(ii) We have -Ax + 2>- log2->: = 0 In general, for positive real numbers x^,Xj, ■■■,x H’
or
- 4x + 3 = log2-v iog^C^i -^2 ■ ■ ■ -^») = loga X2 + ■ ■ ● + log„ x„.
Let us draw the graphs of>» = A:“ - 4at + 3 and;' = log2Ar.
2. log^ — = log„m - log^n
n )
Proof:
Using (i) and (ii),
X
m a
^C^-y
n

m
log a = x-y
\ n
-1
m
log„ — =log„m-log„/7
n

Illustration 1 .ZD

Find the values of the following:

From the figure, we see that graphs intersect at two points. (i) log,o2 + logj(j5
Hence, there are two solutions. (ii) log3(VTT-V5) + log3(Vn + -N/2)
r (iii) log735-log75
Concept Application Exercise 1 .Z
Soi7]
1. Find the value of 3^’°^^.
(i) log;o2 + logio5 = logio(2 X 5) = log^lO = 1
2. Find the value of ■^j{logQ ^ 4)“ . (ii) iog3 (Vn - V2)+iog3 (Vn+V2)

3. If log^ = 3 ^, then find the value of b. = log3 (VTT - V2) X (Vn + V2)
= log3(ll-2) = Iog39 = 2 (as 3^ = 9)
4. Find the value of log5 Iog2log3log2 512.
35
5. If log5 A: = a and log2>’ = fl, find 100^^"' in terms ofx and;'. (in) log735 - log75 = log7 — = log7? = I

6. Find the value of logi/3 ^729.^/w* -27 -4/3

Illustration l.ZI
7. Solve for :r :log4 log3 log2;c = 0.

8. Prove that logjo 2 lies between —

1
and —.
1
Find the value of log2 (2^ - 2) + log2 (12^ + 4 + 4^).
3

9. Find number of roots of the equation logo 5 x = 0. Sol. ) log2(2^-2) + log2(12^ + 4 + 4W)
1/3
Answers = log. ((72) (8) ’^^)) + log, ((72)^^ + (8)^^^ + (72)’^ (8)
- log2 ((72)'^^ - (8)'^^)) + (72f^ (8)'^^)
1. 3 2. 2 3. 32 4. 0 5. ^ = log2(72-8)
100
7. x = 8 9. one solution
= log264 = 6
 logarithm and Its Properties 1.7

Exponents of Argument and Base of

Logarithm 2
For w, « > 0; a > 0, <7 1; 6 e R; or a + b - 2-J^ = 0
1. l0g>/') = ^ X log,, Hi or (4^-^^bf=0
Proof:
or a = b
Let log„(//) = p
Then (w^) = cf Illustration 1 .24
p

m = a’’ Which of the following pairs of expressions are defined for

the same set of values ofx?

T = ^ (i) fi(x) = 2logio X and/sW = logto-v^

b
(ii) f\(x) = log,;c^ and/2(x) = 2
p^b log„m (Hi) /i(-^) = log,0 (x - 2) ■+■ log,0 (JC - 3) and
log„(m*) = b log„/n /2(AT) = logio(j:-2)(x-3)
1
r§^
2. log(„.jm = -^log„w
(i) /i(-^) = 21og]QX is defined for X > 0
Proof:
J'2(x) = logifpT is defined for.v"> 0 orx e R -{0}
Let log,^.^m = p Therefore J\{x) and /2(jc) are not defined for same set of
values of x’.
Then m = {a^f
m = a
hp (ii) /[(.y) = log,-Y" is defined for y > 0, y ^ 1
/]{-^) =2, Y> 0, Y?i 1
log„m = bp
But/^(y) = 2 is defined for all real y.
\og^m=b\og^^,^m Therefore ,/(y) and f2(x) are not defined for same set of
values of Y.
log m =
^log„m (iii) /|(y)= logio(Y-2)+ log,o(jf-3) is defined ifY-2 >0and
From above two laws, we have y-3>0
y>3

Iog,^.jm^=|iog„m /2(y) = logo(Y - 2)(y - 3) is defined if (y - 2)(y - 3) > 0

Y<2orY>3
Illustration 1.22
Therefore/](y) and /^(y) are not defined for same set of
values ofY.
What is logarithm of 32^ to the base 2"^?
Illustration 1.25

log2^32^ = logj2.,j(2'45) 16 ^ 25^ 81

Find the value of 7 log — +5 log — +3 log — .
5.3 15 24 j 80 J
= log^2^/2j(2 5) 16 / 25 \ 81
2 27 Soi. 1 7 log —
15
+5 log —
24
+3 log ^
80
log, 2
3 5 \3
16 25 81
18
= log
5
15 y V 24 y V 80

= 3.6
28 glO 3'^
= log^3757 2I535 2*253
Illustration 1.23
= log2
(a + b 1
If log. — (logg a + log,, b), then find the relation Illustration. 1 .25
I 2
between a and b.
If sum log2X + log4Y + log^jY + log32X + "● = 6, then find the
value ofY.
a +b 1
-Sop log. = -(log.i^ + log.6)
2 ) Sol. ) log2X + log4Y + logi^ + logger + - = 6

= -^{log,,a6) = (log^ Jab) log2X+log22 Y+log,i Y+log2-i Y + ... = 6

1.8 Trigonometry

'+^ + ;^+^+- ^og,x = 6

Illustration i .29
=>

Which is greater: x = log3 5 orj' = log,, 25?

I
1
log, .r = 6
I— — = log25 17 = — logj 17 and — =f logc 3 = — logg 9
2 V 2 .V I 2

log2 -r = 3 I
jc=8 — > — or.Y>>'
.V

Illustration 1 .27
Illustration 1.3D

Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such that If « > I, then prove that
log2,i2 + loggft = 7/2 and log,?^ + log9fl = 2/3. Then find the 1 1
value of ab. +

l0g2/7 l0g3«
7 , 2
Sol. log,,a + iogg/r — and log,,/? + log9a = —
Sol, j The given expression is equal to
1 . 1
-l0g,£?+ — fog3/’ = T log,, 2 + log,, 3 + - + log,, 53 = log,, (2 X 3 X - X 53)
3 2 2
1
and
i lOggft + ^ lOggfl = I = log„ 53! =
●0g53!«
Adding the equations, we get Illustration 1.3 1
1 1 7 2 25
Let a = log3 20, b = log4 15 and c = logg 12. Then find the
- logiiah) + - \og^(cih) = 2 3 " 6
I 1 I
value of
r M 25 0+1 6+1 c+1
or
- \ogj(ah) = —
0 o

or lOggCa/)) = 5 \ Sol. ] We have

or ab = 3^ = 243 O + 1 = logg 20 + logg 3 = logg 60
6 + 1 = log4 15 + log4 4 = log4 60
ILLUSTRATION 1 .2B
C + I = logg I 2 + logg 5 = logg 60
4x-5
Solve forjc: 11 ● 3^' = 5 i-x . T\ 1 1 1 1

0+ 1 6+1 c +1 log3 60 log4 60 logg 60

fS^ 11
Ax-S
.3lr^53-x 7-x
= Iog6o3 + log(io4 + logfioS
or
(4Y-5)log 11 + 2?rlog 3 =(3 - .v)log 5 - xlog 7
= logfioO X 4 X 5)
log(ll^x5^)
or X =
= Iog6o60
logo 1^x315) = I

Illustration 1.32
Reciprocal of Logarithm

1
If log,, (o6) = .v, then evaluate log^, (o6) in terms of?:.
For m, fl > 0, o, m^\\ log a
m —

log„ (o6) = X or log,, a + log„6 = .v or log„ b = x 1

Proof:
Now, log,, (o6) = log,, a + log^ 6
1 1
Let log„/?/=p + 1 = + 1 =:
X

Then m = cf log./ ^ .Y-l .Y-I

I

p Illustration 1.33
a = m

1 If Iog|2 27 = a, then find log^ 16 in terms of a.

- = logm "
P
Sol. ] Since a = logi2 27 = logi2 (3)^ = 3 log,, 3,
1
= log._ a m 3 3 3
log./
logg 12 1 + logg 4 1+2 logg 2
1
or log« m = - a

log,,, ct log3 2=-

2a
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.9

log4 logs Iog6 log? logs log9

Then, logf, 16 - log^ 2‘* = 4 logg 2 = -----
log2 6 log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log? logs
log9
4-
4 4 a
= log39 = 2
1 + logj 3 la 3 + a log 3
1 +
3-a
ILLUSTRATIDN 1.36

Change of base 1 1 1
Simplify + +

log/, m 1 + log„ be 1 + log^ ca 1 + log^. ab

\. For m, a,b>0 anda,b^\\ log^m =
Proof: 1 1 1
Soi.
Let log„m=/? 1 + log^ he 1 + log,, ca I + log^. ab
Then - m
1 1 1
log,, = log,, m [Taking log to the base h] log be 1 + log ca log ab
1 + 1 +
p logfc a = log,, m logtf log/5 logc
log„ m X logft a = log,,w; log a log/5
log/, m log a + log /5 + log c log o + log 6 + log c
log„ m =
log,, a logc
Replacing b by m in the above result, we get log a + log /> + log c
log., ^ = 1
log,, m =
log„,«
1 iLUUSTRATiaN 1.37
log^ m = [v log„,m= 1]
log,,, a If ;c = log2fl a,y = logj^ la, z = Iog4a 3a, prove that
1 + xyz ~ lyz.
2. For a, /5, c> 0 and /5 1; ‘ "
Soi. 1 + = 1 + (log2„ a)(log3„ 2fl)(log4„ 3a)
Proof:
log a log la log 3a
Let a log,,c = /; -1 +
log 2a log 3a log 4a
Then log,,c = log„/;
log a
logc _ logp = 1 +
log 4a
log/; log a
= log4„4a + log4„a
logo _ log/5
- log4„4a- = 21og4„2a
log/; logc
= 2(log3„ 2a)(log4^ 3a) = lyz
log,,fl = log,.;;
P = ^log. O Illustration 1 .3S

a
log,, c
If log,,a log,.a + log,,/; log^.6 + log„c log,,c = 3 (where a, b, c are
different positive real numbers 1), then find the value ofabc.
Illustration 1 .34
Sol. log/,a - log,27 + log,,/; ● log,./; + log„c ● log,, c = 3
= b,b'’ = c,c^ = a, then find the value of xyz.
log a log a ,L -log b log b ,1- log c log c
- ■■■ —
,,
— j
or
SolT} = b,b' = c,if = a log b log c log a log c log a log b
=» j: = log„/;,y=log,,c,2 = logca or (log af + (log hf + (log cf = 3(log a)(log /;)(log c)
log/; logc log a
or log a + \ogb+ log c = 0 (as a, b, c are different)
.xy2 = (Iog„/;)(log/,c)(log,xf) = = 1
log abc = 0 or abc = 1
log a log/; logc

Illustration 1.35 /(/ V)) Where/(x) is Exponential Function

Find the value of (log3 4) (log4 5) (log5 6) (log^ 7) (logy 8) Here f'\x) is inverse function of exponential function/(A:).
(logs 9). If fix) - o^, then/‘‘(x) = log„x.
Sol. log3 4 log4 5 logs 6 log6 7 logy 8 logs 9 fif-\x))- a

Let y = (f -(I)
1.10 Trigonometry

x = \o$^’ Sol.^ We have

Putting this value of x in (1), we get 60^ = 3 =>« = log,„3
a 60'’ = 5 =i.A = loge„5
So, f(f-\x))= a = x
So,
l~{ci + b) _ l-(log6o3 + logf,o5)
3'°S3^ _ g = 2'°®- 5’ 2(1 - h) 2(loggo 60 - logf,„ 5)
e.g., = 5^
-2 1
log6o6Q-log6ol5 Iog6o4
2-21ogj3 _ ^log5 3 = 3"‘ = — etc.
9 2(log6o60-logf,[,5) 21og(,ol2
I

Illustration 1 .39 = 2 ^°Si2 4 = iogi2 2

1

122(1-6) _ |2lOgi;2 _
If >- = 2 then prove thatx=^.
r
1 CONCEPT Application Exercise 1 .3

1. Write each of the following as single logarithm:

log, .T (a) I + log,5 (b) 2-log3?
=> v = 22
(c) 21ogi(p: + 31og,oy-51og,oz
2 _
V (as y > 0) 1 1
2. Prove that
y- = x j<log,o3<-.
Illustration 1 .40
3. Prove that
log, \og, .[ujo)W = 1-3 log,2.

Find the value of .

4. If logioX = y, then find logiooQ.r in terms ofy.
5. If log, 2 = w, then find log49 28 in terms of m.
rsHi?) 1
6. Find the value of log2 — log, 0.125 *

^2
4 2
7. Find the value of
log2(2V3) log3(273), ■
= 5* +3'®®'^^ 4.32log32 8. If.r and.v are positive real numbers such that 21og(2y- 3x)
- S'*+ 6^ + 3'®®’’' ~ log X + log y, then find the value of — .
X

y
= 625+ 216+ 7-= 890

9. If + 6“ = 7 ab, prove that log V ^ ^3 ^

1
Illustration 1.4 1 = -(log« + log b).

2bg,,li4X _3'og:,(Jr^+l)’ _2y 10. If log/, n = 2 and log„26 = 2, then find the value of b.
Prove that ● > 0 for all possible
24fog„x _ ,^._j 11. If log, X X log, X = log, X + log, X, then find x.
values of:c.
12. Ify^ = x2 and a^ = b'’ = cf, then prove that log/, a = log^Zr.
logj 13. Prove the following identities:
1/4
^_3iog,(.Vi)’ _2^
SET)y=- log.,» log„ ;c log/, x
(a) = 1 + log„ b (b) log^/, X =
log„6» l0g„ .Y + log/, Y
2logjj:'' _3logj(x’+l) _2^
14. Compute log„^ /-Jb) if log ah a = 4.
-x-\

^ x^-(x^+2x+l) 15. If 0^ = 1/= (f- d"\ show that log^ (bed) = x — +

y
—+— .
z w
x^-jc-1
'.l+log,2
= x^ + x+\ 1
16. Find the value of 4.5~K4(7)_
1 49 ,J
Y+- +->0
2) 4 Answers

2_.3

I. (a) log, 10 (b) log,^

Y y 2
Illustration 1 .42
(c) log 10 _5
4. Ty
i,
3

l-rt-6
_ l+2w . _ 4 1/3
5. 6. 3 7. 16 8. - 10. 2
2
If 60" = 3 and 60^’ = 5, then find the value of 12^^* .

17 1373
9
11. y=1,6 14. 16.
6 196
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.11

LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS log 3

or (^ + 2) log2 + = 0
While solving logarithmic equations, we tend to simplify the x-\

equation. Solving equation after simplification may give some log 3

.v = -2orAr- 1 =-
roots which may not define all the tcnns in the initial equation.
log 2
Thus, while solving equations involving logarithmic function,
we must take care of domain of the equation. log 3
x = -2, 1 -
log 2
Illustration 1.43

Illustration 1 .4'7
Solve log48 + log4(jt + 3) - log^Cjc - 1) = 2.
Solve log2(4 X 3’^ - 6) - log2(9^ - 6) = 1.
Sol. ^ log^S + log4(.v + 3) - log4(Ar -1)^2
Sol, j log2(4 X 3-'^ - 6) - log2(9' - 6) = 1
or log4 5^ = 2
x-l . 4 X 3 -’^ - 6
or = 1

or 8(x + 3)^^2 ●' -6

x-\
4xr
or x + 2 = 2x-2 or ^=2
9 -" -6
.^ = 5
or 4v-6 = 2y“- 12 (putting 3-' =y)
Also for .V = 5 all tcnns of the equation are defined.
or y“-2y-3=0
Illustration 1 .44 or v = -l,3
or 3'^ = 3
Solve log (-x) = 2 log (.V + 1).
or Y= 1
Sol. ) By definition, .y < 0 and y + I > 0.
- 1<Y< 0 Illustration 1 .4S

Now log (-x) = 2 log (y + 1) Solve 6(log^ - log4x) + 7 = 0.

or -y = (y+ 1)“
or Y“ + 3y + 1 = 0 SokT 6(log^.2 - log4Y) + 7 = 0
-3 + >/5 -3->/5 or
6 log,.2--log2Y +7 =
1
0
or Y =
2 2 V 2 /
/ I ^
Hence,
or 6 +7 = 0 (where y = log2.v)
Y -
-3 +● ^/5
V- ^is. the
, ,
only
, .
solutioa ●.■
-3-V5 <-l
>’ 2j
2 ^ 2 1 \

or 6^ + 7 = 0
2v
Illustration 1 .45

Solve log2 (3y - 2) = iogj/2 or 3 ^ + 7 = 0

J
SolT) log2 (3y - 2) = logi/2 Y = “ 10g2 Y = logj .Y"‘
or 3y-2=y‘' or 3y^-2y= 1
or 6 - 3y^ + ly = 0
or 3}^ - 7y - 6 = 0
Y= lorY = -l/3.
or 3/ + 2>'-9y-6 = 0
Butlog2(3Y-2) and logi/2Y are meaningful ifY>2/3. Hence, y= 1. or O-3)(3y + 2)=0
Illustration 1.46
or y = 3 ory = -2/3
log2Y = 3 or - 2/3
Solve2"’^^27^^*-’^-'^ = 9. -2/3
or Y = 8 or Y = 2

Sol. 3 Taking log of both sides, we get

Illustration 1 .49

(Y + 2)log2 + ^
Y-1
log27 = log9 Solve4*°®2*°^'*^=IogY-(logY)^+ 1 (base ise).
Sol. J log2 log Y is meaningful if y > 1.
or (y + 2) log 2 + —^
Y-1
31og 3 = 21og3 Since

3y = (log y)" (a'“V = x,a>0,a=^ 1)

or (y+ 2) log 2 + -2 log3 = 0
Y-1 So the given equation reduces to 2(log y)" - log y - I = 0.
1.12 Trigonometry

Therefore, log x = 1 or log X = -1/2. But for.v> 1, logx> 0. Illustration 1 .53

Hence, log a: = 1, i.e., x = e. (log,oJr)^-log,oAr^ 3

Solve x-1 x-1 ●.
Illustration 1.5D
SoL We have

Solve 4log^^2 {^) 21og4,. (x“) = 3!og2^ (x^). x-1

(logioJ)’ -logioi'
= 1 X-1 |'’.X>0, X?t 1
lx- 1|= 1 or(log,ox)^-log,oAT = 3
Sol. 4 log2 ^/x 2 log2 (x^) ^ 3 log2(x^)
X = 2 or (log,ox)" - 21og,oY -3 = 0
log2(x/2) log2(4x) iog2(2x)
X = 2 or (lognyx - 3) (logn>x + I) = 0
1
4x-log2(x) X = 2 or Iog,(>x = 3, logiox = -1
+ 41og2(x) ^ 91og2(x)
l0g2X-l 2+l0g2(x) l + log2(x) x = 2,x= 1000orx = 0.11

Let log2-v = t. The given equation reduces to r

Concept Application Exercise 1 .4
2/ 4/ 9/
+
t-\ t+2 / + 1 1. Solve log2(25-'^^^-l) = 2 + log2(5-''^^+ 1).
4 9
2. Solve log4(2x4-"“--l) + 4 = lv.
/ = 0or — +
3. Solve: 27 logj ^x--3x + \
log2(x-l)
t-\ t+2 t+\
log2(x-l)
2/ + 4 + 4/ - 4 9
or / = 0 4. Solve log4 (x - 1) = log2 (x - 3).
(T-l)(r + 2) / + 1
5. Solve logft9 - log927 + loggx = log^,4X - log64.
r + /- 6 = 0 or? = 0 6. Solve logj (2 V17 - 2x) = ! - logi/2(x - 1).
(/+3)(/-2) = 0 or / = 0 7. Solve 31og^4 + 21og4^4 + 3log[(i^4 = 0.
? = 0. 2, or-3 8. Solve (log3x)(log59) - log^25 + log,2 = log354.
x= 1.4. 1/8 9. Solve (x'“^’'> ^)~ - (3‘“S'“ ^) - 2 = 0.
10. Solve =
Illustration 1.5 1

Solve
11. Solve 21og2^^ (V?+T+x)-I-log.2-73 (Vx^ + I -x)=3
2.r
12. Prove that the equation X = 4 has no solution.
Sol. Given equation is Answers

^2log,Jr)“ + = 0 I
1. x = -2 2. x = 2 3. x = 3 4. x=5 5. x= -

Let 2‘“^^ = V, we get y~ - 6;^ + 8 = 0 6. x = 4 7. X = -

1 1
8. x =
1
, 25
;^ = 4 or 2 2’8 ^/5
If 2iog^v= 2^ 9. x=10'°«3^ 10. x = 64 11. x = ^/3
’ 8
log^x = 2
x=81
1
LOGARITHMIC iNEOUALITIES
If = 2

log^- = 1 Standard Logarithmic Inequalities

x = 9 X> if a>\
1. Iflog,rX> log^jV=>
Illustration 1.52 [0< X < >', if 0 < a< 1
X > a-’, if a > 1
2. If log,rT >>'=;» ●
Solve -x‘°s^'^
4
= (2-x^°s^*)^ 0 <x<a'\ if 0< <1

3. log,,x > 0 => X > 1 and a > 1

Sol. ^ Taking log on both sides with base 2, we get or 0 < X < 1 and 0 < a < 1
1

loa^- (log, yfx ) (logvV) = ^4 + 74 (l0g>x)“ Frequently Used Inequalities

1. (x - a){x - h) < 0 {a < b) ^ a < X < b
or (log2x)- = 9 or log2X = ±3
2. (x - a)(x - b)> 0 {a < b) ^ X < a or x> b
1
x=8 or 3. jx| < a -a <x <a
4. |x| > a ^ X < - or X >
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.13

Illustration 1.54 x-l-x+2

or >0
x-2
Solve log2(:x:- 1)>4.
1
^1.^ log2(-Y - 1) > 4 or.Y -1>2^ or.v>17 or
.y-2
>0 or x>2

Illustration 1 .55
Illustration 1.6 1
Solve log3(;c - 2) < 2.
3-

SolQ log3(.v - 2) < 2 or 0 < JY - 2 < 3" or 2 < X < 1! Solve logo.5 x + 2
-<0.

Illustration 1.56
3-
[MD log 0.5
-<0
Solve logoj{x“ 1) > 0. X + 2

3 — X
Sol. 3 logoj(x^ l)>0or0<x^-x + 1 <(0.3)
0 0
or >(0.5)
x + 2
or 0<X^-A-+ 1 < 1
x~-x + 1 > 0 and.v^-x < 0 3-x
or >1
x + 2
or x(x- 1)<0
0 < X < 1 (as X" - X + 1 = (x - 1 /2)~ + 3/4 > 0, for all real x) 3-;
or --l>0
x + 2
Illustration 1.57
3 - X - X- 2
>0
Solve 1 < log2(x-2) < 2. or
x + 2

Sol. } 1 < log2(x - 2) < 2 2x-I

or <0
2'<x-2<2“ x + 2
4<x<6 -2<x< 1/2
or

Illustration 1.5B
Illustration 1.62

Solve log2[x - 11 < 1. Solve log3(ZT“ + 6x - 5) > 1.

SoL") log2|x- 1| < 1 rSoD log3(2x^ + 6x - 5) > 1
0<|x- 1|<2‘ or 2r + 6x~5>3‘
- 2 < X - 1 <2 and x - 1 9^ 0
or Zv- + 6x - 8 > 0
- 1 < X < 3 and x ^ 1 or x“ + 3x - 4 > 0
XE (-1,3)-{1} or (x- l)(x + 4)>0
X < - 4 or X > 1
Illustration 1.59

Solve logo 2I-V - 3| 2:0. ILLUSTRATION 1 .63

logo,|-v-3|>0 Solve logo.04 - I) ^ logo.2 {x - I).

0
0<^r-3|<(0.2) Sol. ) Iogo,o4 (x - 1) S logo.2 (x-l)
0<|x-31< 1 or

-1 <x-3< 1 andx-3:^0
1
2 < X < 4 and x 3 or
- logo.2 (.V - 1) > logo.2 (-Y - 1)
2
xe [2, 4]-{3}
or logo.2 1)^2 logo.2 (.V- 1)
Illustration 1 .60 or
logo.2 (^-1)^ logo.2 (A'- !)"
x-l or (X-1)<(X^I)-
Solve log2 ->0.
or (x- l)'-(x- 1)>0
x-2
or (x-l)(x-I-l)>0
-1 ... X -1 0
Sol. ) log2-
x-2
> 0 or —
x-2
>2 or (x- l)(x-2)>0
or x< 1 orx>2
x-l
or > 1 or — 1 > 0 Also, x>l;
x-2 x-2
Hence, x > 2.
1.14 Trigonometry

Illustration 1 .64 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x > 1.

-1
Solve log(^3j(x^-x)< 1. Now log
.V+-
I log2-
x + 2
>0

Sol. ) Iog^ + 3(x^-x)< 1

-1 I
x(.v-l)>0 >I (V x+ - > 1 forx> 1)
X
.v> 1 orx<0 (i)
If X + 3 > 1 x-1
or >2
x>-2 (ii) x + 2
then x~ - X < X + 3
x + 5
or x^ - 2x - 3 < 0 or <0
x + 2
or {x-3)(x+ 1)<0
Hence, x e (-5 -2), which is not possible as x > 1.
Hence,X g (-1, 0) u (1, 3) [using (i) and (ii)]
If 0<x + 3 < 1 Illustration 1 .SV
-3<x<-2 (iii)
then x^-x>x+3 Solve log s(x^-10x + 22)>0.
log. 2
or x^-2x-3 >0
or (x-3)(x+ 1)>0
Sol. 3 log I (^ ^(x-- 10x + 22)>0 (i)
Hence, x e (-3,-2) [using (i) and (iii)] ●ogj X
2;
Thus, X G (-1, 0) u (1,3) u (-3,-2)
We must have
Illustration 1 .65
(i) X-- 10x + 22>0
Solve 2 log3X - 4 !og,27 < 5. Xe ( s 5 - A^) u (5 + V3, 00) (ii)

S0I.3 Let log3X = y

x=3^ (i) (ii) f>0
x>0 (iii)
Therefore, the given inequality becomes 2 log3X- 12 logp < 5
12 Case (i):
or 2y- — <5
y

or 2y^-5y-\2<0 0<log2 V ^2 < 1

or (2v+3)(y-4)<0
1 < - <2

-^,4]
2 J or 2<x<4
2

(iv)
Therefore, from Eq. (i), x‘ - lOx + 22 < 1
I < log3X < 4 or x“- 10X + 2K0

3-3/2 <x<81 (^^I) 3<x<7 (V)

From Eqs. (ii), (iii), (iv), and (v). the common solution is
Illustration 1 .66
3<x<5-V3
-1
Solve log 1 Iog2“ >0. Case (ii):
JT+— x + 2
X V

fx
-1 log, - > 1
v27
Sol. 3 log I ●0g2- >0
XH— x + 2
X V X
or - >2 or x>4 (vi)
x-1 2
>0
x + 2
Therefore, from Eqs. (i), x“ - lOx + 22 > 1
X < - 2 or X > 1 (i) or x^- lOx + 21 >0
1 or x<3 orx>7 (vii)
Also X + — >0. Therefore,
X
From Eqs. (ii), (iii), (vi), and (vii), the common solutions
x^ + l isx e (7,00)
>0
X Hence, x € (3,5 -VJ) u (7, <»)
x>0 (ii)
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.15

ILLUBTRATION 1 .6S 9-3*^

We have 3''’ >
27
x' + l
Solve logo , ^og2 <0. 9 X 3 ' > 9 - 3 '^
10x3^>9

X > log3 0.9

x^ + l
Sol. ) log O.l log <0 Therefore, x € [log3 0.9, 2)

Illustration 1 .70
' x^ + \
or l0g2 > 1
1 3
lx-l| Solve + 2>
\2) 2log,o(-a)
.V- + 1
or >2
^IOg|o“■
3

Case (i): -v > 1 MD [\ V

+ 2>
2'ogio(-«)
For this to be true, we must have a <0
■v' + l
>2
x-l 1 3
+ 2>
22 log(-a) 2iog(-fl)
or x^+ 1 >2x-2
1
or - 2x + 3 > 0, which is always tnie
Putting V = — log(-a) ’
we get
;c> 1 2

Case (ii):A:< 1 / + 2 > 3V

- 3;' + 2 > 0
x^ + [
>2 iv-\)iy-2)>o
l-;c
V < 1 or y > 2
or -2v 2-log(-a) j or 2-log(-a) ^ 2
or x~ + 2x-\ >0 -log,o( -a) < 0 or - log|o(-fl) > 1
x<- 1 or .V > 1 + log|oM)>(^ or log,o(-a)<-l
-t
-a> 1 or-a< 10
Hence€ (- o®, -1 - ^2) u (V2 - 1, 1) lj (1, *®). a < - 1 or a > - 0.1

iLLUSTRATmN 1.69 a€ (-oo,-l)u(-0.1,0)

x-\
Solve <1. r 1
Concept Application Exercise 1 .5
log3(9-3^)-3
1. Solve log3lj:| > 2.
X— 1
Sol. 3 We have <1 X -4
log3(9-3^)-3 2. Solve log2 — <1.
- 2x + 5

For this, we must have 9 - 3^ > 0 or 3^ < 9 or x < 2

3. Solvelog,o(x^-2x-2)<0.
The given expression can be expressed as;
(x-l) <I
4. Let j{x) = ^log,o . Find the set of all values of x for
Iog3(9-30-log3 27 which f{x) is real.

(x-l) 5. Solve >x + 5.

<1
9-3^ 6. Solve log214 - 5x I > 2.
logs x + 2
27 ) 7. Solve logo 2 < 1.
X

(x-l) - log^^_3.^3<l 8. Solve log,/2 (J^^ “6x+12) >-2.

27 } 4)
9. Solve
log
27 10. Find the values ofx for which the function
X-l
9-3^ /(x) = ,log 1/2 is defined.
As X < 2, 0 < <1 x+5
27
1.16 Trigonometry

n. Solve log,(a:-2) >-I. 1. For a number greater than 1, the cliaracteristic is positive
and is one less than the number of digits to the left of the
12. Solve log3(.v + 2) (x + 4) + log,/3 (x + 2) < ^ log^ 7. decimal point in the number.
2. For a positive number less than 1, the characteristic is
13. Solve log^ (.r"-1) < 0.
negative and has an absolute value one more than the
Answers
number of zeros between the decimal point and the first
14
nonzero digit of the number.
1. .t<-9orA:>9 2. xe
, u{4, oo)
3 J ^ Illustration 1.7 1
3. xe [-l,l-V3)u(l+V3, 3] 4. X < -1 or.v > 1
Write the characteristic of each of the following numbers by
8
5. no solution 6. X e (- OO
, 0) u — , + oo using their standard fornis:
V 5
(i) 1235.5 (ii) 346.41
7. X€ », — u (0, + <w) 8. X € [2,4] (iii) 62.723 (iv) 7.12345
2j (v) 0.35792 (vi) 0.034239
9. X€ 3 ,W,l,-j=
3 10. xe (l,eo)
(vii) 0.002385 (viii) 0.0009468
Vs J I VJ ~S^
11. no solution 12. xe (-2.3) 13. xe (1,V2)
Number Standard form Characteristic

FINDING LOGARITHM 1235.5 1.2355 X 10^ 3

346.41 3.4641 X lO' 2

To calculate the logarithm of any positive number in decimal
form, we always express the given positive number in the decimal 62.723 6.2723 X 10 1

form as the product of an integral power of 10 and a number 7.12345 7.12345 X 10

0
0
between 1 and 10, i.e.. any positive number n in the decimal form
-1
is written as 0.35792 3.5792 X 10 -1

n=mx
0.034239 3.4239 X 10"^ -2
where p is an integer and 1 < w < 10. This is called the standard
form of k.
0.002385 2.385 X 10"^ -3
-4
0.0009468 9.468 X 10 -4
Characteristic and Mantissa of Logarithm
Let n be a positive real number and nix\(f be the standard form
of u. Then n = m x I O'', where p is an integer and m is a real Finding Mantissa using Log Table
number between 1 and 10. i.e., 1 < w < 10. Thus, The logarithm table is used to find the mantissa of logarithms of
log,oH = logio(«)XlOP) numbers. It contains 90 rows and 20 columns. Every row begins
= iogjom + log,ol(y' with a two-digit number 10, 11, 12 98. 99 and every column
= log,om+p login 10 is headed by a one-digit number 0, 1,2, 3,..., 9. On the right of
= p + log i() m
the table, we have a big column which is divided into nine sub
Thus, login 1 ^ login< log,n 10 columns headed by the digits 1,2, 3 9. This column is called
0 < login ^ * the column of mean differences.
Thus, the logarithm of a positive real number n consists of two Note that the position of the decimal point in a number is
parts:
immaterial for finding the mantissa. To find the mantissa of a
(i) The integral partp, called characteristic, which is positive,
negative, or zero, number, we consider the first four digits from the left most side
(ii) The decimal part log m. called mantissa, which is a real of the number. If the number in the decimal form is less than
number between 0 and 1. one and it has four or more consecutive zeros to the right of the
Thus, log n = Characteristic + Mantissa decimal point, then its mantissa is calculated with the help of the
Note that it is only the characteristic that changes when the number formed by digits beginning with the first nonzero digit.
decimal point is moved. An advantage of using the base 10 is
thus revealed: if the characteristic is known, the decimal point
For example, to find the mantissa of 0.000032059, we consider
may easily be placed. If the number is known, the characteristic the number 3205. If the given number has only one digit, we
may be determined by inspection, i.e., by observing the location replace it by a two-digit number obtained by adjoining zero to the
of the decimal point. right of the number. Thus, 2 is to be replaced by 20 for finding
Although an understanding of the relation of the characteristic the mantissa.
to the powers of 10 is necessary for a thorough comprehension of The digits used to compute the mantissa of a given number are
logarithms, the characteristic may be determined mechanically
called its significant digits.
by the application of the following rules:
 Logarithm and Its Properties l.H

Illustration 1 .72 Negative Characteristics

Write the significant digits in each of the following numbers

When a characteristic is negative, such as -2, we do not perform
the subtraction, because this would involve a negative mantissa.
to compute the mantissa of their logarithms :
There are several ways of indicating a negative characteristic.
(i) 3.239 (ii) 8 (iii) 0.9
Mantissas as presented in the table in the appendix are always
(iv) 0.02 (v) 0.0367 (vi) 89
positive, and the sign of the characteristic is indicated separately.
(vii) 0.0003 (viii) 0.00075 For example, consider log 0.023 = 2.36173. Here the bar over
2 indicates that only the characteristic is negative, i.e., the
Sol.
logarithm is -2 + 0.36173.
Number Significant
3239 Illustration 1 .73
3.239
8 80 Find the mantissa of the logarithm of the number 5395.
0.9 90
Sol. To find the mantissa of log 5395 in the log table, we first
0.02 20
look into the row starling with 53. In this row, look at the number
0.0367 367
in the column headed by 9. The number is 7316.
89 89
0.0003 30

0.00075 75

Mean Differences
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7101 7110 711,8 7126 7135 7143 7152 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8

51 ; 7076 7084 7093
7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7^5 1 2 2 5 6 7 7
§2.^ 7160 7168 7177

*^7243
'5^ 7324
7251
7332
7259
7340
7267
7348
7275
7356
7284
7364
7292
7372
7300
7380
7308
7388
'316'
7^6
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7

Now, move to the column of mean differences and look under the Illustration 1 .74-
column headed by 5 in ’he row corresponding to 53. We see the Find the mantissa of the logarithm of the number 0.002359.
number 4 there. Add this number 4 to 7316 to get 7320. This is
the required mantissa of log 5395. Sol. The first four digits beginning with the first nonzero digit
If we wish to find log 5395, then we compute its characteristic also. on the right of the decimal point form the number 2359. To find
Clearly, the characteristic is 3. So, log 5395 = 3.7320. the mantissa of log (0.002359), we first look in the row starting
with 23. In this row. look at the number in the column headed by
5. The number is 3711.

Mean Differences
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

21 1 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 18

.22^ 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17

”^3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 3784 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 1 17

3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3W2 3909 3927 3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 15
25 ;! 3979 3997 4014 4031
1.18 Trigonometry

Now. move to the column of mean differences and look under the To Find Antilog of a Number
column headed by 9 in the row corresponding to 23. We see the
number 17 there.
Step I: Determine whether the decimal part of tiie given
number is positive or negative. If it is negative, make
Add this number to 3711. We get the number 3728. This is the it positive by adding 1 to the decimal part and by
required mantissa of log (0.002359). subtracting 1 from the integral part.
Mantissa of log 23.598, log 2.3598, and 0.023598 is the same For example, in -2.5983, the decimal part is -0.5983
(only characteristics are different). which is negative. So, write
-2.5983 =-2-0.5983
Illustration 1.75
= -2- I + 1 -0.5983
Use logarithm tables to find the logarithm of the following = -3+0.4017
numbers: = 3.4017
(i) 25795 (ii) 25.795 Step II: In the antilogarithm table, look into the row containing
the first two digits in the decimal part of the given
~S^ number.
(i) The characteristic of the logarithm of 25795 is 4. Step III: In the row obtained instep II, look at the number in the
To find the mantissa of the logarithm of 25795, we take column headed by the third digit in the decimal part.
the first four digits. Step IV: In the row chosen in step III, move in the column of
The number formed by the first four digits is 2579. Now, mean differences and look at the number in the column
we look in the row starting with 25. In this row, look at the headed by the fourth digit in the decimal part. Add this
number in the column headed by 7. The number is 4099. Now, number to the number obtained in step III.
move to the column of mean differences and look under the StepV: Obtain the integral part (characteristic) of the given
number.
column headed by 9 in the row con'esponding to 25. We see
that the number there is 15. If the characteristic is positive and is equal to n, then
Add this number to 4099. We get the number 4114. This insert a decimal point after (n + 1) digits in the number
is the required mantissa. Hence, obtained in step IV.
log (25795) =4.4114 If n > 4, then write zeros on the irght side to get (« + 1)
digits.
(ii) The characteristic of the logarithm of 25.795 is 1, because
If the characteristic is negative and is equal to -n or
there are two digits to the left of the decimal point. The
rt, then on the right side of decimal point write (« - 1)
mantissa is the same as in the above question. Hence, consecutive zeros and then write the number obtained
log 25.795= 1.4114. in step IV.
Similarly, log 2.5795 = 0.4114.
iLLUSTRATrON 1 .76
and log (0.25795) = -! +0.4114 = 1.4114
Here -1 +04114 cannot be written as -1.4114, as -1.4114 Find the antilogarithm of each of the following:
is a negative number of magnitude 1.4114, whereas - I + (i) 2.7523 (ii) 3.7523 (iii) 5.7523
0.4114 is equal to -05886. In order to avoid this confusion, (iv) 0.7523 (v) 1.7523 (vi) 2.7523
we write I for -1; thus, (vii) 3.7523
!og(0.25795) = 1.4114.

ANTILQGARITHM (i) The mantissa of 2.7523 is positive and is equal to 0.7523.

Now, in antilog table, look into the row starting 0.75. In
The positive number n is called the antilogarithm of a number m this row, look at the number in the column headed by 2.
if log n = m. If n is antilogarithm of m, we write n = antilog m. The number is 5649. Now in the same row move in the
For example, column of mean differences and look at the number in
(i) log 100 = 2 <=> antilog 2 = 100 the column headed by 3. The number there is 4. Add this
(ii) log 431.5 =2.6350 <=> antilog (2.6350) = 431.5 number to 5649 to get 5653.
(iii) tog 0.1257 =1.993 <=> antilog (1.993) = 0.1257 The characteristic is 2. So, the decimal point is put after
three digits to get 565.3. Hence, antilog(2.7523) = 565.3
To find the antilog of a given number, we use the antilogarilhm (ii) The mantissa of 3.7523 is the same as the mantissa of the
tables given as an appendix at the end of the book. To find n, when number in Step (i), but the characteristic is 3. Hence,
log n is given, we use only the mantissa part. The characteristic is antilog(3.7523) = 5653.0
used only in determining the number of digits in the integral part
(iii) The mantissa of 5.7523 is the same as the mantissa of the
or the number of zeros on the right side of the decimal point in number in Step (i), but the characteristic is 5. Hence,
the required number.
antilog(5.7523) = 565300.0.
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.19

(iv) Proceeding as above, we have antilog (0.7523) = 5.653. Let>^ = 3‘^x2

8

(v) In this case, the characteristic is 1, i.e..-1. Hence, => logioy=121ogio3 + 81og 10 ?
^

antilog (1.7523) = 0.5653 = 12 x 0.47712 + 8 x 0.30103

(vi) In this case, the characteristic is 2, i.e., -2. So, we write = 5.72544 + 2.40824
one zero on the right side of the decimal point. Hence, = 8.13368
antilog(2.7523) = 0.05653 Number of digits in v = 8 + 1 = 9.
(vii) Proceeding as above, antilog(3.7523) = 0.005623.
LLUSTRATJON 1 .S 1
Illustration 1 .77
In the 2001 census, the population of India was found to be
Evaluate , if log 0.723 = T.8591. 8.7 X 10^. If the population increases at the rate of 2.5% every
year, what would be the population in 2011?
Sol, j Let X = yfr23 . Then
1/3
Sol. Here, Pq = 8.7 x 10^, /■ = 2.5, and n = 10.
logx=log(72.3)
Let P be the population in 2011. Then,
or logx = log 72.3
^=^0 1 + T^
100
1
or logx= - X 1.8591 10

= 8.7x10’ 1 +
2.5^1
logx= 0.6197 100
or
x = antilog (0.6197) = 8.7x lO’(1.025)
10

= 4.166 (using antilog table) Taking log of both sides, we get

Illustration 1 .7B log/^ = log[8.7xl0’(1.025)''']
10
= log 8.7 +log 10’+log (1.025)
Using logarithms, find the value of 6.45 x 981.4.
= log 8.7 + 7 log 10+10 log (1.025)
Sol7) Letx=6.45x981.4.Then, = 0.9395 + 7 + 0.1070

log X = log (6.45 x 981.4) = 8.0465

8
= log 6.45 +log 981.4 P = antilog(8.0465)= 1.113 x 10 (using antilog table)
= 0.8096 + 2.9919 (using log table)
Illustration 1 .S2
= 3.8015

x = antilog(3.8015) = 6331 (using anlilog table) Find the compound interest on X 12000 for 10 years at the rate
of 12% per annum compounded annually.
Illustration 1 .79
Sol. J We know that the amount A at the end of n years at the
Let X = (0.15)^®. Find the characteristic and mantissa of the rate of ;● % per annum when the interest is compounded annually
logarithm of x to the base 10. Assume logio2 = 0.301 and is given by
Iog,o3 = 0.477. Y
A = P 1+—
15 100
Sol. 3 log X = log(0.15)"'^ = 20 log 100
Here, P= ? 12000,/■= 12, and « = 10.
= 20[log 15-2]
10
= 20[Iog 3 + log 5 - 2] 12
A = ^ 12000 1 +
10 100
= 20[log3 + l-log2-2] ●●● log,o5 = log,o —
^ J xlO
= 20[-l + log 3 - log 2] ( 3
= ? 12000 1 + —
= 20[-l +0.477-0.301] 25

= -20x0.824
nIO
25 + 3
= -16.48 = ? 12000
25
= 17.52
Hence, Characteristic = -17 and Mantissa = 0.52 28 ^10
= ? 12000
LLUSTRATIDN 1 .BO 25

NlO
If logjo 2 = 0.30103, logjo 3 = 0.47712, then find the number 28
Now, /4 = ? 12000
of digits in 3'^ X 2^. 25)
1.20 Trigonometry

log A = log 12000 + 10 (log 28 - log 25) r Concept Application Exercise 1 .fi
= 4.0792 + 10 (1.4472 - 1.3979)
= 4.0792 + 0.493-4.5722 1. If log,o 2 = 0.3010 and log,(,3 = 0.477, then find the
number of digits in the following numbers:
=antilog(4.5722) = 37350. 40
(b) 2'^x5-'
24
(a) 3 (c) 24
So. the amount after 10 years is ? 37350.
2. If characteristic of three numbers a, b and c are 5, -3 and
Hence, Compound interest = ? (37350 - 12000) = ? 25350
2, respectively, then find the maximum number of digits
in A^= abc.
Illustration 1 .33
3. There are 3 numbers a, b and c such that log,QU = 5.71,
If P is the number of natural numbers whose logarithms to log|o6 = 6.23 and log,QC = 7.89. Find the number of digits
the base 10 have the characteristic p and Q is the number of ab^
natural numbers logarithms of whose reciprocals to the base before decimal in
c
10 have the characteristic -q, then find the value of log,oP -
●ogio0- 4. Rupees 10,000 is invested at 6% interest compounded
annually. How long will it lake to accumulate Rs 20,000
+1
Sol. \^<P<\^ in the account?
■;+l
p= \<y 5. An initial number of bacteria presented in a culture is
P = 9x lO'' 10000. This number doubles every 30 minutes. How long
will it take to bacteria to reach the number 100000?
Similarly, 10''“' <0< 10^
- I 6. Charles Richter defined the magnitude of an earthquake to
0= 10'/* 10''“' = 10'/“'(10- l) = 9x 10*/
log|oP-log,oQ=log,o(P/0) be M = log 10 , where 1 is the intensity of the earthquake
= Iog,ol(r^"' (measured by the amplitude of a seismograph reading
-p-q+] taken 100 km from the epicentre of the earthquake) and
S is the intensity of a “standard earthquake” (whose
Illustration 1 .34 amplitude is 1 micron = 10"' cm).
Each number increase on the Richter scale indicates an
Letl denote antilog32 0.6 andMdenote the number of positive
integers which have the characteristic 4, when the base of log intensity ten times stronger. For example, an earthquake
is 5, and N denote the value of 49^'"'°^’^^ + Find the of magnitude 6 is ten times stronger than an earthquake
value of LM/N. of magnitude 5. An earthquake of magnitude 7 is 100
times stronger than an earthquake of magnitude 5. An
SqIT) L = antilog32 0.6 = (32) 6/10 _ 2^ - 8 earthquake of magnitude 8 is 1000 times stronger than an
M = Integer from 625 to 3125 = 2500 earthquake of magnitude 5.
The earthquake in city A registered 8.3 on the Richter
jq= 49O+0872) 4.5-'os54 scale. In the same year, another earthquake was recorded
= 49x +5''"S'*‘ in city B that was four times stronger. What was the
magnitude of the earthquake in city B?
1 1 50 25
= 49x- + - = — = — Answers
4 4 4 2
1. (a) 20 (b) 28 (c) 34 2. 7 3. 11
LM 8x2500x2
= 1600
N 25
4. 12 years 5. 100 minutes 6. 8.9020
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.21

I Exercises Gl
Single Correct Answer Type II 13. The value of
logo 24
I0g96 2
log2 192 IS.
10gi2 2
1. Iog4 18 is (1) 3 (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) 1
(1) a rational number (2) an irrational number 14. log^_iA' ● log^_2(x - 1) ● ... ● log^_|2(.v - 11 ) = 2, .V is equal to
(3) a prime number (4) none of these (!) 9 (2) 16
2. The number = 6 logjo 2 + log,o 31 lies between two (3) 25 (4) none of these
successive integers whose sum is equal to l + .Y
(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 9 (4) 10 15. If/(.r)=iog , then
- X

3. Given that log (2) = 0.3010..., the number of digits in the (1)/(y,)/(Y2)=/(y,+.V2)
number 2000“**™ is
(2) /(.r + 2)-2/(.v+l)+/(x)-0
(1) 6601 (2) 6602 (3) 6603 (4) 6604
(3) fix)+f{x+\)=f(x^ + x)
1
4. If (21.4)'’ = (0.00214)* = 100. then the value of IS
Y; + X2
a h (4) /(:r,)+/{-^2)=/
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4 1 + Y,Y2 J
5. The value of log aA-log|6| = 16. If = 1, then the value of log^Ca^A**) equals
(1) logo (2) log|a| (1) 9/5 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 8/5
(3) -logo (4) none of these 17. The value of 3'°®^' 5'°®^^ is
6. If a, b, c are consecutive positive integers and log (1 + ac) (1) 0 (2) 1
= IK, then the value of K is (3) 2 (4) none of these
(1) log A (2) log a (3) 2 (4) 1 18. If 2''”^-‘' = 6’’ and 3''’"‘ = 2''"*, then the value of
a + log4 3 _ a + logx3 (log 3-log 2)/(y->^) is
7. If = b, then b is equal to
a + iog2 3 a + log4 3 (1) I (2) log2 3-log32
(3) log (3/2) (4) none of these
(1) { (2) I (3) ^ (4) I 19. The value ofY satisfying =1/9 is
8. Ifp > I and ^ > 1 are such that log (/; + r/) = log p + log q,
then the value of log(/; - 1) + log (^/ - 1) is equal to (1) 2 (2) 3
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) none of these
(3) 2 (4) none of these 20. The value ofY satisfying the equation

9. The value of
1 + 2 log3 2 ^5 5
+ (log6 2)- is log, 5’°*^
(l + log3 2)^ = 3, is
(I) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1 (1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 18 (4) 54
10. If log4 5 = fl and log5 6 = A, then log3 2 is equal to
1 1
21. If yj\og2 X - 0.5 = log2'^, then x equals
0) (2) (1) odd integer (2) prime number
2fl + l 26 + 1
(3) composite number (4) irrational
1
(3) lab + I (4) 22. If log,. Y + log^y = 2, Y" + y = 12, then the value of y>' is
lab — 1
(1) 9 (2) 12 (3) 15 (4) 21
11. If Iogi(,2 = a, logjo3 = 6 then logQ72(9-6) in terms of a and
b is equal to 23. If (4)'“®^^ + (9)’’^®=^ - (10)'°®' , then y is equal to
la + 3h-\ 5a + b-[
(1) (2)
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 10 (4) 30
5a + 6-2 3a + lb-l
IOg|„(A+l)
24. lf(Y + l) = 100(Y + l),then
3a + 6-2 la + 5h-l
(3) (4) (1) all the roots are positive real numbers.
2fl + 36-l 3a + h~\

12. There exists a natural number which is 50 times its own

(2) all the roots lie in the interval (0, 100)

logarithm to the base 10, then N is divisible by (3) all the roots lie in the interval [-1.99]
(1) 5 (2) 7 (3) 9 (4) 11 (4) none of these
1.22 Trigonometry

10 39. IfXj and X2 are the roots of the equation ● x'" ^ with
25. If log2X + log^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ X| > X2, then
(1) 2 (2) 65/8 (1) X, =2x2 (2) ,v, =iar|
(3) 37/6 (4) none of these (3) 2(,=x| (4) ,vf fxl
1
40. The number of real values of the parameter k for which
26. Iflog.o - = X [ log,o 5 - 1], then x = (log,6 Jc)^ - log,5 X + log,6 k = 0 with real coefficients will
2^+x-l have exactly one solution is
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1 (1) 2 (2) 1
(3) 4 (4) none of these
27. If log3 {5 + 4 log3 (x - 1)} = 2, then x is equal to
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 16 41. > 5 implies
28. If 2x'°®^ ^ + 3''*S‘ ^ = 27, then x is equal to (l)XG(0,oo) (2) XG (0, 1/5) u (5,00)
(3) 8 (4) 16 (3) X 6 (1,00) (4) xg(1,2)
(1) 2 (2) 4
29. Equation log4 (3 - x) + logo 25 (3 + ^) = log4 (1 - Jf) + logo.25 42. If 5 = (x G : 2 + log2 Vx+ 1 > 1 - log,/2/\/4 - }, then
(2x+ l)has (1) *^={1} (2) 5 = Z
(1) only one prime solution (2) two real solutions (3) 5 = A/ (4) none of these
(3) no real solution (4) none of these
43. lfS={xeR: (logo.e 0.216) logj (f - 2x) < 0}, then S is
30. The value of b for which the equation 2 log,/2s (Ax + 28) equal to
= -logs (12 - 4x - x^) has coincident roots is (1) [2.5,00) (2) [2,2.5)
(1) A = -12 (2) A = 4
(3) (2,2.5) (4) (0,!2.5)
(3) A = 4orA = -12 (4) A =-4 or A = 12
1 1
31. If the equation 2^ + 4’' = 2^ + is solved fory in terms of 44. Solution set of the inequality — >
x-\
IS
-1 1-2
X, where x < 0, then the sum of the solutions is
(1) xlog2(l-20 (2) x + log2(l-2^ (1) (1,-) (2) (0,log2(4/3))
(3) log2(l-20 (4) xlog2(2" + l) (3) (-1,-) (4) (0, log2 (4/3)) u (1,00)
45. If log2 X + log2 y ^ 6, then the least value of x + y is
32. The number of solution of = 16 is
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 16 (4) 32
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 00

46. Which of the following is not the solution of

(5 n
33. The product of roots of the equation
(logs xf
= 3 is
<2 Xy
>[--->
U x)
(1) 1 (2) 1/2 (3) 1/3 (4) 1/4
(2 r
34. Let a > 1 be a real number. Then the number of roots (1) (2) (1,2)
V 5’ 2,
equation = 5 + 4x'®®2" is
(2 ^
(1) 2 (2) infinite (3) -,1 (4) none of these
(3) 0 (4) 1
47. The solution set of the inequality log,o (jc^ - 16)
35. The number of roots of the equation logj^ x + logj^ yfx <log,o(4x-ll)is
= 0 is
(1) (4,~) (2) (4,5]
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 0
(3) (11/4,00) (4) (11/4,5)
36. The set of all x satisfying the equation
^logj + (log, ●0 = j j
IS x^+x
48. Solution set of the inequality logo s; log6 <0 is
x+4
(1) {1,9} (2) {1,9,1/81}
(3) {1,4,1/81} (4) {9,1/81}
(1) (-4,-3) (2) (-3,4) u (8,00)
37. Number of real values of x satisfying the equation (3) (-3,~) (4) (^,-3)u(8,oo)
fx-\^
log2(x^-x) log2 + (log2x)^ = 4, is 49. Which of the following is not the solution of
\ X J
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 7 logj (x^ - 2) < log3 IXI -ll is
38. Uxy^ = 4 and logj (log2 x) + log,/3 (log,/2y) = 1, then x (I) ('6,2) (2) (-2,->6)
equals
(3) 16 (4) 64
(3) (->6,2) (4) none of these
(1) 4 (2) 8
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.23

50. The true solution set of inequality log^A- + 1 )(.Y- - 4) > 1 is

equal to 9. The equation + log^ -s/27 log3-r+ 1 = 0 has
l + >/^' (1) no integral solution (2) one iiTational solution
(1) (2,~) (2) 2, (3) two real solutions (4) no prime solution
2
10. Iflog,/2(4-;c)>log,/22-log|/2(^- 1), then x belongs to
1-V^ l+^/^ 1+vn (1) (1,2] (2) [3,4)
(3) (4) OO

2 2 2
(4) [1,4)
(3) (1,3]

II j-, a ^ 0, has exactly one

11. If the equation x
Multiple Correct Answers Type a

solution forjT, then the value of k is/are

1. For a>0.^ I, the roots of the equation log,„ a + log^ a + (!) 6 + 4>5 (2) 2 + 6^
log^:^ = 0 are given by (3) 6-4^ (4) 2-6-Ni3
-An, -3/4 -1/2 12. The values of x satisfying the equation
(1) a (2) a (3) « (4)
log3A‘-21og,9
a + 2 6-a |.v-l| = (x- 1)^ is/are
2. The real solutions of the equation 2 ●5 = 10 is/are
1
(1) I (2) 2 (1) (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 81
(3) - log,0(250) (4) log,„4-3
13. IfA' = 9isoneofthesolutionsoflog,,('-v"+ 15a’)-log,,(«-2)
3. If
log a: _ log y _ log-—,
z then which of the following is/ Sax
b~ c c- a a — h = log, , then
a-2
are true?

(1) xyz= 1 (2) a:VV=1 (l)«=l (2)^ = 3 (3) a:= 15 (4) x = 2

(3) 2"^'’= 1 (4) xyz=x^y^z^ 14. In which of the following, m > ii (m, n e /?)?
4. If log^. X ■ log5 k = log^. 5, k'^ 1, A' > 0, then .x is equal to (1) m = (log25)“ and /; = log220
(1) k (2) 1/5
(3) 5 (4) none of these
(2) /n - log,o2 and n = log,o>/iO
(3) m = log,o5 ● log|Q20 and n = 1
5. If;?, ^ e satisfy the equation x j , then P (W
_

(4) m = log 1/2 - and n = log,/3 -

(1) p + q = S ij \z

(2) \p-q\=A 15. If log,o5 = and log,o3 = 6, then

(3) pq = A 3(1-a) a +b
(1) Iog3o8 = (2) Iog4ol5 =
(4) if log^ is defined, then log^,^ is not and vice versa /? + ! 3-2a

1-a
6. Which of the following, when simplified, reduces to unity? (4) none of these
(3) log24332= —
(I) log,o5 ■ log|(,20 + (log,o2)“

(2)
2 log 2 + log 3
16. The value of
6 6)(log^2 a) IS.
log 48 - log4 ^log.«log./>
(1) independent ofa (2) independent of b
(3) -logs log3 ^/W (3) dependent on a (4) dependent on b
64
(4)
17. The inequality > 2 is satisfied by
\21
(1) only one value of X (2) xe V(o,-^
7. If log^;c = b for permissible values of a and x, then identify
(3) Are [4,-) (4) Are (1,2)
the siatement(s) which can be correct.
(1) If a and b are two irrational numbers, then x can be
rational. Linked Comprehension Type
(2) If a is rational and b is irrational, then x can be rational.
For Problems 1 and 2
(3) If a is irrational and h is rational, then x can be rational.
Consider the system of equations
(4) If a and b are rational, then x can be rational.
log3 (log^x) + log|/3 (logi^y) = 1 and V = 9.
8. The equation log_^ + ,(x - 0.5) = log^_o sfx + 1) has 1. The value of X lies in the interval
(1) two real solutions (2) no prime solution
(1) (200,300) (2) (400,500)
(3) one integral solution (4) no irrational solution
(3) (700,800) (4) none of these
1.24 Trigonometry

2. The value of 1/y lies in the interval Codes

a b e d
(1) (5,7) (2) (7, 10) (3) (11,15) (4) (25,30)
For Problem.s 3 and 4
(!) s p q r
(2) r s q p
log, X
Consider equations .x = 2 and v'”®--"' =16. (3) q r p s
3. The value of A'is (4) r p q s
i/2 i/M
(1) 2 (2) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
4. The value of v is
Numerical Value Type II
ill ij4 ilm i/lG
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2 1. If log,,6 = 2, log/,c = 2, and logjc = 3 + log3«, then the value
For Problems 5 and 6 of c/(ah) is .
2. The value of (logm2)^ + ■ logi(,5 + (logio5)^ is
Jlog^ + logj -
Consider £ = 2

5. The value of £ if > 1 is

3. If iog^A = log^^ = logg(./4 + £), then [4(SM)] (where [●]
log^/> log/, a
represents the greatest integer function) equals .
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 2 (4) 2
4. Integral value of x which satisfies the equation logf;54 +
6. The value of £ if 1 < Z? < « is

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 2

log>
(4) 2
log/.« log,16 = log_y^ X - log36(4/9) is .
5. If a = log245l75 and Z) = log 1715 875, then the value of
\- ab .
Matrix Match Type IS
a - b
1.

List I List II 6. The difference of roots of the equation (log27.x^)" = log27.x^

is

a. The smallest integer greater than p. to

1 1 7. Sum of all integral values ofx satisfying the inequality
log3 n log4 n
IS
^3(5/2)log,(I2-3.)j_^3log,.j^32
8. The least integer greater than log2l5-logi/^2-log3l/6 is
b. Let 3" = 4, 4* = 5, 5^ 6, = i,r^ 8, q. 3
and 8^ = 9. Then the value of the product
2 3
{(ibcdef) is
9. The reciprocal of + IS

c. Characteristic of the logarithm of 2008 to r. 1 log4 (2000)^’ logs (2000)^

the base 2 is

d. If logjilog, (logj x)) = log2 (logj (log2 y)) s. 2 10. Sum of integers satisfying ,Jlog2 .x - 1 - 1/2 log2 (x') + 2>0
is
= 0. then the value of (x -_v) is
2.
11. Number of integers satisfying the inequality
log,/2 |x - 3 |> - 1 is .
List I List 11
12. Number of integers < 10 satisfying the inequality
p. rational 1
a. IS
21og,/2(-x- 1)< IS

q. irrational
1
I). 3 + IS
2‘^ is
13. The value of log
^(-logioO.l) (V3+2V2 + V3-2V2J
c. log35 ● logis 27 is r. composite
14. The value of 5''^®' ’^'^^^ + log/r—pr^ ^ + log 1/2
10 + 2n/2T
tl. Product of roots of equationx''^®i''''= lOOx is s. prime V7+V3
3. IS

List I List 11
15. ThevalueofZy=
l0g5 22)0 Iog5l0 IS.
p. 1 loggo 5 log51250 5
a. The value oflog2log21004 256+ log^ 4 is
b. If 1003 - 2) - 2 lo03 V3x + 1 = 1- lo03 4, q. 6 16. The number of positive integers satisfying x + log ,^0 (2"' + 1)
then X = = x log„)5 + log,o6 is .
c. Product of roots of the equation r. 3 17. If X, y, z are positive real numbers such that iogi^x = 3,
.^k)g,(.'r’-4.v+5) - (x - 1) is log5^z = 6, and log^z = 2/3, then the value of (l/2z) is
d. Numberof integers satisfying s. 5

lo02 ’/v - 2 (logi/4 x)^'+ 1 > 0 are 18. If a = log|218, Z) = lo024 54, then the value of ah + 5{a - h)
IS
 Logarithm and Its Properties 1.25

Archives

JEE Advanced Numerical Value Type

1. The value of
Single Correct Answer Type

1. Let (xo, Vq) the solution of the following equations: ^ 4-^ 4-^
6 + log3/2
(2v)« = (3;.) 3^2^ 3>/2\ 3V2V- 3>/2
In 3

3ln.v = 2
In r

IS (IIT-JEE 2012)
Thenx/^ is
1 I 1
(4) 6
(1) - (2) 3 (3) - 2. Thevalueof ((log2 9)-)'®*^=‘'°‘^=‘^^ IS
(IIT-JEE 2011)
Multiple Correct Answers Type (JEE Advanced 2018)
-1
1. If 3'^ = 4-'^ ,then X =

2\og,2 2
(1) (2)
21og32-l 2 - log2 3
1 2 log; 3
(3) (4)
l-log43 21og23-l
(JEE Advanced 2013)

Answers Key
EXERCISES Linked Comprehension Type
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2)
Single Correct Answer Type 6. (3)
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (2)
Matrix Match Type
6. (1) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (4)
1. a —> q; b s; c ^ p; d r
11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (4)
16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (4) 2. a —> q; b “> p, s; c p; d p, r
21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (4)
3. (1)
26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (4) 30. (2) Numerical Value Type
31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (4) 34. (4) 35. (2) 1. (3) 2. 0) 3. (6) 4. (4) 5. (5)
36. (2) 37. (2) 38. (4) 39. (2) 40. (1) 6. (8) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (6) 10. (5)
41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (2) 44. (4) 45. (3) 11. (2) 12. (9) 13. (6) 14. (6) 15. (2)
46. (3) 47. (2) 48. (4) 49. (3) 50. (4) 16. (1) 17. (5) 18. (I)
Multiple Correct Answers Type ARCHIVES
1. (1)(4) 2. (2) (3) (4)
JEE Advanced
3. (1)(2)(3)(4) 4. (2) (3)
5. (1)(3)(4) 6. (l)(2)(3) Single Correct Answer Type
7. (I){2)(3)(4) 8. (2) (3) (4) 1. (3)
9. (1)(4) 10. (1)(2)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
11. (1)(3) 12. (3)(4)
I. (1),(2),{3)
13. (2)(3) 14. (I)(4)
15. (I)(2)(3) 16. (1)(2) Numerical Value Type
17. (2)(3) 1. (4) 2. (8)
 2 Trigonometric Functions
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS/ Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles
FUNCTIONS OF ACUTE ANGLES
Angie (9) —» 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Consider a right-angled triangle ABC with right angle at B. T-Ratio i-
1
sin 6 0
2 V2 2

n/3
cos 6 0
2 2
Opposite side

tan 9 0 VJ Not defined

^/3
2
cosec 9 Not defined 2 >i2 1
V3
2
Adjacent side
sec 9 1 2 Not defined
73
Here, sides BC and AB are called opposite side and adjacent side
1
(or base) w.r.t. angle A, respectively. cot 9 Not defined V3 0
Now, we have similar triangles AB^C^, AB2C2, AB^C^, AB4C:^
and ABC.

_ B2C2 B^C^ BC
Therefore, = A] (constant) Illustration Z.l
AC^ ~ AC, ~ AC^ ~ AC
Find the length of the chord which subtends an angle of 120°
ABj _ AB2 _ ABj, _ AB at the centre of the circle of radius 6 cm.
Also. = Ao (constant)
' AC, ~ AC, ~ ACj ~ AC
Sol. Let the chord be AB and O be the centre of the circle.
And B^_B2C2^B^_^ = A3 (constant)
AB, ~ AB, ~ AB^ ~ AB
All the above ratios depend on angle . If we change angle A,
then the values of A,, A2 and A3 will change.
Thus, ratio of the lengths of two sides of the right-angled
triangle ABC is completely determined by angle A alone and is
independent of the size of the triangle. There are six possible
ratios that can be fonned from the three sides of right-angled
triangle ABC. Each of them has been given a name as follows:
opposite side adjacent side
(i) sin A = (ii) cos^ =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
opposite side adjacent side In the figure, D is the mid-point of AB and OD is perpendicular
(iii) tan A — (iv) cot A =
adjacent side opposite side to AB.
OA = OB = 6 cm, ZAOB = 120°.
hypotenuse hypotenuse
(v) sec A = (vi) cosec A = Clearly, triangles AOD and BOD are congruent.
adjacent side opposite side
1
ZAOD = ZBOD = - ZAOB = 60°
The abbreviations stand for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, 2
secant and cosecant of A, respectively. These functions of angle
AD _ AD
A are called trigonometric functions or trigonometric ratios. In AAOD, sin 60° -
AO~ 6
2.2 Trigonometry

BC and BA are two tangents from B to circle, therefore B!

s
^D = 6sin 60"= 6x = 3>/3 must be the angle bisector of ./B.
2
But = (●.● A ABC is an equilateral A)
AB^^lx AD = 6^3 cm Z/5Z) = 30°

r
Illustration 2.2 tan 30° =
a/2

If two angles of a triangle are 30° and 45° and the included a

side is (VI + 1) cm, then find the area of the triangle. 2yj3
Sol.]) Triangle with given specifications is drawn in the Now, inside the circle, square PQRS is inscribed.
following figure.

(J3 + 1) In the above figure, IPQ is isosceles-right angled triangle.

PQ^ = }f^ + I^ = r + r = 2r
To find the area of the triangle ABC, we need to find the length
a a
of altitude AD.
PQ=
Let AD measure h. 2V3 n/6
n2
Now, in triangle ADC, a a
Area of square = —^ = — sq. unit
tan 30° = —
VbJ 6
CD
CD = h cot 30° = V3/2 Illustration 2.4-

In triangle ADB,
Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 units are (VI + 1)
h
tan 45° = units apart. If these chords subtend, at the centre, angles of
BD 180° 360°
and —, where k>0, then find the value of k.
BD = h col 45° = h
k k
Now, BC^BD^DC
SoT)
/j + VI/i = VI + 1 B

/?= 1

1 VI+i
Area of triangle ABC ^ ^ ^ - cm^
2

+ 1

Illustration 2.3

A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side a. Find

the area of any square inscribed in this circle.
D

I5Z)
In the figure, two parallel chords AB and CD are at distance VI + I
units.

180° 360°
Chord/15 and CD subtend a angles — and at the centre
O, respectively. ^ k

90° 180°
ZAOP = — and ./COQ =
k k

90°

In triangle .40P, OP= 2cos-^

180°
In the above figure, circle with centre / is inscribed in an In triangle COQ, OQ= 2cos
k
equilateral triangle ABC.
 Trigonometric Functions 2.3

90° 180'’
For angle between any edge and face not containing that edge,
Now, PO = OP + 00 = 2 cos — + 2 cos consider edge AD and face ABC.
^ ^ k k
Angle between them is a, which is angle between AD and AM.
90° 180°
2 cos
k
+ 2 cos
k
= VJ + 1 (Given) 1
/

In triangle cosa = AG _y{3 ^ I

cos
90°
+ COS I8_0° VJ , 1 +— AD I ^/3
k k 2 2
Angle between two faces ABC and BCD is the angle between AM
Clearly, value of k is 3.
and DM, which is p.
Illustration 2.5 GM 1
In triangle DGM, cos =
DM 3
Find the height of the regular pyramid with each edge
measuring / cm.
Also, Illustration 2.6

(i) if a is the angle between any edge and face not By geometrical interpretation, prove that
1
containing that edge, then prove that cosa = (i) sin(a +^ = sinacos/3+sin)3cosa
V3
(ii) cos(a +^ = cosacos/3-sinasin/?
(ii) if is the angle between the two faces, then prove that
1
cos 5 = - Sol. The following figure is self-explanatory.
3

sinasinp
Soj.J In the figure we have regular pyramid.
o
a+ p o

S5
VI
'5-'
a
■C3
a
1
+
«
c
w VI
3

o
o
(A

P TS

a
n
cos a cos/3
All the edges have length / cm.
So, each face of the pyramid is an equilateral triangle.
Illustration 2.7
From vertex D drop perpendicular to meet opposite face ABC at
point G, which is the centre of the triangle ABC. By geometrical interpretation, prove that
Here, G is also centroid of triangle ,450 as it an equilateral triangle. tan a + tm(5
tan(a + ^ =
1 - tan a tan /3
Clearly, AG =

In triangle AMB, AM= AB sin 60° = / cm Sol. 1 The following figure is self-explanatory.
1 - tangtanjS tang tan/3
2
/1G = ~xAM = — X / = / cm
3 3 ■ 2 a+ P
% □

1 ^1
<p
1 T=5

And GM = —X . =
- ^ / cm
3 2 2^/3
=L tP
C
g
<?●
(0

In triangle AGD, using Pythagoras, we get +

AD-=^AG^ + GD-
c
CD

0-
o%
5T
l^ = -l^+GD- S
3 P
a

GD = 2 ,
— / cm
3
2.4 Trigonometry

Illustration 2.S
r
Concept Application Exercise 2.1
1
Find the minimum value of 2 cos 6 + + V2 tan 0, where 1. Two sides of a parallelogram are 12 cm and 8 cm. If one
sin0
6 is acute angle. of the interior angles is 135°, then find the area of the
parallelogram.
Sol. 3 Now, using A.M. > G.M., we have 2. In triangle^fiC,AB = 6,AC= 3^6. ZB = 60° and ZC=45°.
1
Find length of side BC.
2cos0 + ri¬ V2 tan0 I
3. The circumference of a circle circumscribing an
sing I /- V
> 2cos0- ●V2 tan0 equilateraltriangle is 24Tunits.Find the area of the circle
3 sin0
inscribed in the equilateral triangle.
4. In an equilateral triangle, three identical coins of radii
2cos0 + \f2 tand> 3V2
sin 9 1 unit each, are kept so that they touch each other and also
the sides of a triangle. Find the area of the triangle.
5. A polygon of nine sides, each of length 2, is inscribed in
Illustration 2.9
a circle. Prove that the radius of the circle is cosec 20°.

For acute angle 9, prove that sin 0 < 0 < tan 9. 6. Two circles of radii 4 cm and 1 cm touch each other
externally and 0 is the angle contained by their direct
Sol, j Consider the circle with unit radius as shown in the Q 9
following figure. common tangents. Find sin — + COS—.
2

D 7. If angle C of triangle ABC is 90°. then prove that

tan/4 + taniS = — (where, a, b, c are sides opposite to

ab

angles A, B, C, respectively).
e
o B 8. If cos" a - sin" a = tan"^, then prove that
tan^ a = cos^/3 - sin"^.
Answers

1. 4SV2 sq.cm 2. 3 + 3V3 units 3. 36Tsq. unit

From the figure, for any position of C on the circle 4. (4V3 + 6)sq. unit 6. 7/5

Area or A05C < Area of seetor OBC < Area of AOBD

i 1 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
-(C£)(O5)<-0<-(OB)(BD)
We know that an identity is an equation which is always true.

i(sin0)(l)<^0<^(l)(tan0) Thc.se can be trivially true, like “x = a” or usefully true, such

as the Pythagorean Theorem for right triangles. In trigonometry
sin 0< 0< tan 9
also, we have many identities. Trigonometric identities are
equalities that involve trigonometric functions and are true for
Illustration 2.1D every value of the occurring variables where both sides of the
equality are defined. The most commonly used trigonometric
If 0 < a < < 7< 7^2, then prove that
identities are:
tana<
sina + sin/5 + siny 1. sin"0 + cos"0= 1
< tan .7
cos a + cos ^ +cos 7 2. sec"0-tan^0= 1
3. cosec"0-cot"0= 1

llustration 2.1 1
Q< a< (3< y<

sina< sin sin 7 Show that 2(sin^x + cos^x) - SCsin'^x + cos^’x) +1=0.
and cos a> cos cos 7 Sol. 2(sin'’x + cos^x) - 3(sin\ + cos‘*x) + 1
So
sina + sin/J + sin7 3 sin 7 and >
3 sin a
= 2[{sin^x)^ + (cos^x)^] - 3(sin'^x + cos'*.v) + 1
cos a + cos /3 + cos 7 3 cos 7 3 cos«
= 2[{sin"x + cos"x)^ - 3sinlrcos"x(sin^x + cos"x)] -
sina + sinj3 + sin7 3[(sin"x + cos"x)" - 2 sin’xcos'x] + 1
Thus, tan a < <tan7
cos a + cos (3 + cos 7 = 2[I - 3sin".i:cos^x] - 3[I - 2 sin".TCOS“.r] +1-0
 Trigonometric Functions 2.5

Illustration 2.12 Sol. Let

l + sin0 (sec.4 + tanv4)(sec5 + lani?) (sec C + tan C) = .v (i)

Prove that = sec 0 + tan Q.
l-sin0 (secv4 - tan^) (sec5 - tanfi) (sccC- tanC) = x (ii)
Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Sol. L.H.S. =
1 + sine 1 + sine 1 + sine (sec".^ - tan^^)(sec^fl - tan"5)(sec^C - tan^C) =
^ 1 - sine 1 - sin e 1 + sin Q or .v“= I

.Y = ±l
(l + sine)^ (l + sine)“ Hence, each side is equal to±l.
^ l-sin^e V cos"e
Illustration 2.16
1 + sin e 1 sin e
cose cose cose If tan e + sece= 1.5, find sine, tane. and sec e.
= sec e + tan Q - R.H.S.

Illustration 2.13
Given
, sec e + tan e = ^
1 2
1 I 1 1 Now, sece-tane =
Prove that sec e +tane 3
secv4-tan^ cos/i coS/4 secA + tanA

1 1 1 1
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2sece =
Sol. J Given
sec .,4 —tan ^ cos^ cos/I sec/t + tan/1
13
1 1 1 1 sec e = —
or
12
seC/4—tanyt secv4 + tan^ cos/I cos/I
tane =
2 12
Here, R.H.S =
cos/I
and sine = ~ 12
1 1 13
Now L.H.S. =
SQcA — XanA sec/I + tan
Illustration 2.17
seC/4 + tan /i+sec A - tan A

(sec.4 -tan^) (sec/I +tan.4) If cosec 9- s'm6 = m and sece- cose = «, eliminate 6.

2
Sol. Given,
cos .4
cosec e-sin e = m
Thus, L.H.S. = R.H.S 1
or - sin e = m
Illustration 2.14- sine

1 - sin’e cos"e
If 3 sine + 5 cose= 5, then show that 5 sin e-3 cos e= ± 3. or = m or = m (i)
sine sin e

i Sol. 3 Given, Also sece-cose=/7

3 sin e + 5 cos e= 5 (i) or cose=/i

cose
Let 5 sine-3 cose = .v (ii)
Squaring and adding, we get i-cos"e sin"e
or = n or = /? (ii)
(9sin"e + 25cos^e + 30sin 6 cos e) + cose cose

(25sin"e + 9 cos’e - 30sin 9 cos e) = 25 + .v" cos’e

From Eq. (i), sin e = (iii)
or 9(sin~e+ cos"e) + 25 (sin"e+ cos"e) = 25 +.v” m

or 34 = 25 + x~ or = 9 Putting the value of sin 6 in Eq. (ii), we get

or jc = ±3 cos^’e
=n or cos^e =
nr cos 9
Illustration 2.15
1/3 2/3

If (sec^ + tan .4) (sec5 + tan B) (sec C + tan C) = (sec A - tan A) cose= or cos"e= (iv)
(sec 5 - tan 5) (secC - tanC), prove that the value of each 2/3

side is ±1. cos^e

From Eq. (iii), sin e =
m m
2.6 Trigonometry

Illustration Z.19

m
If^: = sec0- tan0anclT^ = cosec 0 + cot 6, prove that
,\2/3 xy+ 1 =y-x.
sin"0 = mn~
(V)
l-sin0 V1+COS0 1 —sin0 + cos0
Adding Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get Sol. xy+\ = + 1 =
COS0 sin0 sin 0 cos 0
2 ,2/3 / \2/3 2
m n + \mn~ I = cos"0 + sin 0

2/3
_ (sin^0 + cos^0) (sin0-cos0)
or = 1 sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 cos 0
= (tan 0 + cot 0) - (sec 0 - cosec 0)
LLUSTRATION 2. IS = (cosec 0 + cot 0) - (sec 0 - tan 0)

4 a -4a
cos A sin A
If
■" y ■ ^ 2~ = 1, then prove that Illustration 2.20
cos 5 sm 5

(i) sin"*^ + sii/5 = 2 sin^^ sin"5 For acute angle 0, prove the following:
cos'^^ sin'^^ (i) sec^0cosec“0> 4
(ii) —T~
cos A
T~
sin A
= 1 (ii) sec^0 + cosec"0 > 4

Sol. Using A.M. > G.M.

Sol. ^ Given,
sin^ 0 + cos^ 0 \ii
cos‘'/i sin'’^ > (sin" 0 cos" 0)
2
+ = 1 = (cos” A + sin"A)
cos^5 sin^5 1
> (sin" 0cos^ 0)
1/2
4 .
sin" 0 cos^ 0 <
cos A sin‘'.4 4
or - cos"/^ =sin^/4 -
cos^S sin"5 sin" 0 + cos^ 0
sec"0cosec"0>4 >4
sin" 0 cos^ 0
or
cos^^^cos^yl -cos'fij = sm A |sin"5 -sin^/lj sec^0 + cosec“0>4
cos"5 sin^5
r
cos^A 2 s'm^A Concept Application Exercise 2.2
or (cos A - cos~B) = [(1 -cos^5)- (1 - cos"/l)]
cos^S sin^5
sinx — cosx +1
1. Prove that = sccx + tanx.
C0S"y4 / 2 2 sin^/1 sinx + cosx- I
or
cos^5 ''
cos ^ - cos 5
'
=
sin^5 - cos^fij 2. If 15 sin'^o; + lOcos^’a = 6 then find the value of
cos^^ sin^^ 8 cosec^a+27sec^o'.
or (cos^/4 - cos^5) = 0
cos^fi sin^5 3. If sec 0 + tan 0 = p, then find the value of tan 0.
When cos^y4 - cos"5 = 0, we have 4. If (1 + sinv4) (1 + sinS) (1 + sinC) = (1 - sin/I)
cos^/4 = cos^0
(1 - sin 5) (1 -sinC), then prove that (1 + sin^I)
(i) (1 + sin5) (I + sinC) = ± cos/I ● cos5 ● cosC.
cos^A sin^^ 5. If (sec 0 + tan 0) (sec (p + tan (p) (sec i// + tan y/) = tan 0
When = 0, we have
cos^5 sin^5 tan (p tan y/, then prove that (sec 0 - tan 0) (sec (p ~ tan (p)
(sec y/- tan y/) = cot 0 ● cot 0 ● cot i/r
cos" A sin^ B = sin" A cos^ B
y
or cos“^(l - cos^5) ^ (1 - cos"^) cos^S 6. If — COS0 + —sin0 = 1, — sin0-
a b a b
cos0 = 1, then
or cos"^ - cos^/1 cos" B = cos^5 - cos^.4 cos^5 eliminate 0.
or cos"^ = cos"5 (ii) 7. lia + b tan 0= sec 0 and 6 tan 0 = 3 sec 0, then find the
Thus, in both the cases, cos^A = cos^B. Therefore, value of cr+ b^.
1 - sin^^ == I - sin^5
2 2
or sin .4 = sin 5 (iii) 8. If a sin"x + b cos^x = c, b sin"y + a cos^ = d, and
(i) L.H.S. ^ sin''^ + sin‘^5
^ (sin^^ - sin^S)" + 2 sin".4 sin"5 a tanx - b tan v, then prove that ^ ——
b^ {b-c){b-d)
= 2 sin^.4 sin^5 = R.H.S. [●.● sin^^ = sin^S] Answers
cos^5 sin'*^ cos'^^ sin**^
(ii) L.H.S. = +
—2 2—’’ —T— p^~\
2

cos^/1 sm A cos B sin"5 2. 65 3. 0- = 2 7. 10

Ip a b^
= cos"i? + sin"5 = I = R.H.S.
 Trigonometric Functions 2.7

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE Conversion of Some Common Angles

K 7t
30° = - rad 45® = — rad
Degree Measurement 6 4
If a rotation from the initial side to the terminal side is (I/360)th K 7t
60° = - rad 90° = - rad
of a revolution, the angle is said to have a measure of one degree, 3 2
written as 1°. A degree is divided into 60 minutes, and a minute
is divided into 60 seconds. One sixtieth of a degree is called a Relation between Radians and Real Numbers
minute, written as 1': one sixtieth of minute is called a second, Consider a unit circle with center O. Let A be any point on the
written as I". Thus. 1° = 60' and I' = 60". circle. Consider OA as the initial side of an angle. Then the length
Radian Measurement of an arc of the circle gives the radian measure of the angle which
the arc subtends at the center of the circle. P
Radian describes the plane angle subtended by a circular arc as Consider line PAO which is tangent to the -2
the length of the arc divided by the radius of the arc. One radian circle at A. Let point A represents the real
is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc that is number zero, AP represents a positive real 1
equal in length to the radius of the circle. More generally, the number, and AQ represents a negative real
magnitude in radians of such a subtended angle is equal to the number (see figure). If we rope line AP in 1 A
0
O*"
ratio of the arc length to the radius of the circle; that is, 9 = s Ir, the counterclockwise direction along the
where 6 is the subtended angle in radians, .9 is the arc length, and circle, and AQ in the clockwise direction, ● --1
/■ is the radius. Conversely, the length ofthe enclosed arc is equal then every real number corresponds to
to the radius multiplied by the magnitude of the angle in radians; a radian measure and conversely. Thus, -—2
that is, .9 = rd. As the ratio of two lengths, the radian is a “pure radian measures and real numbers can be Q
number” that needs no unit symbol, and in mathematical writing considered as one and the same.
the symbol “rad” is almost always omitted. In the absence of
any symbol, radians are assumed. When degrees are meant, the Illustration 2.2 1

symbol is used. Express 45° 20'10" in radian measure (tt 3.1415).

Although the radian is a unit of measure, it is a dimensionless
\ o / \ O
quantity. 10 . 10 1
10" = — mm —
The radian measurement of an angle is a real number 60 60 X 60 360
associated with each angle measured in degrees. This makes the
20V 1 ■\o
analysis of trigonometric function simple and elegant as we plot 20' =
60 ; V3J
the graph of functions on the Cartesian plane where arguments of
\o
a function on the .v-axis are real numbers.
45°20'10 45 + + -
360 3
Conversion between Radians and Degrees
It follows that the magnitude in radians of one complete n 6200 + 1 + 120 V 1632H
360 360
revolution (360 degree) is the length of the entire circumference
divided by the radius, or 2m- !r or Ik. Thus, In radian is equal 16321 A® 16321 K
Now X rad
to 360 degree, meaning that one radian is equal to ISO/ttdegree. 360 360 180
As stated, one radian is equal to 180/;r degree. Thus, to convert
16321 3.1416 51274.054
radians into degrees, multiply by l80/;r. X
360 180 64800
180V
Angle in degrees = Angle in radians x = 0.79 rad
K

For example. Illustration 2.22

180
1 rad = lx Express 1.2 rad in degree measure.
K /
\ O
180
-57.2958°
(1.2)^= 1.2x
\ K J
Conversely, to convert degrees into radians, multiply by ;i/180.
180x7
K 1.2 X
Angle in radians = Angle in degrees x 180
22
= 68.7272°
For example.
K = 68° (0.7272 X 60)'
1° = 1 X
180 = 68° (43.63)'
//

- 0.0175 rad = 68° 43' (0.63 X 60)

= 68° 43'37.8"
2.8 Trigonometry

Illustration 2.23 31 K
Given, ZAOB= 3T = — X — rad
60 180
Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending
a central angle measuring 15®. Since the angle subtended by the moon is very small, its diameter
will be approximately equal to the small arc of a circle whose
Sol. 3 Let s be the length of the arc subtending an angle 6^ at center is the eye of the observer and the radius is the distance of
the center of a circle of radius r. Then, 0 = s/r.
the earth from the moon. Also the moon subtends an angle of 31'
at the center of this circle. Thus,
Here, /● = 5 cm and 0= 15° = 15x
180 ) \2)
n s St:
or — = — or .V = cm
r 12 5 12

Illustration 2.24-

Find in degrees the angle subtended at the center of a circle of

diameter 50 cm by an arc of length 11 cm.

Sol. Here, r = 25 cm and .r = 11 cm. Therefore,

/
.y 384400
0=
31 22
or — X X 384400 = 3467.74 km
R 60 7 x180
m 11 180V 11 180 \ o
or e= — X — X x7
25 25 7T [25 22
Illustration 2.2V

n26V 1V 1
25- = 25° -x60 = 25°I2' Find the angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of
I 5 < 5. .5 a clock when the time is 7:20 AM.

Illustration 2.25 Sol. We know that the hour hand completes one rotation in
If arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 12 h, while the minute hand completes one rotation in 60 min.
75° at their centers, find the ratios of their radii. Therefore, the angle traced by the hour hand in 12 h is 360°.
22
Sol. ] Let /-| and z-, be the radii of the given circles and let their Angle traced by the hour hand in 7 h 20 min, i.e., — h
arcs be of same length s subtending angles of 60° and 75° at their 360 22 ^0

centers. Now, X — = 220°

12 3 )
R
K K
60
O —.
60 X Also, angle traced by the minute hand in 60 min = 360°
180j [2
r360 ^ O
R Angle traced by the minute hand in 20 min = x20 = 120°
5n 60
and 75°= 75 X
180 12 Hence, required angle between the two hands is 220° - 120° =
K 5;r s 100°.
= - and
3 /I 12 r-,
Illustration 2.2S
K 5;r
— n = s and A =5 For each natural number k, let Q denote a circle with radius k
3 12
centimeters and center at origin O. On the circle Q a particle
K 5t >] 5 moves k centimeters in the counterclockwise direction. After
=> 4/-| = 5/-,
T''-
-r,
12 4 completing its motion on .Q, the particle moves to Q+ j in the
Hence, r, : r, = 5 ; 4. radial direction. The motion of the particle continues in this
manner. The particle starts at (1,0). If the particle crosses the
Illustration 2.26 positive direction of the x-axis for the first time on the circle
Assuming the distance of the earth from the moon to be C„, then find the value of n.
3,84,400 km and the angle subtended by the moon at the eye of Sol. The motion of the particle on the circles is shown with
a person on the earth to be 31', find the diameter of the moon. bold lines in the figure starting at y4o(l, 0). Note that on every
circle the particle travels just 1 rad. The particle crosses the
Sol. ] Let AB be the diameter of the moon and O be the
observer.
positive direction of the .r-axis first time on C,„ where n is the
least positive integer such that n>27t=^ n = 7.
 Trigonometric Functions 2.9
●y For example, il' OA and OB are the initial and final positions of
the revolving ray, then the angle formed will be ZjiOB.
Angles Exceeding 360°
In geometry, we confine ourselves to angles from 0° to 360°.
But there may be problems in which rotation involves more
than one revolution, for example, the rotation of a flywheel. In
, A' 4. trigonometry, we generalize the concept of angle to angles greater
o than 360°. This angle can be formed in the following way:
The revolving line (radius vector) starts from the initial position
OA and makes n complete revolutions in counterclockwise
direction and also a further angle a in the same direction. We
then have a certain angle given by j3„ = 360° x n + a, where
0° < a < 360° and n is a positive integer or zero.
Thus, there are infinitely many (S„ angles with initial side OA
and final side OB.

r For example, = a. /3| 360° + a, p2 = 720° + a, etc.

Concept Application Exercise 2.3

1. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves

along a circular path always keeping the rope tight and
describes 88 m when it has traced out 72° at the center,
find the length of the rope.
2. If the angular diameter of the moon is 30', how far from
the eye a coin of diameter 2.2 cm can be kept to hide the
moon?

3. Find in degrees and radians the angle between the hour

hand and the minute hand of a clock at half past three.
4. There is an equilateral triangle with each side 4 unit and a
circle with the center on one of the vertex of that triangle.

The arc of that circle divides the triangle into two parts of
equal area. How long is the radius of the circle?
Answers
Sign of Angles
5;r
1. 70 m 2. 252 cm 3. 75° or rad Angles fonned by the counterclockwise rotation of the radius
12
vector are taken as positive, whereas angles foimed by the
clockwise rotation of the radius vector arc taken as negative.
K

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF
AN ANGLE
Angles in Trigonometry O

In trigonometry, the idea of angle is more general; it may be

positive or negative and has any magnitude.
In trigonometry, as in case of geometry, the measure of angle Quadrant of Angle
is the amount of rotation from the direction of one ray of the
It is often useful to superimpose a Cartesian coordinate system
angle to the other. The initial and final B
on an angle so that the vertex is at the origin and the initial side is
positions of the revolving ray are, along the positive .v-axis. The angle is then said to be in standard
respectively, called the initial side position.
(arm) and the terminal side (arm), If the terminal side of an angle 6 is on one of the coordinate
and the revolving line is called the
O A axes, then 0 is called a quadrantal angle. If 0 is not a quadrantal
generating line or the radius vector.
angle, then it is said to be in a certain quadrant if its terminal side
lies in that quadrant.
2.10 Trigonometry

y y
y y,

e
e &=e
e
o o
o o

0' = 180°- e
or
Here, angle 9 is in the first Here, angle 0 is in the e'=;i-e
quadrant second quadrant
yx
y y

0
o
0 e'

e'= 6 -180“ 0' = 36O“- d

or or

Here, angle 9 is in the third Here, angle 9 is in the d'=d-K d'=2n-Q

quadrant fourth quadrant
Illustration 2.3D

Coterminal Angles
Find the reference angles corresponding to each of the
Angles in standard position that have the same terminal sides
following angles. It may help if you sketch 9 in standard
are called coterminal angles. Given any angle a, there is an
position,
unlimited number of angles cotenninal with a (some positive 3\n
and some negative). (i) 9 = -230° (ii) (hi) 0=640°
9
Do not confuse equal angles with colerminal angles. Equal
Sol. 3
angles arc angles with the same measure, so 30° and -330° are
not equal angles, but are coterminal angles. (In fact, how could (i) 0 = -23O°
a positive number ever be equal to a negative number?) Equal y

angles are always cotenninal angles, but coterminal angles are

not necessarily equal. For example, if we say that /.ABC is equal
50°
to ZCBA, we mean that both name the same angle; however, if
0
we say that /ABC is coterminal with /CBA, we mean that they
share the same tenninal side, but are not necessarily equal. -230°

From the above discussion it is clear that coterminal angles

differ by {n x 360°) or Inn, where n £ I.

ILLUSTRATIDN 2.29 Hence, the reference angle is 50°.

31;r
State if the given angles are coterminal. (ii) 9= —
9
\ln ]6\n
(i) a= 185°, ^ = -545° (ii) a= 3\n An
36 ’ 36 9 = = 3;r +
9 9 X

Soil Hence, the referenceangle

(i) a= 185°,/? = -545° .
is
4;r
Here, a - /? = 185° - (-545°) = 730° 9

Hence, the given angles are not coterrainal.

(iii) 0=640'
17;r 161;r y
(ii) a= /3 =
36 ’ 36

161;r 17TT _ \AAn

Here. (3- a = = 4n
36 36 " 36
o X
Hence, the given angles arc cotenninal.
80°
640°
Reference Angle
Let 0 be an angle in standard position. Its reference angle is the
acute angle 9' formed by the tenninal side of 0 and the .v-axis.
Figure shows reference angles with angle 0 lying in different Here, 0=2x360°-80°

quadrants. Hence, the reference angle is 80°.

 Trigonometric Functions 2.11
y
Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
Consider an acute angle A. Let us place the coordinate axis on
this angle such that vertex of the angle is at origin and initial side
of an angle is on the positive x-axis as shown in the given figure.
A

y x' TT

fP'ix'. /) P{x. y)
r’
^P{x,y)
r

■A
V: 1^' y'
X'-
o L L- y

— /

y' x'

Obviously, for acute angle, terminal side lies in first quadrant.

Now, we choose any point P on the terminal side of angle A.
Let the coordinates of P be (.y, v) and its distance from the
origin be r. Then we define trigonometric ratios as follows:
V v' Y Y
(i) sin A= (ii) cos A = — In all above cases again, we have
/● r r r
Y

y r r
(i) sin A = — (ii) cos A = —
(iii) tan A = — (iv) cosec A = — r r

X X
y y
y r

r r X X
(iii) tan A = — (iv) cosec A = —
X y
(v) sec A = — (vi) cot A = —
X X .V y'
r X
(v) sec A = — (vi) cot A = —
In the above definition, there is nothing new. The only change .V ■y
is that the angle A is viewed with reference to the coordinate axis.
Also, in all the cases, coordinates of point P on the tenninal
All above quantities are fiinctions of the angle A alone. They side are (r cos r sin A). In each of the above cases, A is positive
do not depend on the choice of the point P on the tcmiinal side.
as terminal side is attained by anticlockwise rotation. A will be
If we choose a different point P' (.y', /) on the terminal side of
negative if position of the teiminal ray is attained by clockwise
angle ^ at a distance r fonn the origin, we observe that above rotation.
trigonometric ratios are same as sides of triangle OP'L' are
Any trigonometrical function of an angle A° is equal to the
involved. This is because triangles OPL and OP'L' are similar.
same trigonometrical function of an angle (360 xn + A)°, where
Since in first quadrant y and y are positive, all the above
n is any integer since all these angles will have the same terminal
trigonometric ratios are positive.
ray, e.g., sin 60® = sin 420® = sin (-300°).
Now, let us extend the above idea to define trigonometric
ratios for any angle A for which tenninal side lies in any of the
four quadrants.
y

P(X. y)
r

x'
0

y'
2.12 Trigonometry

Illustration 2.3 1 BEHAVIOUR OF TRIGONOMETRIC

Suppose the point with coordinates (-12, 5) is on the terminal
FUNCTIONS
side of angle 9. Find the values of the six trigonometric Trigonometric Functions Defined as
functions of 6.
Circular Functions
Sol. Here,r= 7(-12)^ + 5“ =13 The behaviour of trigonometric functions is best understood if we
define them on unit circle with centre at origin of the coordinate
Since terminal ray lies in the second quadrant, we have axis.
13
sin0= — cosec 9— —
13 5
12 13 b]
cos0= - sec0- -
13 12
■\ X

^ w
5 12
lan0= - cot0= - (-1
12 5 (1,0)
X' X
0 a M A
/
Illustration 2.32

Evaluate the sine, cosine, and tangent of each of the following

angles: (0,-1) D

Ik 1 l;r
300^-405^
Y'

Sol.
Let P (fl, 6) be any point on the circle with angle AOP = x radian,
Angle, 0 Quadrant Reference sin 6 COS0 tan 6 i.e., length of arc AP = x. Clearly cos .v = a and s'mx = b
of 6> angle (0^
In right triangle OMP,
300° = Fourth 60° 1
-V3 OM^ + MP^^OP^
360° - 60°
2 2
or + h"=\
405° = -360° Fourth 45° I 1 -1
-45°
Thus, for every point on the unit circle, we have
VI
Third 1
7k
=
K
—
K
or cos“x + sin^ x= 1
6 6 6 2 2 VI
Since one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2t radian at
Second 1
1 It T K 1 1 n 3t
= 3t — the centre of the circle, ZAOB = -,Z/10C=TandZ^OZ)= —
4 4 4 VI VI 2 2

K
r All angles which are integral multiples of — are quadrantile angles.
Concept Application Exercise 2,4

1. Let (-3, -4) be a point on the terminal side of 9. Find the The coordinates of the points A, B,C and D are, respectively, (1,0).
sine, cosine, and tangent of 9. (0, 1), (-1,0) and (0,-1).
2. Find the reference angle 9' for the following angles in Therefore, for quadrantile angles, we have
standard position: cos 0° = 1, sin 0° = 0,
(a) 0=300° (b) 0=2.3 (c) 0 = -135° T T
3. Evaluate each of the following trigonometric functions: Sin — = 1
4t 1 It
cos Y “ 2
(a) COS — (b) tan(-210°) (c) cosec cos T= -1, sin T = 0
3 4

4. State if the given pairs of angles are coterminal, 3t 3t

COS = 0, sin
2 2
(a) -185°, 535° (b) 1000°, 270° (c)
4 4 COS 2t= 1, sin 2t= 0
Answers
Now, if we take one complete revolution from the point P, we
3 4 ^4 again come back to same point P.
1. sin0 = —,cos0 = — —. tan 0 = - Thus, we also observe that ifx increases (or decreases) by any
5 5’ 3
integral multiple of 2k, the values of sine and cosine functions
2. (a) 60° (b) 0.8416 (c) 45°
I
do not change.
3- (a) -- (b) - (c) ^/2 Thus, sin (2«t+x) = sin .r, ;i e Z, cos (2w t+x) = cos x, n e Z.
Further, sinx = 0. ifx = 0,± T± 2t, ±3t, .... i.e., sinx = 0 when
4. (a) coterminal (b) not coterminal (c) coterminal
X is an integral multiple of t.
 Trigonometric Functions 2.13

. , ^ ^ 3;r 5tc Variations of all trigonometric functions in all the quadrants are
And, cos;c = 0, ifx = ± —, ±—, ± ... i.e., cosX vanishes tabulated as follows:
2 2 2 ’
(T means increasing and i means decreasing)
when X is an odd multiple of ±-^. 1

quadrant
St
2nd
quadrant q^uadrant
3rd 4«h
quadrant
Thus, sin X = 0 implies x = nTC, where n is any integer.
sin X T from 0 ●i from 1 ■I from 0 T from-l
7t
to - I to 0
Also, cos X = 0 implies x = {2n ~ > where n is any integer. to 1 to 0

cos a: i from 1 X from 0 T from -1 t from 0

to 0 to -1 to 0 to 1

tanx tfromO T from T from 0 tfrom

to to 0 to to 0

cotx X from 00 X from 0 X from «> to 0 X from 0

to 0 to — to

secx Tfrom 1 T from —00 X -1 to —00 X from 00

to to -1 to 1

cosec X X from T from 1 T from X from-l

to 1 to 00 to -1 to -<»

Range of Trigonometric Functions

Since for every point P{a, b) on the unit circle, -1 < a < 1 and
-1 < < 1, we have -1 < cosx < 1 and -1 < sinx < 1 for all x.
Thus, range of each of sinx and cosx is [-1, 1].
From the above table, we establish that the range of each of
tan X and cot x is set R (all real numbers).
Also, the range of each of sec x and cosec x is /? - (-1, 1) or
(-^,-l]u[l,oo).
Also, we have
|sinx|, [cos xj, sin^x, cos^x e [0, 1].
Domain of Trigonometric Functions
|sec x|, |cosec x], sec"x, cosec^x € [1, 'o)
We observe that point P{a, b) can be obtained by any amount of
rotation of ray OP, clockwise or anticlockwise.
|tan x|, jcot x|, tanTv, cot^x e [0, °o)
Therefore, sin x and cos x functions are defined for all real Graph of Trigonometric Functions
values of x. Domain of these functions is R.
From the above discussion, we can draw the graphs of
Functions tan x and sec x are defined for all values x except
trigonometric functions as follows:
values of X where cos x = 0.
1- y =Ax) = sin X
So, domain of both the functions tanx and sec is
y
3
K Period
, A?€Zf.
R-^(2n + \)- 2

1
2;r

Functions cot x and cosec x are defined for all values x except
values of x where sin x = 0. -5j^^2k -3^2 0 7t/2
iX3^tf^2?r 5n!2
So, domain of both the functions cot x and cosec x is
-2
R-{nK, n.eZ) .
-3

Variation in the Values of Trigonometric Functions in

We observe that sin x completes one full cycle of its
Different Quadrants
possible values (from -1 to 1) in the interval of length 2k.
We observe that in the fust quadrant, as x increases from 0 to 7t/2, So, period of sin x is 27T. The graph drawn in the interval
sin x increases from 0 to 1 and cos x decreases from 1 to 0.
[0, 2;r] repeats to the right and the left.
So, in first quadrant, cosec x decreases from infinity (when x 2. y =J{x) - cos X
tends to zero) to 1 and sec x increases from 1 to infinity (when y
3
X tends to ;i/2). Also, tan x increases from 0 to infinity (when x Period
tends to 7t/2) and cot x decreases from infinity (when x tends to 2
2k
zero) to 0.
-2k
In the second quadrant, as x increases from n!2 to k, sin x -55^2 -Zk!2 '-k!2 0 K
decreases from 1 to 0 and cos x decreases from 0 to -1. From -1

these, we can find variation of other trigonometric functions in -2

this quadrant. -3-

2.14 Trigonometry

3- j = tan A- 6. y -fix) = cosec x

■fi %

Period
Pei
27T
n

+ ■f
-Zid2 fit \ + * \
—7T -7^2 0 7tl2 K 3jd2 2n 5kI2 3;t

We observe that function tan x increases in each of the

intervals ... (-3;i/2, -nll\ {-nil, nil), {nil, 3nl2)....
4. y=f{x) = cotx
Transformation of Graph of Trigonometric Functions
1. The graph ofj = -f(.v) from the graph ofy = f[x).
Clearly, -f (x) > 0 when / (.t) < 0 and -/ (x) < 0 when
/W>0.
Period 1
So, graph ofy = -f{x) is obtained by flipping the graph of
— It ►!
y ~f W upside down,
e.g., graph ofy = -sinx is as shown in the following figure:
y
2-
~n 0 h 3’;r
1--

\ f —H V—►X
-id2 0 7d2 'n Zn!2 2it\
-1--

-2-

Clearly, period of function does not change in such

We observe that function cot x decreases in each of the transformation.
intervals ... (-;r, 0), (0, n), {n. In).... 2. The graph of j=/(a:) + a from the graph ofy = f{x).
5. y=/(x) = secx Graph ofy=f{x) + a is obtained by shifting the graph of
y =f{x), by a units upward if « > 0 and a units downward
y
1 . if a < 0.
The shape of the transformed graph remains the same. So,
period does not change but range changes,
Period
e.g., graph of y = cos x + 2 is as shown in the following
2it
figure:
y
5-
1
\ \ A--
7d2 K 3jd2 2n 5id2 y = cos X + 2
-1

2-

■if \
-n '-nl2 0 kI2''. jt
yZ7d2 2n 5nl2'\
-1-

~2-
 Trigonometric Functions 2.15

We observe that graph of ^ = cos jc + 2 lies between lines y

Period
2-
y= 1 and .v = 3. So. range of function is [1, 3].
y = sin (2x)
3. The graph ofy=f(x + a) from the graph of j=/(.v). 1--

Graph of v =/{x + a) is obtained by shifting the graph of

X
;● =/(.v), by a units to the right if a < 0 and a units to the 0 3?^
left iffl > 0.

The shape of the transformed graph remains the same. So, y = sin X
period docs not change. However, domain may change, -2-

e.g., graph ofy = sin(.v - 1) is as shown in the following

figure: In general, if period ofy =/(.r) isT then that ofy = /(cly) is
T/\a\.
2 y= sin X
.y = sin (x- 1) i.e., period ofy = cos(.r/3) is 6;r, so graph of function is
1 -■ obtained by stretching the graph ofy = cos x horizontally.
\-;r -rcl2 0 ZnI2
+ t4^ 6. The graph ofy = |/(.v)| from the graph ofy =/(.v).
1 nl2 \ /2it 57d2
1 fix), f(x)>0
\m\ =
■■-2 -fix), fix)<0
So, graph of y = | / (x)| coincides with the graph of
4. The graph of y = afix) from the graph of y =/(a'). y =/(-y), when/(a) > 0. For/(a) < 0, graph ofy = ]/{a)|
Graph ofy = af (a) is obtained by can be obtained by flipping the graph ofy =/(a) vertically
(i) stretching vertically the graph ofy =/{a) if a > 1 upward,
(ii) compressingverticallythegraphofy=/(A)ifO<«< 1 e.g., graph ofy = |sin a| andy = [t^n a| are as shown in the
(iii) stretching and flipping vertically the graph ofy =/{a) following figures:
is a < -1 y= |sin x|
y
(iii) compressing and flipping vertically the graph of 2-
Period n-
-1 <rt<0

e.g., graphs ofy = 3sin A,y =y = 0.5 sin a are as shown

in the following figure.
0
\ If
7T, 3^ ^ X

-1-

y = 3 sin X -2-
y = sin X

y= |tan x|
y

■ I— Period-

We observe that period does not change but range changes,

i.e., range of y = 3 sin a is [-3. 3] and that of y = 0.5 sin a
is [-0.5, 0.5].
0 / n

5. The graph ofy = fiax) from the graph ofy =/{a:).

Consider function y = sinfZx).
If A e [0, k], then 2x e [0, 2;r].
So, y = sin(2A) completes its one cycle (of all its possible
values) in the period of length k.
We can say that period of y = sin(2.t) is k. So, to draw
the graph of y = sin(2A), compress the graph of y = sin a
horizontally such that period is k. Clearly, range does not
change. Note:
Graph ofy = sin 2a is as shown in the following figure: Period of |/(a)|, where fix) is trigonometric ftmetion is n.
2.16 Trigonometry

Illustration Z.33 Illustration Z.3B

Which of the following is possible? Which of the following is the greatest?

(a) tan 1 (b) tan4 (c) tan? (d) tan 10
(a) sind= — (b) tan 0=1002
3
Sol.
1 + p' (d) sec0= -
1
(c) COS0 = ,{;j;6 0,±l) (a) tan4 = tan(;r + (4 - tt)) = tan(4 - ;r) = tan(0.86)
1-/ 2
tan 7 = tan(2;r + (7 - 2;r)) = tan{7 - 2;r) = tan(0.72)
tan 10 = tan(3;r + {10 - 37t)) = tan(10-3ff) = tan(0.5S)
Now, 1 >0.86 >0.72 >0.58
(b) sin 0 =
^ is not possible as-1 < sin 0< 1. => tan 1 > tan(0.86) > tan(0.72) > tan(0.58)
[as angles 1, 0.86, 0.72, 0.58 lie in the first quadrant and
COS0 =
1 + p^ tangent function increases in all the quadrant]
- is not possible, as in , the numerator
1-/7 1-/7- Hence, among the given values, tan 1 is the greatest.
is always greater than the denominator for any value ofp
Illustration Z.37

other than /? = 0. Hence, does not lie in [-1, 1].

1-/7 Which of the following is the least?
1 (a) sin 3 (b) sin 2 (c) sinl (d) sin 7
sec 0 = — is not possible as sec 0€ ( CO
,-l]u[l,oo).
Sol.
tan 0 = 1002 is possible as tan 0 can take any real value. (d) sin3 = sin[7T-(tt-3)] = sin(T-3) = sin(0.l4)
sin 2 = sin[;r- (;r- 2)] = sin(;r-2) = sin(1.14)
Illustration 2.3<4
sin 7 = sin[2;r + (7 - 2;r)] = sin(7- 2t) = sin(0.72)
Find the values of p so that the equation 2 cos^x -(p + 3) Now, 1.I4> 1 >0.72>0.14
cos X + 2{p - 1) = 0 has a real solution. sin(l.l4) > sin I > sin(0.72) > sin(0.14)
[as 1.14, 1,0.72, 0.14lic in the first quadrant and sine functions
Sol. ] We have 2 cos'x - (p + 3) cos x + 2(p - 1) = 0
increase in the first quadrant]
cosx =
(p + 3) ± ^(p + - 8(2p - 2) Hence, among the given values, sin 3 is the least.
4
Alternate solution:

(p + 3) ± (p - 5) We draw the graph of = sin x and compare the height of graph

4 for different angles.

P -
1

p-l
cosx = (as cos x^2) 3rt/2
2

Since -1 <cosx< I -1 2

-2 < p - 1 < 2 From the graph, clearly sin 3 is the least as height of graph is the
l<p<3 ■ least for angle ‘3’ radians.

Illustration 2.3S Illustration 2.33

Find the values of a for which -6 sin x-5a<0, Vxe R. Which of the following is the greatest?
(a) cosec 1 (b) coscc2 (c) cosec 4 (d) cosec(-6)
Sol. ] a" - 6 sin .r - 5^7 < 0, V X € R
a ^-Sa SoT)
< sin X, V X e R (d) Consider sin 1, sin2, and -sin6 (sin4 is negative; hence,
6
cosec 4 cannot be maximum).
a ^-5a y
<-l
6
1
- 5i7 + 6 < 0

{a - 3)(a - 2) < 0 I
ae [2,3] n -jd2

1
 Trigonometric Functions 2.17

From the graph, sin(-6) is least and positive hence, cosec(-6) is cos 0, + cos 02 cos 03 can be -3 (when all are-1)
maximum. or 3 (when all are +1)
or -1 (when any two are -1 and one is +1)
iLLUSTRATtON 2.39
or 1 (when any two are +1 and one is -1)
If = 4 sin 0 + cos"0, then which of the following is not true? but -2 is not a possible value.
(a) Maximum value of/I is 5.
(b) Minimum value of is - 4. Illustration 2.4-3

(c) Maximum value of A occurs when sin 0= 1/2. For real values of 0, which of the following is/are always
(d) Minimum value of A occurs when sin 0 = 1. positive?
Sol. (a),(c),(d) (a) cos(cos0) (b) cos(sin0)
(c) sin(cos^ (d) sin(sin0)
/(0) = 4 sin0+ cos^0 = 4 sin0+ 1 -sin"0
= 5 -(4 ^sin 0 + sin^0) = 5 - (sin 0 - if Sol. 1 a,b.cos0,sin0€ [-1,1] orvalue lies in 1st or 4th quadrant
Now maximum value of/(0) occurs when (sin 0- if is minimum. for which cos (cos 0) and cos(sin 0) are always greater than 0.
Minimum value of (sin 0 2)" occurs when sin0= 1, then sin(cos 0) < 0, when cos 0 e [-1,0) and sin(sin 0) > 0 only when
maximum value of/(0) is 5 - (1 - 2)^ = 4. sin0G (0, 1]
Also minimum value of/(0) occurs when (sin 0-2)" is maximum.
Illustration 2.44
Maximum value of (sin 0 - if occurs when sin 0 = -1, then
minimum value of/(0) is 5 - (-1 -if = —4. Find the range ofy(x) =
1

4cosx:-3
Illustration 2.4D
Sol. -1 < cosx < 1
Find the values of .r for which 3cos 0 — xf - Zx + 19 holds
or -4 < 4cos.t < 4
good.
or -7 < 4cosx-3 < I
Sol. 3cos 0 = x” - 8.V + 19
or -7 < 4cos.t -3 < 0 or 0 < 4cosx - 3 < 1
3cos 6=(x-4f + 3 (v 4 cosx- 3 ^ 0)
Now, L.H.S. = 3cos 0< 3
1 I I
or L.H.S. has greatest value 3 or — > > —oo or oo > >1
7 4COSX-3 4 cos X - 3
But R.H.S.,(a--4)- + 3>3
or R.H.S. has least value 3 1
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S. when 3cos 0= (.v-4)" + 3=3 or E —“OO
, U [1, oo]
4cosx-3 7
cos0= 1 and.v-4 = 0
0 = Inn and x = 4. where n e Z.
Illustration 2.45

Illustration 2.41 Find the range of/(x) = cos^x + sec"x.

Show that the equation sin0 = x + — is not possible if x is Sol. We have
X
real.
y(x) = cos“x + sec^x
1 = (cosx - secx)^ + 2 cosx secx
SoiT^ Given, sin0 = x+ — = 2 + (cosx - secx)^ > 2
X

1 1
sin“0 = x^ +-:7 + 2 = X + 4>4 Illustration 2.46
X" Xj
1
which is not possible since sin 0^ < I. Find the range of/(x) =
5 sin X — 6

Illustration 2.42
SolT^ -1 <sinx< 1
If sin^0| + sin^0T + sin”03 = 0, then which of the following is or -5 < 5 sinx < 5
not the possible value of cos 0] + cos 02 + cos 03?
or -11 <5 sinx-6<-l
(a) 3 (b) -3 (c) -1 (d) -2
1
Sol. (d) sin"0, + sin^02 + sin^03 = 0 or -1 <
5sinx- 6
<-1/11

sin“0[ = sin“02 = sin“03 = 0

1
cos^0[, cos^02, cos^03 = 1 or € [-1,-1/11]
5sinx - 6
=> cos 0|, cos 01, cos 03 = ±1
2.18 Trigonometry

Illustration 2.-47

Find the range off (.v) = sinlr - 3 sin.r + 2.

Sol, j iix) = sin"A: - 3 sin.r + 2

= (sin.v-3/2)“ +2-9/4
= (sinjc-3/2)“-I/4
Now - 1 < sinx < 1

or -5/2 < sinjc - 3/2 < -1/2

K Sn
or 1/4 <(sin.Y-3/2)-<25/4 From the graph, sin.v > cos.v, for .v e
4 4
or
0<(sin.Y-3/2)“- l/4<6
Illustration 2.5 1
ILLUSTRATION 2.4S
Which of the following is/are correct?
Find the range of/(jf) = ^jsin^x-6smx + 9 + 3. (a) (tan < (cot V xe
n K

4' 2

Sol. ] /fj:) = ■Jsin^x - 6sin.v + 9 + 3 (b) (sin x)‘" > (cos xf V .V 6 f 0, -4J
= ^J(sinx^-^ + 3 (c) sec—
\ In {tan a:)
>
7t
sec —
\ln (cos a:)
V.r e
't 7t'
= |sin.r-3| + 3 I 3 3; 4’2,
Now -1 <sinx< 1
^ j yntsin.T) / . \ln(sinAT)
3 7t
or -4<sin.Y-3<-2 (d) > V.re 0. —
u 4; 2;
or
2 < Isin.Y- 3| < 4
or 5<|sin.v-3| + 3<7
7t K
(a) For — < A' < —, tan a > cot a
Illustration 2.49 4 2

If (a, y) satisfies the equation but In (cos a) < 0

In (cos x) In (cos x)
(tan a)
I + 4a- A^ = yj9sec~ y + 4cosec^_i' , < (cot a)
then find the value of a and tan'v. Hence, the statement is correct.
K
[ SoQ We have (b) ForA€ 0, — , cos A > sin A
4j
1 + 4a - A^ = ^9 sec“_v + 4cosec“>’ but In (sec a) > 0 (as sec a > 1)

Now, 1 + 4a - A" = 5 - (a - 2)^ < 5 (sinA)*"'^^‘^-^><(cosA)'”(^"‘^"’

Hence, the statement is not correct
9 sec'.r + 4 cosec"_v =13 + 9 tan" + 4 cot">’
> (3 tan V - 2cot v)“ + 25 > 25 (C) For AE — , tan A > 1
4 ’ 2
sj9sQC~y+ 4cosec^>’ > 5 In (tan a) > 0
but In (cos a) < 0
Hence, 1 +4a-a^= ^9 sec^y+4 cosec^_v is possible only when \ in (lan^)
7:
\ln(cos.r)
> sec—
1 + 4a - A^ = iy9scc^^^T4cosec^ = 5
sec—
3) 3j
Hence, the statement is correct.
A = 2 and 9 tan" y + 4 cot^ y= 12
7C
A = 2 and tan^ v = — (d) ForAE 0,—
3 2)
In (sin a) < 0
Illustration 2.SO
1 3
as — < —

Find the value of a for which /(a) = .,/smA-cosA is defined. 2 4

A E [0,2;r]. / 1, \ln(sinjr) / _ \ln(sinA:)
3
>
Sol- ] fix) = A — COS A is defined if sin a > cos a. 2J 4J
Hence, the statement is correct.
 Trigonometric Functions 2.19

Illustration 2.52 be + ca + ab
8. If a, c e R then prove that sec^0- I 1 j only if
Solve tan:t > cot;i:, where x e [0, 2t]. a~b = c.
a~ +b +c

soH
y
9. Find the range ofJ{x) = ^4 - a/i + tan^x .

1
10. Find the range of/fr) =
2|cosx|-3
4---
11. Find the range off(x) = cos'^x + sin".T- 1.
12. Find the minimum value of the function
3 j...
fix) = (1 + sin.v)( 1 + cos.t), xe R.
13. Prove that {sin 6 + cosec 6)^ + (cos 0+ sec $)' > 9.
2 14. Find the range ofy(.r) = cosec'x + 25 sec'x.
15. If cos' .Y + cos Y = a + 2, then find the values of a for
l__ which equation has solution.
fK
16. If a' + 2a + cosec" -(a + Y) = 0, then, find the values
of a and x. \ ^
O
nIA
ANSWERS

- 1
1. [2,4] 2. [-sin 1, sin 1] 3. [-21,4]
4. 12 5. c. 6. -n

—1- 2 - - 7. [1,2] 9. [0,%5] 10. [-1, 1/3]

11. [-1/4,0] 12. 0 14. [36, <=0)
15. [-9/4,0] 16. a = -l and Y = 2;?,« £ Z
J»
- 3

j.. 4
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ALLIED
ANGLES
We find that tanY > cotY.
When the sum or difference of two angles is either zero or
Therefore, the value of tanY is more than the value of coIy. a multiple of 90°, then they are called allied angles, e.g.,
That is, the values of y for which graph of y = tany is above the 30° and 60° are allied angles because their sum is 90°. Also,
graph of = cotx 40° and 140° are allied angles because their sum is 180°.
From the graph, it is clear that Angles -0, 90° ± 0, 180° ± 0, 360° ± 0, are angles allied to the
angle 0, if 0 is measured in degrees. However, if 0 is measured in
X e (t/4, nil) u (3;i/4, n) u (5ro'4, 3;r/2) u {InIA, In). n
radians, then the angles allied to 0 are -0, — ± 0 , a: ± 0, 2tc ± 0,
Concept Application Exercise 2.5
1 etc.. ^
n
In general, for angle 0, allied angles are n x 90° ± 0 or —±0 ,
1. Find the range ofy(x) = I, ^
sin y + 3
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
2. Find the range of/(x) = sin(cosx).
3. Find the range of 12 sin 0 - 9 sin^0. n X 90* ± 0 WHEN n is Even
4. Find the minimum value of 9 tan"0 + 4 cof0. y

5. Which of following is correct (where n 6 N)?

n + \ n^ + l K+ 6
(a) sin0 = (b) sin0 = n- e
Pix. y)
n + l i-x,y)Q
\(cos 6, sin 6)
n

(cos {n~d), j \(cos 2;r+ 6),

(c) sec0 =
n+ 2
(d) scc0 =
n
sin (;r- 6)) /
sin {27t+ 6))
n-\
>/«" + ! e

6. If sin^0, + sin^02 + ●●● + sin^0„ = 0, then find the minimum 2k+e

value of cos 0, + cos 02 + ●●● + cos 0„.
7. If sin"0 = Y^ - 3y + 3 is meaningful, then find the values (-x.-y)R
2;r-0
S(Y. -y)
ofx. (cos (n-+0), (cos (2;r-0),
sin 0)) sin (27T- 0))
2.20 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

When n is even, for angles n x 90° or , terminal side is either
/? X 90“ ± 0 WHEN n IS Odd
on positive ^r-axis or on negative x-axis. n

Consider the unit circle with centre at origin. See the following When n is odd, for angles n x 90° or n — , terminal ray is either
figure to establish the required relations. on positive >’-axis or negative j-axis.
From the figure, Consider the unit circle with centre at origin. See the following
(i) cos(;r- 6)~-x= -cos 6 figure to establish the required relations.
sin(;r- 9) =y= sin 9
and cos(;r + &) = -x= -cos 9 cos

sin(;r+ 9) = -y= -sin 9

If we consider angles in degi'ee measure, we have
cos( 180° - 0) = -X = -cos 9 Ki2 + d
Td2-e
sin(180° - 9) =y= sin 9
and cos(180° + 0) = -cos 0
sin( 180° + 0) = -sin 9
Since angles K and {2k + l);r (/: e I) are cotenninal (i.e.,
for both angles, terminal side lies on the negative x-axis),
in general, we have
cos[(2A+ \)n- 9] =-cos 0,
sin[(2A: + l);r- 0] = sin 0
and cos[(2/r + 1 );r + 0] = -cos 0, \\

sin[(2/r+ l);r+ 0] = -sin 0 n

e.g., cos(7;r- 0) = -cos 0,

sin(21;r- 0) = sin 0, From the figure.
sin(-75;r+ 0) = -sin 0etc.. K
(i) cos —0 =j = sin0
(ii) cos{-0) = x= cos 0 ^2
sin(-0)=-y= -sin 0
K
or cos(2;r- 0) = x = cos 0 sm -9 =x = cos0
12
sin(2;r - 0) = = -sin 0
and cos(2;r + 0) = x = cos 0 K
and cos —-i-0 =->’ = -sin0
sin(2;r+ 0) =y= sin 0 2

If we consider angles in degree measure, we have K

cos(360° - 0) = cos 0, sin —-1-0 =x = cos0

sin{360° - 0) = -sin 0
If we consider angles in degree measure, we have
and cos(360° + 0) = cos 0,
cos(90° - 0) ^ sin 0, sin(90° - 0) = cos 0
sin(360° ~ 0) = sin 0
and cos(90° + 0) = -sin 0, sin(90° + 0) = cos 0
Since angles 2k and 2kK {k e J) are coterminal (i.e., for
both angles, terminal side lies on the positive x-axis), in K K K
Since angles — and —-i-2«;r or (4/h-I)— , {« 6 /) are
general, we have 2 ^2
cos(2A'7r - 0) = cos 0, cotenninal (i.e., for both angles, terminal ray lies on the
sin(2A:;r-0) = -sin 0 positive y-axis), in general, we have
and cos{2kK + 0) = cos 0, 7T
sin(2/c^-i- 0)= sin 0 cos {An + \)--9 =sin0.
e.g., cos(6;r+ 0) = cos 0,
K
sin(100;r- 0) - -sin 0, sin {An + \) — -9 =cos0
cos{-68;r- 0) = cos 0

Note: and cos (4/i + l)—-i-0 = -sin0,

V 2 ^
● cos {llKrk 9) = (-1)" cos 0
rt- 1
● sin («;r-0) = {-l)
sin {An + \)^ + 9
sin 0
= cos0
● sin {nn + 9) = (-1)" sin 0
 Trigonometric Functions 2.21

. ' 9k 13;r Algorithm to Find Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angle in

-0 = cos 0 , cos — + 0 =—sin0,
sin
Terms of Those of Positive Acute Angle
I 2 I 2
Ik Step I: See whether the given angle a is positive or negative
cos -0 =sin0 etc. if it is negative, make it positive as follows:
2
sin (-0) = -sin 0, cos (-0) = cos 0,
tan (-0) = -tan 0 etc.
3;r
(ii) cos — - 0 = -y = - sin 0 , Step II: Express the positive angle a obtained in step I in the
I 2
form ct= 90° x « ± 0, where 0 is an acute angle.
. (Zk Step III: Determine the quadrant in which the terminal side of
sin -0 =-x = -COS0
2 the angle a lies from which detenriine the sign of the
given trigonometric function.
3;r
cos + 0 =_y = sin0, Step IV: In step II, if n is odd integer, tlien
12 sin a = ±cos 0, cos a = ±s\n 0, tan a = ±cot 0,
3;r
sec a = ± cosec 0etc. The sign on RHS will be the sign
sm + 0 = —X = - cos 0 obtained in step III.
I 2 In step II, if n is even integer, then sin a = ±sin 0,
If we consider angles in degree measure, we have cos a = ±cos 0, tan a = ±tan 0, sec a = ±sec 0 etc. The
cos(270° - 0) - - sin 0, sin(270° - 0) = - cos 0 sign on RHS will be the sign obtained in step III.
and cos(270° + 0) = sin 0, sin(270° + 0) = -cos 0 Illustration 2.53
3t -K K K
Since angles — or and -— ■vlnK or (4/1-1)—, Find the values of the following trigonometric ratios:
2 2 2
(i) cos 225° (ii) sin 690°
(a7 e /) are cotenninal (i.e., for both angles, terminal ray lies
(iii) tan (-390°) (iv) sec 855°
on the negative y-axis), in general, we have
K [JoD
cos (4/j-l) 0 =-sin0,
I 2 (i) For angle 225°, terminal side of angle lies in third quadrant
where cosine function is negative.
K
I
sin (4/1-1) — -0 =-COS0
cos 225° = cos (90° x 2 + 45°) = -cos 45° =

K (ii) For angle 690°, terminal side of angle lies in fourth quadrant
and cos (4/i-I)—+ 0 = sin 0,
I 2 where sine function is negative,
1
f 71 sin 690° = sin (90° x 7 + 60°) = -cos 60° =
sin (4/i-l)- + 0 = -COS0 2
V 2 ^
(iii) For angle 390°, terminal side of angle lies in first quadrant
. r In where tan function is positive.
e.g., sm -0 =-COS0,
I 2 tan (-390°) =-tan 390'
= -tan (90°x4 + 30°)
fllK I
cos + 0 =sin0, = -tan 30° =
I 2
5;r
cos -0 =-sin0 etc.. (iv) For angle 855°, terminal side of angle lies in second quadrant
2 where secant is negative,
sec 855° = sec (90° x 9 + 45°) = -sec 45° = - ^/2
In all the above proofs of formulas, angle 0 is considered
to be acute, but these formulas also work if 0 is not acute, Illustration 2.54

e.g., if angle 0 e {Ttil, 7t) i.e., second quadrant, then Prove that sin(-420°) (cos 390°) + cos (-660°) (sin 330°) = -1.
K- 0 G (0, kI2), i.e., first quadrant.
Clearly, cos 0< 0 and cos (;r- 0) > 0, so formula
f§o\7) L.H.S. = sin(-420°) (cos 390°) + cos(-660°) (sin330°)
^ - sin 420° cos 390° + cos 660° sin 330
O

cos(t- 0) = -cos 0 holds.

[ sin(-0) = -sin 0, cos(-0) = cos 0]
If angle 0 e (3;r/2, 2;r) i.e., fourth quadrant, then
K+ 0€ {5kI2, 2k) i.e., second quadrant. = -sin(90° x 4 + 60°) cos(90° x 4 + 30°)
+ cos(90° X 7 + 30°) sin(90° x 3 + 60°)
Clearly, sin 0< 0 and sin (;r+ 0) > 0, so formula
sin(;r+ 0) =-sin 0 holds. = -(sin 60°) (cos 30°) + (sin 30°) (-cos 60°)

Similarly, all above formulas hold for any angle 0. ^ -J3

X— + —
\f —\ = -l = R.H.S.
2 2 2l 2^
2.22 Trigonometry

iLLUSTRATiaN 2.55 Illustration 2.59

Prove that Find the value of

cos(90® + e) sec(-0) tan(l 80° - G) lK 7 1>K 5k In

= -l. cos" — + COS" + cos^ + cos^
sec(360° - 0)sin(l 80° + G) cot(90° - G) 16 16 16 16

cos(90° + G) sec(-0) tan(l 80° - G) 2>n 2>n^

Sol. L.H.S. = ^ TC 7 n
Sol. L.H.S. = cos" — + cos + COS"
sec(360° - G) sin(l 80° + 0) cot(90° - 0) 16 16 2 16

(- sin 0)(sec 0)(- tan 0) 2 ^ K

= -I =R.H.S.
+ COS —
(sec0)(-sin0)(tan0) 2 16

n 2 37T 7 JT ■ 2 ^
Illustration 2.55 = cos^ + COS — + sin" — + sm —
16 16 16 16
If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, then prove
that cos^ + cos.0 + cos C + cosD ~ 0. 2 n ● 2 ^ 2 3;r . -,3n
cos — + sin — + cos —+ sm" —
16 16 16 16
Sol. We know that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
=1+1=2
are supplementary, i.e., A + C = n and B + D = n. Therefore,
A = n-C and B = n~D
llustratidn 2.50
cosy! = cos(;r- C) = -cos C
and cos5 - cos(;r-D) = -cosD Ifsin(120°-a) = sin(120°-^, 0° < ct, 180°, then find the
cos^ + cos5 + cos C + cosD relation between a and /3,
= -cos C - cosD + cos C + cosD = 0 Sol. If sin^ = sin5, where A = 120° - a and B = 120° - ji, then
A=B or A=n-B, i.e., A + B = n
Illustration 2.57
120°-(Z= 120°-/3or 120°-«+ I20°-;8= 180
o

Show that tan 1° tan 2° ●●● tan 89° = 1.

por a + [3 = 60°
Sol. L.H.S. = (tan 1° tan 89°) (tan2° tan 88°) -
Illustration 2.6 1
(tan 44° tan 46°) tan 45°
= [tan 1° tan(90°- 1°)] [tan2° tan(90° -2°)] - Find the sign of the values of tan 113° - cos 107° = a and
tan 107°-cos 105° = 6.
[tan44° tan(90° - 44°)]tan45°
= (tan 1° cot 1°) (tan 2° cot2°) ●●● Sol.~^ a = tan 113° - cos 107 O

= cos 73° - tan 67° < cos 73° - tan 45° < 0
(tan44° cot44°)taii45° = 1
b = tan 107° -cos 105°
[ tan 0 cot 0 = 1 and tan 45° = 1 ]
= cos 75° - tan 73° < cos 75° - tan 45° < 0
= R.H.S.

Illustration 2.62
Illustration 2.5S

1 In triangle ABC prove that

Show that sin^5° + sin" 10° + sin^ 15° + ●●● + sin^90° = 9— .
(i) sin/1 = sin(S +C) (ii) sin2^ = - sin(25 + 2Q
2
A+B C
(hi) cos ^ - cos(.4 + 5) (iv) tan = cot —
Sol. ) L.H.S. = (sin^5° + sin^85°) + (sin^l0° + sin^80°) + - 2 J 2

+ (sin^40° + sin^50°) + sin^45° + sin"90°

sX~)
= (sin^5° + cos^5°) + (sin^l0° + cos"10°) + -
(i) sinyl = sin(T-(5 + Q) = sin(5 + C)
+ (sin"40° + cos^40°) + sin^45° + sin^90°
(ii) sin 2A = sin(2;r - (25 + 2C)) = - sin(25 + 2C)
= (l + l + l + l + l + l + l + l)
(hi) cos ^ = cos(;r-(5 + C)) = - cos(5 + C)
\2
I 1 A +B ;r-C n C\ C
+ + 1 =9 = R.H.S. (iv) tan = tan = tan = cot
Ji 2
2 ) 2 ) (2 2
 Trigonometric Functions 2.23

r
Concept Application Exercise 2.6
, 1 . 1 7t . ●> K 4t
6. Prove that sin" — + sm" —+ sin + sin^ = 2.
1. Prove that 18 9 18 9

1
(a) tan 720° - cos 270° - sin 150° cos 120°=- ''hn Sk
7. Prove that sec -Q sec 0-
4
I 2 ) ^ \ - /
1
(b) sin780° sin480° + cos 120° sin 150° = — (5n 3;r^
2 + tan +0 tan 0-
\ 2 2 }
2. Find the value of the expression
sec 610° cosec 160° - cot 380° tan 470°. K
8. If0 = then find the value of
7t 4n
3. If a= —, prove that
3’ tan 0 tan 20... tan(2ri - 2)0 tan (2« - 1 )0.
1
cosacos2acos3acos4acos5acos6a= - 9. In any quadrilateral ABCD, prove that
16
(a) sin{^ + 5) + sin{C + £J) = 0
n 3;r 5;r In 9n
4. Find the value of tan — tan — tan — tan — tan — (b) cos(/f + 5) = cos(C + D)
20 20 20 20 20
ANSWERS
cot 54° tan 20°
5. Find the value of
tan36° cot70° 2. -1 4. 1 5. 2 8. 1
2.24 Trigonometry

Exercises

11. If sin.v + sin"x = 1, then the value of cos'^x + 3 cos’^x +

Single Correct Answer Type II 3 coslx + cos^x - 2 is equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) -1 (4) 2
5sin0-3cos0 .
1. If 5 tan0= 4, then IS equal to 12.3 (sin 6 - cos df + 6 (sin 6 + cos 6)^ + 4 (sin^0 + cos^0) is
5sin0 + 2cos0
equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 1/6 (4) 6 (1) 11 (2) 12 (3) 13 (4) 14

4 13. If sec X + sec^ X =1 then the value of tan^x - tan‘*x -

2. If tan 6 = — , then sin 0 is
3 2 tan^x + 1 will be equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
4 , 4 4 4
— but not — (2) —or-
: 5 5 5 14. (1 + tan atan + (tan «-tan =
4 4 (1) tan^atan“jS (2) sQc^asQc^p
(3) - but not —
— (4) none of these
5 (3) tan^acot'jS (4) sec^acos"/3
3. If sin,Y + cosecx = 2, then sin"x + cosec"x is equal to 15. Let AqA^ A2A^A^A^ be a regular hexagon inscribed in a
(1) 2 (2) 2' (3) 2
n-l
(4) 2"-^ circle of unit radius. Then the product of the lengths of the
4. If tan 0 + sin 0 = m and tan 0 - sin 0 = «, then
line segments ^0^2’ -4o^4's
(1) m~ ~ = 4mn (2) m^ + n^ = 4mn (1) 3/4 (2) 3V3 (3) 3 (4) 3^/3/2
(3) m -n =m +n (4) m^-«^ = 4V^ 16. A circle is drawn in a sector of a larger circle of radius i\
as shown in figure. The smaller circle is tangent to the two
5. If cosec 6 - cot d = q, then the value of cosec 9 is
1
bounding radii and the arc of the sector. The radius of the
1
(1) - (2) q-~ smaller circle is
q q

(3) - ^/ + - (4) none of these

21 q)

sinx cosx tanx 1 ak

(2)^
6. If
b
= k, then be + — +
ck 1 + bk
IS
2V3r
a c (3)
5
equal to
1 1 1
(1) k fl + - a -\— (4) r-
a ) I a

1 17. A right triangle has perimeter of length 7 and hypotenuse

(4) fk of length 3. If 0is the larger non-right angle in the triangle,
then the value of cos 9 equals
7. If sec"* 9 + sec“ 0=10 + tan** 9 + tan^ 0, then sin^ 0 =
^/6-V2 4 + x/2
(1) (2)
(1) - (2) - (3) - 4 6
3 4 5
4-V2 4-V2
2sin0 l-cos0 + sin0 (3) (4)
8. Ifx = , then 3 6
is equal to
l + cos0 + sin0 l + sin0

(1) 1 +x (2) 1 -X (3) X (4) 1/x 18. Given that the side length of a rhombus is the geometric
mean of the lengths of its diagonals. The degree measure
9. If sec a and cosec a are the roots of x" - px + q + Q, then of the acute angle of the rhombus is
(1) p^ = q{q-2) (2) p- = q{q^l) (1) 15° (2) 30' (3) 45° (4) 60°
(3) p~ + q~=2q (4) none of these
19. Which of the following is correct?
10. Which of the following is not the quadratic equation whose
7 ") (1) sin 1° > sin 1 (2) sin 1° < sin 1
roots are cosec"0and sec“0?

(I) x--6x+6 = 0 (2) a--7x+7=0 (3) sinl° = sinl (4) sinl° = sin 1
180
(3) x^-4x + 4 = 0 (4) none of these
 Trigonometric Functions 2.25

20. The equation sin^© = X, 0 is possible if 31. If 0 < a < —, then a (cosec a) is
6
2^ ’
(1) less than ;c/6 (2) greater than ;i/6
(1) x=;; (2) x = ->;
(3) less than 7t/3 (4) greater than 7t/3
(3) 2x=y (4) none of these
32. The least value of 2 sin^0 + 3 cos^0 is
21. Ifsin^© = x‘^+y^ + \ , then X must be (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 5
2x
33. The greatest value of sin'*© + cos'*© is
(1) -3 (2) -2
(1) 1/2 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
(3) 1 (4) none of these
34. Iff (jc) = sin^x + cos^x, then range off (x) is
22. sec^© = 4xy 1 3
- is true if and only if 1
(x+y) (1) T,1 (2)
4 4’ 4
(1) x+y;t0 (2) x=y,x^0
(3) x=y (4) xjt0,y^0 (3) ^.1
4
(4) none of these
23. If sin ©j + sin ©2 + sin ©3 = 3, then cos ©1 + cos ©2 + cos ©3 is
equal to 35. The minimum value of a tan^x + b cot^x equals the
maximum value of a sin^© + b cos^© where a > b > 0.
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 0
Then alb is
24. If sin X + sin y + sin z + sin w = -4, then the value of (4) 8
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6
sin'*®®x + sih^®°y + sin^®®z + sin
(1) sin'*°«x sin^‘«ysin2«0z + sin w
100 36. Range ofj{6) = cos^ © (cos^ © + 1) + 2 sin^ © is
(1) [3/4,1] (2) [3/16, 1]
(2) sinx ● siny ● sinz ● sinw
(3) [3/4, 7/4] (4) [7/4,2]
(3) 4
(4) 3
37. If 0 < © < n, then minimum value of 3 sin © + cosec^ © is
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) -5 (4) 6
25. The minimirai value of the expression sin a + sin j3 + sin y,
where a, A 7 are real numbers satisfying a + P+ y = Tcis 38. If ©, > 0 for 1 < © < « and ©1 + ©2 + ©3 + ● ● + ©„ = 7t, then the
(1) positive (2) zero greatest value of sum sin ©1 + sin ©2 + sin ©3 + ●● ● + sin 6„
is equal to
(3) negative (4) -3
26. If 1 + sinx + sinfx + sin^x +...«« is equal to 4 + 2^3, (1) n (2) n sm —
\nj
0 < X < ;r, then x is equal to (3) ;r (4) none of these

(1) T
% K
39. The set of values of Ae i? such that sin^ ©+ cos ©= A cos^ ©
6 4
holds for some ©, is
^ 2;r (1) (-0, 1] (2) (-0,-1]
(3) -or- (4) — or —
^ 3 3 (3) 0 (4) [-1,00)
27. The value of the expression (2 sin^ 91 ° - 1) (2 sin^ 92® - 1) 40. Let A - sin*© + cos*'*©; then A max.
IS

... (2 sin^ 180® - 1) is equal to 1

90
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 2"'‘'-90 (1) 1
(2) ^
28. If sin A - sin^ B and 2 cos^ A = 3 cos^ B then the triangle
ABC is <»i (4) none of these

(1) irght angled (2) obtuse angled 41. Minimum value ofy = 256 sin^x + 324 cosec^x V x € /? is
(3) isosceles (4) equilateral (1) 432 (2) 504 (3) 576 (4) 776
1 42. If a and b are positive quantities such that a > 6, the
29. If sin © + cos © = j and 0 < © < tt, then tan © is minimum value of a sec© - Z) tan© is

(1) -4/3 (2) -3/4 (3) 3/4 (4) 4/3 (1) lab (2) Vo'-*'
30. If;r<a<
3;r ,
—, then .
1-cosa ,
+
1+cosa
is equal to
(3) a-b (4) yja^ + b^
2 \ 1 + cosa 1-cosa
43. Ify = (sinx + cosecx)^ + (cosx + secx)^, then the minimum
value ofy, V X € /?, is
(1)^ sma (1) 7 (2) 3 (3) 9 (4) 0
1 1 44. The variable x satisfying the equation |sinx cosx| +
(3) - (4) -
sma sin a ^2+tan^x+cot^x = >/3 belongs to the interval
2.26 Trigonometry

K K n K 2k 3t: Ak Sn
(1) 0,J (2) 54. The value of cos —+ cos + COS + COS + COS
3 ’ 2 7 7 7 7 7

Ik 6;r Ik .
+ COS + COS IS
(3) , K (4) non-existent 1 1
4
(1) 1 (2) -1
45. If the equation cot‘*x - 2 cosec"x + a" = 0 has at least one
(3) 0 (4) none of these
solution, then the sum of all possible integral values of a
is equal to K 2;r Ak
55. The numerical value of tan — + 2 tan + 4 tan +
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 0 3 3 3
8;r
46. If cos^ A- - (c - 1) cos -V + 2c > 6 for every x e R, then the 8 tan — is equal to
true set of values of c is

(I) [2,00) (2) [4,00) (1) -5V3 (2) -4^/3

(3) (—,-2] (4) (-0,^]
47. If the inequality sin".r + a cosa + a~ > 1 + cosx holds for (3) 5^ (4) ^
any A e R, then the largest negative integral value of a is
(1) -4 (2) -3 (3) -2 (4) -1
4 3
3;r 1 56. The expression 3 sin'* -K-a +sin'^(3;r + a)
48. If
— < ct < ;r, then V|2 cot a + — is equal to L ^ /
4 sin"a
I A
(I) 1 + cot a
-2 sin^ — K + a +sin^(5;r-a) is equal to
(2) -1 - cot Of 2 7
(3) 1-cota (4) -1 + coto:
(1) 0 (2) 1
49. The value of
sec0 cosec9 3;r'l IS.
for 0 6 K, (3) 3 (4) none of these
\h + tan* 6 Vl + cot“ 6 2
51. The value of the expression logK,(tan 6®) + Iog,,)(tan 12®)
(1) 0 (2) -2 (3) 2 (4) 1 + log,o(tan 18®) + ... + Iogio(tan 84®) is
50. The minimum value of the function_/{a) = (1) -1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2
smA cos A tan A cot A

- cos"A

whenever it is defined is
yj[ — sin^ A >/sec^A-1 yjcosec^X - 1 Multiple Correct Answers Type II
sm COS" 0
(I) 4 (2) -2 (3) 0 (4) 2 1. If0< 0<;rand 81 + 81 = 30, then 6 is
(1) 30® (2) 60® (3) 120® (4) 150®
51. If COS0
IS
jsin 6 + yjsin~6 + sir\~a j < /:, then the value of k 2. Suppose ABCD (in order) is a quadrilateral inscribed in a
circle. Which of the following is/are always true?
(1) sec5 = secD (2) cot A + cot C = 0
(2) yjl + sin^a
●)

(1) + C0S"0f
(3) cosec/I = cosec C (4) tan0 + tanD = O

(3) ,/2 + sin' (4) ^/2 3. Which of the following is/are correct?
■>
+ C0S"0f
In (sin.v) In (sin.t)
(1) (tanA) > (COtA) , V A 6 (0, 7C/A)
52. In which one of the following intervals the inequality sinA (2) 4
In cosecx
<5
In cosecr
,Va€ (0, ;r/2)
< cosA < lan.v < cot.r can hold good?
(3) < (l/3)'"f‘^®'*-’^>, V A € (0, k/2)
iK '37T ^4^ 2*’' > 2'" V A 6 (0, ;r/2)
(1) ,2;r (2) , K
A A
4. If 3 tan ^ + 4 = 0, then the value of 2 cot A -5 cos ^4 + sin
' 3/r' K is equal to
(3) (4) 0,-
~A'~2 ’ 4 23 K 23 ,„3;r
(1) — if — <^ < ;r (2) if <A<2k
10 2 10 2
53. The values of k for which the inequality k cos" x-k cos a
+ 1 > 0, V A 6 (-«», «=) holds is -53 K -53 3;r
(3) if — <^ < ;r (4) if <A<2k
1 10 2 10 2
(1) k<-j (2) k>A
5. A circle centered at O has radius 1 and contains point A.
1 1 Segment AB is tangent to the circle at A and ZAOB = 6.
(3) —<k<A (4) -<^<5 If point C lies on OA, and BC bisects the angle ABO, then
2
OC equals
 Trigonometric Functions 2.27

cos'6 1
{1) sec 0 (sec 9 - tan 9) (2) 15. IfcOSOf = — .T + — and cos/3 = — y + - , (.x?;>0);
1 + sin0 2 .X V j

1 - sin© .V, V, a, R then

(3) (4)
1 + sin © cos'© (1) sin (a +/3+}) = sin 7 V ye
(2) cos « cos /3 = I V O', /3 e R
6. (a + 2) sin O' + (2fl - 1) cos o: = {2a + 1) if tan or is (3) (cos a + cos = 4 V O', j8 e R
(1) 3/4 (2) 4/3
(4) sin (O' + /3 + }^ = sin a + sin /? + sin y V a, Z?, y e R
(3) 2a/(a^+ 1) (4) 2al{a^~\)
16. Four numbers «i, /Jy» "4 given as
7. Let /(x) = log (logi/3 (logy (sinj: + a))) be defined for every n^ = sin 15° - cos 15°, fu = cos, 93° + sin 93°, = tan 27°
real value of jc, then the possible value of a is - cot 27°, = cot 127° H- tan 127°. Then
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6 (1) «,<0 (2) «2<0
8. If©> l,sin/‘>0, cos/>Oandlog;,(sinr)=x, then log/,(cos r) (3) «3<0 (4) »4<0
is equal to

(1) (2) 21og(l-6^^')

17. For 0 < (f) < n!2, if j = ^cos'"0, y
n-0 n=0

z~ ^cos“"0sin""0, then
(3) log„Vi^ 2x
(4) ^l-x~
«=o

(1) xyz-xz+y (2) xyz = xy + z

9. Which of the following is possible in A45C? (3) xyz = x+y + z (4) xyz=yz + x
3
(1) cos 4 + cos © + cos C=—
(2) cos 4 cos © cos C= 0 Linked Comprehension Type II
(3) sin 4 + sin © + sin C = V2 + 1
For Problems 1-3
(4) sin 4 sin © sin C = -— 4

Let us consider the equation

cos X
sin^* X _ 1 ,XG 0,— ;
K

10. If2 sector-sec‘*«-2 cosec^a + cosec'*or= 15/4, then tan a a b a+b 2

is equal to a, 6 > 0

(1) I/V2 (2) 1/2 1. For the given equation,

(3) 1/2'J2 (4) -I/V2 sin^ X cos’* X sin X cos X
(1) (2)
b a b
11. If cot 0 + tan 0 = x and sec ©- cos © = y, then
a

-.1
(1) Xsin©● cos0= I (2) sin"© = ycos© sin"* X cos'* X sm X cos" X
(3) (4)
(3) (.ry)'^' + (.vr)‘''=l (4) = 1 b^ a a b

2. The value of sin“x in tenns of a and b is

12. If.t = sec 0- tan <p andy = cosec ^ + cot 0, then
h
(1) :r =
y +1
(2) x =
y-1 (1) ^/^ (2)
a+h
y-\ y+\
aUb^
(3) y =
1 + x
1-x
(4) xy + x-y+l~0 (3)^ (4) 7^
b ~a

●8 8
13. The value of sin X cos X .
3. The value of is
3
b^
/(or) = V cosec"0'-2cotor + Vcosec'a + 2 cot a can be a

I
I
(1) 2 cot a (2) - 2 cot a (1) (2)
(3) 2 (4) -2 (a + b)^ (a + b)^
1 1
y+3 (3) (4)
14. If = sin^ x + 2cosx + l, then the value of ,v lies in (a + b)^ a^+h^
2y + 5
the interval For Problems 4-6
8 12 a, /3, y and ©are angles in 1,11, III and IV quadrants, respectively
(1) —00
(2) 00

’ 3 5 ’ and none of them is an integral multiple of k!2. They form an

increasing arithmetic progression.
12
(3) (4) 00
4. Which of the following holds?
3’ 5 3’
(1) cos (or+ ^ > 0
(2) cos (or + ^ = 0
2.28 Trigonometry

(3) cos (a+ <0 c. sin(- 870°) + cosec(- 660°) + tan(- 855°) r.-2
(4) cos (a+<5) > 0 or cos (a+ 0 2 cot(840°) + cos(480°) + sec(900°) =
5. Which of the following does not hold? 7t
COS^ — + ;c cot (3;r + at)
(1) sin (13+'}) = sin (a+5) , 2 J
(2) sin (p - f) = sin (a - d) In
sec(.t-3;r) cosec s. 1
(3) tan 2{a-p} = tan(p-S)
● - X

\ 2
d. 2 — is equal to
(4) cos(a+)^ = cos2j8 cot X tan^{AT ~ k) sin (a: - 2;r)
6. If a +/? + 7+5= 0and or= 70°, then
2.
(1) 4OO°<0<58O° (2) 47O°<0<65O°
List I List II
(3) 68O°<0<86O° (4) 54O°<0<9OO°
For Problems 7 and 8 a. Suppose ABC is a triangle with three p. 1 St quadrant
acute angles A, B and C. The point
A B
In A/1-5C, 5C = 1, sin — = A',,sin — = a:^ , cos — = Xx and whose coordinates are (cosS - sin.4,
2 ' 2 2 sin 5 - cos/I) can be in the
n.2007 \2006
sin0 cosd
B . , -Y, X3 b. If2 > I and 3 < 1, then ds q. 2nd quadrant
cos — - X4 with — = 0.
2 [-^2) U4 c. For Icosa: + sinA:| = |sin.v| + |cos.y|, x r. 3rd quadrant
belongs to
7. Length of side/IC is equal to 1 - sin .4 sin/I 1 s. 4th quadrant
d. If , for all
(1) 1/2 (2) 1
^1 + sin/l cos/I cos/4
(3) 2 (4) can’t be determined permissible values of A, then A can
8. If ZA = 90°, then area of AABC is belong to

(1) 1/2 sq. units (2) 1/3 sq. units 3. For all real values of 6, choose the correct option.
(3) 1 sq. units (4) 2 sq. units
List I List II
For Problems 9-11

Let /(a) = sin*’ x+cos** x + /.'{sin*’ x + cos'^ a) for some real number k. a. ^ = sin^0+cos'*© p. A e [-1, 1]

9. Value of k for which/(a) is constant for all values of a is b. /I = 3 cos"0-^ sin**© q. /4 e —

^ 4
(1) - 1/2 (2) 1/2 (3) 1/4 (4) -3/2
10. All real numbers k for which the equation ^(a) = 0 has c. v4 = sin^6-cos‘*0 r. .4 £ [2^2,00)
solution lie in
d. A = tan^0 +2 cot^0 S. ^6 [1,3]
ll
(!) [-1,0] (2) 0,- Codes:
a b c d
1
(3) (4) None of these (I) p q r s
(2) s r p q

11. Number of values of k for whichy^A) = 0 is an identity is (3) r p s q

(1) 0 (4) q s p r
(2) 1
(3) infinite (4) none of these
Numerical Value Type
Matrix Match Type
tan^20°-sin^20° .
I. The value ofthe expression is

1.
tan^20° ■ sin^20

List I List II
2. Suppose that for some angles a and y, the equations
● 2 2 3w , 2 , ■>
a. If A = sin 01 sin 01 andy = cos0| cos 9 \ and sin A + cos y = — and cos a + sin'y = — hold
99;r
2 ^2
< 0 < 50;r , then (y - a) is equal to p.-l
simultaneously. The possible value of a is
71
3. If 0 < A < — and cosa + sinA = —, then the value of
sin(270° + a) cos^ (720° - a) 4 4 ’

b.
-sin(270°-A)sin^(540° + a) 16(cosa- sinx)^ is
sin(90° + a) sin(-A) - cos^ (180° - a)) q.O
sin“^/ + cos**/ - 1
^ cot (270°-a) 4. The value of 3 is equal to
cosec^(450° +a) sin^/ + oos^t -1
 Trigonometric Functions 2.29

5. If sin 0 COS0 = 1, then the value of sin^6 - cos^0 is ■2

sin a 27coscc^ a
9. lfae(0,l),and/(a)=(a^-a+l)+
yja~ - a+ \ -a + ]
6. If sin 0, tan 0, cos 0 arc in G.P. then 4 sin‘0 - 3 sin‘*0 + 8sin^ a 27 cosec" a
sin^0 = , then the least value off(a) is
89“
-« + l yja' - a+ \
1
7. Let /(0) = - , and S = ^ /(0), then the value
l + (cot0) a=i“ 4 4 o
sec a sec b
of Vs is 10. Minimum value of 7 ' 7 ’
tan" p tan a
8. The minimum value of K .
where a^—,B^ — ,0<a,b< — , IS
2^2 2
^(3sin.r — 4cos:c - 10)(3sinx + 4cos.t — 10)
IS 11. Ifp cosec 0 + g cot 0 = 2 and p~ cosec" 0- q~ cot" 0=5
then the value of 81/? " - q'~ is .

Archives

JEE Advanced Multiple Correct Answers Type

● .4 4
Single Correct Answer Type sm X COS X 1
1. If —, then
2 3 5
1. Let /^ = {0 : sin 0 - cos 0 = V2 cos 0} and Q= {0; sin 0 + ● .8 8
COS 0 = V2sin 0} be two sets. Then (1) tan^x = — (2)
sin X COS X 1

3 8 27 125
(1) Pc0and0-P?i(^> (2) Q(tP
●- 8 8
(3) PcTiQ (4) P=Q (IIT-JEE 2011) sin X cos X 2
(3) tan"x = — (4)
3 8 27 125

(IIT-JEE 2009)

Answers Key
EXERCISES 15. (1),{2),(3),(4) 16. (1),(3),(4)
17. (2), (3)
Single Correct Answer Type
Linked Comprehension Type
I. (3) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (3)
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (2)
6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (4)
6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (3)
II. (3) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (3)
11. (1)
16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (1)
21. (3) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (3) 25. (3) Matrix Match Type
26. (4) 27. (1) 28. (2) 29. (1) 30. (2) 1. a s; b ^ s; c —> p; d —> r
31. (3) 32. (2) 33. (2) 34. (1) 35. (2) 2. a —> q; b ^ q; c p, r; d ^ p, s
36. (4) 37. (1) 38. (2) 39. (4) 40. (2)
3. (4)
41. (3) 42. (2) 43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (4).
46. (2) 47. (2) 48. (2) 49. (2) 50. (2) Numerical Value Type
51. (2) 52. (4) 53. (3) 54. (2) 55. (1) 1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (7) 4. (2) 5. (1)
56. (2) 57. (2) 6. (1) 7. (44.5) 8. (7) 9. (18) 10. (8)
11. (16)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
ARCHIVES
1. (1),(2),(3),(4) 2. (2), (3), (4)
3. (1),(2),(3),(4) 4. (1),(4) JEE Advanced
5. (1),(3),(4). 6. (2), (4)
Single Correct Answer Type
7. (1),(2),(3) 8. (l),(3)
1. (4)
9. (1),(2),(3) 10. (1),(4)
11. (1),(2),(4) 12. (2), (3), (4) Multiple Correct Answers Type
13. (1),(2),(3) 14. (1),(2) 1. (1),(2)
 Trigonometric Ratios and
Transformation Formulas

COMPOUND ANGLE FORMULAS We know that equal chords of a circle make equal angles
at its center, so chords PqPi and P^P2 subtend equal angles
FOR COSINE AND SINE at O. Therefore,
Cosine of the Difference and Sum of the Chord = Chord ^,^3
Angles
7{cos(^ -B)-1}^ + {sin(.4 -B)~ 0}"
1. cos(,4-5) = coSi4 cosS + sin.4 sin5
2. cos(/l+5) = cos^ cos5-sin/4 sin5 = yj{cosB — cosA)~ + (sin 5-sin A)~
for all angles A and B. or {cos{-4 - S) - 1 }^ + sin“(^ - B)
Proof: ~ {qosB - cos/l)‘ + (sinjff — siny4)"
1. LqXX'OXand YOY be the coordinate axes. Consider a unit or cos"(/l -B)-2 cos(/l - 5) + 1 + sin"{.(4 -B)
circle with O as the center (Figures (a) and (b)). — cos“5 + cos".^ - 2 cosy4 cosfi + sin'5
Let P], Pj’ ^nd P3 be the three points on the circle such + sin“/4 - 2 sin.4 sin5
that XXOPy =A, ZXOP2 = B, and ZXOP^, =A-B.
or 2-2 cos(/l - B)
As we know that the terminal side of any angle intersects
= 2-2 cos/1 cos5 - 2 sin/4 sin5
the circle with center at O and unit radius at a point whose
coordinates are the cosine and sine of the angle. Therefore, or cos(/4 - 5) = cos^ cosfi + sin^ sin5 (i)
coordinates of P,, P,, and P3 are (cos,4, sin.4), (cosP. 2. cos(-4 + B) = cos(/4 - (-S))
sinP), and (cos(/4 - B), sin(y4 - B)), respectively.
= cos^ cos(-5) + sin.4 sin(-5) [Using (i)]
y P.^(cos/\, sin/t) = cos/1 cos5 - sin/4 sin5

- [cos (A - S), sin {A - 6)] [●.● cos{-5) = cos5, sin(-5) = -sin5]

Hence, cos(/4 + S) = cos/I cos5 - sin/4 sin5

Pjlcos S, sin B) Note:

A
B
X
This method of proof of the above formula is true for all
Fo(1.0) values of angles A and B whether the value is positive, zero,
or negative.

Sine of the Difference and Sum of The Angles

1. sin(/4-P) = sin/4 cosP - cos/l sinS
2. sin(/4 + P) = sin/4 cosP + coS/4 sinP
Proof.

1. sin(A -B) = cos(90° -{A- B)) [ v cos(90° - 0) = sin 9]

= cos{(90° - A) + B)
= cos(90° - A) cosP - sin(90° - A) sinP
= sin A cosP - C0S.4 sinP (i)
2. sin(/4 + P) = sin(.4 - (-P))
= siii/4 cos(-P) - cos A sin(-P) [Using (i)]
= sin/4 cosP + cos/1 sinP
['.● sin(-P) =-sinP]

Some More Results

(b)
l. sin(/4 + P) sin(.4 - P) = sin“/4 - sin^P = cos“P - cos”/4
2. cos(/4 + P) cos(/4 - P) = cos‘,4 - sin^P = cos“P - sin^/4
3.2 Trigonometry

3. sin(/4 + B + C) = sin/1 cos5 cos C + cos/i sin B cos C + iLLUSTRAXmN 3.3

cos^ cos5 sinC- sini4 sin5 sinC
4. cos{/4 + 5 + C) = cos^ cos B cos C - cos^ sin 5 sin C - Let A, B, C be the three angles such that ^ + 5 + C = ;r. If
sin/i cos5 sinC- sin.4 sin5 cosC cos^ cos 5
tan/4- tan5 = 2, then find the value of
cosC
Proof:

1. sin{/4 + B) sin{/4 - 5) SoL 3 Given, ianA ● tan5 = 2

= (sin/4 cos5 + coS/4 sin5) {sin/4 cos5 - cos/4 sin5) cos A cos B COS/4-cos 5
Let
= sin"/4 cos^S - cos^A sin“5 cosC cos(/4 -f B)
= sin"/4 (1 -sin"/S) - (1 - sin"/4) ain'B
(v cos C- cos(7T-(/4 +fi) =-cos (A + B))
= sin"/4 - sin^/4 sin‘fi - sin"F + sin~/4 sin"5
cos/4-cos S
= sin“/4 - sin“5
sin /4 sin 5 - cos A cos B
= (1 - cos“/4) - (1 - cos"5) = cos“5 - cos'/4
1 1
2. cos(/4 + B) cos(/4 - B) = 1
tan /4 tan B - 1 2-1
= (cos/4 cosS - sin/4 sinfi) (coS/4 cosB + sin/4 sin5)
= cos^/4 cos"5 - sin"/4 sin"5
Illustration 3.4
= cos^/4 (1 - sin“5) - (1 - cos^/4) sin"5 = cos"/4 - sin"5
= (1 - sin^/4) - (1 - cos"5) = cos‘5 - sin^/4 If sin or sin - cos or cos /? + 4 — 0, then prove that 1 + cot a
tanj3 = 0.
Illustration 3.1

SoL ^ Given, sin a sin/? cos a cos/S+ 1 =0

Prove that sin(j5 - C) ^ sin(C-/4) ^ sin(A-B) = 0. or cos or cos - sin o: sin^ = 1
cos B cos C cos C cos A cos A cos B
or cos(or + ^3) = 1 (i)
Sol. ] The first tenn of the L.H.S. is cos or sin P
Now 1 + cot a tan^ = 1 + X
sin a cosP
sin(S -C) sinB cosC - cosB sinC
cos5 cosC cos 5 cosC _ sin or cos ^ + cos or sin {3
sin or cos ^
sin B cos C cos B sin C
= tan5- tanC
cos cosC cos 5 cosC sin(o: + /3)
sin or cosP
Similarly, the second term of the L.H.S. is (tanC - tan A)
0
and the third term of the L.H.S. is (tan A - tan B) =0
sin or cos f3
Now L.H.S. - (tanfi- tanC) + (tanC- taii/4)
+ (tan/4 - tan B) = 0. [v sin^ (a + (3) = \ - cos" (« + /3) = 1 - 1 = 0]
Illustration 3.2 Illustration 3.5

1
EliminateX from equations sin(n +.x) = 2h and sm{a-x) = 2c.
If sin a cos 13 = -— then find the range of values of
Sol. J On adding we get, cos or sin /?.
sin(fl +x) + sin(a -x) = 2{h + c),
SoL 3 sin a cos 13+ cos or sin /? = sin (a + j3)
2 sin a cos.x = 2(/? + c)
Now, -1 < sin (or+/?) < 1
b+c
or cosx = -(i) -1 < sin or cos + cos or sin ^0 < 1
sincr
-1 < - 0.5 + cos or sin < I
On subtracting, we get
-0.5 < cos or sin /? < 0.5
sin(a +x)~ sin(it - ,v) = 2{h - c)
or 2 cosa sinx = 2{b - c) Illustration 3.6

b-c
or sin.x = ...(H) Show that cos^0 + cos"(or + 6) -2 cos a cos 0 cos(or + 6) is
coscr
independent of 6.
Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
SoL ^ cos"0 + cos"(a + 0)-2 cos or cos 6 cos(or + 0)
{b + cf +
{b-cf = 1
= cos‘0 + cos(or + 0)[cos(a - 0) - 2 cos a cos 6\
sin^ a COS
2
a = cos"0 + cos(or + 9)
[cos a cos 0 - sin or sin 0 - 2 cos or cos 0]
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.3

= cos"0 - cos(o: + 0)[cos ct cos 0 + sin a sin 0] ILLUBTRATION 3. ID

= cos^0 - cosCo: + 0) cos(a - 0) Let a, P and y satisfy 0 < a < p < y < 2k. If cos (a: + a) +
= cos^0- [cos^a- sin^0] = cos“0 + sin"0-cos"o: cos {x + p) + cos (x + 7) = 0 for all x e R, then find the possible
= 1 - cos'a, which is independent of 0. values of (7- a).
Illustration 3.7
rSoL j Given, cos (x + a) + cos (x + ^ + cos (x + }^ = 0 V x € R
If 3tan0tan(p= 1, then prove that 2 cos(0+ ip) = cos(0- (p). cos x(cos a+ cos cos y)- sin x (sin a + sin /3 + sin f)
-0Vxe R
Sol. Given, 3 tan 0 tan (p= \ or cot 0 cot ^ = 3 cosa + cos /3 + cos 7- 0 = sin a + sin /5 + sin 7
or
COS0 cos(p _3 coset + cos 7= - cos/? ...{1)
sin0 sinip 1 and sin« + sin 7=- sin ...(2)
By componendo and dividendo, we get Squaring Eqs. (1) and (2) and then adding then, we get
cos0 cos 9 + sin0 sinip _ 3 + 1 2 + 2 cos {a- f) = 1
COS0 costp—sin0sin^ 3-1
-1
cos(7~ a)= —
or cos(0-ip) ^
cos(0 + 9) 27T 4k
y- a= — or
or
2 cos{0+ (p) = cos(0- (p) 3 3

Illustration 3.S Illustration 3.1 1

In /4ABC, if cot A + cot5 + cotC = 0 then find the value of If in triangle ABC, .ZC = 45® then find the range of the values
cosyf COS0 cosC. of sin^^ + sin'S.

Sol. cot + cot 0 + cot C = 0 Sol. sin^^ + sin'fi

cot 5 + cot C = - cot /I
-sin^^ +sin^(135“-v4)
sin 5 cos C + sin C cos B - cos A
= sin'^ + cos^(45° -^)
sin B sin C sin A
= 1 +sin^^-sin'(45“-yl)
sin (B + C) - cos A
- 1 + sin(2^ - 45®) sin 45°
sin B sin C sin A
1
= 1 + sin(2^-45°)
sin^ A
= — cos A (v sin (B + €) = sin (k-A)
sin B sin C
= sin^) (i) Now 0<A< 135°

sin^ B 0<2A< 270°

Similarly = - cos B (ii)
sin A sin C -45°<2^-45°< 225°

sin C
and = - cos C (iii) <sin(2^-45°)<l
sin A sin B

Multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 1 1 1

-<-^sin(2^-45°)<^
cos A cosB cos C = —1 2 V2
Illustration 3.9 1 1 1
-<1 + sin(2^-45°)<l +
2 75
K sin(a + ^ + 7)
If a, /5, ye 0, ~ , then prove that < 1.
sin (X +sin fi + siny Illustration 3.12

Soj^ sin(a + + 7) = sin a: cos /3 cos a + cos a sinP cos 7+ 100

cos a cos P sin 7- sin a sin P sin 7 Provethat ]^sin(fcc) cos (101 -A')x = 50sin(lOlx)
*=i
or
sin(a + /3 + 7) - sin a - sin ^ - sin 7
= sin a (cos p cos 7- 1) + sin/3 (cos a cos 7- I) Sol. Let
+ sin 7(cos a cos P~ 1) - sin a sin /3 sin 7 100

sin(a + /3 + 7) - sin a - sin jS - sin y< 0 S= ^ sin (fcc) cos (101 - A:) X
or sin(a + /3+ 7) < sina+ sin/3+ sin 7 A- = l

sin{a + p + y) 5* = sin X cos 1 OOx + sin 2x cos 99x + ...

or < 1
+ sin lOOx cosx
sin a + sin P + siny
3.4 Trigonometry

S = cosX sin lOOx + cos 2x sin 99x + ... Illustration 3.14

+ sinx cos lOOx ● ●●(ii)
(on writing in reverse order) Prove that 5 cos 0+3 cos 0+—
K
+3 lies between - 4 and 10.
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 3;
25 = (sin X cos 1 OOx + cos x sin 1 OOx)
+ (sin 2x cos 99x + cos 2x sin 99x) Sol. We have 5 cos 0 + 3 cos 0+— +3
3>
K
= 5 cos 0 + 3 COS 0 cos 3 sin 0 sin — + 3
+ (sin 1 OOx cosX + sin X cos lOOx) 3 3
= sin 10lx + sin lOlx + ... + sin 10lx(100 times) 13 3^/3
= —COS0- sin0 + 3
Hence, 5= 50 sin (lOIx) 2 2

ILLUSTRATIDN 3.13
Now.
/
13
+
l-Jsf 13
<—cos0-
3^/3 siii0
X 2 2
Find the maximum value of4 sin" x+3 cos" x + sin — + cos — .
2 2
\2
Sol. We have <
13
+
3^3
2
X
5 = 4 sin" X + 3 cos" x + sin — + cos
2 2 13 3>/3 sin0<7
7 < —COS0-
X 2 2
= 3 + sin" X + sin — + cos —
2 2 13 3^/3 sin0 + 3< 10
-4 < —cos0-
n X 2 2
= 3 + sin'x + sin
4 2
n Illustration 3.1 5
Clearly, maximum value of 5 occurs when
Find the maximum vertical distance between the graphs of
So, 5^3^, = 3 + 1 + V2 = 4 + V2 ;’ = 2 + 3 sin x and y = A cos x - 3.

Expression acosx + b sin x Sol. We have V| = 2 + 3 sin x and Xi = 4 cos x - 3

We have expression _V] -,V2 = 3 sinx- 4 COSX+ 5
/(x) = a cos X + 6 sin x
(y[ -j'2) max
= +5 = 10
a h
fix) = COSX + sinx So. maximum vertical distance between the graphs is 10.
'Ja'' +/?"’
-(I) Illustration 3.16
a b cos It sin 2x
Let = sina. = cos O' Find the range of the expression 27 81
477? Sol. Let
cos It sinlt
fW +b~ (sin a cos x + cos O' sin x) y=21 x8l
3cos It 4sin 2t
= 3 x3
= ->yo^'+^sin(x + 0') = 3
3cos2t + 4sinZt

Since -1 < sin (x + a) < 1, we have Now. -yj3^+4~ <3cos2x + 4sin2x < V3" +4"
—'Ja' +b~ < ~Ja~ +b~ sin(x + a)< yja~ +b^ -5 < 3 cos 2.V + 4 sin 2x < 5
2~5 .j- 23coslt + 4-sin2t ^
a cos X + Zj sin X e
Illustration 3.17

a b
= sin or, then 1
In (1), if we let = coso:.
Find the range of /(x) =
(cos X - 3)" + (sin x + 4)^
/(x)= \ja^ +h~ (coso'cosx + sino'sinx)
Sol. ] fix)
= \ja^ +b~ cos(x-or) (cos X - 3)^ + (sin x + 4)"

Also, -\!a~ +h^ < +b^ cos(x-a)<yja~ +b~ cos" X - 6 cos X + 9 + sin ■ X + 8 sin X +16
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.5

1 Illustration 3.2D
t
8sin:c-6cosx + 26
In A/I5C, if VJ sin C = 2 sec A - tan A, then prove that triangle
is right angled.
Now 8sinx-6cosx€ -^/(8)-+(-6)^^/(8)'+(-6)'
SoL ] We have VI sin C = 2 sec ^ - tan A
8 sin A--6 cos-Y e [-10, 10]
(VI sin O cos A + sin A = 2
8 sinx-6 COS.V +26 £ [16,36]
1
— < < —
1 Now, (VI sin C) cos + sin ^ sin Cf' +1
36 (cos.y-3)"+(sin.Y + 4)^ 16
2< 73sin'C + l
Thus range off(x) is _1_ J_' sin“ C > 1
36’ l6 ■
sin C = I
7t
Illustration 3.1 S zc= -
2
7t
Find the range of function / (x) = sin x + —6> + COS X
6> 1
Concept Application Exercise 3.1

K 2
Sol.) /(.Y) = sin x + — + COS X —
1. In A/4SC, if cos/4 + sia4 = 0 then prove
6J 6j cos 5 + sin 5
n . K n . K
= Sin xcos — 4* cos X sin —V cos xcos —f- sin xsin —
that triangle is isosceles right angled.
6 6 6 6
2. If X is A.M. of tan;i/9 and tan5;r/18 and y is A.M. of
\/3 + [ tan;i/9 and tan7;i/I8, then relatex and v.
= (sinx + cosx) 3. Find the value of
2

Now, sin X + cos X £ [- VI, VI] K . 5k K . K 5t . ^ 1

cos sin + COS— +sin— cos sin— .
12 12 4y 12 12 4

/(x)= Vsinx + cosx) e 2 2

4. If cos(a + p) + sin(a- j6) = 0 and tan/31, then find the
value of tan a.

>/I+i VI+1 5. If sin/1 + cos2/^ = 1/2 and cosx4 + sin2x4 = 1/3, then find
or /(A')e the value of sin 3^4.
■lf ' sll
6. If sinx + siny + sinz = 0 = cosx + cos v + cosz, then find the
value of cos(0-x) + cos(0->’) + cos(0-z).
Illustration 3.19 7. In a triangle ABC, if sin Asm{B-C) = sin C sin {A - B),
then prove that coiA, cot B, cot C arc in A.P..
If sin"(0 - a) cos a = cos“(0 - or)sin a = m sin a cos a, then
8. Find the value of
I
prove that jw| > (cos 1 ° + sin I °)(cos 2° + sin2°)(cos3“ + sin3°)...
(cos45° + sin 45®)
Sol. ) sin"(0- a) cosa = cos"(0- a) sina = w sin a cos a cos I ®cos 2® cos 3®....cos 45°

or sin'(0- a) = m sin a 9. Find the maximum value of VI sin x + cos x and

cos”(0 - a) = ni cos a corresponding value of x for which a maximum value
occurs.

Adding, we get fK
10. Find the maximum value of 1 + sin —+ 0
1 = /n(sino'+ cos a)
14
1
K
or Sin a + cos a = —
+ 2sin — 9 for all real values of 9.
m
4 ) I
I -
K 1 smj: cos.t
or sin a + — 11. Show that 2 + 2 > 2
4j V2, m
Answers
K
since sin a + — < 1 2. ,v = 2x 3. 3/2 4. -1 5. -59/72
4/ 6. 0 8. 2~^ 9. Max. value = 2 when x = 60®
1 10. 1 +VI
< 1 or |w| >
m
3.6 Trigonometry

COMPOUND ANGLE FORMULAS where,

FOR TANGENT S\ = tan A^+ ianA2+ ... + tan A„

- Sum of the tangents of angles,
We have following formulas for tangent of compound angles,
^2 = tan^i tan A2 + tanA^ tanA^^...
tan A + tan B
1. tan {A + B) = = Sum of the product of tangents taken two at a time,
I - tan tan B
= tan .4, tan A2 tan ^43 + tan A2 tan A;^ tan /44 + ...

sin(.,4 + 5) = Sum of the product of tangents taken three at a

Proof: tan{A + B) = time, and so on.
cos(A + B)
sin cos 5 + cos A sin B
ILLUSTRATJDN 3.2 1
cos /4 cos 5 - sin A sin B
m I
tan .,4 + tan 5 If tan or = and tan /3 = find the least possible
w + 1 2;n + l ’
1 - tan y4 tan B
value of{a + p).
[On dividing the numerator and denominator by cos A cos B]
Sol } We have
tan A-tanB
2. tan(y4 - B) = tan or + tan
1 + tan ^ tan B tan(or+ p) =
1 - tan a tan p
Proof: tan(.4 - B) = tan (A + {-B))
m 1
tan/I + tan(-5)
m +1 2ffl +1
1 - tan /4 tan(-5) m 1
1-- X —
tan .,4 — tan 5 m +1 2m+ \

1 + tan y4 tan B 2m^ +2w + l

= 1
Similarly, it can be proved that: 2m^ +2/n + l
cot .,4 cot 5-1 7:
cot {A+ B) = (a + p) least ^
cot B + COtA

col.4cot5 + l
and cot(<4 -B) = iLLUSTRATinN 3.22
cot B-cotA
1

3. tan{A+B + C) =
tan /4 + tan 5 + tan C - tan A tan B tan C If sin(.4 -B) =
>/Fo
, cos(^ + 5) ^ , find the value of
1 - tan AtanB — tan Btan C- tan Ctan A
tan 2i4 where A and B lie between 0 and k/4 .
Proof: tan(^ + 5 + C) = tan((/l + 5) + C)
_ tan(/l + 5) + ianC tan 2A = tan [{A + B) +{A- 5)]
l-tan(v4+ 5) tanC tan (/i + 5) + tan [A - B)
(i)
tan A + XanB
+ tan C 1 - tan (^ + 5) tan {.,4 —5)
1 - tan .4 tan B
Given that, 0<A<nl4 and 0 < 5 < Jt!4. Therefore,
tan A + tan B '
1- tanC K
1 - tan .4 tan B 0< A-\-B< —
2
tan /4 + tan 5 + tan C - tan A tan B tan C
K 7Z
I - tan /I tan 5 - tan 5 tan C - tan C tan A Also, <A-B< —
4 4
lfA + B + C= rxK, n e Zthen tan + 5 + Q = 0. 1
So, tan A + tan 5 + tan C = tan A tan B tan C and sin(^ - B) =
>/l0
If/i + 5 + C=;rthen A + l+^=l Q<A-B< -
n
2 2 2 2
4
A B C
I
Therefore, tan approaches to infinity. Now, sin(.^ - B) -
y/io
^ A B B C C A , 1
So, tan — tan — + tan — tan — + tan — tan — = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 tan{A - B)= - (ii)
3
In general, 2
5i - ^3 + ^5 - + ■■■ _ cos(/l + B} =
tan (.<4 j + ^2 ^ ^n) ^ y[29
1 — $2 — Sf, + ...
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.7

Illustration 3.26
tan(/4 + B)= - (iii)
2
Prove that {1 + tan 1 °)(! + tan 2°) ... (1 + tan 45°) = 2“^.
From Eqs. (i), (ii). and (iii), we get
(1 + tan x°)( 1 + tan (45° - ,v°))
5 1 I - tan X 0>
- +- = 2
2 3 17 6 = (1 +tanx°) 1 +
tan 2A = = —X- = 17 V, I + tan .v°
5 I 6
1— X - (1 + tan 1°)( 1 + tan 44°) = (1 + tan 2°)( 1 + tan 43°)
2 3
-{1 +tan 3°)(1 +tan 42°)

Illustration 3.23

cos 10° + sin 10° = (1 +tan 22°)(1 + tan 23°)

Prove that = tan55°. = 2
cos 10°-sin 10°
23
(1 +tan 1°)(1 +tan 2°)... (1 + tan 45°) = 2
cos 10° +sin 10° l + tanl0°
(as 1 + tan 45° = 2)
13D cosl0°-sinl0' l-tanl0° Illustration 3.27
tan 45°+tan 10°
n

I-tan45° tanl0° U'A = —, then find the value of ^tan(M) tan((r + l)^).
(dividing by cosl0°) 5 r=l
= tan(45°+ 10°) = tan 55°
tan(/- + l)/4-tan(r/i)
Sol. ] tan ((r + \ )A - (rA)) = -
Illustration 3.2<4
l + tan(/' + l)^'tan(r/4)
8
Prove that tan 70° = 2tan 50° + tan 20°.
S= ^tan(M)tan(r+l)/l
r=l

tan70° = tan(50° + 20°) 8

1
8

tan 50°+tan 20° = Z(-i)+ tan^

(tan (r + \)A- tan(M))
(i) r=! r=l
1-tan 50° tan 20°
■ (tan 9A - tan A)
or tan 70° (1 - tan 50° tan 20°) = tan 50° + tan 20° tan^

or tan 70° tan50° tan20° tan 70° = tan50° + tan20° . 9t K

Now tan 9A - tan = tan Itz = - tan —
or tan 70° = tan 70° tan 50° tan 20°+ tan 50° + tan 20° 5 S) 5

1
= tan(90° - 20°) tan 50° tan20° + tan 50° + tan 20° 5 = -8 + (-2 tan/l) = -8-2 = -10
= cot 20° tan 50° tan 20° + tan 50° + tan 20° tan^

= tan 50° + tan 50° + tan 20°

Illustration 3.2B
= 2tan50° + tan 20°
K
In MBC, \f ./A = —, then find all possible values of tan B
Illustration 3.25 tan C. ^
Find the value of
Sol. ) A + B + C=n
cot 25° +cot 55° cot55° + cotl00° cot 100° +cot 25
+ + 3;r
tan 25° +tan 55° tan 55° +tan 100° tan 100° +tan 25° ZA=- B + C=
4 4
Let tan 5 tan C = x
soD
3;r
tan B tan - B =.v
cot 25° +cot 55 cot 55° +cot 100° cot 100° +cot 25'
£ = + + I 4
tan 25° +tan 55° tan 55° +tan 100° tan 100° +tan 25°
3;r
tan ■ - tan 5
1 1 1
+
4
tan B ■ = X
tan 55° tan 100° tan 55° tan 100° tanl00°tan25° 3;r
1 + tan — tan B
tan 25°+tan55° + tanl00° 4

tan25°tan55°tanl00' -tan5-tan^ B
= x
1 - tan 5
Since 25° + 55° + 100° = 180°
tan 25° + tan 55° + tan 100° = tan 25° tan 55° tan 100' tan" S + (1 - -t) tan S + -v = 0 (1)
£= 1 Now, tan B is real.
3.8 Trigonometry

Discriminant of Eq. (I) > 0 Adding Eq. (iii) and (iv), we get
(1 ~x)--4.y>0 2 cos^ cos5 = cos(y4 + B) + cos(/i - B) (vii)
X- - 6.T + 1 > 0 Subtracting Eq. (iii) from (iv), we get
2 sin^ sin5 = cos(^ -5) - cos(.4 + B) (viii)
[x - (3 - 2V2)] [x - (3 + 2V2)] > 0
Above four formulas are used to convert product of two sines
.Y e {- 00, 3 - 2V2] u [3 + 2V2, «>) and cosines into the sum or difference of two sines and cosines.

iLLUSTRATinN 3.Z9 Formulas to Transform the Sum or

If tan^A + tan’^5 + tan^C = 3 tan /4 ● tan B -tan C, then prove Difference into Product
that triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle. C-D
LQtA+B = CandA-B = D. Then, A = and B -
2 2
SoT.^ tan^^ -f tan^5 + tan^C = 3 tan ^ ● tan S ● tan C
Substituting the values of A, B, C, and D in Eqs. (v), (vi), (vii),
(tan + tan S + tan C) -((tan A - tan B)‘ and (viii), we get
+ (tan B - tan Cf + (tan C - tan A)^) = 0 C+D C-D
In AABC sin C + sinZ) = 2sin cos (ix)
I 2 J 2 J
tan ^ + tan 5 + tan C = tan ^ tan B tan C
So, tan /I + tan 5 tan C 0 sinC- sinD = 2 sin
C-D^ cos C+ D
(X)
tan .4 = tan 5 = tan C 2 J 2 )
A = B = C= 60^ C + D\ C-D
cos C + cosD = 2 cos cos (xi)
2 ; I 2
r
Concept Appucation Exercise 3.Z C+D\. fC-D^
cos£)-cosC = 2 sin sin

cot A cot 5
2 ) [ 2
1. If+ 5 = 225®, then find die value of X
1 + cot /I 1 + cot 5 cos C - cosD = -2sin
C +D . (C-D
or sin
(xii)
2. If tan^ - tan5 = .v and cot5 cot.,4 = y, then find the I 2 2 J
\
value of cot(.4 - 5). C + D' . D-C
or cos C - cosZ) = 2 sin sin

tan^ 20-tan^ 6 2 . I 2
3. Prove that = tan 3 0 tan 0.
1-tan* 20tan^ 0 These four formulas are used to convert the sum or difference of

4. If^ + 0 = 45°, show that (1 + tan.4) (1 -f tan0) = 2. two sines or two cosines into the product of sines and cosines.
5. If tan/1 = 1/2, tan0 = 1/3, then prove that cos2/4 = sin20. Illustration 3.30
Ik
6. \fP + Q= - , then find the value of (Vs + tan P) A — B
If sin/4 = sinfi and cos,4 = cos0, then prove that
X (Vs tan Q). sin —^— = 0.
7. Iftan/3 =
« sin a cos a
, prove that tan(a - ) = (1 - n) ^1^ We have
1 - wsin^ a sin/4 = sin0 and cos/4 = cos0
X tan a.
or sin/4 - sin0 = 0 and cos/4 - cos0 = 0
ANSWERS A-B A + B
or 2sin cos = 0
1. 1/2 2. -+-
1 1
6. 4
I 2 2 )
.Y y .(A-B^ . /4 + 0'i
and -2sm sin = 0
V 2 ) \ 2
TRANSFORMATION FORMULA . A-B
or sin
2
= 0, which is common for both the equations.
Formula to Transform the Product into
Sum or Difference
Illustration 3.3 1
We know that
Prove that cos 55® + cos 65® + cos 175° = 0.
sin/4 COS0 + cos/4 sin0 = sin(/4 + B) (i)
sin/4 COS0 - coS/4 sin0 = sin(/4 -B) (ii) SoO L.H.S. = cos55° + cos65° + cos 175°
COS/4 cosfi-sin/4 sin0 = cos(/4 +0) (iii) 55°+ 65° 55°- 65°
= 2 COS cos + cos 175°
cos/4 COS0 sin/4 sin0 = cos{A - 0) (iv) 2 2
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain = 2 cos 60° cos(—5°) + cos 175°
2 sin/4 COS0 = sin(/4 + 0) -i- sin(/4 - 0) (V)
= 2x — cos5° +cos(180°- 5°)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from (i), we get
2 cos/4 sin0 = sin(/4 + 0) - sin(/4 - 0) (Vi) = cos 5°-cos 5° = 0
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.9

Illustration 3.32 Illustration 3.35

Prove that cos 18° - sin 18° = ^2 sin 27°. Prove that cos a + cos j5 + cos 7+ cos (ct + jS + y)
= 4 cos
a +p P +y Y + CC
SoL ] L.H.S. = cos 18° - sin 18° 2
cos
2
cos
2
= cos 18° - sin(90° 72°)= cos 18°-cos 72°
18°+ 72° . 72°-18°
= 2 sin sin
Sol. L.H.S. = cos a + cosP + cos 7+ cos(a + + y)
2 2
= (cos a + cos P) + [cos 7+ cos(a + P + Y)]
= 2sin45°siii27°

= 2 sin 27° = 2 cos (a + P cos

(a-P
sl2 K 2 2 )
= >/2sin27°
+2 cos
' a+P+Y+Y cos
a+p+Y-y
2 9

Illustration 3.33

= 2 cos
'a + P a~P
Prove lliat cos
2 J 2
sin 5.4 - sin 3.4 sin 4 + sin 3.4
(i) = tan A (ii) = tan 2A
a + P cos a + p + lY
cos54 + cos34 cos A + cos 3A +2 cos
2 ) 2

Sol.
a+P a-p + a + P + 2Y
= 2 cos cos cos
sin 54-sin 34 { 2 2 ) 2
(i) L.H.S. =
cos 54 +cos 34
54-34' 54 + 34
a-p a+p+2Y
2 sin cos
= 2 cos
a+P 2 cos
2 2
2 2 y
2 ) 2
54 + 34 54-34
2 cos cos
r> 2

2 sin 4 cos 44 ' a + p + 2Y a^p

= tan 4 = R.H.S. 2 2
cos
2cos44cos4
2

sin 34 +sin 4
(ii) L.H.S. =
cos 34 +cos 4

34 + 4'i (3A-A .= 2 cos

a+P ■ 2 cos
a+Y
cos f£±iil
2sin cos 2 ) 2 J 2 J
2 I 2
34 + 4 34-4') a+P p+r Y+a = R.H.S.
2 cos cos = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2 J 2 J { 2
sin 24 cos 4
= tan 24= R.H.S.
cos 24 cos 4 Illustration 3.36

Illustration 3.34- cos 4 + cos B' sin 4 +sinB

Prove that +
sin4 -sin5 cos 4 - cos 5
sin 4 + sin 24 + sin 44 + sin 54
Prove that = tan 34.
A-B
cos 4 + cos 24 + cos 44 + cos 54
or 0, accordingly as n is even or odd.
n
= 2 cot
2

SoTl
/;

sin 4 + sin24+ sin44 + sin54 4 +B A-

2 cos cos
cos 4 + cos 24 + cos 44 + cos 5 4 2 2
SoL l L.H.S.
A+B . A-B
(sin54+ sin4) +(sin44+sin24) 2cos-
2
sin —
2 J
(cos54 + cos 4) +(cos44+cos24)
A + B A-B
2 sin34 cos24 + 2sin34cos4 2 sin cos - —
2 2
+
2 cos 34 cos 24 + 2 cos 34 cos 4 A+B . B-A
2sin- sin
2 2
2sin34(cos24 + cos4) = tan 34
2 cos 34 (cos 24+COS 4)
3.10 Trigonometry

A-B
\n fi
^ 7T
cot + -cot
A
2V2siny4cos ■'^-B =2j2
4 J
2 J 2 J
[■.● sin(- 0) = -sin 0] K
sin/4 COS B =1
A B / i\'i II ^ -~ B 4J
+(-l) cot"
II
= cot
2 ^ ’ 2 7T
sin y4 = I and cos B =1
4>
n II
~ cot

IT K
A = — and B = —.
0, if n is odd 2 4
- B
' 2cot"- . if «is even Hence, C = —
K

2 4

Illustration 3.3V Illustration 3.4D

a- p
Prove that (cos a + cosj3)‘ + (sin a+ sin/?)" = 4 cos^ If a and /5 are acute angles such that a + P = X,where A is a
2 )
constant, find the maximum possible value of the expression,
Sol. J L.H.S. = (cos a + cos p)~ + (sin a + sin pf sin a + sin /3 + cos a + cos j5.

= < 2cos
a+p cos
a-P^Y)■ +
Sol. } sin a + sin /ii + cos a + cos P
I 2 2 ) = 2sin
a +p a-p a +p a-p
cos + 2 cos cos
2 { 2 I 2 ) 2 J
■ 2sin
a + p \ cos f a-P)Y
I 2 ) 2 )] = 2 cos
a-p sin—hcos
. X X
—
^ . X
<2 sin —+ cos —
X
2 A 2 2 2 2

— 4cos‘
a-p cos
2 «+
+ sin^ a + p
2 X
2 2
= 2s[2s\n
2 4
= 4cos" (a-p = R.H.S.
This is the maximum value of expression.
I 2 )
Illustration 3.4 1
Illustration 3.3S
Prove that
In quadrilateral ABCD, if n
1 sin nO
. (A + B A-B . (C + D (C-D 1
sin cos + sm cos = 2, r=\ cos0 + cos(2r + I)0 2 sin 0 ● cos 0 cos- (w +1) 0 ’
2 J V 2 2 ) 2 J
(where w e AO
then find the value of sin — sin — sin — sin — .
2 2 2 2 n
1
SoD 5 = X
A + B A-B . (C + D'^ (C-D r=lV cos0 + cos(2r+1)0
Sol. 0 sin cos + sm cos
I 2 I 2 2 n
sin0
= 2 S
1
rd 2cos(/- + l)0cosr0sin0
or
— [sin^ + sin5 + sin C sinD] = 2
y sin((r + l)0-r0)
n
1
or sin/4 + sin5 + sin C + sinZ) = 4 2sin0
Vr=i"cos (/- + l)0cosr0
A=B = C = D = 9Q°
. A . B . C . D 1
sin (r +1) 0 cos rd - sinr 0 cos (/● +1)0
n

I
sin — sin — sin — sin — = —
2 2 2 2 4 2sin0
\r=\ cos(r+ l)0cos;-0
Illustration 3.39 II
1

In A4BC, sin C + cos C + sin(2S + C)~ cos {2B + C) = 2^2. 2sin0 Vr=l ^ (tan {r -I-1) 0 - tan /-0)
Prove that AABC is right-angled isosceles.
1
(tan(;M-l)0-tan0)
Sol.] sin C + cos C + sin(25 + O - cos(25 + Q = 2v/2 2sin0

sin C + sin(2fi + Q + cos C- cos(2S + C) = 2^2 sin /?0

2sin (S + C) cos S -f 2 sin(.S + O sin 5 = 2^2
2 sin 0 ● cos 0 cos (n +1) 0
2 sin A (cos B + sin B) = 2^2 [v sin (0 -1- Q = sin^]
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.11
r 1
Concept Application Exercise 3.3 COS" A = — (1 +cos 2/1)
1. (a) Prove that sin 65° + cos 65° = ^/2 cos 20°.
(b) Prove that sin47° + cos 77° = cos 17°. Similarly, cos/l= 2cos^—-1,
2
cos—=
2
l-2sin^^4 etc.
2. Prove that cos 80° + cos 40° - cos 20° = 0.
3. Prove that sin 10° + sin 20° + sin 40° + sin 50° = sin 70° + 2. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
sin 80°. Proof: We know that
K 2k 6t Ik sin (A + B) = sin A cos 5 + sin i? cos A
4. Prove that cos —h cos + COS + COS = 0.
5 5 5 5 Putting 5 = /4, we get
sin 2A = sin A cos .4 + sin cos 4 = 2 sin 4 cos 4
5. If sin a - sinj8= 1/3 and cosj8-cosa= 1/2, show that
g + j3 _ 2 Similarly,
cot - . 4 4 . 4 . . 4 4
2 “s’ sin4= 2sin —cos—, sm —= 2sin —cos— etc.
2 2 2 4 4
6. If cosec4 + sec4 = cosec5 + sec5, prove that tan4 tan5
4 + 5 3. cos 34 = 4 cos^ 4-3 cos 4
- cot
2 Proof:
7. Prove that sin 25° cos 115° = (1 /2) (sin 40° ~ 1). cos 34 = cos(24 + 4)
2k Ak = cos 24 cos 4 - sin 24 sin 4
8. If.t cos 0 = V cos 0H— = zcos 0+ — , prove that = (2 cos" 4 - 1) cos 4 - 2 sin 4 cos 4 sin 4
I 3 3 J
= 2 cos^ 4 - cos 4-2 cos 4(1- cos" 4)
^7 +yz + zx = 0.
= 2 cos'^ 4 - cos 4-2 cos 4 + 2 cos^ 4
9. If v sin ^ = a: sin(20 + (p), show that (.y + y) col(0 + (p)
= 4 cos'^ 4 - 3 cos 4
= (v - a:) cot 6.
10. If cos(4 + B) sin(C + D) = cos(4 - B) sin(C - D), prove 4. sin 34 = 3sin 4 - 4sin^4
that cot4 cot5 cotC = cot D. Proof:

U. If tan(4+5) = 3 tan4, prove that sin 34 = sin (24 + 4)

= sin 24 cos 4 + cos 24 sin 4
(a) sin(24 + 5) = 2 sin 5
= 2 sin 4 cos 4 cos 4 + (1 - 2 sin" 4) sin 4
(b) sin2(4 + B) + sin24 = 4 sinS cos5
= 2 sin 4 cos" 4 + sin 4 - 2 sin^ 4
cos 4
12. If- = then prove that = 2 sin 4 (1 - sin" 4) + sin 4 - 2 sin^ 4
V cos B ’ = 2 sin 4 - 2 sin^ 4 + sin 4 - 2 sin^ 4
jY tan 4 + V tan B
= tan
4 + 5 = 3 sin4 - 4 sin^4
X + V 2
2 tan 4 1-tan” 4
cos 6-y + 6 cos 4x +15 cos 2.v +10 5. (i) sin 24 = (ii) cos 24 =
13. If = 1, then find the 1 + tan" 4 1 + tan^ 4
cos 5x + 5 cos 3,y +10 cos x
smallest positive value of x. Proof:
2sin4cos4 2 tan 4
sin 24 = 2 sin 4 cos 4 =
Answers cos" 4 + sin^ 4 1 + tan" 4

13. x = 60° [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos" 4]

cos 24 = cos" 4 - sin^ 4 = cos" 4-sin" 4 _l-tan~4

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF cos^4+sin^4 l + tan^4
MULTIPLE ANGLES [Dividing numerator and denominator by cos" 4]
Formulas for Sine and Cosine of Multiple 1-cos 24
Also, tan^4 =
Angles 1+cos 24

1. cos 24 = cos^4 - sin"4

Proof: We know that
6. (i) cos nA = "Cq cos" 4 - "C2 cos"" ^ 4 sin" 4 +
"C4 cos"”‘'4 sin‘^4 - ...
cos (4 + 5) = cos 4 cos 5 - sin 4 sin 5.
(ii) sin nA = "C, cos' 4 sin4 -"C3cos"A sin^4 +
Putting 5 =4, we get
cos 24 = cos"4 - sin"4
"C5 cos"'^4 sin^4 - ...
Proof:
= 2 cos"4 1
For complex number z = cos 4 + / sin 4. we have
= 1-2 sin"4 n
cos nA + i sin nA = (cos 4 + / sin 4)
1
Also, sin" 4 = — (l-cos24), Now, expanding R.H.S. and comparing real and imaginary
parts of both sides, we get the above results.
3.12 Trigonometry

Illustration 3.42 K
sin e
Prove that COS0 ^2
(vi) L.H.S.=
sin20 sin 20 l + sin0 n
(i) = tan 0 (ii) = cot0 1 + cos -0
1 + cos 20 1 - cos 20 u
1 + sin20 + cos 20 K 0^
2sin
(hi) - cot0 cos
l + sin20-cos20 4 2 4 2, = tan
K 0
= R.H.S.

1 + sin0 -COS0 2 cos" ■ff_0 4 2

(iv) - tan 0/2 .4 2

1 + sin0 + COS0

cos 20 Illustration 3.43

(V) = tan(/r/4-0)
1 +sin 20
l + sin20 1 + tan 01
COS0 in Q\ Prove that
(vi) = tan 1 - sin20 1 - tan 0
1 + sin0 u 2j

1 +sin 20
SoIT) L.H.S. =
1-sin 20
sin 20 2 sin 0 cos 0
(i) L.H.S. = = tan0 = R.H.S.
sin^ 0 + cos^ 0 + 2sin0cos0
1 + cos 20 2cos^ 0
sin^ 0 + cos" 0-2sin0cos0
sin 20 2 sin 0 cos 0
(ii) L.H.S. = = cot0 = R.H.S.
sin 0 +cos 0
1-COS20 2sin" 0
. sin 0-cos 0
1 + sin 20 +cos 20
(iii) L.H.S. = 1 + tan 0
1 +sin 20-cos 20
(Dividing numerator and
I - tan 0
(1 + cos 20) + sin 20 denominator by cos 0)
(1-cos 20) +sin 20
Illustration 3.44
2cos"0 + 2sin0cos0

2sin"0 + 2sin0cos0 If a + = 90°, find the maximum value of sin a sin p.

2 cos 0(cos 0 + sin 0) cos 0 SoT.) Let

= cot0 = R.H.S.
2sin0(cos0 + sin0) sin0
_v = sin O'sin
1 + sin 0 - cos 0 (I - cos 0) + sin 0 = sino'sin(90° - a)
(iv) L.H.S. = = sin O' cos O' = (1/2) sin 20;
l + sin0 + cos0 (1+cos0) + sin0
which has the maximum value 1/2 when sin2a= 1.
e(. 0 0
2 Sin -- + 2sin —cos — 2 sin sin — + cos —
2 2 2 2( 2 2) Illustration 3.45

2 cos
2 0
+ 2sin--cos—
0 0
2cos
0f sin. 0 0
+ C0S-- If sin^ = 3/5 and 0° < /4 < 90°, find the values of sin 2.4,
2 2 2 2l 2 2
cos 2.4, tan 2/1, and sin 4/4.
0
= tan — = R.H.S.
7 Sol. } Given sin A = 3/5 and A is an acute angle. Therefore,
4
7T cos .4 = — [ A is acute]
sin —20 5
cos 20 V
7
-
(v) L.H.S. = 3
1 +sin 20 7T and tan.4 = —
1 + cos -20 4
2 4 24
Now, sin2.4 = 2 sin.4 cos/4 = 2x- X — = —
5 5 25
7T n
2sin -0 cos -0
9 7
14 (4 cos 2/4 = 1 - 2sin“/4 = 1 - 2 x — =
25 25
-> 1 ^ n
2 cos —0
sin 2A 24
14 tan 2/4 =
cos2/4 7
7T
= tan 0 = R.H.S. ^*4 7 336
^4 sin4/4 = 2sin2.4 cos2/4 = 2x— x — =
25 25 625
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.13

Illustration 3.46 Illustration 3.4B

^2 + ^2 + ^ + 2 cos 80
K K n
Show that =2 cos 0,0 < 0< 71/16. Prove that tan — + 2 tan — + 4 = cot
16 8 16

^2 + ^2 + 720 +cos80)
COS0 sin0
L.H.S. Sol. cot 0- tan 0 =
sin0 COS0

yj2 + ^2 + j2(2 COS" 40) cos" 0 - sin" 0

sin 0 cos 0
80
1 + cos 80 = 2 cos^ — 2cos 20
2
sin 20

^2 + ^2 + ^COS" 40)
= 2 cot 2 0

cot 0 - 2col 2 0 = tan 0

= ^j2 + y[2 + 2cos4d Now,

K
Ian — + 2 tan—1-4
K

16
= ,J2a~I^7co^ K n n K
cot 2cot— +2 cot 2cot— +4

= ‘sj2 + yj2^cos^ 20) [v 1 + cos40= 2 cos"20] 4J

16 8

n K
= cot 4 col —+ 4 =cot —
= V2 + 2cos 20 16 4 16

= 72(l + cos20)
Illustration 3.-49
= -j2(2cos" 0)
4 7T 4 StT 4 5/r 4 7t ^ 3
= 2cos0=R.H.S. Prove that cos — + cos — + COS + cos
8 8 8 2

Illustration 3.47
7t 7T Stt 3t
Sol. ] We have = T and = 7T-

Prove that
sec80 - 1 _ tan 80 8

sec40-I tan 20 77T 5;r 3;r

cos = -cos— and cos = — cos

sec 80-1
L.H.S. = Ik 4 ^ 1 4 5;r 4 Stt
4
sec40-1 cos - cos — and cos = cos
8 8
1
— 1 37T
1-cos 80 cos 40
_ cos80 L.H.S. = 2cos‘* —+ 2cos^^
1 cos 80 1-cos 40
-1
cos40 / \2
1 K . 3k Y
= 2 cos" — + cos"
2sin^ 40 cos 40
X
cos 80 2sin^ 20
37t1^
●V 2
80 K
1 - COS 80 = 2 sin" = 2sin"40 1 + cos — 1 + cos
2 4 I 4 r
= 2 +
2 2
'y 40
and 1-cos40 = 2sin" = 2sin^20
9 1 + cos 20
=cos"0
{2 sin 40 cos 40) sin 40 2
X
cos 80
*7
2 sin" 20
1 K 3k
2sin40 cos 40 2 sin 20 cos 20 — 1 + COS — + 1+ COS
X 2 4J 4 )
cos 80 / V 2 sin ^20
sin 2(40) \ ( cos 20' 1
X -i [ + + 1 -
cos 80 sin 20 2

sin 80 cos20
cos 80 /
X
V sin 20 i|ri+i+v^Vfi+i->/2
2 ll 2 2
tan 80
= tan 80 cot 20 = = R.H.S.
- =R.H.S.
tan 20
2
3.14 Trigonometry

Illustration 3.5D lULUSTRATION 3.52

\iK<x<2n, prove that K

1 - tan" -A
yjr+CoTx + yj\ - cos.v = cot
X
— H—
;r>
. Prove that
4
= s'mlA.
Vi + cos X -4^ COS.Y 2 4)
1 + tan" --A
.4

L.H.S.
Vi +yi^
+ cos X cosx
IS
Vi + COS X -4^ cos X
n
1-tan" -A
●) X 4 l-tan"0
2 -V where A = 9
2 cos" + . 2sin
_ V 2 2
1 + tan^ --A
l + tan^0 4

T X ●2 14
2 cos" 2 sin TV
2 2 - cos20= cos — 2A = sin24
2 )
X X X . X
cos + sin cos — I + Ism — Illustration 3.53
2 2 2 2
X . X
X e a-h acosq)-^b
cos- --v/2 sin— cos - -
2
sin -
2 If tan — - ^
9
tan — , prove that cosa =
2 2
2 y a+b 2 a + b cos (p

— cos ^ +sin - TC X Sol.^ Given,

2 2
V n < x< 2k, —< —<n
X . X 2 2
- cos -sin - e a ~ b (D
2 2 tan —= tan — (i)
2 a + b 2
Dividing numerator and denominator by sin(x/2), we get
●>0 a ~ b 2<P
-tan" 1 — tan
cot ^-i K '
2 a + b 2
2 X Now, cos 9 =
L.H.S. = = cot — + — = R.H.S. 9 a -b 2<P
X , 2 4 1 +tan" 1 + tan
cot + 1 2 a + b 2
2
:„2 9
sm
a - b 2
ILLUSTRATION 3.5 1 1-
a +b 2<P
COS
If sin a + sin ^ = a and cos a + cos ^ ~ b, prove that 2

tan
g - jS = + 4-a^-b^ a ~ b
:_2‘P
sm
2
2 1 +
a +b 2 <P
COS
2
Sol. ] Given, sin g + sin ^ = a (i)
2<P 2 9
and COS g + cos/? = /? (ii) {a + b) cos
2 -(a-/))sin ^
Now (cos g + cos P)' + (sin a + sin p)~ = b~ + a~ 2 9 :^l9
or cos"g + cos^P + 2 cos g cosP + sin^g + sin^/3 [a + b) cos
^ +{a ~ /j)sin 2
+ 2singsin^ = /5^ + <j" (
‘>9 -2 9 , 2 9 -2 9
or (cos"g + sin^g) + {cos^p + sin^/3) + 2(cos a cosp a cos - - sm + b cos - + sm --
2 2j 2 2>
+ sing sin ^ -a^ + b^
■, (p . ■> 9
or 2 + 2 cos(g- p)-a^ + Ir a cos" — + sm" — + b cos^—-sin^ —
2 2) 2 2)
a^+b^-2
or cos(g- P) = _ a cos^ + b
2
a + bcos(p

Now, tan
a - p = +
1 -cos(g- p) Illustration 3.54
2 V1+ cos(g - P)
If cos 9 = cos g cos /?, prove that
a- +h- -2 tan
9 + a
tan
9 -a 2 P
= tair —
I - 2 2 2
2 4-a^ -b^
~± - +
a^+b^-2 "V a^+b^
1 1 +
2
Sol J Given,
cos 9 = cos g cos p. We have
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.15

cos 6 Illustration 3.57

cos/3 = (i)
cos a
2k K 2k
COS0 Prove that 4cos .cos l = 2cos
7 7 7
2/3
tan^ — =
1 -cos/3
— =
cos a
Now, 2;r K
2 1+ cosjS 1 + Sol. L.H.S.=4 cos .cos — 1
cos O' 7 7

cos a -cosO ■ ^ A
Sin -.4cos - .cos
^ (2k\
cos a + cos 6 7 7 7 ) -1
. K
a + 0 . 0 - a sm
2 sin sin
7
2 2
0 +0; 6 - a 2;r 2;r
2 cos cos 2sm - cos —
2 2 7 7
- 1
. T
0 + a 0-0: sm
= tan tan
7
2 2
. 4;r
sin
7
Illustration 3.55 -1
. K
sm
tan a + tan 7 sin 2a + sin 27 7
lftan^= prove that sin2^=
1 + tan a tan 7 ’ I + sin 2a sin 27 .
sin
3;r
-
7
sma sm7 . K
+ sm —

Sol. tan/J =
cos a cos 7 _ sin (a+ 7) 7

1 +
sma sm7 cos (a - 7) K 3 ^
3sin — 4sin
cos a cos 7 7 7
-1
. K

2 sin (a+ 7) sm-

7
2tan)9 cos (g-7)
sin2/3 =
1 + tan^^ 1 +
sin^(g + 7) = 3-4sin^ 1
7
cos^(a-7)
2 ^
= 2 l-2sin
2sin (g+7)cos(g - 7) 7

cos^ (g - 7) + sin^ (g + 7) 2;r

= 2 cos = R.H.S
sin 2g + sin27 7
l + cos2(g-7) l-cos2(g + 7)
2 2
Illustration 3.5S
sin 2g + sin 27 sin2g + sin27
1
1 + X 2sin 2g sin 27 1 + sin2g sin 27 2;r
2
Evaluate cosa cos2a cos3a ■ cos999a, where a =
1999

Illustration 3.56 [MD Let

P = cos a cos 2a cos 3a ● ● ● cos 999a;
Prove that {4 cos^9° - 3) {4 cos^27° - 3) tan 9“.
Q = sina sin 2a sin 3a ● ● ● sin 999a.
Sol. ^ We have cos 3a: = 4 cos^a: - 3 cosa’. Hence, Then 2^^^ PQ = (2 sin a cos a)(2 sin 2a cos 2a) ● ● ●
cos 3a: K
(2 sin 999a cos 999a)
4 cos^x - 3 = for all X (2^ + 1) ● — ,keZ. = sin2asin4a ●●● sin 1998a
cosx 2
= (sin2a sin4a ●● ● sin998a) [-sin(2;r- lOOOa)]
cos27“ cos81°
■ [-sin(2;r- 1002a)] ■■■ [-sin(2;i:- 1998a)]
(4 cos^9° - 3) (4 cos^27“ - 3) = cos 9“ cos 27“
(V 2;r= 1999a)
cos81®
= sin2a sin4a ●●● sin998a sin999a sin997a
cos 9“
●●● sina = Q.
sin 9“
= tan 9“ 1
cos 9“ It is easy to see that Q^O. Hence, the desired product isP =
2999 ■
3.16 Trigonometry

Illustration 3.59 Formulas for Tangent and Cotangent of

MULTIPLE Angles
Prove that sin 0. sec 30 + sin 30. sec 3^0+ sin 3"0. sec 3^0
2xanA cot" A-l
+
... upto n terms =-^ [tan 3"0-tan ^ 1. (i) tan 2.4 =
1-tan" A
(ii) cot 2.4 =
2 cot/I

Proof:
Sol. J sin 0. sec 30+ sin 30. sec 3"0 + sin 3"0. sec 3^0+ ...
tan A + tan A 2 tan A
upto n terms tan2/l = tan(yl +A) =
n
1 - tan .4 tan A 1-tan" A
-I
2 sin 3'' 0 . sec S'” 0
2
r = l
1 cot ..4
r-l
2 cos 3 0sin 3'-' 0 col 2/1 1
X 2 cos 3'"
-I
0 . cos S'" 0
1-
cot^ A
r = l

r-l cot^ .4-1

1 sin (2.3 0) cot2.4 =
2
X cos 3
r-l
0 . cos 3'^ 0
2 cot/I
r = l

1 sin (3''0-3'-'0) 3tanA-tan^ A

2. tan 3.4 =
X -1 1-3tan" A
2; = 1 cos 3'' 0 . cos 3'' 0
Proof:
-1
0 - cos 3'^ 0 . sin 3'^ ' 0
1
^ sin S'" 0 . cos 3" tan 2/1 +tan .4
2.^ si cos3
r-l
0 . cos 3'^ 0 tan 3.4 = tan(2.4 + A)~
1-tan 2.4 tan .4

I 2 tan .4
-i + tan/l
^ (tan 3' 0 - tan 3'’ B) _ l-tan~ A 3 tan .4 - tan^ A
2.= ,
2 tan A l-3tan" A
1 1- ● tan A
l-tan~ A
[tan 3" 0- tan 0]
2
Similarly, we can prove that
Illustration 3.60 cot^ /4-3 cot .4
cot 3.4 =
Let_/(x) = 2 cosec 2x + sec x + cosec x. Then find the minimum 3cot^ .4-1
( 3. tan iiA =
value ofJ{x) for .r e 0, — .
C| tan .4 - ”Cj tan^ .4+" Cj tan^ A - C-j tan^ A + ...
It II

[-"C, tan^ ^ + "C4 tan'* A-

n
tan /! + ...
Sol. J /(jc) = 2 cosec 2jc + sec x + cosec .x
2V2 Proof:
= 2cosec2x+ \jsecx — Vcosec x j +
^/2 cosx-smx tan nA =
sin nA

cos nA

= 2cosec2x + (Vsecx - Vcosec X j +2yj2yjcosec2x ("Q cos

w-l
AsinA- "C-, cos
n-3
.4sin^ /! +

.4sin^ A -"Cy cos /Isin’ A +...)

n-5 «-7
K
"C5 cos
Clearly, minimum value occurs for jc = —, as for this value of x,
(’Cq cos" A- "C2 cos" " .4sin^ A +
yjsQCx - Vcosec X = 0 and cosec 2x= \ .
" C4 cos"“‘* A sin'* A - "Q cos"“^ A sin^ A +...)
K
So, X = — 2(x/2+l) ("Cl tan A - "C3 tan^ ^+" C5 tan^ A
- "C7 tan'^ A + ...)
Illustration 3.6 1
(1 -"C2 tan^ A + "C4 tan'* A
Find the maximum and minimum values of cos"0 - 6 sin0
cos 0 + 3 sin"0 + 2.
- "Cg tan^ A+...)
[Dividing Nr. and Dr. by cos"0]
SoL J cos^0-6 sin0cos0+3 sin"0+2
1 +cos 20 (1-cos 20) Illustration 3.62
-3sin 20 + 3 + 2
2 2
1 1 K
= 4 - cos 20- 3 sin 20 if tan a = —, sin/3 = , prove that a + 2^ = —, where
7’ v/lO 4
Now, - cos 2 0 - 3sin 2 0 e [- VTo, v'lO] K K
0 < a< — and 0 < (3 < —.
4-cos20-3sin20e [4 - vTo, 4 + VTO] 2 2
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.17

1 2 tan A 2 tan 5 2tanC

+ tan 2ft
tana + tan2)8 _ 7 l-tan^>l l-tan“5 1-tan'C
Sol. ] tan(a + 2/J) = 1
(i)
1 - tana tan2^
1 - - tan 2)3 2 tan .4 2 tan B 2 tan C
7
I
2x- 1-tan^ A l-tan“ B 1 —tan" C
2tan)3 3 3
Now, tan 2/? = 2.V 2v 22 2x 2y 2z
I-tan^ j3 1 -
1 4
9 1-;' 1-2^ i-a-2 1-/ 1-2-
[tan /?>0as0<)3< 7112]
Substituting the value of tan 2)3 in Eq. (i), we get Illustration 3.65

1 3 e
+
25 Prove that 1 + cot 8 < cot — for 0 < 8 < K. Find 0 when
7 4 2
tan(a + 2)3) = equality sign holds.
3 25
1 - -X-
7 4
Sol. We have
;r
0
Now, 0 < a< — and 0 < )3 <— cot^ - 1
2 9
0 0
2
1 +cot0-cot — = 1 + -cot —
3 2 0 2
0 < 2/3< T, but tan 2/3= — > 0 2 cot
4 9

0 . 0 0
2 cot —h cot" -1-2 cot- -
0<2/3<- 2 2 2
2
0
2 cot ' ●
Hence, 0 < a + 2/3 < ;r. 2
In the interval (0, t), tan 0 takes value 1 at tiIA only. Therefore, 0
\2
cot - 1
2
a+ 2)3 = — <OforO<0<;r
4 0
2 cot
2
0
or 1 + cot 0< cot —
Illustration 3.63
2

0
Prove that tan ^ polynomial equation Equality holds when cot — l=Oor0= -
2 2
5.y'^-10a" + 1 = 0.
r
SoiT) If0= 18'’ then 50= 90® Concept Application Exercise 3.4
tan 50 = 00

1 +sin 2^-cos 2^4

1. Prove that = tan .4.
5 tan 0 - ^03 tan^ 0 + tan^ 0 = 00
1 +sin 2/1 +cos 2^

l-^C2tan-0 + ^C4tan‘*0 ! +sin 2/1 coSv4 + sin.4 K

2. Prove that = tan —+ A .
5x'* - 10.v^ +1=0, where x = tan A cos 2/4 cos/4-sin/I ^4
Thus X - tan 0 is root of the equation Sx"* - 10.Y- + 1 = 0. 3. Prove that cot 0-tan 0 = 2 cot20.

cos 0-sin 0
4. Prove that = sec 20-tan 20.
Illustration 3.64
cos 0 +sin 0

If X + y + z = xyz, prove that n K

5. Prove that tan —+ 0 -tan 0 =2tan20.
2x 2y 2z lx 2v 2z .4 14
+
2 ●
l-x' 1-y l-z' 1 - X" I - y^ 1 — 2 6. Prove that cosec/4 - 2 cot2/l coS/4 = 2 sin/4.
3
7. Prove that cos^0sin30+ sin^0cos30= —sin40.
Sol. ]Let 4

X = tan A,y = {anB, z = tan C

sin^ 3/4 cos^ 3,4
8. Prove that = 8 cos2/4.
Now x+y+z = xyz sin^ A cos^ A
tan 80
tan /4 + tan 5 + tan C = tan A tan B tan C 9. Prove that (1 + sec20)(l + sec40)(l + sec80) =
tan0
A + B + C = iiTt
10. In an isosceles triangle with base <3, vertical angle 20° and
or 2A^2B + 2C=2nK
lateral side each of length b, prove that = 3ab~.
tan 2 /4 + tan 2B + tan 2 C = tan 2A tan 2 B tan 2 C
3.18 Trigonometry

11. In triangle ABC,« = 3,6 = 4 and c = 5. Then find the value VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
of sin.4 + sin 25 + sin3C
RATIOS OF TYPICAL ANGLES
SA
12. If cos^ = 3/4, then find the value of 32 sin — si 1. Value of sin 15®, cos 15®, sin 75®, cos 75°, tan 15°, tan 75°:
2 )
sin 15° = sin(45° - 30°) = sin 45°cos 30® - sin 30°cos 45®
13. Find the value of (4 cos^ 9° - 1){4 cos^ 27'’ - 1)
(4cos-81°-l)(4cos-243'’-l).
e x-\ n/2 2 2 4i~ 2-Il
14. If 0 is an acute angle and sin —= , find tan d in
terms of x. ^ 2x Also, sin 15° = cos 75® = - cos 105°.

15. In a triangle/45C, if sin sin (5 — Q = sin C sin {A -B), Similarly, we can prove that cos 15® =
□ _V3+I
then prove that cos 2A, cos 25 and cos 2C are in A.P. 2yl2
K
Also, cos 15° = sin75 = sin 105°.
16. Let a = —. Then tan 60®-tan 45®
7 Now, tan 15° = tan(60° - 45°) =
1 +tan 60° tan 45®
(a) show that sin^3fl - sin^ a = sin 2a sin 3a.
(b) show that cosec a = cosec 2a + cosec 4a. V3-1
(c) prove that cos a is a root of the equation 8x^ + 4x^ - 4x = 2-yl3
j3+[
+ 1= 0.
tan 30° +tan 45®
17. Show that
V3 = 4.
and tan75° = tan(30° + 45°) =
1-tan 30° tan 45®
sin 10® cos 10°
18. Prove that cos 2a = 2 s\t?P + 4 cos(a + jfi) sin a sin /3 V3+I
= 2 + V3
+ cos 2(a + (}). V3-1
2. Value of sin 18°:
19. If tan X = — and tan 2x = then find the smallest Let d= 18°, then 55= 90°
b a +b
or 25+35=90°
positive value ofjc.
or 25= 90°-35
20. Prove that tan 5 + tan(60® + 5) + tan( 120° + 5) = 3 tan 3 5.
or sin25=sin(90°-35)
21. If/4 = 110°, then prove that
\ + yj\ + tan^ 2A = -tznA. or sin25= cos35
tan 2A or 2 sin 5cos 5=4 cos^5- 3 cos5
22. If a and (3 are the two different roots of equation a cos 5 or 2 sin 5 = 4 cos^5- 3 [Dividing by cos 5]
+ 6 sin 5 = c, prove that or 2sin5=4(l -sin^5)-3 = 1 -4sin“5
2ab a^-b^
(a) tan(a + (5) = (b) cos(a+ /3) = or 4 sin"5 + 2 sin 5 - 1 = 0
a^-b^ a 2+6^

sin5 =
-2 + V4 + 16 -2 + 2^/5 -1±V5
5 or
23. If tan f3 = cos 5 tan a, then prove that tan^ —= 4

sin(a-/3) 5= 18°

s\n(a + f3) sin5=sinl8°>0,

24. If cos 5 =
a

b + c'
cos 0 =
a +c
b
, cos \if =
c

a-\-b
, where 5, sin5= sinlS° = 2^^—^
4

0, l/rs (0, ;r) and a, are sides oftriangle.^5Cthen find Value of cos 18°:
. . ■> ^ 2 0
the value of tan" —
2
+ tan — + tan — .
2 2
cos“I8°= 1 -sin^l8°= 1 -
vi-iY
4
25. If cos 5 =
cos a —cosP
prove that one of the values of
1 - cos a cos^ ’ = 1-
5 + I-2V5 IO + 2V5
5 . a 16 16
tan — IS tan — cot
2 2 2

26. If tan 5 tan 0 =

a -b
prove that
=> cos 18° =
^Vio+iVs [v cosl8°>0]

■y a +h 3. Value of cos 36°:

(a- b cos 25) {a - b cos 20) is independent of 5 and 0.
^/5-I n/5+I
cos36® = 1 -2sin^l8®= 1 -2
Answers 4 4

11. 14/25 12. 11 13. I 14. tan 5 = yjx~ -1 Value of sin 36°:
1
19. tan
-1
24. 1 ^/5+l
3 sin^36®= 1 -cos^36®= 1-
4
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.19

= 1-
6 + 2^/5 I6-6-2^/5 10-2^/5 Now, cot0 =
1 +cos 20 1 +cos 15°

16 16 16 sin 20 sin 15®

^/3+l
sin36®= -J1O-2V5 [v sin 36® >0] 1 +
4 ^ 2V2
Note:
sl3-l
2J2
● sin54® = sin(90°-36®)= cos36® =
O V5 + I
4 2V2+n/3+1
V3-I
● cos 54® = cos(90® - 36®) = sin 36® = - )
4
= (V3 + ^5) (V2 + 1)
r 1®
4. Value of tan 7—: Value of tan 82—:
2 2

Let 0= 7
lo then 20= 15® 1® 1 O\
2 ’ tan 82—=tan 90°-7 —
2 2>
1-cos 20
tan0 = [v 1-cos20=2sin^0and
sin 20
sin20 = 2 sin0cos^ = cot7y = (V3 + (^/2 + 1)
5. Value of trigonometric functions for 0= 22.5°:
V3 + I
We know that cos 20= 2cos"0- 1
1-cos 15° 2V2
for0 = 22.5°, we have cos 45° = 2cos" 22.5° - 1
sin 15® V3-1
2V2 1+
1 + cos 45°
^ 2V2-V3-I cos 22.5° =
2 y 2
V3-I
= (^/3-V2) (^/2-l) V2+I V2W2
1° 2V2 2
Value of cot 82
2
o \
sin 22.5® = 1-COS45® _ V2-V2
1 1 2 2
cot82-°=cot 90®-7 —
2 2>
1® tan 22.5'
V2-V2 2-V2 = V^-1
= tan 7y =(V3-^S)(^^- I) V2 + V2 V2
1®
Value of cot 7—:
2 cot 22.5' = n/2+1

Let = 7I:
— , then 20= 15®
2

All above values are tabulated as follows:

7.5® 15® 18° 22.5® 36® 67.5° 75°

sm

^/8-2^/6-2V2 ^/3-I n/5-1 ^rp - 2n/5 V2 + V2 ^/3+I

4 2^/2 4 2 4 2 2v/2
I f cos
^S+2^[6+2sf2 ^/3+1 7iO + 2n/5 ■^2 + V2 >/5 + l V2-V2 73-1
4 272 4 2 4
2 2>^
tan (V3-^/2) 1) 2->/3 1 ^+\ 2 + >/3
^10+275 V5-275
4

cot
(^+V2) (^+ 1) 2 + V3 V2+ 1 V2- 1 2-V3
V(5 + 275)
V 7?J
3.20 Trigonometry

Illustration 3.B6 Illustration 3.7D

Find the angle 0 whose cosine is equal to its tangent.

Prove that tan —
16
= ^4 + lyfl - (-Jl + 1)
Sol. ] Given,
cos 0= tan 0 cos"0= sin 0
I Sol. ) tan ^ = tan 11.25°
or

or 1 - sin"0 = sin0or sin"0 + sin0- I = 0

-l±^/5 S-\ = 2 sin 18°

We know that tan 22.5° = - 1
or sin0 = = 2 X
2 4
2tan0
or 0 = sin ‘(2 sin 18°) tan 20 =
1-tan^ 0
Illustration 3.6V 0= 11.5°
Put

Find the value of cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156° + cos 132°. 2 tan 11.25°
tan 22.5° =
l~tanMl.25°
Sol. ^ cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156° + cos 132°
= (cos 12° + cos 132°) + (cos 84° + cos 156°) (yjl - 1)a-^ + 2a - (^/2 -1) = 0 . where a = tan II .25°
12°+132' 132°-12
= 2 cos
2
cos
2 A —
■2 + yj4 + 4{^-\f
2(^2-I)
^84°+156 o >
156-84
+ 2 cos
2
cos
2
V4-2V2
”V2-r V2-I
= 2cos 72° cos 60° + 2cos 120° cos 36°

= 2sin 18° cos 60° + 2cos 120° cos 36° = -(^/2 + l) + ^/4-2^/2-(n/2 + 1)
Vs+i
= -(^/2 +1) + yj(4 - 2V2)(^/2 +1)""
1 1
= 2 - +2 —
4 2
2)[ 4 2

= -(V2 +1) + V(4 - 2V2 )(3 + 2 ^/2)

Illustration 3.6B

Prove that cos36° cos72° cos 108° cos 144° = 1/16. = -(^+l) + V4 + 2>/2
Sol. cos 36° cos 72° cos 108° cos 144° Illustration 3.VI

= cos 36° sin 18° (- sin 18°) (- cos 36°)

fn
= cos"36° sin" 18° Find the quadratic equation whose roots are tan — and
8

V5+lfr^/5-lf tan ^1.

4 4
/ V
Sol, j Sum of roots.
rv5+iVV5-i K 5t
4 4 16 5” = tan — + tan
/ \

K K K
Illustration 3.69 = tan— + tan —+ —
12
Show that 4 sin27° = (5 + Vs )‘^^ - (3 ■
K K
= tan cot —
Sol. ) 16sin^27° = 8(l-cos54°) 8

yj\0-2y[5 = 2 4
= (>/2- 1)-(V2+ 1)
4 = -2

^ ( 5k
= 8-2^10-275
K
Product of roots, P= tan — tan
8 / \ 8

= (5 + ^/5) + (3-^/5)-2^/(5 + ^/5)(3-^/5) K K

2 = tan— -cot —

1^5 + 75-V3
8 8
5
= -l

4sin27°= (75 + 75 )-(73 - 75 Hence, the required equation is a" + lx - I = 0.

 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.21

r
Concept Application Exercise 3.5 I 3 2
= sin/i sin A
.4
1. Find the value of (cos^66° - sin^6°) (cos"48® - sin^l2®).
2. Prove that 4 (sin24® + cos6®) = Vs + Vl5.
3. Prove that sin47® + sin6I® - sin 11® - sin25° = cos7®.
■^|3sin/i-4sin^^J
1
4. Find the values of the following: = —sin3^ = R.H.S.
4
l + tan^7-® tan^82-®-l
Result 3. tanA tan(60® -.4) tan(60® + A)~ tan3.4
(a) ^ (b) 2

tan 7 io tan 82 —
lo Using the above two results, we can prove this result.
2 2
Illustration 3.72
1
tan^37'-® + l
2 3tan-5®-l Prove that cos20® cos40® cos60® cos80® = 1/16.
(c) (d)
tan^37-®-l 3tan5®-tan^5®
2 [ Sol. ] cos 20° cos 40° cos 80® cos 60®
1® 1 ©■\ = cos 20° cos{60° - 20°) cos{60® + 20°) cos 60°
5. Find the value of cot 11— +tan 112 —
2)
= -^cos(3x20°) cos 60°
4
0 \
1 1 0 \
cot 112— -tan 11— .
1 1 1
2; 4; = —cos" 60® = — X— = —
4 4 4 16
tan 9° + cot 9'
6. Find the value of
tan 27°+cot27'
Illustration 3.73
Answers
Prove that sin 10° sin 30° sin 50® sin 70° = 1/16.
1
1.
16
4. (a) 2(V6 + '>12) (b) 2(2 + Sol. ) sin 10° sin30° sin50°sin70®
(c) -(V6 + ^5) (d) -(2 + V3) = sin 10° sin(60° -10°) sin(60° + 10°) sin 30°
1
5. 2V2 6. -sin(3xl0°) sin30®= -
- sin^30® = ~
4 4 16
2

Illustration 3.74
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS AND
Prove that tan20° tan40° tan80® = tan60°.
THEIR APPLICATIONS
SoT) tan 20® tan 40° tan 80°
Result 1. cos/1 cos(60° - A) cos(60° +A)=— cos3.4
= tan 20° tan(60°- 20°) tan(60° + 20°)
Proof:
= tan(3 X 20°) = tan 60°
We have
L.H.S. = cos.4 cos(60° - A) cos(60® + .4) sin 2" .4
Result 4. COS.4 coslA cos2".4 cos2^/1 ●●● cos2
n- I
A =
= cos.4 (cos"60° - sin"./4) 2" sin A
[ cos(/4 -i- B) cos(y4 -B) = cos'A - sin" B] Proof: L.H.S. = cos.4 cos2.4 cos2".4 cos2^.4 ●●● cos2 H - 1
A

i-(l-COS^.4)
1
== cos/4 —sin^./4 = cos.4
^4
2 sin .4
[(2sin.4 cos/4)cosZ4 cos2^.4 cos2^.4 ●●●cos2" ^A]
= cos .4
^3 2 V
—+COS A i
{ 4
2 sin .4
[(sin2/l cos2/l cos2^.4 cos2^.4 ●●●cos2" ^A]

.4(-3+4cos^.4] = -i(4cos^.4 3 cos .4 j

1
= —cos
4 I
[(2 sinlA COS2.4) cos2^..4 cos2^/l ●●●cos2" ^A]
1 2} sin A
= -cos3.4 = R.H.S.
4 1

Result 2. sin.4 sin(60°-.4) sin(60°+.4) = — sin3.4

[sin2 (2./4). cos2".4 cos2^./4 '●●cos2" ^A]
4
2^sin.4
Proof:
1
We have [(2 sin 2‘.4 cos 2^A) cos 2^A ● ● ● cos 2" ^A]
2^ sin .,4
L.H.S. = sin.4 sin(60® - A) sin(60° + A)
= sin.4 (sin"60° - sin^.4) 1
[sin(2x2"/l) cos2^/l ●●● cos2
n - I
A]
[●.● sin(/4 + £) sin(/l - 5) = sin"/l - sin^5] 2^ sinyl
3.22 Trigonometry

1
[(sin2^.^ cos2^y4 008 2“*^^ ●●● cos2" U] sin 2^*4 sinl6/i
2^ sin A
2'* sin/i 2“* sin A
sin(15 A + A) - sin(7T+/l)
[v 15A = 7t]
16 sin/4 16 sin .4
1
[ sin2" ’yicos2
«-1
A] sin A
2""' sin^ — =R.H.S.
16sin.4 16
1
[2 sin 2" '^cos2
n- I
A]
2" sin A iLLUSTRATinN 3.7V

>1 -1 Prove that sin6° sin42® sin66° sin78° = 1/16.

sin(2x2 A)
2” sin A
SoL J sin6® sin42® sin66° sin78°
1
sin2"/4 =R.H.S. = sin6° cos48° cos24° cos 12°
2" sin A
2^ sin 12° cos 12° cos 24° cos 48°
= sin 6°
2^ sin 12°
Illustration 3.75

= sin 6
^ sin 96°
ife=
n
,show thatCOS0cos20 2cos2"0 ●●● cos2
n-1
d
2^ sin 12°
2" +1 2 sin 6° cos 6°
1
2^* sin 12°
2"
sin 12°

7t 2Sinl2°
Sol. 1 In the above result, put 0
2" + 1 1

7t . 2" +1 -1 16
sin r Sin K
sin 2"Q 2"+l 2"+l
R.H.S.=
Illustration 3.7B
2" sin0 7T K
r sin 2" sin
U" + l 2"+1; K
Find the value of 2 cos^ — -COS" cos—.
7 7 7
K
sin K-
2"+l
n Let - = 6
2" sin 7
12" +1
Now 2 cos^Q - cos^6 - cos 0
n
sin = cos 0[2 cos^0 - 1 ] - cos"0
2"+l
= cos 0 cos 2 0 - cos^ 0
K
r sin = cos 0[cos 20 - cos 0]
2'’ + !
1 ~-2 cos0● sin — sin —
2 2
2"
2k . 2k . K
= - 2 cos sin sin
Illustration 3.75 14 14 14

2:ir 4;r 8;r 14;r 2;r 4;r 6;r

Prove that cos cos cos cos 2 cos cos cos
15 15 15 15 16 14 14 14

Sol. ^ We have --2 cos— cos

K 2k
cos
2k
7 7 7
2;r 4;r 8;r K
L.H.S. = cos cos cos cos K
15 15 15 K 2k Ak
15 = 2 cos— cos cos
7 7 7
2;r 4;r 8;rV K
cos cos cos - cos — sin8;r/7
15 15 15 y V 15J
4sinT/7
K 2k Ak %K
~ - cos — cos cos cos
15 15 15 15 _ sin(;r + (;r/7)) _ 1
= - cos.4 cosZ4 cos2^/4 cos2^/4, where A = Td\S 4 sin{;r/7) 4
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.23

r
□ □NCEPT APPLICATiON EXEROSE 3.6
or 2sin—5 = 2sin a + (/7-I)— sin
2 2 2

1. Prove that sin20° sin40° sin60° sin80° = - ●

sin —-
16 0 P
S = ^ sin a + {/i-l) —
3 :P
sin
2
2. Prove that cos 10° cos 30° cos 50° cos 70° = — 2
16
In the above result, replacing a by nil + a, we get
3. Prove that sin 12° sin 18° sin42“ sin 48° sin 72° sin78*
cosl8° cos a + cos(a + /?) + cos(ct + 2p) + — + cos(a + n-\P)
32
nP _
9n . Un . 13;r sin
9 B
4. Find the value of sin —. sin sin
14 14 14 ^cos or + (/j-l)-^2
sin —
5. Find the value of 2
. ;r . 3;r . 5;r . 7;r . 9;r . ll;r . 13;r
sin—sin — sin - sin — sm —● sm sin
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Illustration 3.79
Answers
2n 4n 6;r
4. 1/8 5. 1/64 Find the value of cos + cos + cos
7 7 7

2;r 4;r 6;;r

SUM OF COSINES AND SINES WHEN Sol. S = cos + cos + cos
7 7 7
ANGLES ARE IN A.P.
n . f 3n
sin 3 2sin cos
sina + sin(cc + P) + sin(a + 2j3) + ●●● + sin (a + n-ip) I 7 cos
' K
— +—
In'' 7 I 7
"P n ^7 7;
sin sm 2 sin
2 P 7 J 7
^ X sin a + (n-l) —
:.P
sm --
2
In
2 sin -sm
7 ) 1) 1
Proof:
n 2
2sin
Let S' = sin a + sin(a + P) + sin(a + 2/3) + ● ● ● + sin (a + /? -1 /3). 1)
Here angles are in A.P. and common difference of angles is p.
P Illustration 3.SO
Multiplying both sides by 2 sin —, we get
2 ’ sin^/70
Prove that sin 0+sin36+sin50+- - + sin(2«-1)6=
P P P sin 6
2Ssin — = 2sino:sin —+ 2sin(a + 0)sin —
2 2 2

P SoiT] sin0+ sin30+ sin50+ ●●●+ sin{2«-1)0

+ 2 sin(o: + n- Ip) sin (i)
2 . ’ ^20
sm n

P P P 2 ) ._( d + (2n-\)e]_ sin^ /;0

-sm
Now, 2 sin a sin— = cos a -cos a + —
2 2> 2J ■sm r20'\
- —
2 sin0

I 2 )
P P^ 3P
2 sin (o: + /3)sin —= cos a + — -cos a +
2 2j 2 ) Illustration 3.B1

P
2 sin(a + 2p) sin — = cos a +
3P] - cos a +
5P Prove that
2 2 2 ) cos3x cosSjc cos7x cos9ji:
+
sin2xsin4.v sin4xsin6x sin6xsin8.r sinS.t sin lOx
P P 1
2sin(o' + «-l/3)sin = cos a + (2/j-3) — = — (cosecjt) [coseclx-cosec lO.v]
2 2
2

P
-cos a + (27j-l) — Let
2
cos 3.x cos 5.x cos7.v
Adding, we get
/(-v) = sin 2.x sin 4.x sin 4jc sin 6.x sin 6.x sin 8x
P P P
2sin —5' = cos a-— -cos a + (2n-\) — cos 9.x
2 2> 2
sin 8.x sin 10.x
3.24 Trigonometry

Multiply and divide by {2 sin.r) in whole expression to get CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES

sin 4.r-sin2.v sin 6.V — sin 4x
/(-t) = Some Standard Identities in Triangle
2 sin X sin 2.r sin 4.v 2sin.r sin4.r sin6.v
sin 8.T —sin6x sinlOjc-sin Sx 1. sin2/I + sin 25 + sin2C = 4 sin^^ sin5 sinC

2 sin A sin 6a sin 8a 2 sin A' sin 8a sin 10a Proof:

(sin 2A + sin 25) + sin 2C

= (1/2) cosecA [cosec2a - cosec 10a]
= 2 sin(y4 + 5) cos(^ - 5) + sin2C
Illustration 3.S2
= 2 sin(;r- C) cos(.4 - 5) + sin2C
Prove that 2 sin 2® + 4 sin 4® + 6 sin 6® + ... + 180 sin 180® = 2 sin C cos(/4 - 5) + 2 sin C cos C
= 90 cot 10®. = 2 sin C [cos(^ - 5) + cosC]
Sol. A = 2 sin 2° + 4 sin 4® + 6 sin 6° +... = 2 sinC [cos(^ - 5) + cos (-4+5)}]
+ 178 sin 178®+180 sin ISO® = 2 sin C [cos(/4 - 5) - cos(-4 + 5)]
= 2 sin C X 2 sin-4 sin 5
= (2 sin 2® + 178 sin 178®) + (4 sin 4® + 176 sin 176®)
= 4 sin-4 sin 5 sin C
+ (6 sin 6“+ 174 sin 174®)
2. cos2/4 + cos25 + cos2C = -l - 4 cos ^4 cos 5 cosC
Proof:

+ (88 sin 88® + 72 sin 72°) (cos2/4 + cos 25) + cos2C

= (2 sin 2® + 178 sin 2®) + (4 sin 4® + 176 sin 4®) = 2 cos(v4 + 5) cos(-4 - 5) + 2cos^C- 1
+ (6 sin 6° + 174 sin 6°)
= 2 cos(;r- C) cos(4 -5) + 2cos^C-l
= -2 cos C cos(4 - 5) + 2cos"C -1

+ (88 sin 88® + 72 sin 88°) + 90 sin 90® = -2 cos C [cos(/4 - 5) - cos C] -1
= 180(sin 2® + sin 4® + sin 6° +.... + sin 88®) + 90 = -2cosC[cos(4 -5)-cos {n:-(A +5)}] -1
. 44x2® = -2cosC [cos(4 - 5) + cos(4 + 5)] -1
sin -
2 . 2® + 88®
A = 180 sin + 90 = -1-4 cos-4 cos5 cosC
sinl® 2
A B C
2sin44®sin 45° cosl°-cos89® 3. cos-4 + cos5 + cos C = 1 + 4 sin — sin — sin —
= 90 + 1 = 90 + 1 2 2 2
sinl® sinl® Proof:

sinl® (cos-4 + cos5) + cos C - 1

= 90 cotl®- + 1 =90cot 1®
sinl® A +5 .4-5
= 2 cos cos + COS C - 1
2 2
r
Concept Application Exercise 3.7
K C) A-B
= 2cos cos + COS C - 1
1. Find the value of 2 2
n 3;r 5;r In 9n
cos hcos + COS + COS + COS
C A~ B C
11 11 11 11 11
= 2 sin — COS + 1 - 2sin^ 1
2 2 2
2. Find the average value of sin 2°, sin 4®, sin 6®, ...,sin 180°. C A-B C
W-! = 2 sin — cos - 2sin —
rn 2 2 2
3.
Find the value of ^sin^ n
r=l C A-B . C
= 2sin — cos sin —
4. Sum the series : Vl + cos a + Vl + cos 2a + Vl + cos 3a 2 2 2

+ ... to n terms, where 0 < a< ;r C A-B n A + B

= 2 cos— cos - sin
5. Find the value of (cos'*!® + cos‘^2® + cost’s® + ... 2 2 U 2
+ cos'’ 179°) - (sin^ 1 ® + sin‘’2° + sink's® +... + sin"* 179°).
C A-B A +B
= 2 sin— cos - cos
Answers 9 2 2

1
1. 1/2 2. (cotl®) 3. n/2 .. . cr2 sin
= 2 sin—
. —A sin
. —B
90
2{ 2 2,
. na
sin
4 , . A . B . C
4. ^^2 cos
/
5. -1 = 4sin — sm —sin —
. a 4 2 2 2
sm
4
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.25

. ^ . A B C Illustration 3.SS
4. sin/4 + sin^+sinC= 4 cos—cos—cos —
2 2 2
If A + B + C=7U, prove that
Proof:
. . B . 2C ^ ^ A B . C
(sinA + sin5) + sin C sm —2 + sm“ 2 sin'^ —2 = 1 - 2 cos y cos y sin — .
A +B A- B
= 2 sin cos + sinC
2 2 01
Sol.
■'> A
sm"
■
sm
C
—+ sm
. 2 B
2 2
K C] A -B + sinC
2
= 2sin cos
2 2 2 . ('A + C'^ . A-C B
= sm sm + I-COS" —
C A-B C C \ 2 2 )
- 2 cos— COS + 2 sin —COS —
2 2 2 2
B\ . A-C B
+ 1
= cos sm -COS'
C A-B . C
~ 2 cos COS + sm — 2) 2 ; 2
2 2 2
( B ■ f B
-cos— +1
- cos sm
C A-B n A + B
= 2 cos— cos + sm 2) 2 . 1
2 2 2 J
(B) ( A-C^ . fA+C + I
A+B sm -sm
C A-B = cos
= 2 cos— cos + cos 7
2 ) 1

2 2 2
A B . C
B C = 1-2 cos — cos — sm —
= 4 cos — cos —cos — 2 7 2
2 2 2
Illustration 3.SV
Illustration 3.S3
In triangle A5C, prove that sin^A cos(5 - O + sin^5 cos(C-A)
If A + + C = 180°, prove that cos^A + cos'fi + cos^C + sin^Ccos(A -5) = 3 sinA sin5 sinC
= 1-2 cosA cos5 cos C.
Sol. LHS = siirA sin(S + O cos{5 - Q + sin'S sin(C + A)
Sol. ] cos"A + cos^5 + cos'C
cos(C-A) + sin'C sin(A + B) cos(A -B)
1 + COS2A 1 + COS25 l + cos2C
2 2 2 = — sin'A (sin25 + sin2Q H—sin"5
2 2

— (cos2A + cos25 + cos2C) + —

2 2 (sin2C+sin2A)+ sin"C(sin2A + sin2fi)

—{-1 - 4 cos A cos B cos C) + —

2 2 = sin"A (sin B cos 5 + sin C cos C)
= 1 - 2cos A cos B cos C + sin"5 (sin C cos C + sinA cos A)
+ siirC(sinA cosA + sin5 cos5)
Illustration 3.BA
= sinA sin5 (sinA cos5 + cosA sin5)
Prove that in triangle A5C, cos^A + cos‘5-cos^C= 1 -2 sinA + sin5 sinC (sin5 cosC + cosj5 sinC)
sin 5 cosC.
+ sin C sinA (sinA cos C + cosA sin C)
Sol. } cos'A + cos~B - cos'C = cos"A + sin'C - sin"5 = sinA sinfisin(A +5) + sinfisinCsin(S + C)
= cos'A + sin(C + fi)sin(C - B) + sinC sinA sin(A + C)
— 1 - sin'A + sinAsin(C - B) = 3 sinA sin B sin C = RHS.

= 1 -sinA[sinA-sin(C-5)] Illustration 3.BS

= 1 -sinA[sin(5+ C)-sin(C-S)]
= 1-2 sinA sinB cos C If A + 5 + C = T, prove that cot A + cot 5 + cot C- cosec A .
cosec B . cosec C = cot A . cot i?. cot C.
Illustration 3.S5
Sol. 1 cot A + cot i5 + cot C- cosec A . cosec B . cosec C
In triangle ABC, prove that sin(S + C-A) + sin(C + A-B) + cos A cos B cos C 1
sin(A + B- C) = 4 sinA sinj9 sinC. sin B sin C sin A . sin 5 . sin C
sin A

Sol. ] sin(S + C-A) + sin(C + A - 5) + sin (A + 5 - O (cos A sin £ sin C + cos 5 sin C sin A
= sin(T- 2A) + sin(;r - 2B) + sin {n - 2C) + cos C sin A sin 5-1)
= sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C sin A sin B sin C
= 4 sinA sin5 sinC
 3.26 Trigonometry

20+.y~ = 36
{sinC(cos^ sin 5 + cos B sin A)
1
+ cos C sin sin 5 - 1} X = 4 = tan C (v coM cotC= —, so tanC> 0)
sin A sin B sinC 2 ’

_ sinCsin(y4 + g) + cos C sin .4 sin 5 - 1 Illustration 3.9 1

sin A sin B sinC If cos {A + B + C)- cos A cos B cos C, then find the value of
sin^ C + cos C sin A sin B - I 8 sin (B + C) sin (C + A) sin {A +B)
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
sin A sin B sin C

{V sin {A + B) = sin (t- C) = sin C} [ SoQ We have to prove that

cos C . sin sin B - cos" C cos /I cos (5 + C) - sin /I sin (5
C) = cos A cos B cos C
siiiy4 sin5 sinC cos A (cos (B + C)-cosB cos C) = sin /4 sin {B + Q
cos A sin B sin C
_ cos C {sin /4 sin g - cos(t - {A + 5))} sin (5 + C) =-
sin A
sin A sin B sinC
Similarly
_ cosC . (sin .4 sin 5 + cos(/4 +5)} - cos B sin C sin A
sin A sin B sin C sin (C + A) =
sin B
cos C. cos A . cos B
- cos C sin .4sin B
sin A sin 5 sin C and sin {A+ B) =
sin C
= cot A .cot 5 . cot C
sin(/4 + 5)sin(5 + C)sin (C + A)
Illustration 3.39 cos A sin B sin C cos B sin C sin A
sin A sin B
If A + B + C = 7t, prove that
tan A _
tan 5 tanC cos C sin .4 sin 5
j 1-.
tan 5. tan C tan ^4. tan C tan A tan sin C
= tan .4 + tan 5 + tan C - 2coL4 - 2cot B - 2cotC I
— sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
tan A tan 5 tanC
Sol') 8 sin (B + C) sin (C + A) sin (A +B)
tan B. tan C tan A tanC tan A. tan B
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
tan" ^ + tan^ 5 + tan" C
tan v4. tan B. tanC
Illustration 3.92
(tan ^ + tan F + tan Cf - 2(tan A. tan 5 + tan S tan C
K
_ + tanC. tan If x-\-y + z = ~, then prove that
2 ’
tan .4. tan 5. tan C
sinx sin sinr
2(tan A. tan 5 + tan 5 tan C
cosx cos 3’ cosz = 0.
(tan/4 + tan B + tan C)" + tan C.tan A)
tan /I + tan B + tan C tan A. tan B.tanC cos^ X cos^ y cos^ r
(tan + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C) Sol.
= tan /I + tan B + tan C - 2 cot A 2 cot B - 2 cot C
sinx sin V smz

Illustration 3.9D D = cosx

COS.V cosz

1 I COS^ X cos^ 3’ cos

3
z
In triangle ABC, if cot .4 ● cot C = — and cot B ● cot C = —
18 ' Expanding along Bj, we get
then find the value of tan C.
Z) = Z cos^ X sin (y - z)
Let X = tan C,
Given x+ y + z = —
2 18 2
so tanA= — and tan B = —
X X /) = X sin^ (y + z) sin 0-’- z)
As, in A4BC, tan ^4 + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C = Z sin^ (j + z) sin (y + z) sin {y> - z)
2 18
- + — + x = —
2 18
●X
= Z (1 - sin'x) (sin^ y - sin^ z)
X X X X
= 0
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.27

Illustration 3.93
6. 1 f/I + + C= ;r, prove that
The product of the sines of the angles of a triangle is p and (a) tan3^ + tan3fi + tan3C= tan3^ tan3S tan3C
the product of their cosines is q. Show that the tangents of the A B C A B C
angles are the roots of the equation -/px- + (l +q)x-p = Q. (b) cot — + cot — + cot — = cot — cot — cot —
2 2 2 2 2 2

[ Sol. 1 From the question, 7. If ^ + C = T, prove that

cos ,4 cos 5 cosC
sin/l sin5 sinC = /? and cos^ cos5 cosC = ^ = 2.
sin5sinC sinCsin/1 sin/lsinS
tantan tan C = (i)
Also, tan/1 +tanB + tanC= tany4 tan5 tanC=plq (ii) 8. In a triangle ABC, cos 3/1 + cos 35 + cos 3C = 1 and
Now, tan^ tan5 + tan5 tanC+tanCtan/1 Z/1 + Z5 < ZC, then find possible measure of ZC.
sin A sin 5 cos C + sin B sin C cos /I + sin C sin A cos B 9. In AABC if 2 sin^C = 2 + cos 2,4 + cos 25, then prove that
cos/I cos 5 cos C
triangle is irght angled.
I Answers
[(sin“/4 + sin"5 - sin“C) + (sin'5 + sin'C sin"y4)
2^ 8. 120'’
+ {sin"C + sin",4 - sin^5)]
[v A + B + C= Tand 2 sin/4 sin5 cosC FINDING RANGE OF EXPRESSION
= sin^,4 + sin^5 - sin^C] USING TRIGONOMETRIC
[sin",4 + sin“5 + sin^C] SUBSTITUTION
2q
1
Range of different trigonometric functions helps us to use these
3 - (cos 2A + cos 25 + cos 2C) functions as substitutions in many algebraic expressions.
4q This simplifies the given expression to another expression, the
1 1 range of which can be easily determined.
= — [1+ cosv4 cos5 cosC] = — (1 + ^)
<7
Illustration 3.94
The equation whose roots are tan,4, tan5 and tan C will be given
by - (tan/1 + tan5 + tan + (tan/1 tan5 + tan5 tanC+tanC If X" + )'■ = 4, then find the maximum value of
tan/l)x-tan/1tan5tanC= 0 x+y

or X — P=0 x-+/ = 4
g g
Let X - 2cos 6,
or qx^ -px“ + (I + g)x-p = 0
y = 2sin 6
r
Concept Application Exercise 3.S
Now,
x^ +y 2 2
= x +y -xy
x+y
1. In triangle/45C, prove that
= 4cos^0+4sin"0-(2sin 5)(2cos 9)
^+ cos ,5 cos 2^-/4 5 sin
. C-
(a) cos^Y 2
— = 2cos — cos —
2 2 2 2
= 4-2sin20

^ ^ iC ^ ^ . A . B . C x^ + y^''
(b) cos" —+ COS"^ + cos — =2+ 2 sin — sin—sm — 4-2(-l) = 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 x+y max

2. If ,4 + 5 + C = Ttll, show that

Illustration 3.95
(a) sin^/I + sin"5 + sin"C= 1 - 2 sin,! sin5 sinC
(b) cos'A + cos“5 + cos^C =2 + 2 sin/1 sin 5 sinC C V
- + -— = 1, then find the range of 2x + y.
3. (a) IfA+B = C, prove that cos^/1 + cos^5 + cos^C 4 9
= 1+2 cos/4 cos5 cosC.

(b) If CC +13 = 60°, prove that cos"a + cos"/3-cos a cos ^ rxf f y \2

= 3/4. Sol, j We have — +
\2y 13
4. Prove that cos~{(3- + cos^(7- a) + cos^(a- /?)
= 1 + 2cos()3- a) cos(7~ a) cos(a- (3). Put X = 2cos 6 and^ = 3 sin 0
5. If,4 + 5 +C = ^^2, show that 2x + 7 = 4cos 9 + 3sin 9
(a) cot/4 + cot5 + cotC = cot/4 cot5 cotC 4cos 0 + 3sin 0e ●>/?+?’, or [-5, 5]
(b) tan/4 tan5 + tan5tanC+tanCtan/4 = I
lv+7€ [-5, 5]
3.28 Trigonometry

iLLUSTRATtDN 3.96 = r(] -r^) + 4

5.r + 12>' + 7;^ 17 1
If x~ +y~ = yP'yr then find the range of
■>
r
-V)' 4 1. 2

\2 17 \2
Sol. We have .\^ + y- = .rV" or
fl
+
1
= 1 ^min 2-i = 2
4 2J
\xj \yj
Let .r = sec 9 and v = cosec 9
r
5x +12_v + Ixy Concept Application Exercise 3.9
- 5sin 9+ 12cos 6 + 7 6 [-6, 20]
,rv
1. Let .V, y^R. then find the maximuin and minimum values
5x +12 V + 7.VV ■) ■)

- € [-6, 20] x~ + y~
xy
of expression
x^ + xy + 4y~
Illustration 3.97
2. Let a~ + b~ - or + (5^ = 2. Then show that the maximum
value of5 = (1 - fl) (a-A) + (1 - ce) (1 - ^ is 8.
(x + y)(l-^) 3. If .V" + 2y~ + 2xv = 1, then find the maximum value of
For all. a:, y e R, find the range of 2,2
{l+X~)(\+/-)' -V +y .
144 25
SoQ Let .T = Ian or, v = tan (i 4. if-i: = 1, then find the range of + —.
144 25 .Y V

(.t + _v)(l-.YV) 5. If.Y" + V" + 6a:-4v- 12 = 0, then find the range of 2r+ v.
(l + .v“)(l + >-^)
Answers
_ (tan a + tan j5){\ - tan or tan P)
2
see" orsec^ P 1. Max. value = ; Min. value =
2

= sin(or + p)cos(a + p) 5-Vio 5+Vio

1
= -sin(2a + 2P) 3. ^
3-^/5
4. [-13, 13] 5. [-5V5 - 4, 5V5 - 4]

-1 1
Thus, required range is ■
INEQUALITIES IN TRIANGLE

Illustration 3.98 Some Standard Inequalities in Triangle

1. In acute angled triangle ABC, tan A + tan S + tan C > 3^3.
If a:, y e R and x~ + y^ + = 1, then find the minimum value
Proof:
of X^ V + + 4.
Method I: Using A.M. > G.M.
Soin -r+/ + AT= 1 We know that in a triangle,
Let .r = r cos 9,y = r sin 9 tan yf + tan 5 + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

r^cos~0 + /■^sin"0 + r(cos 0)(sin 0) = 1 Since triangle is acute angled, tan A. tan B and tan C are
r sin 0COS 0 = 1 — positive.
2
So, using A.M. > G.M., we get
r
tan A + tan 5+tan C
2 +sin 20
> ^tanTtan5tanC
3
Now - 1 <sin20< I
1 <2 + sin20<3 tan A tan 5 tan C > 3 ^tantan 5 tan C
- <
1
<1
tan^ A tan^ B tan^ C > 27 tan A tan B tan C
3 2 +sin 20 tan^ A tan“ B tan^ C > 27
2
— <
2
<2
tan A tan S tan C > 3^3
3 2 +sin 20 tan A + tan B + tan C > 3V3

or -<r^ <2 Method II:

3
Since triangle ABC is acute angled, i)<A,B,C<7tl2
Now £■ = + 4 So, consider the graph of function v = tan .r for .y e (0. 7d2).
= .v)'(.y“ + }^) + 4 The graph of function is concave upward as shown in the
figure.
= rsin 0 cos 0 {r cos"0 + rsin"0) + 4
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.29

y
. C 1 I
= 1-2 sin
R ■

2 2 4

3
—
f sin
. C 1 ra
2 I, 2 ^ ■j

3>/3
3. In A ABC, sin ^ + sin 5 + sin C <
Proof:

In triangle ABC, 0 < A, B, C < K

So, consider the graph of function v = sin .r for x € (0,7r).
y
●D
1-- (B, sin B)Q D

G R (C. sin C)
'P
n \ X (/4, sin A) P,
O E nJ2
h. X
O E 7d2 n

Now, consider three points on the graph P{A. tan A),

Q(B, tan B) and R{C, tan C). The graph of function is concave downward.
Join these points to get triangle PQR. Now, consider three points on the graph P{A, sin A),
Centroid of the triangle PQR is Q{B, sin B) and R{C, sin O-
A +B+C tan ^ + tan B + tan C Join these points to get triangle PQR.
G
3 3 Centroid of the triangle PQR is
A + B-hC sin .4 + sin 5 +sin C
Through point G, draw a line parallel to y-axis meeting G
3 3
graph at point D and x-axis at point E.
A + B +C Through point G draw a line parallel to y-axis meeting
The abscissa of point E is
3 graph at point D and x-axis at point E.
So, coordinates of point D are A +B +C
The abscissa of point D is
3
A + B + C A + B+ C
,tan
3 3 So, coordinates of point D are
A +B+C . (A + B + C
Clearly, GE > DE 3
,sin
3
tan + tan S + tan C (A+B+C
> tan Clearly, DE > GE
3 3
A + B +C sin /I + sin 5 +sinC
sin >
tan A + ianB + tan C K 3 3
> tan —
3 3
sinv4 + sin5 + sinC
sin — >
tan A + tan S + tan C > 3^/3 3 3

373
2. In A.45C, cos A + cos B + cos C < VI sin/I + sin 5 +sin C <
2
Proof:
cos^ + cos 5 + cos C
A + B { A-B\ +! C Illustration 3.99
= 2 cos -2sin" —
.cos
. , .7 -2 9
2 ) 'v 2 2 Prove that in a txABC, sin"^ + sin"5 + sin C < — .
4
C A-B C
= 25in — .cos + l-2sin" —
2 I 2 2 Sol. J sin'.^ + sin"5 + sin^C
C C A-B = 1 - cos“/l + sin"5 + sin^C
< 2sin —+ l-2sin“— cos <1
2 2 2 = I - (cos".4 - sin'5) + sin“C

, ^ ■ iC . C) = 1 - cos(>4 - B) cos(./4 + S) + 1 - cos"C

= 1— 2 sin sm —
2 2J = 2 + cos (A - B) cos C - cos"C
< 2 + cos C - cos"C [As cos (A-B)< 1 ]
 3.30 Trigonometry

= 2-({cosC-l/2)“-l/4) Now,A.M. >H.M.

= 9/4-(cos C- 1/2)^ <9/4 sec A + sec 5 +sec C
>
3

3 cos A +cosB+cosC
Illustration 3.1QD
1 But in AABC,
Prove that in AABC^ cos A cos B cos C < —. cos A + cos B + cos C < 3/2
8
sec A +sccB+secC
> 2
Sol. ] 2 cos A cos B cos C 3
= [cos {A-\- B) + cos (A - B)] cos C sec A + sec B + sec C > 6
= [-cos C + cos (A - B)] cos C Method II:
= cos(/i - 5)cos C- cos^C
< cos C- cos"C
Triangle ABC is acute angled.
[As cos {A~B)< 1]
Q<A,B,C<nl2
= 1/4 - (cos C- 1/2)^ < 1/4
So, consider the graph of function
So, cos A cos 5 cos C < 1/8
y = sec jc for x e (0,7t/2).
Illustration 3.1 Ql y

In AABC, prove that cos^/4 + cos^5 + cos^ C > — . 5

4

Sol. ] cos“/l + cos^5 + cos^ C (C, sec C) R

= 1 - sin"/4 + cos"/? + cos"C 4-.

= 1 + cos(^ - B) cos (A + B) + cos^C

= 1 - cos(y4 - B)cos C + cos"C
3--
> 1 - cos C + cos^C [As cos {A- B)< 1]
= (cosC- 1/2)^ -I- 3/4 >3/4 »G

2--
Illustration 3.102
Q(B. sec S)

. B . C,3 D
In AABC, prove that sin — + sin —+ sin — < —
1
2 2 2
(/4, sec>^) P
.A . B . C
Sol. J sm— + sin— + sin — 2l
^ 1 2 2
O E Tdl
A+B A-B . C
= 2 sin cos + sm —
4 4 2
-1--
K-C A-B K-C
= 2sin cos + COS
4 4 2
The graph of function is concave upward.
n-C A-B n-C Now, consider three points on the graph
= 2 sin cos + l-2sin”
4 4 4 P{A, sec A), Q(B, sec 5)
;r-C 7T-C A-B and R(C, sec C).
< l + 2sin -2sin^ cos <1
4 4 4 Join these points to get triangle PQR.
^ . n-C \
Centroid of the triangle PQR is
= 1-2 sm
4 2i 4 A + B + C secA+secB + secC^
G
3 3

— 2 sin 7T-C n~ ^ 3 Through point G, draw a line parallel to y-axis meeting graph at
2 4 2 2
point D and x-axis at point E.
A + B+C
Illustration 3.1D3 The abscissa of point D is
3

In acute angled triangle ABC, prove that A + B +C

sec y4 + sec 5 + sec C > 6. So, coordinates of point D are ,sec
3 3 /y
Sol. 1
Clearly, GE > DE
Method I: \
sec + sec 5 + sec C A + B + C
> sec
In acute angled triangle, sec A, sec B and sec C are positive. 3 3
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.31
1
sec A + secB + sec C 7t
Concept Application Exercise 3.1 Q
>sec —
3 3
sec A + sec B d- sec C > 6 1. \nAABC,
2 2 ^
(a) Prove that cos — + cos — + cos
Illustration 3.104
' ' 2 2 2 4

1
A B C (b) If cos'^ —+ COS —+ COS — then
If A + B + C = 7T, prove that tan" —f-
2
tan^ —F
2
tan^ —2 > 1 2 2

find the maximum value ofy.

r 2. Let a, /3, 7 > 0. and «+ /5 + 7 = y . Then prove that

A ( B C C
tan
2
tan—
2>
+ tan
2
tan
2)
+ tan
2
tan —
2>
>0
^tana tanp + ^tan^ tan7 + ^tan a tany < V3
3. In acute angled AABC prove that tan^ A + tan" B + tan^ C
^ t A
^ -> B 2 C >9.
2 tan" —+ tan" —+ tan —
2 1 2} 4. In A/IBC, prove that
-2
A B
tan —tan —+ tan —tan —+ tan —tan—
B C A C^.>0 3n/3
2 2 2 2 2 2) (a) sin A sin B sin C <

We know that in A/IBC, 3x/3

(b) s\x\2A + sin2B + sin2C < —
A B B C
tan — tan — + tan — tan — + tan — tan — = I
A C,
2 2 2 2 2 2 A . B . C^l
— sin —sm — <- and
5. In triangle ABC, prove that sin —
2 2 2 8

2 (tan" -2 + tan^ -2 + tan^ -2)] - 2(1) > 0 A B

hence, prove that cosec — + cosec — + cosec — >6.
C

^ 2 2 2
2 A
tan — + tan — + tan — > 1
2 ^ 2 ^ ^y ANSWERS
2 2 2

1. (b)9/8
3.32 Trigonometry

Exercises
i
(1) sec\a-p)
Single Correct Answer Type
II (3) cos\-^
(2) cosec"(a-/3)
(4) sm\a~p)
1. If cos(/4 - B) = 3/5 and tan^ tan B = 2, then 12. The minimum vertical distance between the graphs of
(1) COS.4 cos5 = !/5 y = 2 + sinAT and y = cosx is
(2) sin.4 sin5 = -2/5
(3) cos^ cos5 = -l/5
(1) 2 (2) I (3) V2 (4) 2-V2
(4) sin/1 sin5 =-1/5
k-A k-B
2. If^ = sin45° + cos45° and B = sin44° + cos44°, then 13. Iftan^ + tan^ + tan^ K-C = 1,
, ,
then A/15C is
4 4 4
(1) A>B (2) A<B
(3) A=B (1) equilateral (2) isosceles
(4) none of these
(3) scalene (4) none of these
3. tan 100° + tan 125° + tan 100° tan 125° is equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1/2 (3) -1 (4) 1
14. If(i + tan a) (I + tan 4a) = 2, as {0. ;r/I6), then ais equal
to
4. If cot(a += 0, then sin(a +2^ can be n K
(I) -sina (2) sin^ (1) — (2) —
20 30
(3) cos a (4) cos)3 K n
1 (3) — (4)
40 60
5. In triangle ABC, if sin.4 cos5 = - and 3 tan/1 = tan5, then
cot^A is equal to ^ 15. If cos 28° + sin 28° = k^, then cos 17° is equal to
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
(2) -
6. Let —
sin(0-a) a cos(0-a) c , ac + hd
= — and = — then
s'm{9-p) b cos(0-)3) d ad + be

(I) cos (a-/3) (2) sm{a~p)

(3) ±4 (4) none of these

(3) sin (a+ /3) (4) none of these cot 0 5k

B 16. Let/(0) = and a + B= — , then the value of
7. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then 2sin — cosec —
1 + cot 0 ^ 4
C B ^ 2 /{«)/(l3)is
sin sin/4 cot cos>4 is
2 2 1 I

(1) independent of .4, 5, C (2) function of^, 5 (i)^ (2) --

(3) function of C (4) none of these (3) 2 (4) none of these

8. If O' < 3 cosa: + 5 sin(A: - kIC) < b for all x, then {a, b) is
17. If V = (I + tan^l) (1 - tan5), where A - B = —, then
(1) (-Vl9,-/l9) (2) (-17, 17) (y+ ly^' is equal to 4 ’
(3) (-^/^,^^) (4) none of these (1) 9 (2) 4 (3) 27 (4) 81
X
y z
9. If sin.Y 1 cosx
COS0 2n
, thenx+^ + z is 18. If
cos 6~
2k —, — , where x, v e 0, — , then the
cos 6+ sin;’ 2 cos;2 2 ' I, 2
3 ) 3 )
equal to value of tan(x +>’) is equal to
(1) I (2) 0 (1) VI3 (2) Vl4 (3) (4) ^/T5
(3) -1 (4) none of these 19. If corx = cot(x -;’) cot(x - z), then cot 2x is equal to (where
x^±k!A')
10. Let X = sin 1 °, then the value of the expression
(1) -^(tan v + tanz) (2)
1
1 1 1
+...
— (coty + cot z)
cos 0°cosl° cosl°-cos2° cos 2° cos 3°

1 (3) — (sinj’ + sinz) (4) none of these

- is equal to
cos 44°-cos 45
20. In a IxABC, if tan /I: tan 5 : tan C = 3 : 4 : 5, then the value
(1) X (2) 1/x of sin A ● sin 5 ● sin C is equal to
(3) <2 lx (4) X/V2 24s
11. IfSis eliminated from the equations x = flcos(0-a) and
(1)4
41
2 Vs
yto= b cos{0- p), then ^ ^ ab
cos(a-;8) is equal (3) -
34s
a o
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.33
21. Which of the following is not the value of sin 27° - cos 27°? 31. Let/(«) = 2cosnx\/ ne N, then/(l)/(« + 1)-f(n) is
equal to
\/3-n/5 (2) -
Vs-x/s (1) /(« + 3) (2)/(« + 2)
(1) -
2 2
(3)/(/i+l)/(2) (4) /(n + 2)/(2)
^/5-l 32. If sin 0, - sin 02 = « and cos 0, + cos 02 = b, then
(3) - (4) none of these
2>/2 (1) a^ + b^>4 (2) +
0 “0 01 + 02 . , . (3) a^ + b^>3 (4) a^ + b^<2
22. If cos 0, = 2 cos 02, then tan ^ ^ tan
‘^ IS equal to >/2-sina-cosa
1 I 33. is equal to
sin a—cos a
(4) -1
(1) ^ (2) -- (3), 1
23. Let a and, j8 be such that ;r < a - j8 < 3;r. If sin a + sin j3
21 21
(1) sec^y-lj (2) cosj^---
and costz + cos/3 = , then the value of
(4) cot[^-|
( a n
65 65

cos
a-p IS
, (3) .an^---J
2 34. If X| and ^2 are two distinct roots of the equation
3 a:, + ^2 . , ^
(1)
>/l30
(2)
yim
a cosx + b sinx = c, then tan
‘^ IS equal to
a
(4) -
(3)^ (4) (1) 7 (2) - a (3) - a c
65 65
35. If sin(y + z-x), sin(z + x-y), sin(x + jj;-z) are in A.P.,
24. If a = —, then the value of (tan a tan 2a+tan 2a tan 4a then tanj:, tan;;, tanz are in
14’
(1) A.R (2) G.P.
+ tan 4a tan a) is
(3) H.P. (4) none of these
(1) 1 (2) 1/2 (3) 2 (4) 1/3
sin 30 + sin 50+sin 70 + sin 90 36. If
tan (g + /3 - 7) _ tany then sin 2a + sin2j3
25. is equal to tan(a-/3 + y) tanj3’
cos 30 + cos 50+cos 70 + cos 90
(1) tan30 (2) cot30 (3) tan60 (4) cot60 + sin2y=
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 1/2
sm^r-sinz
26. If X, y, z are in A.P, then is equal to 37. If sin 0, sin 02 - cos 0, cos 02 + 1 = 0, then the value of
cos z-cos X

(2) coty (3) siny (4) cosy tan(0,/2)cot(02/2) is equal to

(1) tany
(1) -1 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) -2
27. If
cosx _ cos(x+0) _ cos(x+20) cos(x+30) then
b c d 38. The value of expression
a

a + c 2(sinl° + sin2° + sin3° + --- + sin89°) equals

is equal to
b+d 2(cos 1° + cos 2°+● ● ● + cos 44°) +1
(1) ^ (2) 1/^ (3) 1/2 (4) 0
(1) f (2) £ (3) f (4) f 39. If 5, C are the angles of a triangle such that
A C
28. If cos a + cos j3 = 0 = sin a + sin j3, then cos 2a + cos 2j8 is cot — = 3 tan — , then sin A, sin B, sin C are in
2 2
equal to
(1) -2sin(a + i3) (2) -2cos(a+j8) (1) A.P. (2) G.P.
(3) 2sin(a+/3) (4) 2cos(a + j8) (3) H.P. (4) none of these
3+cot 80° cot 20° 40. If 2 sec 2 0=tan 0 + cot (j>, then one of the values of 0 + 0 is
29. Value of is equal to (1) 7t/2 (2) ;r/4
cot 80°+cot 20°
(2) tan 50° (3) n/3 (4) none of these
(1) cot20°
(3) cot50° (4) cotV2^ 41. The roots of the equation 4x^-2V5x+l=0are
(1) sin36°,sinl8° (2) sin 18°, cos 36°
30. If tan a is equal to the integral solution of the inequality
4x^ - 16x + 15 < 0 and cos p is equal to the slope of the (3) sin 36°, cos 18° (4) cos 18°, cos 36°
bisector of the| first quadrant, then sin(a + p) sin(a - p) is 42. If44 and B are acute positive angles satisfying the equations
equal to 3 sin^44 + 2 sin^5 = 1 and 3 sin2 ^4 - 2 sin25 = 0, then

(4) I
v4 + 25 is equal to
(1) I (2) I (3) r- n n
(4) -
K

(1) ^ (2) 2 J
3.34 Trigonometry

43. If cos 25° + sin 25° =p, then cos 50° is

^l-cos2x+sin2A:Y
\
1 + cotx + cot^x
(I) 42- (2) -4^ 54. Let P(x) =
^l + cos2xH-sin2x j I l + tan:r+tan^ jc j ’
(3) p4^ (4) -p4^ then the minimum value of P(x) equals
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 16
lit 1% \5k .
44. The value of cot + 2 cot 1 n
+ cot is 3- tan
16 8 16 7
55. If — = ^ cos then the vilue of k is
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) -2 (4) -4 I - tan
2 7 I
7
45. If a, P, % 5 are the smallest positive angles in ascending (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
order of magnitude which have their sines equal to the
360° 540°
positive quantity k, then the value of 4 sin — + 3 sin — + 56. cosec +cosec
7 7
« . y . 5 ^ 2
2sin—
2
■‘■sin— is equal to 180° 90°
(1) cosec — (2) cosec —
7 7
(1) 2vr^ (2) l^lY+k
180° S>0°
>/r+yt (3) sec (4) sec —
(3) (4) none of these 7 7
2
57. If and O2 are two values lying in [0, 2;r] for which
sin^^-sin^5 62 a
46. is equal to tan 0 = A, then tan — tan — is equal to
sin A cos A- sin B cos B 2 2

(1) tan(^-5) (2) tan(^+5) (1) 0 (2) -1 (3) 2 (4) 1

(3) cot(^-5) (4) cot(^+5) 58. (1)Iftana 0rational
= Vn , number
where ne N,>(2)2, then ^ec 20 is always
an irrational number
1 1
47. Ifcos(a-j8)=3sin(a+^,then (3) a positive integer (4) a negative integer
l-3sin2a l-3sin2j8
59. If sin 2 0 = cos 3 0 and 0 is an acute angle, then sin 0 equals
1 -1 1 -1
(1) 2 (2) - (3) - (1)
sr-\
4
48. The value of cos^l0° - cos 10° cos 50° + cos^50° is equal
to
>/5+l -vj -1
1 (3) (4)
(1) J (2) I (3) I
4 4
(4) 3
60. If cosx = tany, cosy = tanz, cosz = tanjc, then the value of
49. If tan^0 — 2 tan^0 + 1, then cos20 + sin^0 equals sin;c is
(1) -1 (2) 0 (1) 2 cos 18° (2) cos 18°
(3) 1 (4) none of these (3) sin 18° (4) 2sinil8°
1 61. The value of cot 70° + 4 cos 70° is
50. If tan ^ ● tan 5 =
—, then (5-3 cos lA) (5-3 cos 25) =
1 1
(1) 2 (2) 8 (3) 12 (4) 16
(1) (2) V3 (3) 2V3 (4)-

V7
51. Ifsin X + cosec x+tany + coty=4 where jcandye 0,—
X
62. If sinx + cosx = —, where x g Oi- , then tan — is
y ● - ^- equal to 4J 2
then tan ~ is a root of the equation
3-y/l V7-I2
(1) ct^ + 2a+ 1 = 0 (2) oc^ + 2a-l = 0 (1) (2)
3 3 !
(3) 2a^-2a-l = 0 (4) a^-a- 1 = 0
4-V7
(3) (4) none of these
7t 4
52. If2|sin2a| = |tanj0+cot^|, a,/Je —,7t , then the value
of a+ pis v2 7 tan 3.4
63. If
tan4
= k(k ^ 1) then which of tljie following is not
3;r Stc
(1) ~ (2) ;r true?
. 4 (3) y (4) ^ cos 4 k-\ sin 34 2k
53. The value of sin^ 10° + sin^ 50° - sin^ 70° is equal to (1) (2)
cos 34 2 sin4| k-\

(1) (2) I (3) (4)

cot 34 1
(3) (4) none of these
8 cot 4 k
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.35

f 3;r^ I ^ a
64. IfxG 7t, ,then4cos^ — — + x + siri^lx 76. If 0= 3aand sin 0= =, the value of the expression
y 2 j U 2) + b
is always equal to a cosec a-6 sec a is
(1) 1 (2) 2 a

(3) -2 (4) none of these (1) (2)

65. Ifcosjc =
2cosy-l
where x,ye (0, n), then tan — cot — (3) a + b (4) none of these
2-cosj^ 2 2
is equal to 77. The value of tan 6° tan 42° tan 66° tan 78° is

(1) ^ (2) Vs (1) 1 (2) 1/2 (3) 1/4 (4) 1/8

1 1 78. In triangle ABC, if angle C is 90° and the area of triangle
(3) (4)
^/3 is 30 sq. units, then the minimum possible value of the
hypotenuse c is equal to
66. cot 16° cot 44° + cot 44° cot 76° - cot 76° cot 16° =
(1) 30>^ (2) (3) 120>^ (4) 2^/30
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
79. If V2 cos/4 = cos5 + cos^ B, and sin ^ = sin B - sin^ B
67. If tanx = bla, then yJ(a + b)/(a-b)+^J(a-b)/(a + b) ISi then sin {A-B) =
( 7T I
1 1 1
equal to where xe 0,— ,a>b>0 (1) ±1 (2) ± - (3) ± - (4) ±-
y y 2)
(1) 2 sinx / Vsin 2x (2) 2 cos X / Vcos 2x 80. In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is 2^2 times the
perpendicular drawn from the opposite vertex. Then the
(3) 2 cosx /Vsin 2x (4) 2 sinx Ncos 2x
other acute angles of the triangle are
68. Given that (1 + Vl +x) tan y = 1 + Vl — x. Then sin4y is n K K 3;r
equal to (1) - and - (2) — and
6 8 8
(1) 4x (2) 2x
n n n 3/r
(3) ^ (4) none of these (3) jand^ (4) — and
4 4 10
69. Ifcos2 5 =
cos(^ + C)
, then tan.4, tan5, tan C are in 81. A circular ring of radius 3 cm hangs horizontally from a
cos(y4-C)
(1) A.P. (2) G.P. point 4 cm vertically above the centre by 4 strings attached
at equal intervals to its circumference. If the angle between
(3) H.P. (4) none of these
two consecutive strings be 6, then cos 0 is equal to
70. If cos(x-y) ^ cos(z+1) = 0, then the value of expression C) i
cos(x+jj;) cos(z-/) 25
tanx tany tanz tan / is equal to 16
(1) 1 (2) -1 (3) 2 (4) -2 (3) — (4) none of these
25
71. If tan)3 = 2 sin a sin /cosec(a + i), then cot a, cot p, cot y 82. The distance between the two parallel lines is 1 unit. A
are in
point "A^ is chosen to lie between the lines at a distance V’
. (1) A.P. (2) G.P. from one of them. Triangle ABC is equilateral with B on
(3) H.P. (4) none of these one line and C on the other parallel line. The length of the
72. The value of tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81° is side of the equilateral triangle is
(1) 2 (2) 3
(1) +\
(3) 4 (4) none of these
(3) 2yld^-d + l (4) yjd^-d + l
73. cos^xsin2x= ^a^sin(rx) Vxe then
;c=0

(1) n = 5,a, = \/2 (2) « = 5,0, = 1/4

83. If sin *0 + sin 'b + sin ‘c = tu, then ayjl-a^ +byjl-b^
(3) /I = 5,02 =1/8 (4) « = 5,02 = 1/4 +cyj\-c^ is equal to
(1) a + b + c (2) a^b^c^
74. tan^--33tan"^ — + 27tan 27U
— is equal to
9 9 9 (3) 2abc (4) 4abc
84. If A+B+ C = 37t/2, then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C is equal
(1) 0 (2) Vs (3) 3 (4) 9 to
75. Given that o, b, c are the sides of a AABC which is right (1) 1-4 cos.4 cos5cosC
\2
fc c (2) 4 sin^ sin5 sinC
angled at C, then the minimum value of — + — IS
ya b/ (3) 1+2 cosA cosB cos C
(1) 0 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 8 (4) 1-4 sinu4 sin5 sin C
3.36 Trigonometry

85. Iftan(a-)3) =
sin2j3
, then (1) 2(a^ + b^) (2) lyja^ +
3-cos2j3
(3) (a + bf (4) (a,-bf
(1) tana = 2tan)3 (2) tan j8 = 2 tan a
(4) 3 tan cf = 2 tan j8
95. lftanx=ntany,ne fi*,thenthemaximumvalueofsec^(i-y)
(3) 2 tan a = 3 tan j8
is equal to
86. In any triangle ABC, sin^.4 - sin^5 + sin^C is always equal
to (n + \f (n + lf
(1) (2)
2n n
(1) 2 sin^^ sin5cosC (2) 2 sin^^ cos5sinC
(3) 2 sin.4 cos5cosC (4) 2 sin.4 sin5 sinC («+i)^
(3) (4)
10 2 4n

87. The value of r=0

Xcos^-^^ is equal to
K

(1) 1/4 (2) 1/8 (3) -1/4 (4) -1/8 96. If 0 < X <—then
3
range ofX^) = sec V6^-x ; +sec 16—+x
IS
sinyf + sin^+sinC
is equal to

«[i
88. In triangle 445C
sin .4+sin 5-sin C ( 4 1
A B A B
(1)
[^'1 /

(1) tan—cot— (2) cot—tan —

(4, (..^)
^ ^ 2 2
H.
2 2

A B A B
(3) cot—cot— (4) tan—tan —
2 2 ^ ^ 2 2

89.
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
sin ^4+sin 5+sin C
is equal to
97. Themaximum value of cosx■ sin x -l| Jsin^ x + sin^ '
IS

(1)
^ ^
8sm—sm—sin—
A .
2
B .
2
C
2
„ A B C
(2) 8cos—cos—cos—
^ ^ 2 2 2
(1) Y (3) j| (4) -
A B C A B C 98. If a, jS, 7 are acute angles and cos 9 = sin jS/sin a, cos 0 =
(3) 8tan—tan—tan —
2 2 2
(4) 8cot—cot—cot—
2 2 2
sin y/sin a and cos (0- 0) = sin /3 sin y, then the value of
tan^a - tan^^ - tan^yis equal to
90. If cos^^ + cos^B + cos^C = 1, then A ABC is (1) - 1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2
(1) equilateral (2) isosceles 0 ^
tan
(3) right angled (4) none of these V2 y
99. The value of ^ — 9
91. In triangle./45C, tany4 + tan5 + tan C= 6 and tan^l tan5 = 2, /i = i 2
n-l
COS
then the values of tan.^, tan5, tan C are, respectively 2^ ” ^
(1) 1,2,3 (2) 3,2/3, 7/3 2 1 2 1
(1) (2) + —
(3) 4, 1/2, 3/2 (4) none of these sin 29 9 sin 29 9
3
92. If cosx + cosy - cos(x + y)= —,
- then
(3)
1 1
(4) _J I
sin 20 0 sip 9 9
(1) x+y = 0 (2) x = 2y
(3) ;c=y (4) 2x=y 100. If X sin a + y sin 2a+ z sin 3a = sin i4a,
X sin +y sin 2b+z sin 3b = sin Ab,
93. If a sinx + b cos(x + 0) + /> cos(x -9) = d, then the minimum
X sin c + y sin 2c + 2 sin 3c = sin 4c,
value of |cos 01 is equal to
then the roots of the equation
1 1
(1) ■Jd^ (2) > + 2^ t +
z - X
= 0,
2\b\ 2|«|
UJ . 4 . y 8
\ a,b,c^ rm, are
(3) (4) none of these
2\d (1) sin a, sin b, sin c
(2) cos a, cos b, cos c
94. IfM= ^]a^ cos^ 9 + b^ sin^ 0 + 4j^^”^ii?0 + ft^co?0 ,
(3) sin 2a, sin 2b, sin 2c
then the difference between the maximum and minimum
(4) cos 2a, cos 2b cos 2c
values of is given by
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.37

9. Let a, P, and y be some angles in the first quadrant

Multiple Correct Answers Type
satisfying tan(a + ^ = 15/8 and cosecy = 17/8, then
which of the following hold(s) good?
I. If cosP is the geometric mean between since and cos a,
(1) a + P+ y= K
where 0<a, I5< kI2, then cos 2/3 is equal to
(2) cot O'cot j6 cot 7= cot«+cot/3 +cot y
( „ K
(I) -2 sin" — a (2) - 2 cos^ — + a (3) tan a + tan ^ + tan y = tan a tan tan y
U (4) tan a tan + tan fi tan y+ tan y tan a = 1
6 16 9
(3) 2 sin" — + a (4) 2 cos" — - a
cos —+cos 20 + cos —+ ...+cos(3«-2)-
u u 2 2 2
10. Lety;,(0) = e le e ’
2. Which of the following statements are always correct sin —+sin26 + sin -- + ...+sin (3«-2)-
2 2 2
(where Q denotes the set of rationals)? then

(1) cos20e Qandsin20e ^(ifdefined) 3;r

(2) tan0e Q => sin20, cos20and tan20€ g(ifdefined) 0)A = ^/2- 1
16 28
(3) ifsin0e 0andcos0e Q^tanSOe Q(ifdefined)

(3)y,[^)=(2.V3)
(4) ifsin0€ 0=>cos30e O
(4) none of these
3. Which of the following quantities are rational?
1 l;r
(1) sin sin II. If sin(.Y + 20°) = 2 sin.v cos40°, where a: €(0, t:/2), then
12 12 which of the following hold(s) good?
9;r ' 4;r (1) cos2jc= 1/2 (2) cosec 4a: = 2
(2) cosec sec
10 J 5 ) (3) sec— = ■'i6-^/2 (4) tan — = (2 - VI)
2 2

(3) sin"*^— +cos‘' — 12. The expression cos"(a+^ +005^(0:-/3)-cos 2a- cos 2^,
IS
\ /
In 4;c\ 8;r
(4) 1 + COS — i + COS 1 + cos (1) independent of a
I 9 y V 9 n 9 J (2) independent of p
4. In which of the following sets the inequality sin^A: + cos^’.x (3) independent of a and /3
> 5/8 holds good? (4) dependent on a and /3.
(1) [~7t/S,7t/S) (2) {3n/8,5n/S) 13. Ifcot^a+ cot"a +cot a= 1 then
(3) (;i/4,3;i/4) (4) (ln/Z,9n/S) (1) cos 2a ● tan a = - 1 (2) cos 2a ● tan a = 1

- 2^^sin VI - sin V? ] x ~ ^cos -71 - cos VIJ

(3) cos 2a- tan 2a= 1 (4) cos2a-tan2a = -1
5. Let./(x) =
then 14. If= sin (A - B) sin (C - D), cj = sin (B - C) sin (A - D),
(1) fix) is positive 'V xe R r = sin (C-A) sin {B - D) then
(2) f{x) assumes both positive and negative values (1) p + =o (2) p + q +
(3) f{x) = 0 has no real roots (3) p_^ + ,. = o (4) + P ~ 3pqr J_

(4) y = f{x) touches the line y = 0. 15. If cos a: - sin a cot /3 sin x = cos a, then the value of
tan (x/2) is
6. For a~ 7dl which of the following hold(s) good?
(1) - tan (0/2) cot 03/2) (2) tan (0/2) tan 03/2)
(1) tan a tan 2 a tan 3 a = tan 3 a - tan 2a - tan a
(3) - cot (a/2) tan (/3/2) (4) cot (a/2) cot 03/2)
(2) coseca=cosec2a+coscc4a
(3) cosa-cos2a+cos3a= 1/2 16. Let f {x) = ab sin x + b-Ji — a ^ cosx + c, where a < \,
(4) 8 cosacos2acos4a= 1 h>9 then

7. Which of the following identities, wherever defined, (1) maximum value of^x) isif c = 0
hold(s) good? (2) difference of maximum and minimum values ofy(x)is
2b
(1) cota-tana= 2 cot2a
-\
(2) tan(45° + a) - tan(45° - a) = 2 cosec 2a (3) /(x) = c if X = - cos a

-I
(3) tan(45° + a) + tan(45°-a) = 2sec2a (4) Ax) - c if X = cos a

\f
(4) tana +cota= 2 tan2a n ilk-\)n
17. Let P(/:) = 1 + cos 1 + cos
8. The expression (tan'^x + 2 tan"x + 1) cos“x, when x = ;r/12, 4k y \ 4k

can be equal to (2k + \)n Ay (4A'-I);r

1 + cos 1 +cos . Then
(1) 4(2-f3) (2) 4(V2+1) 4k / V 4k
(3) l6cos";t/12 (4) 16sinVl2
3.38 Trigonometry

3. Which of the following is not the value of tan(or + /?)?

1 2-V2
(1) PQ)= — (2) P{4)^ sin/? sin a cos a
16 16 (1) (2)
cos^- A cos/?-silica
3-V5 2-n/3
(3) P{5) = (4) P(6) = sin a cos a
32 16 (4) none of these
(3)
/lcos/? + sin"a
18. If 3 sin /? = sin (2a + /?), then tan (a+^ -2 tan a is
(1) independent of a For Problems 4-6

(2) independent of /? ;r>

If O', /?, ,75are the solutions of the equation tan 0 n— = 3 tan 3 0,
(3) dependent of both CK and )3 no two of which have equal tangents. ^
(4) independentof both a and
4. The value of tan a + tan /? + tan 7 + tan 8 is
19. .v= ^ja~ COS" a + sin" a + sin^ a + cos" a 0) 1/3 (2) 8/3 (3) -8/3 (4) 0
5. The value of tan o: tan ^ tan/tan 5 is
thenX' + h‘ + 2 ->Jp {a~ +h^) — p~ , wherep is equal (1) -1/3 (2) -2
to
(3) 0 (4) none of these
(1) a~ s\r\~a
1 1 1 1
(2) a sm a + 6 cos a 6. The value of IS

tana tan^ tan/ tan 5

(3) [a~ + + {a^ 6") cos 2a] (I) -8 (2) 8 (3) 2/3 (4) 1/3
For Problems 7-9
(4) [a^ + - {a^ - b~) cos 2 a]
sina + sin/?= — and cos a + cos/? = —
20. If {x - a) cos 0 + y sin 0 = (x - a) cos <p + y sin 0 = a and ^4 ^3
tan (0/2)- tan (0/2) = 2b, then 7. The value of sin(a + /?) is
0 1 24 13
{!) y^ = 2ax-(\ -h^)x^ (2) tan - Cv + bx) (1) — (2) ~
X 25 25

12
(3) = 2bx -(\ -a^) XT (4) tan —2 = —X (/ - bx) (3) - (4) none of these
13

21. If cos(x - v), cos X and cos(x +_>●) are in H.P., then 8. The value of cos(a + is
V
cos X sec — 12 7
12 (1) — (2) —
25 25

(1) -V3 (2) -V2 (3) V2 (4) V3 12

(3) -r (4) none of these
22. Difference between maximum and minimum values of 13
(60 sin a + /) cos a) is 122 then p can be 9. The value of tan(a + /?) is
(1) 61 (2) 11 (3) -61 (4) -11 25 25 25 24
(1) (2) — (3) TT
7 12 13 (4) y
Linked Comprehension Type II For Problems 10-12

For Problems 1-3 2;r . 2 4;r . 8;r

To find the sum sin“ — + sm — + sin“ we follow the
7 7 7 '
If sina =yl sin(a + p),A^ 0, then
following method.
1. The value of tana is
Put 7 0 = 2n7t, where n is any integer. Then
y4sin /? .4 sin p sin 40= sin(2«;r- 30) = - sin 30. (i)
(1) (2)
l-v4cos/? \ + Acos(3 This means that sin 0 takes the values 0, ± s\n(27dl), ± sin(4;c/7),
Acosfi .4 sin (3 and ± sin(8;r/7).
(3) (4) From Eq. (i). we now get
]- Asm p l+y4COS/3
2 sin20cos20 = 4sin^0 -3sin0
2. The value of tan is
or 4 sin 0 cos 0 (1 - 2 sin^0) = sin 0 (4sin^0- 3)
sina(l + /4cos)3) sina(l-.,4cos)3) Rejecting the value sin 0= 0, we get
(1) (2)
/I cos a COS ^ /I cos a COS 4cos0(l - 2 sin“0) = 4 sin"0- 3

cosa(I-v4sin)3) cosa(l + /4sin /?)

or 16 cos“0(l -2 sin”0)“ = (4 sin"0- 3)“
(3) (4) or 16 (1 - sin‘0) (1-4 sin“0+ 4 sin'^©)
.4 cos a cos/? /I cos a cos/?
= 16sin^0-24 sin“0+9
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.39
or 64 sin^0- 112 s'ln^d-56 sin'0- 7 = 0 For Problems 18-20

This is cubic in sin"6 with the roots sin"(2;r/7), sin^(4;r/7), and A line OA of length r starts from its initial position OX and traces
sin-(8;r/7). an angle AOB = a in the anticlockwise direction. It then trac
The sum of these roots is es back in the clockwise direction an angle BOC = 30 (where
a > 30). L is the foot of the perpendicular form C on OA. Also,
+ sin^ ^ ^ 112_7
2;r 4;r
sin^ + sin^ sin^ 0 cos^ 0
7 7 7 64 " 4 = 1.
CL OL
Now answer the following questions:
1 - r cos a
( -} 7t ,■> 2;r ■, 3;r 18. is equal to
10. The value of tan“ — + tan' - + tan“ X
r sin a
7 7 7

■) K ■) 2;r ■> 3;r'\ . (1) tan 20 (2) cot 20 (3) sin 20 (4) cos 20
cot" — + cot" + cof IS
7 7 7 Ir sin a
19. is equal to
(1) 105 (2) 35 1 + If cos a

(3) 210 (4) none of these (1) tan"0 (2) cot"0 (3) cot 20 (4) tan 20
1 71 2 2;r 3;r 2r" - 1
tan — + lair + tan" —
7 7 7 ;
20. is equal to
11. The value of IS /●
1 71 2;r 3;r
cot" + cot' 4- cot' (1) since (2) cos a (3) sin0 (4) cos 0
7 7 7

(1) 7
(3) 21/5
(2) 35/3
(4) none of these
Matrix Match Type II
^ iTt -)2k ■) 37T . K
12. The value of tan — tan"—tan" — is 1. If cos 0- sin 0 = -, where 0 < 0 < —, then
7 7 7 5 4
(1) -3 (2) 7 List I List II

(3) -5 (4) none of these 4

a. (COS0+sin0)/2
For Problems 13-15

S-\ and sin A sin B sin C b. sin20 q.

1
--
In a A/45C, if cos A cos B cos C = 10
24
3 + v/3 c. cos20 r.
, then 25
8
7
13. The value of tan + tan 5 + tan C is d. cos 0 $.
25

3 + >/3 >/3 + 4 6-n/3 V3+V2

(1) (2) (3) (4) 2. If cos a + cos /3 = 1/2 and sin ce + sin /? = 1/3, then
S-\ ^/3-l ^/3-l
List I List II
14. The value of tan A Ian B + tan 5 tan C + tan C tan A is
(1) 5-4^ (2) 5+4^/3 a. cos P-
2 12
(3) 6+VI (4) 6-V3
15. The respective values of tan tan B and tan C are b. cos
g-/3) 2

I
(!) 1,VI,V2 (2) 1,V3,2 2 )

(3) 1,2, VI (4) 1, VI, 2 +VI r. ±

3
c. tan
For Problems 16 and 17 2 . VTI
If the angles a, /?, 7 of a triangle satisfy the relation, a-^\ 131
d. tan s, ±
sm
a~P + sin a-y
+ sin
3a
—
■ 3
-- , then I 2 ) V 13
2 ) 2 j I 2 j 2
3.
16. The measure of the smallest angle of the triangle is List II
List I
(1) 30° (2) 40° (3) 45° (4) 50'
a. The maximum value of p. 2 sin(y4 + B)
17. Triangle is {cos(2.4 + 0) + cos(2F + 0)}, where
(1) acute angled A, B are constants, is

(2) right angled but not isosceles I). The maximum value of q. 2 sec(yl + B)
(3) isosceles {cos2.4 + cos2 B}, where (A + B) is
(4) isosceles right angled constant and A,B ^ (0, Ttll), is
3.40 Trigonometry

c. The minimum value of r. 2 cos(/t + B)

8sin40°sin50° tanl0'’ . r. 3
{sec 2+ see 2 B), where {A + 5) is c. The value of IS
constant and A,B& (0, tiJA), is cos80°

d. The minimum value of s. 2 cos(/t - B)

cos5/t sin5/f s. 4
where d. If
yj{tm'i0 + cot0-2cos2(.4+5)}- COS/f sin/I
SO + b cos4/1. then

A, B are constants and 9 e (Q, is a'/b is

4.
8.
List I List II
List I List II
a. cos 20° + cos 80° - ^/3 cos 50° P-
a. The value of (l + tan8°)(l + tan37°) IS,
K 2k 2k 3 (l + tan22°)(l + tan23°) p. 5
b. cos0° + cos~ + cos + cos +
q-
7 7 7 4
4;r 5;r 6k cot.-l + cot 5
cos
7
+ cos
7
+ cos
7 b. In a triangle ABC, 2^^ , tan A + tan 5 ^
equals
q. 2
c. cos 20° + cos 40° + cos 60° - 4 cos 10° cos 20° r. 1 to
cos30°

d. cos 20° cos 100° + cos 100° cos 140° - s. 0

c. The minimum value of |cos (cos 3-v + 3 cos x)\ is r. 0

cos 140° cos 200° ;r . 2;r . 3;r

d. The value of 16 sin sin sin
5 5 5 s. 1
4;r .
sin IS
5. 5
List 1 List II
Codes
a. If.r +/= I andP = (3.x-4.v^)^ + p. 1 a b c d
(3v - 4^)", then P is equal to (1) s q r P
b. If a + = 3 - cos40and a - 6 = 4 sin20, q. 4 (2) r s q P
then the maximum value of ab is (3) p r s q
(4) q r s P
c. The least positive integral value of x for r. 5
9.
which 3 cos 0 = AT - 8x + 19 holds good is
List I List II
s. 8
d. lf.r =
4A 2-2A-
and y = , where A a. In A.4SC. if cos lA + cos 25 + p. Equilateral
l + A^ 1 + A^ cos 2C = -1 then wc can conclude that triangle
is a real parameter, such that x' - xy + y~ triangle is
lies between [a, b] then {a + b) is b. In MBC if tan > 0, tan 5 > 0 and tan A q. Right angled
6.
tan 5 < 1, then triangle is triangle

List I
c. In A/15C if cos''/l + cos^5 + cos^C = r. Acute angled
List II
3 cos A cos 5 cos C then triangle is triangle
a. In triangle y45C, 3 sin/4 +4cos5 = 6 and3 cos/1 p. 60°
+ 4 sin5 = 1, then ZC can be d. In IxiBC if cot /I > 0, cot 5 > 0 and cot A s. Obtuse angled
cot 5 < 1, then triangle is triangle
b. In any triangle, if (sin/1 + sin5 + sin C) (sin/1 + q. 30°
sin5 - sin C) = 3 sin.4 sin5, then the angle /iC Codes
IS a b c d
c. If 8 sin.Ycos^Y-8 sin^x cosx = 1, then x is r. 165° (1) s q r P
d. 'O' is the center of the inscribed circle in a s. 7.5° (2) r s
q p
30°-60°-90° triangle ABC with right angled at (3) q s P r

C. If the circle is tangent to AB at D. then the (4) q 3 s P

angle ZCOD is
7. Numencal Value Type
List i List II
1 - sin 26 + cos 26
p. 1
1. If/(0) = , then valueof/(lI°) -/(34°)
4 +sec 20 o^2 2 cos 26
a. The value of , IS
CO sec 20' IS

l + cos2x + 8sin^x q. 2 2. If/(x) - 2(7 cosx + 24 sinx)(7 sinx - 24 cosx), for every
b. The minimum value of
2sin2x X e R, then maximum value of/(x) is .
X € (0, k/2), is
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.41
/ i\ /' d\ 19. If sin^x cos 3x + cos^x sin 3x = 3/8, then the value of sin 4x
7C A B
3. In a triangle ABC, ZC = —. If tan — and tan — is
V2 2)
IK .
are the roots of the equation ax^ + bx + c = 0 (a ^ 0),
1Z
20. The value of cosec -4 sin IS

a+b 18 18
then the value of (where, a, b, c are sides of A
c 21. If tan X + tan 2x + tan 3x = tan x tan 2x tan 3x then value of
opposite to angles A, B,C, respectively) is . I sin 3x + cos 3x| is .
4. If X, y esatisfies (x + 5f + (y- Uf = (I4)^ then the 3;r
COS0 - cos —
22. 16 COS0 - cos — cos 6 - COS
minimum value of yjx^+ is . 8/ 8 y V 8 J
5. Suppose X and y are real numbers such that tanx + tany 7;r^
= 42 and cotx + coty = 49. Then the value of tan(x + y) is cos 0 - cos = X cos 40, then the value of X is
8

6. Let Q<a,b,c,d<n, where b and c are not complementary, tan(ln 6) ● tan(ln 2) ● tan(ln 3) = k, then the value of k
23. If
such that 2 cosa + 6 cos6 + 7 cosc + 9 cosd = 0 and tan(ln 6) - tan(ln 2) - tan(ln 3)
2 sina - 6 sinb + 7 sine - 9 sind = 0, then the value of
IS
^ cos(a + d) .
3— IS . 24. If cot (0- a), 3 cot0, cot (0 + a) are in A.P. and 0 is not
cos(b + c)
jt . . o 4sin^0
7. Suppose A and B are two angles such that A, B e (0, 7t), an integral multiple of —, then the value of ——y
® 2 3sm^a
and satisfy sin.4 + sin5 - 1 and cos.4 + cosB = 0. Then
the value of 12 cos 24 + 4 cos 20 is .
2sinx tanx .
25. The value of + IS .
8. aand parc tut positive acute angles and satisfying equations sin3x tan3x
5 sin 2)3=3 sin 2a and tan =3 tan a simultaneously. Then
the value of tan a + tan P is . 26. If cot^A cot^B = 3, then the value of (2 - cos 2A)
7t 5;r (2 - cos 20) is .
9. The absolute value of the expression tan — +tan +

9n: 13;r .
16
27. The value ofJ{x) = x^ + 4xH 2x^ - 4x + 7, when x =
tan + tan IS
llTT .
16 16 cot IS

1 8
10. The greatest integer less than or equal to cos290®
+
28. The value of sin^ 12® + sin^ 21® + sin^ 39® + sin^ 48® -
1
IS sin^ 9® - sin^ 18® is .
>/3sin250® 2 sin 20
1 29. Given that,/(«0) = and/(0) +/(20) +
11. The maximum value of y = IS cos 20 - cos4«0 ’
sin^x + cos^x sin 20
/(3^+...+/(«0) = then the value of ju - A
12. The maximum value of cos^(45® + x) + (sinx - cosx)^ is sin 0 sin {id ’
IS

13. The value of cosec 10® + cosecSO® - cosec70® is

30. Suppose sin^x sin3x = X coswx is an identity in x,
14. Number of triangles ABC if tan .4 = x, tan0 = x + 1, and
m=0

tanC= 1 -X is . where Q, C .. ,C„ are constants, and C„ ^ 0, then the

value of n is
15. If logjosinx + logiocosx = - 1 and logio(sinx + cosx) =
31. If sec a is the average of sec(a-2j3) and sec(a+2^then
(logio n) -1
, then the value of n is the value of (2 sin^jS - sin^a) is .
2
32. If A, 0 and C are three values lying in [0, 2;r] for which
sin 1 ® + sin 3® + sin 5® + sin 7® 0 0 A
16. The value of is
tan 0 = a: then tan — tan — + tan — tan — + tan — tan —
cos 1®-cos 2®-sin 4® 3 3 3 3 3

A B . C is equal to .
17. In a triangle ABC, \fA-B= 120® and sin—sin—sm —
2
=
1 . ^ ^ [f n 4+sec—
— , then the value of 8 cos C is ; 33. The. value of sin — is

32 V ^ y \ 9;

18. If tanx_t^^t^ = K and tan^ x + tan^ y sin 33® cos33°

2 3 5 ’ 34. IS

sin 11® sin 49® sin 71®, cos 11® cos 49® cos 71®,
38
+tan^z = — then AT =
K equal to .
3.42 Trigonometry

iK 4k 37. If/4 > 0,5 > 0, /i + 5 = ;r/3, and maximum value of

35. If/(0) = sin^6/ + sin^ 0 + + sin^ 0 + then the
tan A tan B is M then the value of MM is
3 ) 3 )
n 1k\ . sin^ 0 cos^ 0
value of / — + / IS 38. If
and tan 20 = Atan (30+ a).
as sin(20 + a) cos(20 + a)
1 + sin 22® sin 33®sin35° then the value of X is
36. The value of IS
cos" 22® + cos" 33® + cos" 35®

Archives

JEE Advanced Matrix Match Type

Single Correct Answer Type 1. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using
the codes given below the lists:
13
1 List I
value of ^
List II
I. The IS

* = 1 sin - +
(/r-l);r' sin. K kn^
- + - / y/2 1 5
4 6^; v4 (P)
cos(tan~' y)-^ y sin (tan'' j')') (I)
2 V3
equal to
V" cot (sin"'v) +tan (sin"'7)
(1) 3-^/3 (2) 2(3-V3) takes value
(3) 2(^/3-l) (4) 2(2+ V3) (Q) If cos + cos V + cos c = 0 = sin j: + siny + sin z (II) V2
(JEE Advanced 2016) then possible value of cos
x-y
IS
2
Multiple Correct Answers Type
71 (III) 1/2
2 (R) If COS - -V cos 2.V + sin x sin Zr sec x
1. Let/: (-1, 1) -) /? be such that/(cos40) = u
2-sec^0 K
\ = cos.r sin Iv sec.t +COS —+ .x cos 2x
for 0 e
t:
0, — Kj
K K n. 4

4’ 2 . Then the value(s) of/ - IS then possible value of sec x is

. 4^
(are) (IV) 1
(S) If cot sin"’ ^f~~x~ = sin (tan'' (.\-V6)),
X ^ 0, then possible value of .r is
Codes:

(P) (Q) (R) (S)

(1) IV III I II

(2) IV III il I
(IIT-JEE 2012)
(3) III IV II 1
2. Let a and /3 be non-zero real numbers such that
(4) III IV I 11 (IIT-JEE 2013)
2(cos P - cos cx) + cos a cos / = 1. Then which of the
following is/are true? Numerical Value Type
a] rr (3 1. The maximum value of the expression
(1) tan — +V3tan = 0 1
2} {2 IS
sin^ 0 + 3 sin 0 cos 0 + 5 cos^ 0
(2) N/Jtanf-
l2
+ tan
P = 0 (IIT-JEE 2010)
2)
2. The positive integer value of aj > 3 satisfying the equation
(3) tanf-'\ J 2>
= 0 1 1 1
IS
n In . (371:
(P
sin sin sm
(4) >/3tan - - tan = 0 \’U n n
2 2)
(IIT-JEE 2011)
(JEE Advanced 2017)
 Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas 3.43

Answers Key
EXERCISES
Linked Comprehension Type

Single Correct Answer Type 1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (1)

1. (1) 2. (1) 6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)
3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (2)
6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (2) II. (3) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (4)
10. (2)
n. (4) 12. (4) 13. (I) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (4) 20. (2)
14. (I) 15. (I)
16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (2) Matrix Match Type
21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (3) 1. a^q;b—>r;c—>s;d—
26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (4) 2. a —> r; b —> p; c —> q; d —> s
31. (2) 32. (2) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (1) 3. a —> s; b ^ r; c —> q; d p
36. (1) 37. (1) 38. (1) 39. (1) 40. (2) 4. a ^ s; b —> r; c —» p; d q
41. (2) 42. (2) 43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (2) 5. a ^ p; b —> p; c —> q; d —> s
46. (2) 47. (4) 48. (3) 49. (2) 50. (4) 6. a ^ q; b —> p; c —> s; d ^ r
51. (2) 52. (3) 53. (4) 54. (2) 55. (4) 7. a n b —> q; c ^ s; d —> p
56. (I) 57. (2) 58. (1) 59. (1) 60. (4) 8. (1)
61. (2) 62. (2) 63. (4) 64. (2) 65. (2) (3)
66. (3) 67. (2) 68. (3) 69. (2) 70. (2)
Numerical Value Type
71. (1) 72. (3) 73. (2) 74. (3) 75. (4)
I. (0.5) 2. (625) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (294)
76. (2) 77. (1) 78. (4) 79. (3) 80. (2)
6. (7) 7. (8) 8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (2)
81. (3) 82. (2) 83. (3) 84. (4) 85. (1)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (6) 14. (0) 15. (12)
86. (2) 87. (4) 88. (3) 89. (1) 90. (3)
16. (4) 17. (7) 18. (3) 19. (0.5) 20. (2)
91. (1) 92. (3) 93. 0) 94. (4) 95. (4)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (2) 25. (1)
96. (2) 97. (4) 98. (2) 99. (1) 100. (2)
26. (3) 27. (6) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (6)
Multiple Correct Answers Type 31. (1) 32. (-3) 33. (3) 34. (32) 35. (0)
1. (1),(2) 2. (0,(2), (3) 36. (0.5) 37. (3) 38. (2)
3. (0.(2), (3), (4) 4. (0,(2). (4) ARCHIVES
5. (0.(3) 6. (0.(2), (3)
7. (0.(3) 8. (0,(4) JEE Advanced

9. (2), (4) 10. (0,(2), (3) Single Correct Answer Type

II. (0.(3), (4) 12. (0,(2), (3) 1. (3)
13. (0,(3) 14. (2), (4) Multiple Correct Answers Type
15. (0,(2) 16. (0,(2). (3) 1. (I), (2) 2. (0,(3)
17. (0,(2), (3), (4) 18. (0,(2), (4) Matrix Match Type
19. (0,(2), (3), (4) 20. (0,(2), (4) 1. (2)
21. (2), (3) 22. (2), (4)
Numerical Value Type
1. (2) 2. (7)
 ^ Trigonometric Equations
TRiGONQMETRiC EQUATIONS 1
sin0 = -
A trigonometric equation is any equation that contains
trigonometric functions. We have already learned about _ K
9= K + — =
Ik
trigonometric identities, which are satisfied for every value 6 6
of the involved angles whereas, trigonometric equation is Ik
satisfied only for some values (finite or infinite in number) of Generalizing, we have 0= 2hk + — ,11 € Z.
6
the angles. A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the
given trigonometric equation is called a solution or a root of the Illustration 4.2
K
equation. For example, equation 2 sin x = 1 is satisfied by.Y= — Find the values of 0 which satisfy r sin 9= 3 and r=4 (I + sin 9),
5k K 5k
^ 6 0<9<2k.
and X = so, — and are solutions of the equation between
6 6 6

0 and 2;r. The solutions of a trigonometric equation lying in the So1r) We have
interval [0, 2;r) are called its principal solutions. ;● sin 0 = 3 and ;● = 4 (1 + sin 0)
We know that trigonometric ratios are periodic functions. Eliminating i\ we get
Functions sin x, cos .v, sec x and cosec x are periodic with 4 sin“ 0 + 4 sin 0- 3 = 0
period 2;r and functions tan x and cot x are periodic functions
with period k. Therefore, solutions of trigonometric equations (2 sin 0- 1)(2 sin 0+ 3) = 0
can be generalized with the help of period of trigonometric sin 0= —
1
(not possible)
functions. The solution consisting of all possible solutions of a 2'
trigonometric equation is called its general solution. K 5k
0 = -
For 2 sin X = 1, general solutions are given by .y = — + 2nK
7T
6’T
5k 6
andx =
Thus, we have two solutions.
— + 2/iK, w’here n e Z.
6
Illustration 4.3
We have following trigonometric equations whose solutions
are quadrantile angles. If sin^ = sinB and cos.4 = cos-0, then find the value of A in
terms of 0.
Equation Solution

sin 0 = 0 or tan 0 = 0 0 = )iK, n e Z SolQ sin/4 - sin0 = 0 and cos^-cos0 = 0

cos 0 = 0 or cot 0 = 0
A~B A+B A+B . B-A
9-(2"+ 1)7. ne Z 2sin
2
cos
2
=0 and 2sin
2
sin
2
= 0

sin 0= I A — B
6= (4/1+ 1)-^ ,heZ We observe that the common factor gives sin =0 .Thus,
A -B _ ^
sin 0 = -l = nK, n € Z
0= (4/; - i)-^ ,neZ 2
or A- B = 2hk, n e Z
cos 0= 1 6=2iik, n e Z or A = 2nK+ B , 11 e Z
cos 0 = -l 0 = (2n + I );r, n e Z
Illustration 4.4
Illustration 4.1
Find the number of roots of the equation 16sec^ 0 12 tan" 0
Find general value of 0 which satisfies both sin 0 = -1/2 and - 4 sec 0 = 9 in interval {-k, k).
tan0= 1/V3 simultaneously.
Sol. ] We have 16 sec^ 0-12 (sec‘0- l)-4sec 0-9 = 0
Sol.~) Here sin 0 < 0 and tan 0 > 0, then 0 lies in the third quad 16 sec^ 0-12 sec^ 0 - 4 sec 0 + 3 = 0
rant. Now
4.2 Trigonometry
Let sec 0 = / Then Eq. (i) becomes
=> 16/^-12/^-4/+ 3 = 0 10/+ 16 = 0

{It-])(2/+ l)(4/-3) = 0 or / = 2, 8
siita: 1/4 3/4
16 = 16 or 16
- 1 zl 1
2’ 2 ’ 4 1
sin;c =±—,
4 2 2
cos 0 = 2, - 2, (Not possible)
3 1 , n 5k
Now sinx = —, then x = —, —
Thus, equation has no real roots. 2 6 6

1 , Ik ll;r
Illustration <4.5 smx = - — , then ^ = — or
2 6 6
Find the number of solutions of sin^x - sin.x - 1 = 0 in
K Ik
[-2;r,2;r]. sinx = , then x = —
2 3 ’ T
Sol. sin“x-sinx- 1 =0 4;t 57T
sinA- = - , then x= —
l±^/5 2 3 3
=5> sinx =
2 Hence, there will be eight solutions in all.
I-V5 1 + V5 , Illustration 4.9
[sin.f = —-— > 1 not possible]
2
Find the number of solutions of the equation
Hence, .r can attain two values in [0, 2;r] and two more values in 'Sinx
-4 = 0.
[-2;r, 0). Thus, there are four solutions.
Sol. ] Put e smx ^ ^
Illustration 4.6
1=0
Ifx G (0,2;r) and y g (0, 2k), then find the number of distinct
2 2
ordered pairs (x, _y) satisfying the equation 9 cos + sec y - t = e = 2 ± V5
6cos jc - 4 sec j + 5 = 0. Now sinxG [-1, Ij.Thus,

Sol. ] 9 cos'jr + seefy 6 cos jc - 4 sec y + 5 = 0

G [e~\ e‘] and 2 ± V5 G [<?“'. e']
Hence, there does not exist any solution.
(3 cos jc- 1)^ + (secjy-2)" = 0
1 ILLUSTRATION 4. 1 □
cosx = - and sec;/= 2 (simultaneously)
Find the number of solutions of [cos x] + [sin x] = 1 in ;r < a: <
Number of distinct x in (0,2;r) is 2 and number of distinct
3;r (where [.] denotes the greatest integer fiinction).
y in (0,2;r) is 2.
Number of distinct ordered pairs (x, y) = 2 x 2 = 4 Sol. ] We have [cos x] + | sin x ] = 1
Illustration 4.7 Now, - 1 < cos X < 1
Possible values of [cos x ] are 0, 1,-1
If 2tan^ X - 5sec x = 1 for exactly seven distinct values of x g
Case I:
[0, ri7t/2], ns N then find the greatest value of n.
[cos x] = - 1 or cos X G [-1,0)
Sol, j 2tan^ x— 5sec x = 1 -1 + I sin X [ = 1
or 2sec^ X - 2 - 5sec x = 1
|sinxj =2 (not possible)
or 2sec^ X - 5sec x - 3 = 0
1 Case II:
or secx = 3 (v secx = -— not possible)
[cos x] = 0 or cos x g [0,1)
This gives two values of x in each of [0, 2;r], (2;r, 4;r], (4;r, 6;r] |sinx| = 1
Stt 3;r 5k
and one value in 6;j- 6;rH for n to be greatest.
I ’ 2_
x =
2 ’ 2
Greatest value of « = 15 Case III:

Illustration 4.a [cos x] = 1 or cos X = 1

|sinx| = 0
Solve 16^'"'^ + 16“^'^ = 10, 0 <x < 2;r.
x = 2;r
16^‘"'-'^+16 l-sin^x = 10 (i)
Hence, there are three solutions.
If 16^*"'^=/, then/+ — = 10
t
 Trigonometric Equations 4.3

Illustration 4.1 1 K K 2>K

X = 0, -
If the equation a sin.v + cos lx = 2a -1 possesses a solution, 4’2’ 4
then find the values of a.

But only ~ y satisfy the original equation.

Sol. 1 The given equation can be written as
2. Never cancel the terms containing unknown terms which are
asin.v + (1 -2 sin^x)~2a-l in product on the two sides. It may cause the loss of a genuine
or 2 sin^x - a sin.v + 2a - 8 = 0 solution.

or sinx =
a ± -8 (2a-8) a ± (fl-8) Illustration 4.1 4
4 4
Solve sin 2x = 4 cos x.
{a-A)
(sin.v = 2 is not possible)
2 f Sol.) We have
Equation has solution if - 1 < {« - 4)/ 2 < 1. Thus, sin 2.V = 4 cos x

- 2 < {a - 4) < 2 2 sin X cos x = 4 cos x

or 2<a< 6 Here, we should not cancel cosx.

Now, 2 sinx cos X - 4 cos.v = 0
Illustration 4.12
cosx (2 sinx-4) = 0
Find all the possible triplets (a,, ^3) such that + U2 cos (2x) We have cos x = 0 or sin x = 2, which is not possible.
+ sin^(.v) = 0 for all real x.
i Sol. } We have
X = {2n + \)^ ,neZ
3. The solution of the equation should not contain such values
o
+ 02 cos (2x) + 03 sin" x = 0 for all real x of angles which make any of the terms undefined or infinite
a, + 02 (1 - 2 sin^x) + 03 sin^x = 0 in the original equation. Domain should not change while
(oj + 02) + (-2o2 + 03) sin“x = 0 simplifying the equation. If it changes, necessary corrections
must be made.
Since this is true for all real x, we must have
0| + 02 = 0 and -2o2 + 03 = 0 Illustration 4.15
02 = -0] ando3 = -2oi
tan 3x - tan 2x
Thus, there exists infinite triplets (O], -Oj, -2oi). Solve = 1.
1 + tan 3.V tan 2x

Important Points in Solving Trigonometric Sol, j We have

Equations tan 3x - tan 2x
= 1
While solving trigonometric equation, we must take care of the 1 + tan 3x tan 2x
following things:
tan (3x - 2x) = 1
1. Squaring the equation at any step should be avoided as far or tan X = 1
as possible, if squaring is necessary, check the solution for 7:
extraneous values. One of the principal solutions of the equation is x =—.

Illustration 4.13 Since period of tan x is K, general solution is given by

Find the number of solutions of the equation Vcos 2x + 2 = .V = w;r H—, ne Z .
4
(sinx + cos x) in [0, k].
But for these values of x, term (tan 2x) in original equation is not
defined.
Sol, j We have Vcos 2x + 2 = (sin x + cos x)
Squaring both sides, we get
2 + cos 2x = 1 + sin 2x
So, x=«;r + -^, neZ is not the solution of the equation.
sin2x-cos2x= 1 Illustration 4.1 S

Again, squaring both sides, we get 3 sin 0-sin 30 cos 30

1 - sin 4x = 1 Solve = 1.
sin0 COS0
sin 4x = 0

4x = nn, n ^ Z Sol, j We have

nn 3 sin 0-sin 30 cos 30
or X = —, where x e [0, n]
sin0 COS0
4.4 Trigonometry

4sin^ G ^ (4cos^ 0-3COS0) = 1 5k

sin0 cos 6 3. 0 = 2«;r+ neZ
3 ’
4 sin^ 0 + 4 cos^ 0-3 = 1
K
1 = I 4. 0 = (2« + l) 4’ n€Z or 0 = (4«+1)—,wsZ
2’
/i;r
This is always true except 0 = « € Z for which either sin 0 ;r ;r 5;r
2 ’ 5. X = — 6. Four solutions
or cos 0is zero. ~6'~6'~6
1. Two solutions 8. No solution
Illustration 4.1 7
;r 5;r
9. No solution 10. x=-
Solve tan x + tan 2x + tan 3a; = tan x tan 2a; tan 3a;, x 6 [0, k]. 4’T
11. Three solutions 12. No solution
Sol. ] We have tan a: + tan 2;c + tan 3a: = tan x tan 2x tan 3x
We know that tan A+ianB + tan C = tan tan B tan C,
iffx = /j;r, n e Z. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
So from given equation, we have x + 2a; + 3x = nK, n e Z sin x=sin a
x = n7t!6, ne Z We have sin x = sin a
X = k/6, 2k16, 5kI6, 5n/6, 6te/6 sinx-sina = 0
or x = 7t!G, TtJZ, k!2, 1kI5, 5k1G, k x+a . x-a
2 cos sin = 0
But forx = n/6, 5;t/6, tan 3x is not defined. 2 2
And forx = k12, tan x is not defined.
x+a . x-a
X = KJ2>,27tn),K cos = 0 or sin = 0
2 2

r x+a K x-a
Concept Application Exercise 4.1 = (2m + l)— or = mn , ni e Z
2 2 2

1 x = (2m + l);r-a or x = 2m;r+or, m € Z

1. Solve sin^0-cos 0= 0 < 0< 2;r. 2m + 1
4 x = (2m+ l);r+(-l) a -d)
2. Solve cos^x + sin^x = 1 in the interval {-k, k). or X = 2m;r + (-1 a,msZ ...(2)
3. Find the general solution of (1 - 2 cos + (tan 0 +
Combining (1) and (2), we get
= 0.
4. Solve sin30-sin0 = 4 cos^0-2. x = fiK+ (-l)"a, ?i e Z

K Note:
5. Solve cos 2x = I sin X I, X e — ,K .
K 2 For general solution of the equation sin 0=k, where -1 < < 1,
we have
6. Find the number of solutions ofthe equation sin“*x + cos'* x
sin 0= sin (sin"'A)
- 2 sin^x + sin^ 2x = 0 in the interval [0, 2;r]. 6 =nK+ (-1)" (sin"*^), ne Z
7. Find number of solutions of the equation 2sin x + 5sin"x
+ Ssin^x + ... ~= 1 forx € [0, 2;r]. Illustration 4.1 S

2k Solve 2 cos^ 0 + 3 sin 0 = 0.

8. Solve the system of equations x + —, cos X + cos V
3
= —, where x and v are real. Sol. ] We have 2 cos^0 + 3 sin 0 = 0
2
9. Solve cosec“0 - cot^0 = cos 0. or 2{ 1 - sin^0) + 3 sin 0 = 0
or 2 sin^0- 3 sin 0- 2 = 0
10. Solve sinxtanx-sinx + tanx - 1 = 0 forx e[0, 2;r].
11. Find number of solutions of equation
or (sin 0- 2) {2 sin 0+ 1) = 0
4 4 or 2 sin 0 + 1 = 0 [*.' sin 09^2]
sin" 0- = 1 - , 0 e [0, 6;r].
sin^ 0 - 1 sin^ 0 - 1 1 -K
or sin0 = - = sin

12. Solve log|sin^l (1 + cosx) = 2.

2 6;
Answers n -K
0= /JK+ (-1) , n e Z
K 5k
\ ^ J
K
1. 0= - 2. x = 0,±—
3’T 2
= fiK+ (-1)
n+ 1 K
— ,n e Z
6
 Trigonometric Equations 4.5

IL.LUSTRATIDN 4.19 On squaring the equation, we get

5 - 2 sin a: = 36 sin" .v - 12 sin a: + 1
Solve 4 cos 0 - 3 sec 0 = tan 0.
or 18 sin"Ar-5.v~2 = 0

Sol. 3 We have 4 cos 0-3 sec 0 = tan 0 (9 sin X + 2)(2 sin a' - I) = 0
3 sin0 2 I
or 4 COS0- sinA: = — or smx = —
COS0 COS0 9 2

or 4 cos"0-3 = sin0 2 1
But sinA: = — is not possible sin a: <—is not possible
or 4(1 - sin^0) - 3 = sin0 9 6
or 4 sin"0+ sin0- 1 = 0
1
sin jc = —

or sin 0 =
-l±Vl +16 -l±^/^7 2

8 7T
x = n7r + (-\)" —, ne Z
-i+Vi? 6
Now, sin0 = . Thus,
8
Illustration 4.22
-l + ^/I7
sin 0 = sin a, where sin a ~
sin -cos -
2 2 cos a:
Solve
0 = n;r+(-l)" or, 2 + sin a: 3

where sina =
-1 + Vt7
and n e Z ■
3^
sin — cos
2 2 _ cos a:
SoT)
-1-Vl7 2 +sin a: 3
Also, sin0 =
. X xV , ■ X X
1 + sin
-\-y/V7
sin — cos - COS —

sin 0 = sin where sin(3 = or

2 2J. 2 2> cosx

X 3
2 I + sin - cos —
2 2)
0 = n;r+ (-1)" (3, n sZ where sin^ =
8 . X X 2
or sin - cos — = — cos X
2 2 3
Illustration 4.2D
4
Solve sin^0 cos 0- cos^0 sin 0= 1/4. or 1 - sin X = — cos" X (On squaring)
9

4
Sol. 0 sin^0cos0-cos‘^0sin0= — or — sin^ X - sin X + 1 - — = 0
4 9 9

or 4 sin 0 cos 0 (sin"0 - cos^0) = 1 or 4 sin^x - 9 sinx + 5 = 0

or 2 sin20(-cos20) = 1 or (4 sinx - 5) (sinx - 1) = 0
or sin X = 1
or -sin40= 1
7T
or sin40= - 1 X = 2/J7T+ —, n e Z
2 ’
7T
40= 2n^
2 Illustration 4.23

0=
/I7t K
—, « e Z Solve
>/5-l Vi0 + 2n/5 = 8,xe 0
It
2
smx cosx ’2j‘
Illustration 4.2 1

Solve V5 -2 sinx = 6 sinx-1 ^1. 3 We have >/5-l X

1 Vio+^ X
I
= 2
4 smx 4 cosx

(V5-1)
5
Sol. 3 The equation is meaningful if sinx < — which is always COSX +
yjlO + ljs smx=
. 2sinx.cosx
true. 4 4

1 K K
Anyxfor which sinx<— cannot be solution, since V5 - 2 sin x > 0 =?● sin xH =sin2xorsin x + — =sin{;r-2x)
10 10
for all X. ^
4.6 Trigonometry

K K TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
x + — = 2x or x-i— = n-2x
10 10 cos X = cos a

n K 9k We have cos x = cos a

or 3x = ;r
10 10 10 cos X-cos « = 0

x + a x-a
K Zn -2sin sin = 0
or X =
2 2
10 10
. x + a . x-a
sm = 0 or sin = 0
ILLUSTRATIDN 4-.24 2 2
x + a x-a
Find the general values of x and v satisfying the equations = nn or = nn
2 2
5 sinx cosy = 1 and 4 tanx = tany.
x = 2nn-a or x = 2n;r+ a

So[. J We have X - 2mi± a,n& Z

5 sinx cosy = 1 and 4 tanx = tany Note:
or 5 sinx cosy = 1 and 4 sinx cosy = siny cosx For general solution ofthe equation sin 0=^, where -1 <A-< 1,
1 we have
or sinx cosy = — and cosx siny = —
cos 0 = cos (cos'*^)
sinx cosy + cosx siny = 1 d=2nK±(cos~^k), n € Z
3
and sinx cosy - cosx siny = -
5 Illustration 4.25
7t -1 3^
sin(x + y) = sin — and sin(x -y) = sin < sin Solve Vs sec 20 = 2.
2 5;
n
Sol. 1 We have"'/! sec20 = 2
x+ y = nK+ (-1)" — n G Z
2
n
or cos20 = = cos —

and x-y = m;r+ (-1)'" sin

-1 3 1 \m& Z7
—
2 6
5 K
26=2n7i± —,n^Z
n K 6
x=(^+«)-+Hr-+H)'"- sin — \m,n& Z
5 K
or 0= /i;r± — Z
12
K n m + I 3'!
and ^=(„_„,)-+(-ir-+(-i) sm
2 5)' Illustration 4.25
m,n € Z
Solve sin20 + cos 0 = 0.
'I
Concept Application Exercise 4.2
Sol. ] We have sin20 +cos0= 0
1. Solve 2 sin0+I = 0.
K
2. Solve sin^«0- sin^ (« - 1) 0= sin^0. or cos 0 = -sin 20 = cos — + 20
3. Solve cos 0+ cos70+ cos30+ cos50= 0.
4. Solvetan^0-2 sin0=O. K
d = 2nn± — + 20 neZ
5. If sin 0, 1, cos20 are in G.P., then find the general values 12
offt

6. Solve (sin 10°)

Ian X + tan 3x
= tan 15° + tan 30° + tan 15°- Taking positive sign, we have
tan 30°,x e(0, k]. K
e = 2)iit+ - +26
Answers 2

;r

1. 0 = n;r+{-l)"^' ^,neZ
0= 2n7t , « € Z.
2

pn {2q + \)n Taking negative sign, we have

2. e = k7t. — ,k,p,q,neZ
n -T 2/7 n
0 = 2nn- — + 20
rm
3. 0=
8
,n^Z 4. 6 ~ n7t,rjK + {-iy —,n
6
eZ
2nn K
n—I Tt ^ K >2n 0 = — , /? G Z
5. 0 = /j;r + (“l) ^ 6. x=—,—
4 4
3 6
 Trigonometric Equations 4.7

Illustration 4.27 Illustration 4.3 1

Solve cos 0 + cos 30- 2 cos20== 0. Solve cosx cos2a'cos3x = 1/4.

1
Sol.J| We have cos 0 +cos30-2 cos20= 0 Sol. cosx cos 2x cos 3x = —
or 2 cos20cos 0 - 2 cos20= 0 4

or 2 cos20(cos0-l) = 0 or 2(2cos.v cos3.y) cos2x = 1

or cos20=O or cos0-l=O or 2(cos 4x + cos 2x) cos 2x = 1
or 2{2cos"2t -1 + cosZy) cosIy = 1
29=(2n + l)y,« e Zor 0= 2mT, m e Z or 4cos^Zy + 2cos“2x - 2cos 2y - 1 = 0
or
0=(2n+l)^4 ,ne Zor 0= 2m7t, ni e Z or (2cos^2y- 1)(2cos2x+ 1) = 0
or cos4.y (2cos2y + 1) = 0
Illustration 4.2S cos4.y = 0 or cos2y = -1/2

Solve sec40- sec20 = 2.

4x= (2n + \) — ,2x= 2mn± — , m, ai € Z
^ 2 3
1
SoT) =2 K
x= (2/? + !)—,x = mn± —
K
cos 40 cos 20 or
8 3
or cos20- cos40 = 2 cos20cos40= cos20 + cos60
or cos60+ cos40= 0
Illustration 4.32
or 2 cos50cos0= 0
cos 50= 0 or cos 0 = 0 s smx
. - cosx = cos 7

Solve the equation — x.

5e=(2„+i)^ or
0=(2„+l)| ,neZ Sol. J We have VI sinx = 2(cosx + cos";y) ...(0
1 K 1
0= A7+- or 0= /7 H— K, n e Z Squaring both sides, we get
2J 5 2j 3 sin^x = 4(cosIy + cos’^x + 2 cos^x)
Illustration 4.29
or 3(1 - cos".y) = 4 cos'x + 4 cos'*x + 8 cos^x.
or 4 cos"^x + 8 cos^x + 7 cos"x -3 = 0
Solve 5 cos20 +2 cos' —+ 1 =0,
0
7t< 6<7C.
or (cosx + 1) (2 cosx - 1) (2 COS'X + 3 cosx + 3) = 0
2 For cosx = - !, X = (2/7 + 1) T, A? e Z

Sol. ) Changing all the values in terms of cos 0, we get Clearly, cos x = -1 satisfies eq. (i).
5(2 cos'0- 1) + (1 +cos0)+ 1 =0 Now, cosx= ^
or 10 cos“0 + COS0- 3 = 0 1 V3
Clearly, for cos x = - fi-om eq. (i), sin x = —
or (5 COS0 + 3) (2 COS0- 1) = 0
COS 0 =
I -3 So, X lies in l’’^ quadrant.
2’ 5 K

0= -
K TV -1 ( 3 = T - cos
-I 3 X = 2/7T+ y ’ ^ ^
—, cos
3 ’ 3 S) 5
Illustration 4.33
-I 3
and K+ cos [V -K<d<K]
5 41 1
Solve 8 sinx =
cosx sinx
Illustration 4.3D

Find the least positive value of 0 for which (cos 0+ cos20)^ 41 1

I Sol. 1 8 sinx =
= cos^0 + cos^20. cosx sinx

8 sin'x cosx = VI sinx + cosx

Sol ) We have (cos 0+ cos20)^^ = cos^0 + cos^20 or

i.e., {a + h)^ = or 4(2 sinx cosx) sinx = VI sinx + cosx

ab{a + b) = 0 or 2(2 sin2v sinx) = VI sinx + cosx
cos 0=0 orcos20=O orcos0+cos20= 0 or 2 cosx - 2 cos3x = VI sinx + cosx
cosx - VI sinx = 2 cos 3x
K n 7t
or
f)
^min
= or = or ^min =
2 4 3 /
K
K
or cos 3x = cos X+ —
^min = 2)
4
4.8 Trigonometry

3x = 2n;r± x + — ,neZ TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

3j tan X = tan a
7T
By taking positive sign, x = nfr+ — , ns Z We have tan x = tan a
6
sm.v sin a
UK K
By taking negative sign, ^ ^ — ,n^Z cos.Y cos a
12
sin a: cos a - cos x sin a = 0

Illustration 4.34 sin(x - O') = 0

X- a = UK
Solve the equation 2(cosx + cos 2x) + sin 2x(l + 2 cosx)
x = UKa, where n s Z
= 2 sin X for x € [-K, k] .
Note:
Sol.~] The given equation is
For general solution of the equation tan^= k, where k € R,
2 (cos X + 2 cos'x - 1) + 2 sin X cos x (1 + 2 cos x) we have
- 2 sinx = 0
tan 0=tan (tan~^k)
2 (2 cos^x + cosx- 1) + 2 sin X (2 cos^x + cos x - 1) = 0 =► d = nn+ (tan"*/:), n e 2
(sin X + 1) (2 cos^x + cos x - 1) = 0
sin X = - 1 or 2 cos"x + 2cos x - cos x - 1 = 0
Illustration 4.35
K
=> X = 2hk - — ,n^Z or (2cosx- 1)(cosx + 1) = 0 Solve tan30 = -l.

TC K -K
X = 2«;r —,« £ Z or X = 2nK± — Sol. J tan30 =-l = tan
2 3 I 4
or X = 2/m + 7t,n e Z -n
30 = /i;r+ — & Z
For 4 )
-K<X<7C, X = - — ,± — ,±K
2 3 nn K
or 0 = , n e Z
3 12
r
Concept Application Exercise 4.3
Illustration 4.35
1. Solve cos 0= 1/3.
Solve 2 tan 0 - cot 0 = -1.
2. Solve tan0tan40= 1 for 0 < 0< ;r.
3. Solve cot(x/2) - cosec (x/2) = cotx. Sol. ] 2 tan 0 - cot 0 = - I
4. Solve cot 0+tan 0 = 2 cosec 0. 1
or 2 tan 0 - = - 1
5. Solve sin60= sin40-sin20. tan0

6. SoIvecos0 + cos20 + cos30=O. or 2 tan" 0 + tan 0 - 1 = 0

7. Determine the smallest positive value of x which satisfies or (tan 0+1) (2 tan0-l) = O
the equation VI + sin 2x - V2 cos 3x = 0. or tan0 = - 1 or tan 0 =
1

8. If cospO + cos q6 = 0, then prove that the different values 2

-K I
of 0are in A.P. with common difference 27d{p±q). or tan 0 = tan or tan 0 = tan tan
-I

9. Find the number of solutions for the equation sin5x +

4 ) 2)
sin 3x + sinx = 0 for 0 < x < ;r. -K
0= /j;r+ — or 0 =/?/;;:+a,
Answers 4 }

-1 1 n 3n 5k Ik 9k where //i, « e Z and tan a = —.

1. 6=2nK±cos — ,n^Z 2. 0= — 2
3 10’ 10 ’ 10 ’ 10 ’ 10
27T K Illustration 4.3V
3. x = 4«;r± —, // G Z 4. 6=2nK±—,neZ
3 3
Solve tan50= cot20.
nK K
5. 0 = or 0 = mK±~\m,n g Z
4 6’
Sol. )tan50=cot20 = tan — - 20
2k 2
6. 0 ={2// + l)—or
4
0 =2w;r± — ,«gZ
3 K
50 =//;:+ 20
K 2
7. 9. Three solutions
16 K
70= r\K-\- —
2
 Trigonometric Equations 4.9

nn n {2n + \)K (tan^ a: - 1) (tan x+ 1) = 0

e= — + —, ,where«e Z,hu\n^3,10, 17,... tanx = ±l
7 14 14
K
where tan50 is not defined.
x = nn± — ,n€Z ...(iv)
4
Illustration 4.3B K
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), common roots are (2« + l)—.
4
Solve (tan^ x + 2^3 tan x +7) (cot" y - 2^3 cot >’+8)^20 for
.Y and y.
Illustration 4.4 1
Sol. J We have
Solve 2 sin^x - 5 sinx cosx - 8 cos^x = - 2.
((tan X + VI)" + 4) ((cot y - VI)" + 5) < 20
Now,L.H.S. >20. S^. 1 If cosx = 0, then
Therefore, we must have 2 sin^x = - 2 or sin"x = - 1, which is not possible.
(tan Y + VI)^ = 0 and (cot y - VI)^ = 0 Clearly, cosx 0
tan x = - VI and cot y = ~^3 Now, 2 sin"x-5 sinx cosx —8 cos^x = - 2
1 Dividing both sides by cos"x, we get
tan X = -VI and tan
2 tan"x - 5 tanx - 8 = -2 sec^x
7T 7t or 2 tan^x - 5 tanx -8 + 2(1+ tan^x) = 0
x = nTt — — , n E Z and v - mK + — , m E Z
3 6 or 4 tan^x -5 tanx -6 = 0
or (tanx - 2) (4 tanx + 3) = 0
Illustration 4.39 Now, tanx-2 = 0
Solve tan 0+ tan20 + v^ tan0tan20 = VI. Let tanx = 2 = tana

x = n7T+ a = iiK+ tan"*2, n e Z

Sol. ] tan0+tan20 +VItan0tan20= VI or 4 tanx + 3 = 0
or tan0+ tan20= VI (I - tan 0tan20)
tan 0 +tan 20
tanx = = tan/3 (let)
4
or = VI
l-tan0tan 20
-1 3 \
x = w;r+ tan — , where m e Z
or tan 3 0 = VI = tan — 4J
3
71
30= IIK+ — ,n E Z Illustration 4.42
3
71
nn n _
or 0 = —+— ,heZ Find the number of roots of the equation tan x + — =2 tan x,
3 9 6j
forx G (0, 3;r).

Illustration 4.4D n
Sol. ] tan x+ — = 2 tan X
Find common roots of the equations 2sin^x + sin^ 2x = 2 and 6)
sin 2x + cos 2x = tan x. n
tan x +tan

t Sol. ] We have 2sin" x + sin^ 2x = 2 .-(i) — = 2 tan X

n
and sin 2.x + cos 2x = tan x ...(ii) 1 - tan X tan —
6
Solving Eq. (i), sin 2x = 2cos x
O ') 0 Let tan x = y.
4sin"x cos"x = 2cos x
0 0
1
cos x(2sin“x - 1) = 0 3’ +
>/3
2cos"x cos Zx = 0 = 2y
y
1-
cos X = 0 or cos 2x = 0

n K
x = (2« + l)— orx = (2n + l) —,nGZ ...(iii) Vly + l = 2v
2 4

Now solving Eq. (ii), yj3-y

2tanx + l-tan“x VIy+ 1 =2VIy-2/
= tan X
1 + tan^ X 2y^ - Vly +1=0, which has imaginary roots.
tan^x + tan"x-tanx- 1 =0 Hence, equation has no solutions.
4.10 Trigonometry

Illustration 4.<43 sin (;c + a) sin (x - a) = 0

Solve sin X - 3 sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x - 3 cos 2x + cos 3x. sin {x + a) = 0 or sin (x - a) = 0
x + a = /77r or x-a = nn,neZ
I Sol. ] The given equation is x = nK±a,n^ Z
sin X - 3 sin Xx + sin 3x = cos x - 3 cos 2x + cos 3x Also, tan“ x = tan^ a
tan X = ± tan a
2 sin Zx cos X - 3 sin 2x = 2 cos 2x cos x - 3 cos 2x
sin 2x (2 cos x - 3) = cos Zx (2 cos x - 3) tan X = tan(±a)
=> sin 2x = cos 2x x = nn± a,n .€ Z
(As cos x?!: 3/2)
tan 2x =1
Illustration 4.44
Zx = nK+ 71/4
Solve 7 cos“0 + 3 sm"6 = 4.
I17T K _
X = —+ —, « e Z
2 8
Sol. ) We have 7 cos"0+ 3 sin^0 = 4
r
Concept Application Exercise 4.4 7(1 -sin“0) + 3 sin^0 = 4
or 4sin"0 = 3
1. If tana0- tnnbd= 0, then prove that the values of 0 forms
an A.P. ● 2/1 3
or Sin 6 = —
2. Solvetan^0+2V3 tan6= 1. 4 2

3. Solve tan^x +(1-Vs) tanx-'^ = 0. ■2a ■ 1 —

^
or sin 0= sin
4. Solve 3 cos"0- 2^3 sin 0 cos 0- 3 sin^0= 0. 3
5. Solve tan 6 + tan(0 + tj^3) + tan(0 + 27t/3) = 3. n

6. Solve 2 sin^x = cosx.

or 6 = nK± —, ne Z
3
7. Solve 7 cos‘x + sinx cosx -3 = 0.
Illustration 4.45
PK qK
8. If tan - cot , then prove that
4 ) 4 ) sin" 2x + 4sin'* x-4sin^ xcos^x 1
Solve
p + q = 2 (2/1 + 1), n e Z 4-sin" 2x-4sin^ x 9

9. Solvesec0-I =(V2“ i)tan0.

j Sol. ) We have
Answers
sin^ 2x + 4sin‘^x-4sin"xcos^ x 1
n 5;r 4-4sin^ x-sin^ 2x 9
2. 0=n;r + — ,«€Zor0 = m7t- ;meZ
12 ’ 12
4sin'*x _ 1

3. x=n;rH—,n^Z ox x = mn
7: K
;w€Z 4 cos^ X - 4 sin ^ X cos^ x 9
3 4’
sin'* X _ 1
A n ^ "7 cos'* X 9
4. 0- — + — ,n€Z
2 6
\2 n2
I 7T
=> tan^ X = tan —
5. 0 ={4w + l)—,«
12
€Z
7T TV
6. X =n7i + — ,n e Z x = n7i± —
4 6
3;r 4 Illustration 4.45
7. X=/77T +
4
and x=^;r+tan
3
[k,n G Z)
K
Solve logjjjnj(2 + 4cos^x) = 2.
9. 0 =2n7X or 0 =2n7t-¥— ,n^Z
4 ’ Sol»^ log,an^ (2 4 cos‘x) = 2, tail X > 0, tan X 1
2 + 4 cos"x = tan^x
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION 3 + 4cos"x = sec"x
4 cos'^x + 3 cos^x- 1 = 0
(f(x))^ = (f(a))^. WHERE f(x) IS
Let cos"x = T
trigonometric FUNCTION
4r + 3r - 1 = 0
Consider the equations (4/- !)(/+ 1) = 0
sin^x = sin"a or cos^x - cos“a / = 1/4 or r = - 1
Here, both the given equationsare same.
●y
Sin X - sin" a = 0
y
cos^x= —
4
 Trigonometric Equations 4.11

1 9 K TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
COS".X = COS" —
3 a cos x + ibsin x = c
K
X = uK-¥ —, /I e Z for x-nn , tan j: < 0 We have a cos .t + /? sin a: = c
3 3
a b c
C0S.Y + sinA: =
ILLUSTRATION 4.47

Solve 4 cot 20 = cot^0 - tan"0.

a b
Let = COS a then = smct

soH ^
1
-tan^ 6 4741? 4aUb-
tan 20 tan"0 c
COS a COS-v +sin a Sin a: =

4(l -tan
^e) l-tan'’0 2tan0 1717
or put tan 20 =
2tan0 tan^0 l-tan"0 c
cos(A:-a) = = COS (say) ...(2)
or (1 - tan"0) [2 tan 0 - (1 + tan^0)] - 0 yja~ +b~
or (1 - tan"0) (tan"0- 2 tan 0+ 1) = 0 a: - a = 2;?7T± f3
or (1 -tan"0)(tan0- I)" = 0 x = 2fm+ a± (5,neZ
or tan0 = ± I
Here, a and ^ are known as a, b, c are known.
K
d = ii7r± —, « G Z Clearly, eq. (2) has solution if
4
c
-1< <1
Illustration 4.4S
yja~ +b~
Find the most general solution of
1^1
2^ + |cos + COS'X + |cos xl’ +●●● = 4. or <1
Vfl" + b~
cosx| +●●●
We have =4
or I c |< yja'^ +b~
or 2l + lcOSX|+|COSXp +|cosx|’ +●●● ® =4
1
If I c [> yja' +b~ , then equation has no solution.
or 2l-lcosx| _22 (sum of infinite G.P.) For eq. (1),
1 a b
or = 2 let = sincr then = cos a.
1-| cos a: \ja~ +b^ 1717
So, the equations reduces to
or [cosArj = — or cos a: = ± —
2 2 c
sin a cos a: + cos a sin a: =

X = nTT ± , n E Z 1717
3
c

r
or sin(Ar + a) = = sin /3 (say)
Concept Application Exercise 4.5 \la~ +h~
1. Solve tan"0+cot"0 = 2.
In this case, solution of the equation is
x + a = n7t±{-l)"j3
2. Solve 3(sec"0+tan^0) = 5.
3. Solve 4 cos"a: +6 sin^A: = 5. or x = n7C±{-\ )"/3 - a, n E Z
4. Solve 2
cos 2x
+ 1 = 3.2-sin^’^ Illustration 4.49
5. Find the number of solutions of the equation
Solve >/3 cos X + sin X =
cot^(sin X + 3) = 1 in [0, 3t].
Answers Sol. ) We have,

n n
VI cos X + sin X = V2 ...(1)
1. 0 = nn±— ,iieZ 2. 6=im±— ,heZ
4 6
Dividing both sides by ^(%/J)^ +1" = 2 , we get
7t
3. x = im±— ,heZ 7 cos X + — sin X = 1
4
2 2
K
4. X = /iT, w G Zor x=«T + — gZ T 1
2
cos X
5. Six solutions
(>} sl2
4.12 Trigonometry

n K 7T

sin(x +_>’) + cos(x +_!') = cos — = ^

cos X = cos— or

6; 4

71 K
1
X — = 2tiK± — ,n e Z or sin(x + y) + cos(x + v ) - —
6 4 1

K 71
x = 2«;r± —I— or COS(x+y ) = COS —
4 6 ●^4 3
n Tt ^ 71
x-2nK+ —+ — or x = 2fm h— x+y = 2fiK± — ,n e Z
4 6 4 6 4 3

5;r 7T
x= 2i2K + or x = 2/171 , where n e Z
or x + y = 2/i;r± —+ — (iii)
3 4
12 12
iK
Illustration 4.5D
for /i = 0,x + _v = (v.T,y>0) (iv)
12

Solve Vs COS0- 3 sin0 = 4 sin20cos30. 5tc K

From (i) and (iv), x = >.v = -
12 6
Sol. 3 We have Vs cos 0-3 sin 0 = 2 (sin 50- sin 0) Sti K
Hence, the least positive values of x and y are and —
1 12 6 ’
or COS 0- sin 0 =sin 50 respectively.
I 2 2)
Illustration 4-.53
71 K
cos 0H— =sin 50= cos 50
6 ) \2
For what value of A: € {-7i, 7Z) the equation sinx + cos(Ar + x)
+ cos(/r - x) = 2 has real solutions?
71 K
0+ ^2n;r± --50 SqI. ^ sinx + cos(/r + x) + cos(4' - x) = 2
6
2 cosx ● cos^ + sinx = 2
/\K K UK K
or 0 = + — or0 = - + —, V/? e Z This equation is of the form a cosx + b sinx = c
18 2 6 Here a = 2 cos A', 6 = 1 and c = 2

Illustration 4.5 1 Since for real solutions, | c | < \ja^ + h~, we have
Find the number of integral values of n so that sinx (sinx + 2< ^\ + 4 cos‘ k or cos^k> —
4
cosx) = /I has at least one solution.
1 1
sin^ A < — or sin'A--<0
Sol. ) sinx (sinx + cosx) = /i 4 4
or sin^x + sinx cosx = « 1
N /
1
or sin Ah— sinA-- <0
l-cos2x sin2x
or = n 2J V 2>
2 2
1 1
or sin2x - cosZx' = 2/i - 1 or <sin A<-
2 2
-^/2 <2n-l<V2 -K K
<k<-
\~42~ <n<
1 + V2 6 6
or
2 2
r
or n = 0, 1 Concept Application Exercise 4.6

Illustration 4.52
1. Solve cot 0 +cosec 0= VI.
2. Solve sin 0H-cos 0 = VI cos .4.
Find the smallest positive values ofx andy satisfying x -y = —
3. Solve VI sec 0 + tan 0 = 1.
4
and cotx + coty = 2.
4. Find the number of integral values of A for which the
equation 7 cosxH- 5 sinx = 2A+ 1 has at least one solution.
Sol. 1 Given, x-y= — (i) Answers

cotx + coty = 2 (ii) 7T K

From Eq. (ii), sin(x+y) = 2 sinx ● siny 1. 6=2/i7t + — ,neZ 2. 6 =2n7t + — ± A,n e Z
3 4
= cos(x -y) - cos(x +y) 71
TV 3. 9=2/ik ,«eZ 4. Eight values
= cos cos(x + y) 4’
4
 Trigonometric Equations 4.13

SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC K 2nm

or {4n+\)- =
EQUATIONS USING MAXIMUM/ a

MINIMUM VALUE OF FUNCTION or a —

4m
; III, n e Z
4a7 + 1 ’
Many times, while solving equation f(x) = g(x), xe A, we come
across the following situation; Illustration 4.5B
If V X E A, fix) < a and g(x) > a, then fix)=g(x) = a.
Let us study few illustrations to understand this. Solve cos^®x - sin^^x = 1.

Illustration 4.5-4 cos^^x - sin^^'x = 1 or cos x= 1 + sin^^x

L.H.S. < 1 and R.H.S.> 1
Find the number of soliition{s) of the equation
cos (tvJx) cos (;Wx - 4) = 1. Hence, we must have cos^”x = 1 + sin^°x = 1
or sinx = 0
Sol. ] We have or x = II K,n G Z

cos (tt^) cos {;Wx - 4) - 1, where x > 4

Illustration 4.59
cos (tpIx) = 1 and cos (Trix - 4) = 1
ttJx = Imn and (;Wx - 4) = 2im (m, ne Z) Solve sin^x + cos ^ = 2sec"z for x, y, and z.
X = 4m^ and x - 4 = Ai?
Sol. ^ L.H.S. = sinlv + cos“y < 2 [v sin^x<andcosV^ 1]
Now,
R.H.S. = 2sec^z>2
m~ 1, /? = 0
Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S. only when sin^x- 1,
x = 4
cos'y ~ I, and 2sec"z = 2.
So, X = 4 is the only solution of the equation.
Thus, cos“x = 0, sin"y = 0, cos'z = 1
Illustration 4.55 cosx = 0, sin^ = 0. sinz = 0

lfx,y € [0,2;r], then find the total number of ordered pairs (x,
satisfying the equation sinx cosy = 1. x = (2m + 1) ^,y = nn
and 2 = tK, where m, n, t e Z.
Sol. ] sinx cosy = 1
Illustration 4.60
sinx =1, cosy = I or sin.v = -l , cosy = -l
If sinx = 1, cosy = 1; hence, x = nl2, y = 0, 2t
Solve 1 + sinx sin" — =0.
Ifsinx = -1, cosy = -l; hence, x = 3;r/2,y = n 2
K K
Thus, the possible ordered pairs are —,0 , — ,2k , and
2 J Sol. J 1 + sinx sin"—=0
/"37T / V
2
, n .
2
or 2 + 2sinx sin" -^ = 0
2
Illustration 4.56 or 2 + sinx(l - cosx) = 0
Find the number of solutions of sin“xcos^x = 1 + cos"x sin'^x or 4 + 2 sinx sinlY = 0

in the interval [0, 2;r]. or sin2x = 2sinx + 4

The above result is not possible for any value of x as L.H.S. has
[ Sol.")sin'xcos'x = 1 + cos^x sin”^x
maximum value 1 and R.H.S. has minimum value 2.
sin'xcos'x (I - sin"x) = 1 Hence, there is no solution.
sin"x cos'^.Y = 1
sin"x = cos‘*x= 1, which is not possible. Illustration 4.6 1

Solve cos 40 + sin 5 0 = 2.

Illustration 4.57

If 3 sinx + 4 cos ox = 7 has at least one solution, then find the Sol. ) The equation cos40 + sin50 = 2 is valid only when
possible values of a. cos40= I and sin50= 1. Thus,
40 = 2«7Tand50 = 2mT+ k!2, n,m e Z
^ol 3 We have 3 sin.Y + 4 cosoY = 7 which is possible only
2tm 2nm K
when 0= and 0 = + —, m G Z
sinx = 1 and cos ax ~ 1 4 5 10

K Pulting/j;w = 0,± 1,±2,..., the common value in [0,2;r] is B~kI2.

or X = (4/t + l)- and ax = 2mn \m,nG Z
Therefore, the solution is 0 = 2kK + k!2, Ug Z.
4.14 Trigonometry

Illustration <4.62
1
Concept Applicatjdn Exercise 4.7

Solve for X andy: sinx + cosx = 8y-y" - 18, where 1. Solve cos X + cos 2r + ...+ cos (fjx) = n,n e N.
0<x<4T,y€ R.
2. Show thatx = 0 is the only solution satisfying the equation
I + sin“ffx = cosx, where a is irrational.
[S^ R.H.S. 8y-y-- 18=-[y^-8y]- 18 3. Solve sin'^x = 1 + tanlv.
= -[(y-4)"-16]-!8
= -2-0'-4)' f X W X 'l
4. Solve sinx cos 2sinx + 1+sin—-2cosx
4 4
R.H.S. <-2 cosx = 0.

whereas L.H.S.> - 2 5. Solve 12 sinx + 5 cosx = 2y“ - 8,v + 21, to get the values
of X and y.
Equality is possible only when L.H.S. = R.H.S. = -2
6. Solvesin2x + cos4x = 2.
Now, for L.H.S., 2 cos (x - k/3) = - 2
7. If the equation tan(P cotx) = cot(P tanx) has a solution in
cos (x-t/3) = -1
X'-K/3-7:or37i

x = AkI3A0kI3
X € (0, 7t) -
jyj , then prove that ■
lx
8. Iftan" {7r(x+y)} +cot‘ {7i(x+y)} = 1 + - where
For R.H.S.=-2,y = 4. ^1 + X
x,y e /?, then find the least possible positive value ofy.
Illustration 4.63

Solve the equation 9. Find the number of real solutions of the equation (cosx)^
^ 2
+ (sinx)^ = 1 in the interval [0, ln\.
cos' —(sinx
4
+ \/2 cos^x) -tan" X + — tan X
4
= 1.
Answers

K ■)
1. x=0 3. No solution 4. x = (^k-6)K,ke Z
M3 cos " — (sinx + cos'x) -tan" x + —tan'x
4
=1
5
_4 5. x=2wt + cos — ,neZ andy = 2
13j’
*) It ') 2 ^ ■> 6. No solution 8. 1/4
sin" " — (sinx + v2 cos'x) + tan x + —tan'x =0
4 4 9. Three solutions

It is possible only when

sm" " —4 (sinx + \/2 cos^x) = 0 ...(i) SOLVING EQUATIONS USING

GRAPHS
and
^
tan" x + —tan X =0
2
...(ii) Consider equation/(x)=g(x), where/(x) is trigonometric function
4 and g(x) is either trigonometric or non-trigonometric function.
In many cases, it is not possible to find the exact values of x
— (sin X + yjl COS^x) = UK, fl E I which satisfy the equation.
4 However, we can find the number of values of x which satisfy
or sinx+ >/2 cos^x = 4/i the equation.
To find the number of roots of the equation, we draw the
This equation has solution only for ii = 0. Thus, graphs of y = /(x) and y = ^x) and find the number of points of
sinx + V2 cos'.x = 0 intersection.

I.C., sin"x - sin.Y - ■'/2 = 0

ILLUSTRATION 4.64
or (sinx - VI) (VI sinx + 1) = 0
X
1 Find the number of solutions of sinx = —
smx = - 10

X = IkTt- 7t/4, k€ Z Sol. 3 Here, let/(x) = sinx and g(x) = — . Also, we know that
Also these values ofx satisfy Eq. (ii); therefore, the general solution -l<sinx<l.
of given equation is given by
-1 < —<1
K 10
X - Ikn .kEZ
4 ’ or - 10<x< 10
 Trigonometric Equations 4.15

Thus, sketch both curves when x € [-10, 10]. Sol. ] Let f(x) = tan x and g{x) = x + 1, which could be graphi
cally represented as follows:
1

-X
f(x) = sin X -Znl2

From figure,y(x) = sinx and g{x) = x/10 intersect at seven points.

So, the number of solutions is seven.

ILUUSTRATJDN 4.65
From figure, tan x = x + 1 has infinitely many solutions but the
Find the number of roots of equation x sin x = I. 71 K
least positive value ofx e
Sol. 3 We have x sin x = 1
4’ 2j‘
1
or sin X = — Illustration 4.67
X

To find the number of roots of above equation, we draw the If m and n (/i > m) are positive integers, then find the number
of solutions of the equation /ijsin x] = w|cos x| for x € [0, 2;r].
graphs of = sin x and y = — and count the number of points of Also find the solution.
X
intersection.

1 Sol. We have /i|sin x| = w|cos x|

Now for ,
X Draw the graphs ofy ~ w|sin x| and y = m\cos x|.
1 + Range of «|sin x| and m\cos x\ are [0, n] and [0, m], respectively.
we have —> CO , when X —> 0
X Also, period of each of /?lsin xt and m|cos x| is 7t.
On increasing the value of x from O' onwards, value of —X Graphs of functions are as shown in the following figure.
decreases. Y

Also, -—^ 0'*’, when x —» n

y= n|sin x[
X

1
Similarly, ^ , when x —> 0
^ _ 1 . m
On decreasing the value of x form 0 , value of — increases. y = m|cos xKB 3^ D
.V

Thus graphs of j = — and >' = sin x are as shown in the following

X
figure.
0 7d2 n Zjd2 2;r 5n/2
Y
3
1
2 /= x

1 y = sin X From the figure graphs intersect at four points.

Hence, there are four roots of the equation.
-3;N:5^?^27r -3nJ2~^ Jd2>^7d2y2n 5id2 3k

-2
For point A, n sin.x = m cosx
1
V= x m
-3 tan X = —
n

From the figure, we can observe that both graphs will intersect x = tan
m

each other infinite number of times. n

1 m
Hence, equation sinx = ~ orxsinx= 1 has infinite roots. For point B, x = K~ tan
X n

m
Illustration 4.66
For point C, x = ;r + tan
n

Prove that the least positive value ofx, satisfying tanx =x + 1,

-1 m
lies in the interval {TtJA, idl). For point D, x = l7t- tan
n
4.16 Trigonometty
r 1 On generalizing above solution, we get
Concept Application Exercise 4.B
n In
Inn — <x<lim + — ,n € Z
1. Find the number of solutions of the equation 6 6
sinjc = :c"+.>:+ 1.

2. Find number of solutions of equation sin at = logi(>r. Illustration 4.69

3. Find the number of solutions of the equation
^ , 2 ■ n
2jc = 3;r(l -cosat). Solve X <sin—X.
2
4. Solve tan x = [a:]; x g (0, 3;z/2). Here [.] represents the
greatest integer function.
Sol. ) We have x’ < sin — x
Answers
2

2;r
1. No solution 2. Three solutions 3. Five solutions
4. x = tan"'4
Function >'= ^inyx has period n/2
= 4.

. n
Graphs of v = x” and y — sin —X are as shown in the following
trigonometric ineoualitifs figure.

Consider inequalityy(x) > g(x) or/(x) < ^(x), where at least one
of the functions/(x) and^x) is trigonometric function.
To solve such inequalities, we draw the graphs ofy =/(x) and
y = g(x).
The solution set of f (x) > g(x) is the set of values of x for
which graph of;' =/(x) lies above the graph ofy = g(x).
The solution set of /(x) < g(x) is the set of values of x for
which graph ofy =f (x) lies below the graph ofy = g(x).
Illustration 4.6B

1
Solve sinx > —.
2

1
Sol. 1 We have sin x > —.
2

Since sin x is periodic function with period 2n, we solve inequality

Graphs of the functions intersect at two points (0, 0) and (1, 1).
for the length of the interval 2;rand then we generalize the solution
by adding 2nn, n g Z.
n 3n ,
From the figure, x^ < sinyx forxG (0, 1).
Let us solve the inequality for the value of x g —, — (we
2 2
can choose any other interval of length 2n) Illustration 4.70

Draw the graph ofy = sinx and;'^ as shown in the following Solve sin 0 + ^/3 cos 6 > 1, -;r < 0 < ;r.
figure. ^
Sol j We have
y

sin0 + -s^cos0 > 1, -;r< 6 < n

2 ■
1
— sin0 + cos6 > —
y= sin X 2 2 2
1--
1
cos {6- 7t/6) > —
I
I
-7d2 -nlZ ® n/6 ;z/3 jd2 2nlZ 5;t/6 7rN7n(6 AidZ 3n/2 cos X > where x = 6- n!6
1
2 ’
-1-- y = -2
In 5n
X G
T’T
1 I
K In
From above figure, sinx>— when - — <x< Draw the graph ofy = cos X andy= — as shown in the following
2 6 6 figure. ^
 Trigonometric Equations 4.17
y To find points of intersection of graphs,
2 Let cos Zx = sin a:
2 sin^ :c + sin a: - 1 = 0
y = cos X
1

sinx = -l,
nil 2
X
-3;tf2 -n 'rdl-JL 0 n n
But sinAT?i-l.
3 3

-1

So, sinAr= —
2

K K Clearly from the figure, graphs of v = [sin .v| andy = cos 2x intersect
From the figure, x £ 71 57t
3 ’ 3 at.Y= ± —
"6’ T
K \ ( 5k
0£ K K

ri’ 2 Therefore, the solutions set isx 6

\ 6 6J 1^ 6
, K .

Illustration 4.7 1 r
Concept Application Exercise 4.9

K
Solve cos Zx > |sin .x|, x e —, K . 1. Solve sin^ 0 > cos' 6.
2
2. Solve tanx < 2.

SolQ We have 3. Solve sin 2a: > sin" .v + (2 - cos^ x.

K 4. Solve tan^AT +3 > 3tanAT +tan"x.
We have cos Zx > [sin a:|, x e —. 7t
y 2 5. Solve 2 cos" a: + sin a: < 2, where 7t/2 <x< 3tc/2.
2x
Draw the graph of y = cos Zx and y = [sin x\ as shown in the 6. SolvecosA:>l-
K
following figure.
y Answers

K 3;r
2- 1. HK + —<d<HK + ns Z
4 4 ’
K
2. xe nn- /7K + tan 2 ,neZ
y - [sin x|
2’

K K
3. a:€ nK■\■ — ,nK^— ,n^Z
8 4>
-n/2 -K 0 n nil 5n n
6 6 6
K K' K K
4. xe nK + — ,nK + U nn , + — , /7 £ Z
3 2) 3 4,
-1--
y = cos 2x 5. X£ [;z/2, 5;i/6] u [T, 3;i^2]
6. X £ (0, 7^2) U {K, oo)
4.18 Trigonometry

Exercises I
12. The number of solutions of 12 cos^a--7 cos^.x + 4
il
cos;c = 9
Single Correct Answer Type IS

(1) 0 (2) 2
1
1. If sin 0= — and cos 0 = - — , then the general value of (3) infinite (4) none of these
2
6 is{n e Z) 13. Number of solutions of the equation sin x + cos x
5ti n
- 2V2 sin X cos X = 0 for X € [0, k] is
(1) Inn^ — (2) Inn^ — (1) 3 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2
6 ^ 6
tan 5x - tan 4x
Ik
(4) 2/77r+ — 14. The general solution of - 1 is
(3) Inn^ — 1 + tan 5x tan 4x
6 4
1 K
K
2. The most general value for which tan 0 = - 1, cos 0 = (1) «;r + —, V « G Z (2) nK± — ne Z
is {n € Z) ^/2 4 4

In In
(1) nn+ — (2) n;r + (-l)''- (3) 0 (4) nK= —,'^n&Z
4 6

In 15. Consider the equations:

(3) 2nn+ — (4) none of these X sin a + >’ sin 2a+z sin 3a = sin 4a
4
X sin ^ sin 2b + z sin 3b ~ sin 4b
3. Sum of roots of the equation x'' - 2x^ sin^ + 1 = 0 is X sin c + sin 2c+ z sin 3c = sin 4c.

Then the roots of the equation

(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 3 322 y+2 2-x , V
1 1+ = 0[a,b,c^nn) are
4. The number of solutions of the pair of equations 2 4 8 ^ ^
2sin^ 0 - cos2 0 = 0 and 2 cos^ 0 - 3sin 0 = 0 in the interval (1) cos a, cos 6, cos c (2) sin a, sin h, sin c
[0, 2;r] is (3) sin 2a, sin 2b, sin 2c (4) cos 2a, cos 2b, cos 2c
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4
16. The number of solutions of the equation sin 20-2 cos 0
+ 4 sin 0 = 4 in [0, 5;r] is equal to
5. Number of solutions of equation 2sin^cos^x- (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6
2 sin — sin^ x = cos^ x - sin^ x for x g [0, 4;r] is
2 17. The number of distinct real roots of the equation
(2) 8 (4) 12 2;rx
(1) 6 (3) 10 tan = ->/3 is
6. Number of solutions of the equation 4(cos^2x + cos2x+ 1) x^ + X + 1
+ tan X (tan x - 2^3) = 0 in [0, 2;r] is (1) 4 (2) 5
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3 (3) 6 (4) none of these
7. Let 0 < 0j< 02< 03< ... denote the positive solution of the 18. The smallest positive value of x (in radians) satisfying the
equation 3 + 3 cos 0=2 sin^ 0. The value of @3 + 0y is
equation log sin X = 2 - logsec ;c(^an x), is
.

(i) 6n (2) In (3) 8;r (4) 4;r cosx

2
8. Assume that 0 is a rational multiple of n such that cos 0 is n n n n
a distinct rational. The number of values of cos 0 is (1) (4) -
12 6 ^
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6
19. The number of solution of sinV cos^x sinx + 2 sin^x
9. If X, e [0, 2;r] and sinx + sin>' = 2, then the value of + sinx = 0 in 0 <x < 3;r is
x+>^ is
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6
(1) n (2) n/2
20. The range of such that the equation in x, >^ + cosx = sinx
(3) 3;r (4) none of these has a real solution is

y/3 + \ . ^/3 (1) [-2,2] (2) [-V2.V2]

10. Number of roots of cos^x + sinx -1 = 0
2 4 (3) [-1,1] (4) [-1/2, 1/2]
which lie in the interval [-n, 7t\ is
21. Solution of the equation sin (Vl + sin 20) = sin 0+ cos 0is
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 8 (ne 2)
11. The sum of all the solutions of cot0 = sin20 (0 ^ nn, n n

n is integer), 0 < 0 < ;r, is (2) /i;r+ —

12
(1) 3n!2 (2) n (3) 3nl4 (4) 2n
(4) none of these
 Trigonometric Equations 4.19

22. One of the general solutions of 4 sin 6 sin20 sin40=sin30 (1) 15;r (2) 30k
IS 100;r
(3)- (4) none of these
(1) (3n ± 1) n/l2,
(2) {An±\)K/9, \/tiEZ 33. General solution of sin^jc - 5 sinx cosx - 6 cos^x = 0 is
(3) (3n±l)7t/9,^neZ (1) X = nK-idA, riG Z only
(4) (3n ± 1) ;i/3, V « e Z (2) n7t+ tan“* 6,nE Zonly
23. The general solution of the equation 8 cosx cos 2^ cos4x (3) both (1) and (2)
= sin6x/sinjc is
(4) none of these
(1) x= {nitll) + {nl2\),y riEZ 34. The total number of solution of sin'^x + cos^S: = sinx cosx
(2) x= (2;i/7) + (;z/14),Vne Z in [0, 2;r] is equal to
(3) x= («;i/7) + (;D'14),V«e Z (1) 2 (2) 4
(4) x= («;t)+(;i/14),V/i€ Z (3) 6 (4) none of these
sin^0 - cos^0 COS0 35. General solution of tan 0 + tan40 + tan!6 = tan 0 tan40
24. -2tan0cot0 = -lif
tan 70 is
sin0 - COS0
^1 + cot^0 ● (1) 6 = nJtl\2, where « 6 Z
n
(2) 06 -,;r
K
(2) 0 = ri7tl9, where « e Z
(1) 0 6 0,-
V ^ J (3) 6 = nn+ 7d\2, where « e Z
f37t (4) none of these
(3) (4) 06 ,27t
V ^ ) V ^ 36. The general solution of tan 0 + tan 20+ tan 3 0 = 0 is
(1) 0=/j;z/6, n G Zonly
25. For 0 < X, y < ;r, the number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying
the system of equations cot^(x - (1 + ^3) cot (x -y) (2) d = nn±a,nE Z. where tan a = 1/^2 only
^. (3) Both a and b
+ V3 = 0 and cosy = — IS (4) none of these
2
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3 37. The number of solutions of sec^0+ cosec^0+2 cosec^0= 8,
0< 0<;z/2is
K
26. The least positive solution of cot sin 2x = V3 lies (i) 4 (2) 3 (3) 0 (4) 2
m Un/3
38. Which of the following is true for
(1)
n
0,- (2)
z = (3 + 2i sin 0) / (1- 2 / sin 0), where i = ^ ?
V o .9’ 6, (1) z is purely real for 0 = n7t± id3, nE Z
E. E 'e e (2) z is purely imaginary for 9=rm± 7c/2, riE Z
(3) (4)
V 12’ 9 U’ 2. (3) z is purely real for 0 = «;r, w 6 Z
27. The number of real roots of the equation (4) none of these
cosec 0+ sec 0- Vl5 = 0 lying in [0, n] is 39. The numberofsolutionsofsinx + sin 2x + sin 3x
(1) 6 (2) 8 (3) 4 (4) 0 = cosx + cos 2x + cos 3x, 0 < X < 2n, is
28. If 0 < X < 2k, then the number of solutions of (1) 7 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 6
3(sinx + cosx) - 2(sin^x + cos^x) = 8 is 40. Number of solutions of the equation cos'* 2x + 2sin^ 2x
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4 = 17 (cosx + sinx)® , 0 <x< 2;ris
29. If 2 sin^ {{^12) cos^x) = I - cos(;r sin2x), x (2« + 1) k!2, (1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 10 (4) 16
HE I, then cos2x is equal to
41. The number of values of 0 in the interval '_E ^
(1) 1/5 (2) 3/5 (3) 4/5 (4) 1 y

30. The number of solutions of the equation cos6x + tan^x sec^a

+ cos6x ● tan^x = 1 in the interval [0,2;r] is satisfying the equation (-s/Jj = tan'*0+2tan^0 is

(3) 6 (4) 7 (1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 0 (4) 1

(1) 4 (2) 5
31. The number of solutions of the equation sin^x cosx 42. The value of k if the equation 2 cos x + cos 2kx = 3 has only
one solution is
+ sin^x cos^x + sinx cos^x = 1 in the interval [0,2;r] is/are
(1) 0 (2) 2 (1) 0 (2) 2 (3) n6 (4) 1/2
(3) 3 (4) infinite 43. Number of solution(s) satisfying the equation
1 1 2
32. The sum of all the solutions of the equation = in [0,4;r] equals
sinx sin2x sin4x
(7t -0
\
(K 1
cos 0 cos — + 0 cos = -,06 [0,6;r] (4) 6
13 >> 4 (1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 4
4.20 Trigonometry

44. The number of roots of (1 - tan 0) ( 1 + sin2^ = 1 + tan 0 53. One of the general solutions ofVScos 0- 3 sin 0 = 4 sin 20
for 0 € [0, 2;r] is cos30is

(1) 3 (2) 4 (1) m7C+ ^18, me Z (2) m7i/2 + 7c/6, M me Z

(3) 5 (4) none of these (3) m 7c/3 + 71^18, m e Z (4) none of these
45. If tan{A -B)= I and sec(A + B) = 2/V3, then the smallest 54. The equation sin'^x + cos'^x + sin Zv + a = 0 is solvable for
positive values of A and B, respectively, are (1) -5/2<a<l/2 (2) -3^a<l
(1)
257t I97t
(2)
19;r 25;r (3) -3/2<a<l/2 (4) -lka<l
24 ’ 24 55. The total number of solutions of cosx = Vl - sin 2x in
3l7T 13;r [0, 2;r] is equal to
(3) (4) 13;r 31^
~2A’1a 24 ’ 24 (1) 2 (2) 3
46. If 3 tan(0- 15®) = tan(0+ 15®), then 0 is equal to (n e Z) (3) 5 (4) none of these
TC 7t 1
(1) n7t+ - (2) nTt + — 56. The total number of solutions of |cotx| = cotx +
4 8 smx
xe [0, 3;r], is equal to
(3) n7t + - (4) none of these (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 0
57. Let a and p be any two positive values of x for which
47. If tan 3 0 + tan 0 = 2 tan 20, then 0 is equal to (n e Z) 2 cosx, I cosx I, and 1 - 3 cos^x are in G.P. The minimum
nTt value of I oc-P \ is
(1) nTt
(2)1 7t 7t

(3)-
nTt
(4) none of these (1) j (2) 1
48. The solution of 4 sin^x + tan^x + cosec^x + cot^x
(«e Z)
- 6 = 0 is
(3) f (4) none of these

K Tt
58. The number of values of 0 satisfying 4 cos 0 + 3 sin 0 = 5
(1) nTt± - (2) 2«;r± - as well as 3 cos 0 + 4 sin 0 = 5 is
4 4
(1) one (2) two

(3) nTt+ j (4) nTt- -

o
(3) zero (4) none of these
59. The general solution of cosx cos 6x = - 1 is
49. The set of values of x satisfying the equation
(1) X = (2« + 1) ;r,« G Z (2) x = 2«7T,« g Z
sin3a = 4 sin a sin(x + a) sin(x - a) is
(3) x = nTt,ne Z (4) noi^e of these
(1) nTt±Tt/4,'i n eZ (2) nK± TtlZ, neZ
(3) nTt±Ttl9,y neZ (4) nn±Tt/\2,y neZ 60. The number of solutions the equation cos(0) ● cos(;r0) = 1
has
50. One of the general solutions of 4 Sin'S: + cos'^x = 1 is
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) infinite
(1) nTt±aJ2,a= cos~\\/5),\/ne Z
(2) nTt± a/2, a = cos"'(3/5), V n € Z 61. Let 0 G [0, 4;r] satisfy the equation (sin 0 + 2)(sin 0+3)
(sin 0 + 4) = 6. If the sum of all the: values of 0 is of the
(3) 2nTt± a/2, a = cos'Sl/3), V « g Z form JiTt, then the value of !c is
(4) none of these
(1) 6 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 2
51. For n e Z, the general solution of (VJ - 1) sin e+(V3 + i) 5

COS 0 = 2 is (« G ^ 62. The number of solutions of ^ r = l cosr X = 5 in the

interval [0,2;r] is
K Tt

(2) 0=„;r+(-l)"^4 + —
K
(1) 9=2n7t± - + — (1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 5 (4) 10
4 12 12

63. Ifcos3x + sin 2x-

iTt^
(3) 9=2nTt±- (4) 0=n;r+(-l)" - - — = - 2, then x is equal to (A: g Z)
4 4 12
\ 6)
Tt Tt

f Tt (1) -(6^ + 1) (2) -(6k-\)

52. The value of cosy cos — - x - COS y
V2 > V2

cosx + smy cos

Tt
- X
x
\

+ cosx sin
f Tt
y is zero if
(3) |(2* + 1) (4) none of these

l2 ) V2 y 64. The general solution of the equation sjn*®°x - cos*°®x = 1 is

(1) x = 0 (2) y = 0 Tt
(1) 2nTt+ - ,ne I (2) htXi -2 ,ne I
(3) x=y (4) n7t+y- ^4 (neZ) Tt
(3) «;r+-,«G/
4 (4) 2nTt-^,neI
 Trigonometric Equations 4.21

65. The sum of all the solutions in [0, 4n] of the equation 75. The number of ordered pairs which satisfy the equation
n + 2x sin(j9;) + 1 = 0 are (where y e [0, iTt])
tan;c + cotjc + 1 = cos x+ — is (4) 0
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3
(1) 3;r (2)i7c/2 (3) 7n/2 (4) 4;r 76. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, and z:
66. The total number of solutions of log^ |sinx| = - x^ + 2x in (sin30)x-;^ + z = 0
[0, ii\ is equal to (cos20) X + 4y + 3z = 0
(2) 2 2 X + 7y + 7z = 0
(1) 1
Which of the following can be the values of 6 for which
(3) 4 (4) none of these
the system has a non-trivial solution?
67. The total number of solutions of sin {x} = cos {x} (where (1) nTt + (-If 7t/6,y ne Z
{●} denotes the fractional part) in [0, 2;r] is equal to (2) /j;r+(-l)”;i/3, V«€ Z
(1) 5 (2) 6
(3) «;t+(-1)”;i/9,V/ig Z
(3) 8 (4) none of these
(4) none of these
I (— %
68. The set of all x in —, — satisfying ] 4 sinx - 1 | < Vs 77. The equation sin'^x - 2cos^x + = 0 can be solved if
is given by | ^ ^ (1) -V3<a<V3 (2) -V2<a<V2
(3) -l<fl<l (4) None of these
(1) iL (2) {- — 78. If the inequality sin^x + a cosx + > 1+ cosx holds for
, 10’ loj ^ lio’ 10,
any xe R, then the largest negative integral value of a is
(3) —, (4) none of these (1) -4 (2) -3 (3) -2 (4) -1
UO 10 j
79. sinx + cosx = -y + a has no value of x for any value of
69. If roots of the equation 2x^ - 4x + 2 sin 0 - 1 = 0 are of y if a belongs to
opposite sign, then 0 belongs to (1) (0,>5) (2) (-a5,0)
£
n
\
fSTt (3) (4) (V3,~)
(1) (2) 0,- u
.6’ 6, V ^) 80. The number of solutions of [sinx + cosx] = 3 + [- sinx]
'I3;r 17;r
+ [- cosx] (where [■] denotes the greatest integer function),
(3) (4) (0,;r) X G [0,2;r], is
. 6 ’ 6 ) (1) 0 (2) 4 (3) infinite (4) 1
tm
,neZ, then
81. The equation cos^x + b cos'*x +1=0 will have a solution
70. If \2 sin 9 - cosec 0| > 1 and ^ ^
if b belongs to
(1) cos20>l/2: (2) cos20 >1/4 (1) (-~,2] (2) [2,00)
(4) cos20<l/4 (3) (-00,-2] (4) none of these
(3) cos20 <1/2
71. Which of the following is not the solution of the equation 82. The number of values of y in [- 2n, 2ii[ satisfying the
sin 5x = 16 sin^x (n e Zfl equation |sin2x| + |cos2x[= [sinyl is
n (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6
(1) nil (2) «;r+-
o 83. If both the distinct roots of the equation |sinxp + |sinx|
K + Zj = 0 in [0, ii\ are real, then the values of b are
(3) nn-- (4) none of these
(1) [-2,0] (2) (-2,0)
72. The number of solutions of the equation (3) [-2,0) (4) none of these
2cos^ j:-3cos.t+l 84. + g-ls*n4 + 4^ = Q jjave exactly four different
2sinx->/3 = 1 in [0, It] is
solutions in [0, 2;r] if
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5 e 1
(1) a&R (2) ae
1 4’ 4
73. One root of the equation cosx - x + — =0 lies in the
interval (3) oo
(4) none of these
K It
(1) 0, - (2) 85. The equation tan^’x - 2 sec^x + a = 0 will have at least one
V ^ J
solution if

(3)
,,, (
(4)
3;t'|
— (1) 1 <a<4 (2) a>2
V ^ J (4) none of these
/
(3) a<3
74. The smallest positive x satisfying the equation 86. The total number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying
logcosxSinx + log3i„^ cosx = 2 is |xl + |y| = 2, sin (;rxV3) = l,is equal to
(1) nl2 (2) nIZ (3) idA (4) itl6 (1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
4.22 Trigonometry

87. If a, i) € [0, ln\ and the equation .v" + 4 + 3 sin(a.v + />) - It 6. If sin".r - 2 sinx -1=0 has exactly four different solutions
= 0 has at least one solution, then the value of (a + b) can
in X € [0, }\k], then value/values of n is/are {n €
be
(1) 5 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
Ik 5k
1. For the smallest positive values ofx andy, the equation
2(sin.t + siny) - 2 cos(x = 3 has a solution, then which
9k
of the following is/are true?
(4) none of these
(1) sin^
2
= 1
1
88. The sum of all roots of sin k logj — = 0 in (0, 2;r) is
I \x)j (2) cos —^
1

(1) 3/2 (2) 4 (3) 9/2 (4) 13/3 I 2 2

89. Find the number of pairs of integer (x, y) that satisfy the (3) number of ordered pairs (.v, y) is 2
cos(xy)= X (4) number of ordered pairs (x, y) is 3
following two equations: ●
tan (xy) = y 8. For the equation l-lv-x^ = tan’(.Y + y) + cot^(.t + y)
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 6 (1) exactly one value of AT exists
90. If no solution of 3 sin _v + 12 sin^x = a lies on the line (2) exactly two values of.r exists
y = 3x. then (3) y = -l + JIK+ k/4, /I e 2
(1) ae {-oo,-9) u (9, ~) (4) y = I + HK^ k!4, ne Z
(2) fl G [-9, 9] 9. If a: + y = ;r/4 and tanx + tany = 1. then (n € Z)
(3) « G {-9, 9} (I) sinx =0 always
(4) none of these (2) whenx = Ai;r+;i/4theny = -/?;r
(3) whenx = «;rtheny = «;r+(;jj'4)
Multiple Correct Answers Type II (4) whenx = /j;r+;z/4theny = w;r-{;i/4)
10. Ifx+y = 2kI1> and sinx/siny = 2. then the
1. 1 f 4 sin^ + cos'^x = 1. then x is equal to (/; g Z) (1) number of values of X 6 [0,4;r]are4
(1) UK
-1 2 (2) number of values of X G [0, 4;r] are 2
(2) )iK± sin
5 (3) number of values ofyG [0, 4/r]are4
2n;r K (4) number of values ofy g [0, 4;r] are 8
(3) - (4) 2«;r± —
4 11. Let tanx - tan^x > 0 and |2sinx) < 1. Then the intersection
of which of the following two sets satisfies both the
2. If sin^0+ sin 0 cos 0+ cos^0= I, then 9 is equal to {« g Z)
inequalities?
(1) IflK (2) 2/j;r+ - (1) x> UK ,n e Z (2) X > tiK- ;z/6,« e Z
2
K (3) x< n;r- h.e Z (4) X < «;r+ 7d6, n € Z
(3) 2iik- - (4) tlK
2 12. If cos(x + ;r/3) + cosx = a has real solutions, then
3. A general solution of tan^ 0 + cos 2 0 = 1 is (n g Z) (1) number of integral values of a are 3
K K (2) sum of number of integral values of fz is 0
(2) 2/i;r+ -
4 (3) when a = 1, number of solutions for x e [0, 2;r] are 3
(4) when a = 1, number of solutions for x g [0,2;r] are 2
(4) nK
— y +1 £ -s/2
cosec'.T
13. If0<x<2;r, then 2 — V
1 2'
4. Ifsinx + cosx = yH— forxG [0, ;r], then
V (1) is satisfied by exactly one value ofy
(1) X = 7E/4 (2) y=0 (2) is satisfied by exactly two value of x
(3) y=l (4) x=3k/4 (3) is satisfied by X for which cosx = 0
(4) is satisfied by x for which sinx = 0
5. The equation 2sin“ — cos^x = I - cos {k sin 2x) is
V2 14. If sin^ X - a sinx + 6 = 0 has only one solution in (0. k),
satisfied by then which of the following statements are correct?
(1) G (- oo, 1] u [2,
(1) x-(2?i+ 1) ~,ne Z (2) tanx= ^,ne Z (2) he (-00, 0] u [1,0°)
1 flK (3) a = 1 + 6
(3) tanx = , « G Z
2 ’ (4) x=^ ,ne Z
(4) none of these
 Trigonometric Equations 4.23

23. The expression cos30+ sin30+ (2 sin20-3) (sin 0-cos 6)

15. If(cosec^0-4)x^ + (cot0+V3) x + cos^ = 0 holds true is positive for all 0 in
for all real x, then the most general values of 0 can be given
/
37t 7T^
(1) 2n7C -,2«;r + — ,/ieZ
by (« s Z) I 4 4j
\\K \ 5k
(1) 2rm+ (2) 2tm+ — (2) 2im -—,lrm + — ,neZ
6 6
\ A 6)
Ik \Ik
(3) 2«;r± —
6
(4) nK± —
(3) f2w;r--i2w;r
V 3
+ -\«€Z
3J
16. If (sin a) x^ - 2x + ^? > 2 for all the real values of x < 1 and K 371^
a e (0, k!2) u {7d2, k), then the possible real values of b (4) 2nK ,2nK + ,neZ
is/are \ 4 4 j
K
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5 24. The solutions of the equation 1 + (sinx - cosx) sin ^
, cos 2SX.,
= 2 — is/are
17. The value ofx in (0, 7t/2) satisfying ——- =4 2
V2is nK 5k
riK K „
K 5;r IK \\k (1) - + — ,neZ (2) x= - ,neZ
8 16
0) (2) (3) (4)
12 12 24 36
nK K nK Ik
,n€Z
18. If cos 30 = cos 3a, then the value of sin 0 can be given by (3) x=-
4 (4) Y+ 8
fK
(1) isina (2) sin -±a
- 25. If X and y are positive acute angles such that (x + y) and
\ 3 (x -y) satisfy the equation tan^0- 4 tan 0 + 1= 0, then
\
(2k (2k K K
(1) -- (2) >^ = -
(3) sin —
V 3
+ a
(4) sin V ^3 -a
4

K
19. Which of the following sets can be the subset of the
general solution of 1 + cos3x = 2 cos2x (n € Z)?
(3) . = f (4) :c = -
4

(2) «;r+ I
K
(1) «a+ — 26. The solutions of the system of equations sin x sin y = ,
S are
K cosx cos 3; =
(3) «;r- - (4) 2nK 4

20. The values of x, between 0 and 2k, satisfying the equation (1) x= ^+^{2n + k)\ n,kel
cos3x+cos2x = sin—+sin— are
2 2
(2) y= ^6 + ^ik-2n)-,n,kel
2
K 5k 9k 13k
(1) - (2) — (3) — (4) -
(3) x= ^+^(2n+ky,n,kel
6 2
21. Which of the following set of values of x satisfies the
equation +
-2sin*x + 3sin jf) = 9?
(4) y= ^ + ^(k-2n);n,kel
K K 1 1
(1) x = nK± — ,ne I (2) X = nK± — ,ne I
6 3 27. Let/(x) = cos(a 1 + x) + —2 cos(«2 + x) H—^
2
cos(ci3 + x)
K 1
(3) x = nK,ne I (4) x = 2nK+ - ,ne I +....+ COS (a„ + x) where a^, 02,. ..a„ER.
2

22. If 0 < X < 2k and |cosx | < sinx, then fff(xi) = /(X2) = 0, then |x2 -x,l may be equal to
(1) ;r (2) 2;r (3) 3;r (4) k/2
(1) the set ofall values of X is —
4 4 28. The equation 2sin^ 0+(2A- 3)sin^ 0- (3A+2)sin 0-2A=0
K has exactly three roots in (0, 2k), then A can be equal to
(2) the number of solutions that are integral multiple of — (1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) -1
is four 29. The system of equations tan x = a cot x, tan 2x = cos y
(3) the sum of the largest and the smallest solution is k (1) cannot have a solution if a = 0
t n ● ^ ^ ^ 3K (2) cannot have a solution if a = 1
(4) the set of all values ofxisxe — u —, —
[4 2J 1,2 4 . (3) cannot have a solution if 2^ > |^?(1 - a)|
(4) has a solution for all a and b
4.24 Trigonometry

1
9. The number of values of V e [0. 2;r], when the system has
30. If cos" -Y + —^— (1 + tan^ 2y) (3 + sin 3z) = 4, then solution for permissible values of are
cos" X
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
(1) .Y is an integral multiple of n For Problems 10-12
(2) Y cannot be an even multiple of k (●X

(3) z is an integral multiple of 7t Consider the equation 0

{r + =Ysin(a/Y)
(4) y is an integral multiple of Jd2 10. The number of real values of y for which the equation has
31. Number of real solutions of the equation (tan y + 1) solution is
(tan Y + 3) (tan y + 5) (tan y + 7) = 33 (1) 1 (2) 2
(1) will be two in the interval [- kH, kH] (3) 3 (4) infinite
(2) will be four in the interval [- Till, idl] 11. If Y takes the values for which the equation has a solution,
(3) will be three in the interval [-Ttll, n) then the number of values of a € [0. 100] is
(4) will be four in the interval [-rt/2, K) (1) 2 (2) I (3) 5 (4) 3
12. One of the solutions of |)' - cosa| < y, where y and a are
Linked Comprehension Type II values that satisfy the given equation, is
(1) ve [-5,7] (2) ye [-7,5]
For Problems 1-3
(3) ye [5,7] (4) none of these
Consider the cubic equation y^ - (I + cos 0 + sin 6) x~ +
For Problems 13-15
(cos 0 sin 6 + cos 0 + sin 0) y - sin 0 cos 0 = 0 whose roots are
Y,, Y2, and Y3. Consider the system of equations

1. The value of Y|" + xl + Yj equals Y cos^y + 3y cosy sin'y = 14

(1) t (2) 2
Y sin'^ y + 3y cos"_>^ siny = 13
13. The value/values of Y is/are
(3) 2cos0 (4) sin 0 (sin 0+cos 0)
2, The number of values of 6 in [0.2;r] for which at least two
(I) ±5^5 (2) ±-€
roots arc equal (3) ± 1/V5 (4) none of these
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6 14. The number of values of y e [0, 6;r] is
3. The greatest possible difference between two of the roots (1) 5 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
if 0 £ [0, 27t] is 15. The value of sin^y + 2cos^y is
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) ^/2 (4) 2V2 (1) 4/5 (2) 9/5
For Problems 4-6 (3) 2 (4) none of these
Consider the equation For Problems 16-18
sec 0 + cosec 9 = a, 6€ (0,2;r) - {;d'2, n, 37t/2] Let 5, be the set of all those solutions of the equation
4. If the equation has four distinct real roots, then (1 + a) cos0cos(20-6)= (1 + a cos 20) cos{0- b)
(1) M>2V2 (2) W<2>/2 which are independent of a and b and 5, be the set of all such
(3) a>-2'l2 (4) none of these solutions which are dependent on a and h. Then

5. If the equation has two distinct real roots, then 16. The set S'] and S2 are
(1) |fl|>2V2 (2) a<2V2 (1) [n7:,n e Z} and
(3) W<2^/2 (4) none of these
(asin/j) + /7;« e z|
● -1
Sin
6. If the equation has no real roots, then
(1) |a| >2v/2 (2) fl<2V2

z| and |H;r + {-iy (osin/>);« e z|

;r
(3) |al<2V2 (4) none of these (2) n — .ne sm
2 ■
For Problems 7-9
7t a .
Consider the system of equations
sinY cos 2y = (a" - 1)" + 1, cosy sin 2y = a + 1
(3)
/?Y,;7eZ|and ■/7;r + {-iy'sin — sino
I2 J
; «eZ

7. The number of values of a for which the system has a (4) none of these
solution is
17. Condition that should be imposed on a and h such that S-,
(I) 1 (2) 2 is non empty is
(3) 3 (4) infinite a a
(1) —sinb < I (2) —sinA < 1
8. The number of values ofY € [0, 2;r], when the system has 2 2

solution for permissible values of a, is/are

(3) sin b\ < 1 (4) none of these
(I) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
 Trigonometric Equations 4.25

18. All the permissible values of if« = 0 and ^2 is a subset 3.

of (0,7t) are given by List I (Equation) List 1! (Solution)

(1) he {-UK, 2«7T), n e Z p. 2n7:+ 3w'4 ,ne Z
a. If max {5sin0+3sin(0~a)}=7,
(2) b e {-nK, In-nn\ neZ 9sR

then the set of possible values

(3) h e {-UK, nK), ne Z
of a is
(4) none of these
nn 7t
For Problems 19 and 20 b. .V ^ and q. x=2nK±—,ueZ
2
b cos .V b + sin -x: sin" JT-3 sin x + 2
Let ,beR. (cos = 1
2 cos 2-y - 1 (cos“ .r - 3 sin^ ;c)tan x r. 2«;r + cos ' (1/3),
c. >i(sin x) -*■ 2^'* cos .x = 0
ne Z
19. Equation has solutions if
I d. logs tan ;r = (logj 4) s. no solution
1
(1) be — cc —
-1,0,- (log4 (3 sin x))
’2 ’ 3
1 4. Match the equations in List I with the number of solutions
(2) D- -1, 0, - in List II.
3
List I List II
1
(3) be R- -u 0, - a. cos ax -t- cos b.x=2, (a 0, ^ 0) p. Exactly one solution
b. cos .Y + cos (V2^v = 2 q. At least one solution
(4) none of these C. COSQA:-l-COsfex= l,(fl'?^0,/>?^0) r. No solution
s. Infinite solutions
20. For any value of b for which the equation has a solution, d. cos X + cos Ttx = -2
the number of solutions when x e (0, 2;r} are always Codes:
(1) infinite a b e d

(2) depends upon the value of h (1) q p s r

(2) q p r s
(3) two
(3) s r q p
(4) none of these (4) p q r s
5. Consider the equation sin" x + (2a - 3) sin x + (a~ -3a+ 2)
Matrix Match Type
= 0. X € [0, 2;r) and match the following lists.
1. List I List II

List II (Solution) a. Equation has one solution if p. g € (0, 1) u (2, 3)

List 1 (Equation)
b. Equation has two solutions if q. g = 0, 3
7t
a . cos^2x + cos~x - 1 p. x = «;r + — c. Equation has three solutions if r. g = 1.2
4
d. Equation has four solutions if s. g€ (1,2)
n
nn — n e Z Codes:
6
a b e d
(1) q p s r
nn
b. cos XV3 sin X = V3 q. x = —,neZ (2) q P r s
3
(3) s r p q
(4) p q r s
c. H-V3tan^x = (l+V3)tanx r. X = (2/j -l) —,
6
«e Z 6.
List I List II
K
d. tan 3x - tan 2v - tan x = 0 s. X = 2«;r H— a. The least positive root of the equation p. (0, w'2)
2 tan X = -X lies in
n
u < 2im + — ne Z b. The least positive root of the equation q. (7^2, K)
6 tan x = 0.5x lies in

c. The least positive root of the equation r. (;r, 3nl2)

1. tan X = X lies in

List I (Equation) List II (Number of d. The least positive root of the equation s. (37i12, 2k)
solutions) tan X = 2x lies in

a. x^ -f X' + 4x + 2 sin X = 0 in 0 < X < 2;r p. 4 Codes:

x-2 -x-Z a b e d
b. sin ^ cos =2 + 2 q. 1
r. 2
(1) r p s q
c. sin 2x -1- cos 4x = 2
(2) r q s p
s. 0
d. 30 |sinxj =x when 0 <x < 2;r (3) s r p q
(4) q r r p
4.26 Trigonometry

11. Number of solutions of the equation sin‘*.r - coslr sin.v

Numerical Value Type II + 2 sin^.T + sinA' = 0 in 0 <x< 3;ris .

1. Number of values ofp for which equation sin^A + 1 +

12. Let k be sum of all a: in the inten-al [0, 2;r] such that
-3 p sinA = 0 (p > 0) has a root is .
Scot^AT + Scot A' + 3 = 0, then the value of k!n is .

13. IfOe [0, 5;r] and re 7? such that 2sin 6 = /-2r^ +3 then
2. If logo 5 sin A = 1 - logo,5 cos a, then number of values of
A £ [-2;r, 2;r] is . the maximum number of values of the pair (r, Q) is
3. Number of roots of the equation (3 + cosa)" = 4 - 14. If 2tan'.Y - 5sec A = 1 is satisfied by exactly seven distinct
2 sin^A, A e [0, 5;r], are values of AS o,(2« + D — ,// 6 then the greatest value
sin A sin 3a
4. Number of solution(s) of the equation + of n IS
cos 3a cos 9 a
sin 9a Tt
15. If sin A + sin;'> cos a cos a V a e then sin;'+ cos a is
+
= 0 in the interval 0, — is equal to
cos 27a ’ 4
16. If sin (sin a + cos a) = cos (cos a - sin a), and largest
5. Number of solutions of the equation (V3 + 1 )^ + (VJ - 1)
Iv

= 2^" is possible value of sin a is —, then the value of is

k

6. Number of integral value(s) of m for which the equation 17. The number of solutions of the equation 1 + cos a + cos 2a
4m - 6
sinA - V3 cos A =
has solutions, a £ [0, 2;r], + sin A + sin lx + sin 3a = 0, which satisfy the condition
4 - m K n
IS — < 3a <;r IS
2 2

7. The number of solutions of the equation cos^ a + —

18. The least value of for which the equation
V ^)
K ^ . 2 ^ ●
lyja sin^ a + V<3-3 sin 2a = 5-\-yja has at least one
+ cos" A - 2 cos A + — ● cos —= sin — in interval solution is .
6 6
-K K . 19. The number of ordered pairs (a, y) satisfying the equation
is
T’2 sin"(A +y) + cos'(A-y) = 1 which lie on the circle a'+ r'
= is
8. If cos4a = Oq + UjCOS'a + a2Cos^x is true for all values of
I
xe R, then the value of Soq + Aj + a-, is 20. Thenumberoforderedpairs(A,;')satisfying A sin^A + —
A" J
9. Number of integral values of a for which the equation cos"a
- sinA + a = 0 has roots when a £ (0, ;c/2) is . = 2 sin A sin" y, where a £ (-n, 0) u (0, 7t) and y € [0, 2;r]
IS

10. Number of roots of the equation

;r 21. Number of solutions of the equation cos 5a x tan (6|a|)
sin" X—

tan X—
n + sin 5a = 0 lying in [-2;r, ;r) is .
cos 2.r
2 - 2(0.25) + 1 = 0 is

Archives
JEE Advanced 2. For A £ (0, k), the equation sin a + 2 sin 2a - sin 3a = 3 has
Single Correct Answer Type (1) infinitely many solutions
(2) three solutions
1. Let /(a) = A^ and g(A) = sin a for all x e R. Then the set of
(3) one solution
all A satisfying (fogogoj) (a) = (gogof) (a), where (fog) (a)
=./(gW), is (4) no solution (JEE Advanced 2014)

(1) ±yfJm,ne {0, 1,2,...}

(2) ±yfnK , ne {1,2,...}
3. Let 5'=
|a £ (-71, 7T) : A 0. ± y| . The sum of all distinct

solutions ofthe equation ^ sec a + cosec a + 2(tan a - cot .v)

7T = 0 in the set S is equal to
(3) - +2/171,«£ {...,-2,- 1,0, 1,2...} Ik 2k
(2) --

(4) 2nK,ns {...,-2,-1,0. 1,2,...} (3) 0

(IIT-JEE 2011)
(JEE Advanced 2016)
 Trigonometric Equations 4.27

Multiple Correct Answers Type Z={x:gix) = Q\,W={x:g'{x) = 0}

List I contains sets^Y, Y, Zand IV. List II contains some infonnation
(JEE Advanced 2019)
I. For 0 < 0 < y, the solution(s) of regarding these sets.
6
(m-l)J ( mK
I cosec 0 + K cosec Q + 4^/2 is (are) List 1 List II
4 4
ni=l
(I) X 7z Ik
(1) kIA (2) k!6 (3) Kin (4) 5kI\1 (P) 3 , 4;r, Ik
2’T
(IIT-JEE 2009)
2. Let 6, ^ € [0, 2;r] be such that 2 cos 0(1- sin ^) = (II) r (Q) an arithmetic progression
e 6 (III) z (R) NOT an arithmetic progression
sin^0 tan —+ cot — cos 9 - 1, tan(2;r- 0) > 0 and (IV) W
2 K Ik I3;r
(S) 3
6’ 6 ’ 6
- 1 <sin0<- —. Then (p cannot satisfy
K Ik
4;r (T) 3
K
(2)
K
T’T
(1) ()<(p<y
— <(0< —
2 3
K 3>k
4;r 3;r 3;r . (U) 3
(3) — <(D< — (4) — <(d<2k 6’T
3 2 2 ^
(IIT-JEE 2012) 2. Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination?
(1) IV-(Q),(T) (2) II1-(R),(U)
Linked Comprehension Type
(3) 1II-(P),(Q),(U) (4) IV-(P),(R).(S)
1. Let f(x) = (1 -xf~ sin^ .v + x~ for all .r e R. 3. Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination?
Consider the statements:
(1) I-(Q),(U) (2) I-(P),(R)
P : There exists some xe R such that J(x) + 2r = 2( 1 + .v).
(3) II-(Q),(T) (4) II-(R),(S)
Q: There exists some xe R such that 2J[x) + 1 = 2r( 1 + .r).
Then Numerical Value Type
(1) both P and Q are true (2) F is true and ^ is false 1. The number of all possible values of 0, where 0 < 0 <k,
(3) P is false and Q is true (4) both P and Q are false for which the system of equations
(IIT-JEE 2012)
(v + z) cos 30= (xyz) sin 3 0
Matrix Match Type 2 cos30 2 sin 30
.Y sin30 =
1. Match the statements/expressions in List I with the y
statements/expressions in List II.
(.Yvz) sin 3 0 = (y + 2z) cos 3 0 + y sin3 0
List I List II
has a solution (Xq, )>q, Zq) with y^ZQ 0 is
a. Root(s) of the equation n
2 sin" 6+ sin" 20= 2 (IIT-JEE 2010)
i
K K
b. Points of discontinuity of the function K 2. The number of values of 0 in the interval such
2'1
J{.x) = — cos — . where [>’] denotes nK
K K that 0 ^ for « = 0, ± 1, ± 2 and tan 0= cot 50 as well
5
the largest integer less than or equal to y
as sin20= cos40is (IIT-JEE 2010)
c. Volume of the parallelepiped with its K
r.
edges represented by the vectors 3 3. The number of distinct solutions of the equation
/' + /, i + 2j and / + j + Kk
— cos^ 2x + cos'* :c + sin"^ ;y + cos*’ .y + sin*’ a; = 2 in the
d. Angle between vectors a and b where
K
4
S.

a. h and c are unit vectors satisfying

0
interval [0, 27t] is (JEE Advanced 2015)
ft+n/3^ = 6
t. K
4. Let a, h, c be three non-zero real numbers such that the
K K
(IIT-JEE 2009) equation 'JSa cos x + 2b sin x = c,x e — , has two
2' 2
Directions for Q 2 and 3:
K

Let f(x) = sin (k cos .y) and g(.Y) = cos {2k sin .y) be two functions distinct real roots a and B with a + B = —. Then, the
3
defined for x > 0. Define the following sets whose elements are
written in increasing order:
value of — IS
i (JEE Advanced 2018)
a
X= {x:/(x) = 0},r={.Y:/(.Y) = 0}
4.28 Trigonometry

5. Let/: [0,2] —> be the function defined by 6. Let the function /: (0, ;r) —> be defined by
K J\d) = (sin 6 + cos0)“ + (sin0 - cos^)*^
f{x) = (3 - sin(2;r.Y)) sin ;r.v - — - sin 3;ty h— .
V 4 4> Suppose the function/has a local minimum at B precisely
If a, / e [0, 2] are such that {y g [0, 2] : J{x) > 0} = when 0G {A,;:,..., X,.7rj, where 0 < A, < ●●● < A^< 1. Then
[O', /3], then the value of (5- a\s . the value of A; + ● ● ● + A,, is .
(JEE Advanced 2020) (JEE Advanced 2020)

Answers Key
EXERCISES
Linked Comprehension Type
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (3)
Single Correct Answer Type
6. (4) 7. (i) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3)
11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (4) 15. (2)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (2) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (3)
II. (I) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (1)
16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (2) Matrix Match Type
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (3) 1. a ^ r, b ^ s, c p, d —> q.
26. (1) 27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (2) 30. (4) 2. a —> q; b ^ s; c s; d —> p.
31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (3) 34. (1) 35. (4) 3. a —> q; b s; c p; d r.
36. (2) 37. (4) 38. (3) 39. (4) 40. (1) 4. (1)
41. (1) 42. (3) 43. (3) 44. (3) 45. (1) 5. (3)
46. (1) 47. (1) 48. (1) 49. (2) 50. (1) 6. (4)
51. (1) 52. (4) 53. (3) 54. (3) 55. (1) Numerical Value Type
56. (2) 57. (4) 58. (3) 59. (1) 60. (3) I. (1) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (6) 5. (1)
61. (2) 62. (2) 63. (4) 64. (2) 65. (3) 6. (4) 7. (2) 8. (5) 9. (1) 10. (0)
66. (2) 67. (2) 68. (1) 69. (2) 70. (I) 11. (4) 12. (5) 13. (6) 14. (7) 15. (1)
71. (4) 72. (2) 73. (1) 74. (3) 75. (2) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (14) 19. (12) 20. (8)
76. (1) 77. (2) 78. (2) 79. (4) 80. (3) 21. (13)
81. (3) 82. (2) 83. (2) 84. (4) 85. (3) ARCHIVES
86. (3) 87. (1) 88. (3) 89. (1) 90. (I)
JEE Advanced
Multiple Correct Answers Type
1- (1),(2) 2. (1),(2) Single Correct Answer Type
3. (I)>(3),(4) 4. (1),(3) 1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (3)
5. (1),(2),(3) 6. (1), (3) Multiple Correct Answers Type
7. (1),(2),(3) 8. (1),(4) 1. (3), (4) 2. (1),(3),(4)
9. (2).(3) 10. (1),(3)
Linked Comprehension Type
11. (1),{4) 12. (I),(2),(4)
1. (3)
13. (l),(2),(3) 14. (1),(2),(3)
15. (1),(2) 16. (3), (4) Matrix Match Type
17. (1),(4) 18. (1),(3),(4) 1. a —> q, s 2. (4) 3. (3)
19. (2), (3), (4) 20. (1),(2),(3),(4) Numerical Value Type
21. (1),(4) 22. (I),(3) 1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (8) 4. (0.5)
23. (1),(2) 24. (1),(2) 5. (1) 6. (0.50)
25. (3), (4) 26. (1),(2),(3),(4)
27. (1),(2),(3) 28. (I),(3),(4)
29. (2), (3) 30. (1),(4)
31. {1),(4)
 Properties and Solutions
of Triangle

INTRODUCTION SINE RULE

Whether it is navigation, architecture, medical imaging or According to the sine rule, in triangle
b
computer graphics, principles of trigonometry arc applicable a c
= 2R
in various fields of science and technology. The presence of sin A sin B sin C

triangles is very evident around us in the shape of a field, a Here, R is circumradius of triangle.
mountain side, a flag, a pizza slice etc. Triangle is more special a

We shall prove here that = 2R.

as compared to other polygons as it is the polygon having the sin A
least number of sides. A triangle has six main elements, three
sides and three angles. There are different rules and theorems for Case I: When triangle is acute angled
triangles which relate their sides and angles. We will apply the
previously studied rules and will study few new ones. Some of
these rules are Sine rule. Cosine rule. Tangent rule. Projection
rule etc. These rules can be applied to analyse triangles involved
in different cases.

Solution of triangles involves the application of properties,

rules and theorems to analyse them more deeply. Now, we will
be facing more advanced trigonometric problems of finding the
elements of a triangle, when some of these are known. Depending
upon which elements are given, appropriate rules are used to
solve the triangle.
In the given figure, triangle ABC is acute angled. O is the
Few standard symbols to represent elements of triangle: circumcentre of .MBC.
Consider AABC as shown below. BO intersects the circumcircle at D.

Here, BD = 20B = 2R
and ZBDC^ZBAC = A ...{1)
In right angled ABCD,
BC a
smiZBDQ= ■
BD 2R
a
sin/4 =
2R
a
Following symbols in relation to AABC are universally adopted. or = 2R
sin A
● mZBAC=A-mZABC=B\niZBCA = C
Case II: When triangle is obtuse angled
● AB = c,BC=a,CA=b
● Semi perimeter of the triangle is denoted by s.
a + b + c
5 =
2

So, a + b + c = 2s
● Area of triangle represented by S or A.
We shall be using these symbols in subsequent discussions.
 5.2 Trigonometry

In the given figure, /A is obtuse. Illustration 5.2

BO intersects the circumcircle at D.
In a triangle ABC if = 1 and .4C = 2, then what is the
.ZBDC= K~ A, which is acute angle. maximum possible value of angle A?
In right angled ABCD,
BC I 2
sin(ZBDQ = Sol. J Using Sine Rule
BD siny4 sin 5

a sinB
sin(;r-/4) = or sin^f =
2R 2

a
sin A = Maximum value of siny4 is
2R 2
K
a Hence, A = —
or = 2R
sin A

Case III: When triangle is right angled Illustration 5.3

The perimeter of a triangle ABC is six times the arithmetic

mean of the sines of its angles. If the side a is 1, then find
angle A.

sin/l + sin5 + sinC

t Sol. ] Given that a + b + c = 6.y
3
or
2R (sin^ + sin5 + sin C) = 2(sin.*l + sin5 + sin Q
/?= 1

a
Now, = 2R
sin .,4
In the given figure, triangle ABC is right angled at vertex A. I
or sin^ - - (Vfl=l) =>^ = 30®
BC is a diameter of the circumcircle.
BC - 2R or a = 2R
K Illustration 5.-4
a-2Rsir\— = 2R sin A
2
If .^ = 75°, B = 45°, then prove that b + c^ = 2a.
a
= 2R
sin A Sol. ] ^ = 75°,5 = 45°=>C=60°
a a b
So, in each case. = 2/?. Now, — =2R
sin A sin^ sin 5 sinC
a h
Similarly, it can be proved that —^
c
c
= 2R and = 2R.
or = 2R
sin B sin C sin75° sin45° sin60°

a b sin 45° sin 60°

Thus. — = 2R a
sin A sin B sin C sin75 sin 75°

1
V3
Illustration 5.1
a a

If in a triangle ABC, b = 3c and C - B = 90°, then find the V3+1 V3 + 1

value of tan B. 2V2 2V2
2 2V3, a
fSoh ] Since — = —-— , we have = 2a
sin 5 sinC

sin 5 _ b
Illustration 5.5
sinC c

sin 5 b 1 o 1 o
or If the base angles of a triangle are 22 — and 112 — °, then
2
sin(90° + 5) c
1
or tan5 = — = 3
b

c
prove that the altitude of the triangle is equal to ^ of its base.
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.3

Sol ) InA^5C. (i) sin(C —A) = 4 R~ sin5 (sinC- siii/4)

Similarly
sinC + sin^

and
c~ sin(/i -B) = 4 R~ sinC(sin/4 - sin 5)
In AALC, sin^+sin5

Adding, we get
a
■sin(5-C) Z?"sin(C-/l) c"sin(^-5) = 0
sin5+sinC sinC+sin/4 sin/i+sinS

iLLUSTRATiaN 5.B

In any triangle, if
a^-b^ _ sin(^-5) then prove that the
a~+b^ sin(,4 + 5)’
triangle is either right angled or isosceles.
1
AL = ACcosl2-'^
2 a--b^ sin(/^ - B)
MD a~+b^ sin(/4 + 5)
BC 1 lo
sin22—®cos22 — [using Eq. (i)]
sin 45“ 2 2
or
4j?^sin-.4-4j?^sin-g _ sin(/l-g) (Using Sine Rule)
1
= -BC
sin 45“ 4R'^ sin".4 + 4R^ sin^S sin(^ + B)
2 sin45“
or
sin(./4 + 5)sin(^ ~ _ sin{^ - B)
1 1 sin^/l + sin“5
= — BC = — X Base sin(y4 + B)
2 2
sin(7T - C) 1
sin(^ - 5) = 0 or
sin^/l + sin^5 sin(;r-C)
Illustration 5.6
or A= B ov sin^C = sin^^ + sin^5
If a~, b~, c‘ are in A.P., then prove that tan.,4, tan5, tanC are A= B or c~ = a~ + b^
inH.P.
or [from the sine rule]
Therefore, the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
Soi, j b~, c~ are in A.P.
Illustration 5.9

sin'5 - sin'y4 = sin"C -sin^5 (Using Sine Rule) ABCD is a trapezium such that^511 CD and CB is perpendicular
or sin(5 + A) sin{5 ~A) — sin(C + B) sin(C - B) to them. If ZADB ~ 6, BC = p, and CD - g. show that
or sinC(sin5 cos/I - cos5 sin/4) AB =
(p^ + ^")sin0
= sin/i (sin C cos5 - cos C sin5) pcosd + qsinO
Dividing both sides by sin.,4 sin5 sinC, we get ~S^ LQ\^BD = ZBDC = a
cot,4 - cot5 = cot5 - cotC
ZBAD^\^0°-{e + a)
cot,4, cot5, cotC are in A.P. By the sine formula, in A ABD, we have
tan.4, tan5, tanCarc in H.P. AB BD

Illustration 5.7
sin0 sin
(l8O°-(0+a))
£j^sin(fi - C) ^ 6^sin(C - A) BDsinB BD sin0
c"sin(.^-5) AB = (i)
Prove that + = 0. or
sin 5 + sin C sin C + sin sin .4-f-sin 5 sin{0 + a) sin0 cosa + cos0 sina

D q

FolQ
a
^sin(5-C) _ 4^“sin^/4sin(fi-C) {'.● a = 2R sin,4) a

sin 5+sinC sin 5 + sinC 0

P
4/?~sin^sin(.S + C)sin(fi-C)
sinfi + sinC
A 18O°~(0+a) a
B

4R^ sin i^^sin^fi - sin^cj In A BCD, sin a=pIBD

sin + sinC
and cosa=q/BD.
= 4R~ sin/i (sin5- sinC) Also BD^=p^ + q^
5.4 Trigonometry

Therefore, from Eq. (i), we have

BD sin0
AB =
sm${q/BD) + cos$[p/BD)
BD' sin 0 (p~+q^)sin6
^sin0 + pcosd pcosd + ^sin@
Applying the sine rule in A/ICD and in ADCB respectively, we get
Illustration 5.1D AD _ CD and
BD CD
sin a sin^ sin(C-a) smB
In a triangle ABC, ZC = 60° and ZA = 75°. If D is a point on
AC such that the area of the A.4BD is VJ times the area of the AD-BD CD-

ABCD, find the ZABD. sinorsin(C-a) sin .4 sin 5

I r
Sol, j Let h be the length of perpendicular from B on AC cos(2a - C)-cos Cl = sin" —
2>- 2

1 C . ,C
— cos(2a-C)-I + 2sin" — = sin —
2 2 2

cos (2a- C) - 1
C
a = —
2

Thus, CD is the internal angle bisector of angle C.

^BAD
Given that
A5CO Napier Formula (tan Rule)
1 In triangle we have
h.AD
2 AD B-C\ b - c A
=> ...(1) (i) tan cot —
1 CD
h.DC { 2 J b + c 9

2
C-A c - a B
In ABAD, taking ZABD = a, we have (ii) tan cot —
2 J c + a 2
AD _ BD
●●●(2) A-B a - b C
sino: sin 75° (Hi) tan cot —
2 J a + b 2
CD BD
And in ABCD, we have ...(3) Proof:
sin (45° -a) sin 60°
b
From (2) and (3), we get c
(i) From the sine rule, we have
sin 5 sinC
AD sin (45°-a) sin 60° sinfi h
C£)sin a sin 75° sinC c

^3 sin 75° sin (45° - a) = sin 60° .sin a sin 5 — sin C b - c

^/3 +1 cos a — sm a ^ . sin 5 + sin C b + c

^y3 sm a
2V2 J2 2
B + C'] sm
. B-C\
2 cos
(N3+ l)cosa = (3 + ^/3) sin a
7
2 ; b - c
\ —
B+C f B-C b + c
tan a= I/V3 2 sin cos
2 2 )
71:^6 = 30°
B + C B -C^ h- c
Hence ZABD = 30° cot tan
\ 2 ) 2 b + c

Illustration 5.1 1
tan
A
tan
(B-C b- c

In a scalene triangle ABC, Z) is a point on the side AB such that

2 2 ) b + c

B-C
CD' = AD DB, if sin/I-sinB = sin^— then prove that CD is tan
2 ) b- c
internal bisector of ZC. A b + c
cot
2
Sol. 1 Let ZACD = a
B-C b- c A
tan cot
=?● ZDCB = (C-a) 2 } b+ c 2
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.5

Similarly, other formulas can also be proved. m sin /3 (sin 0 cos O' - cos Q sin a)
This fomiula is also known as tangent rule. This is useful in = « sin O' (sin 0 cos /3 + cos 0 sin
calculating the remaining parts of a triangle when two sides and Dividing both sides by sin a sin P sin 9. we get
included angle are given.
m cot a - m cot 9 = n cot (5 + n cot 9
Illustration 5.12 (m + n) cot 9 = m cot a-n cot

In a triangle ABC, ZA = 60° and b :c= (V3 + 1): 2, then find (ii) We have,
the value of (ZB - ZC). ZCAD = (5=m°-(9+C)
ZBAD=a^(9-B)
h
- =
^|3 + \ 6-c_V3+l-2_ V3-1 1 Putting these values in (3), we get
c 2 b + c~ yl3 +\+2 (V3+I)V3 w sin (0 + C) sin B = n sin C sin (0 - B)
,, . B-C b-c A ^ /n(sin 0 cos C + cos 0 sin C) sin B
Now using tan —^— - b + c cot —, we get = « sin C (sin 0 cos 5 - cos 0 sin B)
B~C ^/3-l n/3 B-C Dividing both sides by sin 0 sin B sin C, we get
tan = 2-^ = 15°
m (cot C + cot 0) = « (cot B - cot 0)
2 2

(m + n) cot 9 = n cot B - m cot C

5-C=30°

Illustration 5.13

m-n Theorem If the median AD of triangle ABC makes an angle nlA with the
Let Z) be a point on the side BC ofAABC such that BD: DC = m : n side BC, then find the value of |cot5-cotC|.
and ZADC = 0, ZBAD - a and ZDAC - (5.
[mD

By m-n theorem,
n
(BD + DC) cot —= DC cotB - BD cot C
4

Then
=> |cot5 - cot C[ = 2

(i) (m + n) cot 0 = w cot a - ii not jS Illustration 5.14-

(ii) (m + n) cot 0 =« cot 5 - m cot C The base of a triangle is divided into three equal parts. If/, ’ h’
Proof: ty are the tangents of the angles subtended by these parts at the

(i) Given that

BD m
—, ZADC = 0, opposite vertex, prove that
1 1Y1—+ —1
+ —
, ,l + —1.
=4 .
DC n
J\ hAh t
3;

ZBAD = a and ZDAC = )3.

ZADB = (m°-9), Sol, j Let the points P and Q divide the side BC in three equal
ZABD=m° ~(a+ 18O°-0) = 0-a parts such that BP = PO = QC ~ x
Also, ZACD= 18O°-(0+y3) Also let ZBAP = a, ZPAQ = p, ZQAC= y
and ZAQC=9
In AABD using sine rule, we get
BD AD
...(1)
sina
sin (0 -a)
In AADC using sine rule, we get
DC AD
...(2)
sinP sin(0+/3)
Dividing (I) by (2), we get
BD sin p _ sin (0 + /3) ● ●●(3) From question.
DC sin a sin (0 - O') tanor=/,, tan^= ^2. tan/=
m
sin p _ sin 9 cosP +cos0 sinjS Applying, m : n rule in triangle we get
n sin O' sin0 cosa -cos0 sin a (2x + x) cot9 = lxcot(o' + p)-xcoty (i)
5.6 Trigonometry

From A/^PC, we get COSINE RULE

(x + .x) coi6 = Xcot Xcoty (ii) In AABC, we have
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get - a
2

(i) cos A =
3 2cot{a + ^)-coty 2bc
2 cot cot 7 2
c + a - b~
(ii) cos B =
or 3 cot (3- cot 7=
4(cota-cot/3-l) 2ca

cot ^ +cot a a^+b^ -

(iii) cosC =
or 3 coi^/3 - cot 13 cot 7+ 3 cot a ● cot /? - col a ● cot 7 2ab
Proof:
= 4 cot or ● cot/3 - 4 ●) ,1 ->
a h — c
or 4 + 4 cot“/3 = cot~J3 + cot a ● cot P + cot j3- cot 7 (iii) We shall prove that cos C =
+ cot 7-cot a
or 4( I + cor (3) = (cot p + cot a)(cot p + cofy)
\/
1 1 1
or
41+^ = —+ — -L+_L
t t t t t
2j V‘l ‘2 7V‘2 ‘3;

r
Concept Application Exercise 5.1

7 ,2 ’>
a~ +b +c~
1. Find the value of in any right-angled
triangle. In the figure, BD = a-b cosC
2. If angles A, B, and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and if In triangle ABD,
V3 AB-=AD- + BD-
, then find angle .,4.
= {b sin C)~ + (a - b cos O"
3. In AABC if (V3 - 1) a - 2b, A = 3B then find angle C. = b~ sin^ C + a~ + b~ cos’ C - 2ah cos C
cos A cos 5 cosC
4. If and the side a = 2, then find = (b^ sin" C+ b^ cos" Q + a~ - 2ab cos C
a b c
c^ = b^ + a^~ 2ab cos C
the area of the triangle. 2
a- + b^
5. In triangle ABC, if cos^^ + cos~B - cos^C = 1, then
- c
cos C =
2ah
identify the type of the triangle.
6. Prove that b^ cos 2/4 - a" cos 25 = b^ -a^. The above proof will not change even if ZA is a right angle
1 1 or an obtuse angle.
1 - tan — /4 Ian — 5
Similarly, other formulas can be proved.
7. Prove that ^ 2 2
a-¥b 1 1
1 +tan —/4 tan -5 Note:
2 2
● If the lengths of the three sides of a triangle are known,we
8. In any AABC, prove that {b~ - c~) cotA + (c^ - a") cot5
can find all the angles by using cosine rule.
+ {a^~b^) c6tC = 0. ● If two sides (say b and c) and the included angle A are given,
b +c A
9. In a triangle ABC, prove that < cosec—. + c' - a 2
a 2 the cosine rule cos A = will give us a and
2bc

10. Prove that

1 +cos(/4-5)cosC a^+/>2 then knowing a, b, c we can find 5 and C by the cosine rule.
1 +cos(/4-C)cos5 a^+c^ ■
11. In a triangle ABC, if a, b, c are in A.P. and Illustration 5.15

—sin2C + —sin25 + —sin2/4 + —sin 25 = 2, then find C C

c b a b In A/15C. prove that (a — Z))^ cos"—+ (a + 6)^sin^ —— c".
the value of sin 5.

12. Prove that a cos/4 + b cos5 + c cosC = 45 sin/4 sin5

sinC.

Answers
Sol, j L.H.S. = (a" + b^ - 2ah) cos" -y + (a" + /?" + 2 at) sin"
5n = + b^ + lab ■ 2C 2C
4. V3 sq. unit
in cos —
1. 8 2. 3. 120® 2
12 2)
1
5. Right angled triangle 11. = a^ + b~ - lab cos C
2
= c^ (Using Cosine Rule)
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.7

iLLUSTRATiaN 5.16 -2x^ - + 2x+ I 1

- = cos 120°
In IxABC, \f{a + b + c){a~h + c) = 'iac, then find ZB. l{lx^ -^rX- ~ lx-i) 2

^=120°
Sol. We have {a + cf -b^ = 3ac
or a^ + c^-b^ = ac Illustration 5.19

But cos5 = If the angles A, 5, C of a triangle are in A.P. and sides a, b, c

lac 2 are in G.P., then prove that a^, b^, are in A.P.
K
So, B= — Sol. Given, 25 =/I + C
3
or 1B= K or B = 7tl3 (i)
Illustration 5.17 Also a, b, c are in G.P. => b~ = ac (ii)
1 c~ -\-a~-b

= ^, b= ^ {^6 + -v/2 j, and c =yjl , then find ZA.

If a
Now, cos 5 = cos 60° - —
2 lea

or ca = c^ + a^-b^~
Sol. Using Cosine Rule, 2b^ = c~ + a^
or [by using Eq. (ii)]
cosv4 = Hence, a~, b^, are in A.P.
Ibc
Illustration 5.2D
(l/4)(8 + 4V3) + 2-3 ^ 1 + 7J 1
Let a, b, and c be the three sides of a triangle, then prove that
Vl2+>/4 2{l + >/3) 2
n
the equation b~x^ + (6" + c~- a~)x + = 0 has imaginary roots.
So, A= —
3 Sol. b\x^ + (b- + - a^)x + =0
Illustration 5. IB
Let f(x) = h~x~ + {Ibc cos^)x + = 0
Also in MBC, where ^ € (0, k) in a triangle, we find
The sides of a triangle are .x^ + x + 1,2r + 1, and .y’ 1. Prove
cos.4 e (-1, 1).
that the greatest angle is 120°.
Now. D = {Ibc cos/I)^ - Ab^c- = 4b~c^ {cos^A -\)<0
Sol. Let a = JY^ + A■ + \,b = lx+ l,andc=x^- 1. Hence, the roots are imaginary.
First, we have to decide which side is the greatest. We know that in
Illustration 5.2 1
a triangle, the length of each side is greater than zero. Therefore,
we have 6 = 2a + 1 > 0 and c = x^~ 1 >0. Thus, Let a < < c be the lengths of the sides of a triangle. If
1 ^ 2 , + b^ < (?, then prove that A is obtuse angled,
A> and A > 1
2
Sol.
1
A > and A < - 1 or A > 1 a" + 6" < + 6" - lab cos C
2
cosC<0
A> 1
(
Hence, C is an obtuse angle.
I
a = A^+A+1= A+— +
— is always positive.
1 A) llustration 5.22

Thus, all sides a, and c are positive when a > 1. Now, In a triangle ABC, if the sides a, b, c are roots of a^ - 1 1a^
A> I or A^ > A cos/I cos 5 cosC
+ 38a - 40 = 0, then find the value of
or A^+A+l>A + A+ l a b c

A^+A + 1 >2a+ 1 a> b

or
Sol. Here a, b, c are roots of equation a^ - 1 1a^ + 38a-40 — 0.
Also, when a > 1, Therefore,
A^ + A + 1 > A^ I => a > c fl + 6 + c = 11, fl/j + /jc + ac = 38, and abc = 40
Thus, a = A^ + A + 1 is the greatest side and the angle A opposite cos/I cos 5 cosC
to this side is the greatest angle. b c labc
a

+c^-a^
COS/I = (g + 6 + c)^ - l{ab + 6c + ac)
Ibc labc

A^ +A +
11^-76 45 ^_^
2(2a+1)(a^-i)
80 80 16
5.8 Trigonometry

LLUSTRATIDN 5.23 1 2 2
a , a~ + b - C
b
If in a triangle ABC, ZC = 60®, then prove that 2 2ab
1 1 3
+ c-2 -b^
C7 + C b+c a + b-’rc
2a

Sol. 3 By the cosine formula, we have 64-16 8

2ab cosC 18 "3

or (P- =a~ + b~ - lab cos 60° = + b~ - ab (i) Illustration 5.26
1 1 3
Now,
a + c b+ c a + b+c Three parallel chords of a circle have lengths 2, 3, 4 units and
subtend angles a, j9, a+^at the center, respectively (0!+/?< k),
_ [b -f-c) (fl +b +c) + (a +c)(fl+6 +c) -3 [a +c) (6 +c) then find the value of cos a

[a +b){b+c)[a +h +c) Sol. ] From the given information we have the following
(a^ +6“ -ah)-c~ diagram.
= 0 [from Eq. (i)]
{a +6) (6 +c) (a -\-b+c) AB = A,AC=2,BC=2

1 1 3 Using the geometry of the circle, we have ZABC - d2

or
a-\-c b+c a+b+c Now in A^5C, using cosine rule

Illustration 5.24-

In a triangle, if the angles A. B, and C are in A.P., show that

1 a+ c
2 cos—(/I - C) = —p=
2 -ac + c’

Sol, j Since angles A, B, and C are in A.P., we have

A + C=2B

But, A + B + C= 180°or3fi- 180° or S = 60® (3)“+(4)--{2)-

2,2 .2 cos(a/2) =
1 a +c —b 2x(3)x(4)
Now, cos5=—=
2 2ac
cosa = 2cos"(q/2) - 1
or a" + - b~ -ac
49 17
2 ,2 .2 = 2x 1 = —
or a -ac + c = b 64 32
a +c a +c

b Illustration 5.27
-ac +c~

2/?(sin..4+sin C) In a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS, PQ = 2 units, QR- 5 units,

2R sin 5 RS = 3 units and ZPQR ~ 60°, then what is the measure of
SP7
2 sin
A + C) cos A-C
2 J K 2 SoT] From APQR, = 2" + 5" - 2 x 5 x 2 x cos 60°= 19
sin 5

2sin60®
cos
sin 60® V 2 J
A-C
= 2 cos
V 2 ;

Illustration 5.25

In AABC, if a = 9,6 = 4 and c = 8 then find the distance between

the middle point of 5C and the foot of the perpendicular from^.
In ^PRS, PR- = 3- + - 2 X 3x X cos 120' (where SP = .v)
Soi. ^ Let D be the middle point of BC and AE be the .r + 3x + 9= 19
perpendicular on BC from A
=> (.v+5){jc-2) = 0
DE=CD-CE

a
Now, a: + 5 = 0 not possible
6 cos C x = 2
-y
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.9
BC = o = BD + CD = c cos 5 + 6 cos C
1
Concept AppLiCAXtoN Exercise 5.2
Similarly, other fonnulas can be proved.

1. If the sides of a triangle are a, b and +ab +b^ , then ILLUSTRATION 5.2S
find the greatest angle.
Prove that a(b cosC-c cosB) = b~ -c .
2. If the line segment joining the points A (a, b) and
B (c, d) subtends an angle 9 at the origin, then prove that Sol.J fl (6 cos C - c cosB)
ac + bd
cos 6 = = (6 cos C + c cos B){h cos C-c cos B)
yj(a-+b^)ic^+J-) = b cos C - c cos B

3. If X, y > 0, then prove that the triangle whose sides are = /)■(!- sin“C) - c" (I - sin"5)
given by 3.v + 4v, 4x + 3v, and 5.v + 5y units is obtuse = b~-c^~ {b~ sin“C - sin'5)
lZ 2
angled. = b -c [as by the sine rule, 6 sin C = c sin5]
4. In MBC, angle A is 120“, BC+ CA = 20, and AB + BC= 21. Alternatively, using cos B and cos C formulae, we can prove the
Find the length of the side BC. result.
5. In A ABC, AB=\,BC=\, and AC = 1/ 'Jl. in AMNP,
MN = I. NP = I, and ./MNP = 2/ABC. Find the side MP. Illustration 5.29

be 3h
6. If in a triangle ABC = + c" - 2bc cos A then
2C0S.4 If in a triangle a cos" cos" — — , then find the relation
2 2
prove that the triangle must be isosceles. between the sides of the triangle.
7. With usual notation, if in triangle ABC,
.A 3b
b + c c + a a + b Sol. J fl cos"—hCCOS — = —
, then prove that ^ 2” 2 2
11 12 13
or (7(1+ cosC) + c (1 + COS/1) = 3b
cos/I cos 5 cosC
or a + c + {a cos C + c cos/1) = 3b
7 19 25
or a + c + b = 3b [by the projection formula]
8. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive natural
or a + c = 2b
numbers and its largest angle is twice the smallest one.
Determine the sides of the triangle. Hence, a, b, c arc in A.P.

Answers Illustration 5.3D

1. 120° 4. 13 units s. ^2 8. 4, 5, 6
Prove that {b + c) cosv4 + (c + a) cos B + {a + b) cos C = 2.y.
Sol. ) (6 + c) COS.4 + (c + a) cos5 + (r/+ 6) cosC
= {b coS/4 + a cos B) + (c cos A +a cos C)
PROIECTION RULE + (b cos C+c cos B) = c + b +a ~2s
In triangle ABC, we have 1
(i) b cos C + c cos B = a Concept Application Exercise 5.3
(ii) (7 cos C + c cos ^ = 6
1. In AABC, prove that c cos(/l - a) + a cos(C + (x)
(iii) a cos B + b cos A=c = h cos oc.
Proof: cos C +cos ..4 cosB 1
2. Prove that
c + a b b

3. Prove that a {b^ + c^) cosA^b {c' + a^) cos 5 + c {a~ + b~)
cosC= 3abc.

HALF ANGLE FORMULAS

Half Angle Formulas for Sine
We have following half angle formulas for sine in triangle ABC.
(j -b){s- c)
(i) sin —
he
In the figure,
BD = Projection of AB on BC = c cos 5 B (5 - c) (5 - a)
(ii) sin —
CD = Projection of/I Con BC= b cos C ca
5.10 Trigonometry

C is-a) {s - b) 2 ^ 2s (2a- - 2a)

(iii) sin — cos (As a + b + c = ls)
V ab 2 Abe

Proof: -> A s (s - a)
cos" — “
2 be
.-> A 1 - cos ^
(i) sin- —
2 7Z
In a triangle, 0 < — < —, so cos - >0.
2 2 2
■ 2 ^ = 1 b^-¥e^ - a
2

Sin — 1-
2 2 2bc A s {s - a)
cos — = ,
2 V be
. . A 1 2bc - b" -
sin" —
2
“ -
2 2hc
Similarly, we can prove other formulas also.
From the above formulas, we have
. . ^ 1 - (6 -c)-
sin" — - -
2 2 2bc
A (s-b) (s-c)
(i) tan —
2 a( A - a)
. 2 ^
sin — -
{a - b + c) (a ●¥ b - c)^
2 Abe
B {s-a)is-e)
(ii) tan — =
. ^ A (2s - 2b)—{2s-2c)- 2 ^ s (s-b)
sin" — = (As a + b + c = 2s)
2 Abe C {s -a){s- b)
(ili) tan
■ 1 ^ _ (s - b){s - c)
sin
\ s{s-c)
2 be

A 7t A ILL-USTRATIDN 5.3 1
In a triangle, 0 < — < —, so sin — > 0.
2 2 2
A b+c
If cos — =
2 2c ’
then prove that + b^ = c^.
. A (s -b){s- c)
sin —
2 be
A b+c
Similarly, we can prove other formulas also. cos — =,
2 M 2c
Half Angle Formulas for Cosine s(s-a) b+c
We have following half angle formulas for cosine in triangle [squaring]
be 2c
ABC.
or 2s(2s - 2a) = 2b {b + c)
A s (s - a)
(i) cos —
or {b + c + a) (b + c - a) = 2b~ + 26c
6c or (6+ c)^-a^ = 26^ +26c
B s {s - b) or c = a +6
(ii) cos — =
ca

Illustration 5.32
C _ 5 (a - c)
(iii) cos — If the cotangents of half the angles of a triangle are in A.P.,
V ob
then prove that the sides are in A.P.
Proof:

A B C
1 + cos A Sol. ) cot —,cot—,cot are in A.P.
(i) cos — = * 2 2
2
B A C
^ = 1 b^+c^ — a
2
2 cot = cot —+ cot —
cos^ — 1 + 2 2 2
2 2 26c

2
a(a —6) s{s-a) a(a-c)
o A 1 26c + 6^ + c^ 2

(A-a)(A-c) ^(a-6)(a-c) ' ^{s-a){s-h)

- a
cos" — = —
2 2 26c
2(a -b) = s- a + s- c
2b = a + c
2 I (b + cf
2
- a
cos
2 2 26c a, b, c are in A.P. .

cos^ — = i (b^c+ a) {b + c-a)

2 2 26c
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.11

Illustration 5.33
r 1
Concept Application Exercise 5.4

If the sides a, b and c of are in A.P., prove that B C

^ . C . B 1. If/) +c = 3a, then find the value of cot — cot—.
(i) 2sin—sm — = sin — 2 2
2 2 2
A B C
2 ^ 2 36 2. Prove that Z)c cos^ — +cacos^— +a^cos^— =s^.
2 2
(ll) 6TCOS Y + ccos —2
2
2
C 2
Sol. 3. —,
If in A^5C, tan — =- tan — = —, then prove that a, b,
2 6 2 5

(1)
^ . A . C
2sin—sm— =
(5-6) (s -c) j(s ~a) (5 -6) and c are in A.P.
2 2 be ab
r 5 C
- 2a cot —.
4. Prove that (6+ c-a) cot — + cot —
_ 2(5—6) (s-a)(s-c) \ 2 2; 2

6 ac A B C
5. If sin^ —, sin" — , and sin" — are in H.P. , then prove
2s-2b . B 2 2 2
.sin —
6 2 that the sides of triangle are in H.P.
a+c—6 . B
— — — .sm — Answers
6 2
1. 2
26-6 . B
.sm — (as a, 6, c are in A.P.)
6 9

. B AREA OF TRIANGLE
sm —
2
Area of triangle is usually denoted by A or S. There are many
.A a 5(5 -c) c 5(5 —a) different formulas to find the area of triangle. Consider a triangle
(ii) acos^—i-ccos" — ABC. One of the most common formulaswe have been using till
^ 2 2 ab be
now is Herons formula, that is A = -^s{s - a)(.? - 6)(.9 - c), where
— (5 —c-l-5-a)
6 s is semi-perimeter of triangle given by 25 = a + 6 c.
a+b+e,6
26
26 + 6
2
36
2

Illustration 5.34

\ /
A B . .B ^ . 2A C

■^(basex height)
Prove that cot— + cot— asm" —+ 6sin — = ccot—.
2 2 A 2 2J 2 Also, A-

^(BCxAD)
\/
A B . B .■) A
Sol. cot hcot — asm"—h6sm" —
2 2 A 2 2J
1
5 (5 -a) 5 (5 -6) A= —aesinB ...(1)
+ 2
^|(s-b)(s-c) ]l(s-a)(s-c) 1 1
a(s-e)(s-a) _ 6(5-6) (5-c) Similarly, we get A = —a6sinC andA= —6csin.4
X ■' ^
ca be
In (1), using sine rule, we get
(5 -a) +(5 -6) (5-c)
= v^. [5-a + 5 —6] A= —ac—
^{s - a) (5 -6) (5 -c) c 2 2R

abc
c(5 -c) A =
= V7. AR
yj{s-a) (5-6) (5-c)
(2^sin A){2R sin B)(2R sin C)
C Also, A=
5(5 —c) AR
= c = ccot—
\(5-a)(5-6) 2
A = 2R~ sin A sin B sin C
5.12 Trigonometry

1 Illustration 5.37
Further from (1), A = — oc sin 5
2

. B B Prove that
[a+b+c)[h+c-a){c+a~b) [a+b-c) = sin"^.
= ac sin— cos — Ab~
2 9

= ac
(y - c) (y - g) Is (s - b) [a + b +c) [b +c~a) (c +a -b) [a + b -c)
ca ca 4b^c^
yjs{s-a){s-b){s-c) 2y2(5’-a) 2(5-6) 2(5-c)
46^c^
Let us get the area in terms of in radius r of the triangle.
4A^
b^c^
^2
4 ( 1
—be sinv4 = sin^/4
6VU
Illustration 5.3B

If the sides of a triangle are 17, 25, and 28, then find the
greatest length of the altitude.

I Soi.^ We know from geometry that the greatest altitude is

If/is the centre of the circle inscribed in triangle, then perpendicular to the shortest side.
Area of isABC Let ff=17,6 = 25,
= Area of A/5C + area of A/^C + area of MAB and c = 28.
1 1 1
= — rXa + — rxb+ — rxc 1
2 2 2 Now, A = — AD X BC
2
1
— r X (a + 6 + c) 2A
or AD =
= rs 17

Illustration 5.35
where A" = 5(5 - a) (5 - 6) (5 — c)
= 210^
If in triangle ABC, A = n" - (6 - c)~, then find the value of
420
tan^^. => AD =
17
Sol. 3 A = {a + h-c){a -b + c)
A^ = [2(5 - 6) 2(5 - c)]- Illustration 5.39

or
5(5 - a) (5 - 6) (5 - c) = 16 (5 - 6)“ (5 - c)“ In equilateral triangle ABC with interior point D, if the
(5-6) (5-c)_ 1 perpendicular distances from D to the sides of 4, 5, and 6,
or
respectively then find the area of AABC.
5(5 — a) 16

A 1 Let the side of equilateral triangle ABC be a.

or tan — = —
2 4 «x4 + £2x5 + ffx6
Area of triangle, A =
tan^A = 2tan(^/2) 2(l/4) 8 2

l-tan^(^/2)“i-(l/16)“l5 or
a(4 + 5 + 6) _ ^/3
2 4
Illustration 5.3&
15 VJ a
Prove that sin 25 + b^ sin 2.4 = 4A. or
2 4

Sol. 3 sin25 + b^ sinlA 30

or a = = 10v5
= 47?” [sin"/l (2 sin5 cos5) + sin“5 (2 sin^ cos.4)]
[using sine rule]
= 8/?^ sin.4 sin5 (sin/l cos5 + sin5 cos/4) or
4
xl00x3

= 87?^ sin.4 sin5’sin(.4 +5)

= 75^5
= 87?^ sin^ sin 5 sin C = 4A
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.13

2A
iLLUSTRATfON 5.4D
A-^ =
3 3
If area of a triangle is 2 sq. units, then find the value of the
2
product of the arithmetic mean of the lengths of the sides of a
triangle and harmonic mean of the lengths of the altitudes of A " 3
the triangle.
Illustration 5.43
Sol } Let /j,, }h_ and h-^ be the lengths of altitudes through
vertices A, B and C, respectively. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 and 5 and
ah] = Zj /»2 = c /?3 = 2 A the angle between them is 60°. If the area of the quadrilateral
is 4^, find the remaining two sides.
or 1^1 ^1 ^ a + b + c
h] /»2 2A

a + b + c 3
or = 2A =4
3 1 1
— H + —
h] fh /?3

Illustration 5.4 1

A triangle has sides 6, 7, and 8. The line through its incenter

parallel to the shortest side is drawn to meet the other two
sides at P and Q. Then find the length of the segment PQ.
Let ABCD be the cyclic quadrilateral in which
Sol. ] A-rxs AB = 1 and BC=5,Z ABC = 60°
21x/- 6xh ZADC= 180°-60°= 120°
= 3/2
2 2
Area of cyclic quadrilateral
or
r _2 = Area of A ABC + Area of A ACD
h~ 1
1
Now APQ and ABC are similiar. Thus, or 4^ = i^5x5Csin60°
2
+ -2 CD x sin 120°
h-r _PQ
1 \
h 6 = —2x5x H— xy
2 2)2 [ 2 J’
r PQ
or 1--
b 6 where CD - x, AD = y
xy=6 ...(i)
or 1-1 = ^ From AABC, we get
7 6
AC^ = AB- i-BC^ 2AB BC cos60‘

5 PQ 30 1
or ^ or PO = — = 4 + 25-20 = 19 ...(ii)
7 6 - 7 \2J

Also from AACD, we get

Illustration 5.43
AC- = CD- + DA- - 2CD DA cos 120°
Each side of triangle ABC is divided into three equal parts = +y^ + xy=:^ + y- t 6 [using Eq. (i)] (iii)
as shown in the figure. Find the ratio of the area of hexagon Now from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we have
PQRSTU to the area of the triangle ABC. x“+y + 6= 19 or.r +_y“= 13 ...(iv)
Solving Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
.v-* - 13x^ + 36 = 0
or = 4, 9
or x = 2,3=>:^' = 3,2
Hence, the other two sides of tlie cyclic quadrilateral are 3 and 2.
Illustration 5.44

Sol. ) Area of hexagon PQRSTU,

In triangle ABC, « : 6 : c = 4 : 5 ; 6. Then find the ratio of the
A, = area of AABC - area of AAPQ radius of the circumcircle to that of the incircle.
area of ABTU- area of ACRS
SoiT) a = 4A, b = 5k.c = 6k
= A
A— ^ sin
■ .4J \f a c sinB
— . \( a b smC
—
2l3 3 2U 3 2^3 3 s =
2
5.14 Trigonometry

Now, area of triangle DAC,

s-a =
2 A, = area of AAPD + area of
1
s-h = — k,
2
= —2 xDPxAPxsina + — x DP x PC xs'm[7r ~ a)
s-c = ^-k 1
= -xDP{AP+PC)sina
2
f k
A^= 15x7x5x3 - 1
2) A[ = — xDPxACx^ma ...(1)
2
\2
or
A- 15V? U)
f- Similarly, area of A/45C,
1

Now, r =
A _ \SsFi(kl2f k A-, = -xBPxACxs\r\a
2
-.(2)
5
(15/2)A- 2
Now, area of quadrilateral
and R =
ahc
_ 4x5x6xA^ _ - f, 8 5 = A| + A2
4A “ 4xI5V7x(A^/4) ” 7? I
= —xDPxACxsina h—x5/*x^Cxsina
1

R 16 2 2

r 7 1
-x(DP + BP)xAC xsina
Illustration 5.45 1
= — xBDxACxsma
Given a triangle ABC with sides a = 7, = 8 and c = 5. Find 2
the value of the expression {sin /i + sin 5 + sin C) 1
A B C Thus, area of quadrilateral = — (Product of the diagonals)
X cot 1- cot h cot — .
2 2 1) X (Sine of included angle)

\ A B C r
Sol. (sin .4 + sin ^ + sin C) cot— + cot h cot —
Concept Application Exercise 5.5
V 2 2 2;
a h c [".?(.?-i?) s{s~b) s{s - c) 1. If + b^, then prove that 4 5 (.y - a) {s -b){s-c) = a^h^.
2R 2R 2R / V A A A J 2. If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3:7:8, then find R ; r.
a+b+c
\ /
s{3s-a~b — c) 3. In triangle^5C,ifa=2 and 6c=9, then prove that/? = 9/2A.
2R / V A 4. In A/15C, if lengths of medians BE and CF are 12 and 9
●> N
respectively, find the maximum value of A.
2s S~
5. Let the lengths of the altitudes drawn from the vertices of
2R A RA A ABC to the opposite sides are 2, 2, and 3. If the area of
A ABC is A, then find the area of triangle.
4s^
abc
6. A triangle with integral sides has perimeter 8 cm. Then
abc
R find the area of the triangle.
4R

4
.{ a + b + c 4
Y7+8+5
\3 7. The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and its area
is ^th of
2 2 100 an equilateral triangle of the same perimeter. Find the
abc 7x8x5 7 greatest angle of the triangle.
Answers
Area of Quadrilateral
Consider the quadrilateral ABCD.
Let S denote the area of the quadrilateral.
2. 7:2 4. A^a^ = 72 sq. units
6. 2^ cm- 7. 120°
2^ sq. unit
D

c SOLUTIONS OFTRIANC.I F
n-a.
We have learned about different rules and properties of triangle.
P
Let us see how to use these rules to solve the triangle in
different situations. Let us consider the different cases when few
components of triangle are given.
A B
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.15

Three Sides (SSS) No such triangle exists because the side b does not reach line BC.
A
If the three side lengths a, b and c are given. To find the two
angles, the cosine rule can be used.
b -\-c -a
Using cos A = , we can find angle A. ,■ c sin 6
2bc

Similarly, we can find angle B.

Angle C can be obtained using C = 180® -A-B. 8

Alternatively, after finding angle A using cosine rule, one can For the same reason, a solution does not exist if angle B > 90® and
use sine rule to find the angle B, i.e., sin B = —sin A . but there b<c as triangle cannot have two right angles or two obtuse angles.
a

is a risk of confusing an acute angle value with an obtuse one. Case II: When —sinfi = 1, then sin C= 1, i.e., C = 90°.
b

Angles can also be obtained using half angle fonmilas. So, a unique triangle exists, with C = 90°.
A
A {s-b){s-c) etc.
I.e., tan— =
2 5(5-<3)

csin 6
Two Sides and the Included Angle (SAS) b

Let the two sides b and c and included angle A are given. The side
opposite to angle A can be determined using cosine rule.
B C
I.e., = b~ + - 2bc cos A.

After that, using cosine rule again, the second angle can be Case III: When —sin 5 < 1.
obtained. b

a^+b^-c^ Now, two alternatives are possible,

i.e., cos C =
2ab (i) If b> c then 5 > C (as larger side corresponds to larger
angle). Since no triangle can have two obtuse angles, C
Finally, 5= m°-A-C.
must be an acute angle and there exists a unique triangle.
A Side and the Two Angles Adjacent to It For b> c, see the following figure.
(ASA) When B is acute

Let side c and adjacent angles A and B are given.

The third angle is C = 180° - A- B.
Sides a and b can be detennined using sine rule
sin^ sin 5
I.e., a = c and b = c
sinC sinC

A Side, the Angle Opposite to It and an Angle

When B is obtuse
Adjacent to It (AAS)
The procedure for solving an AAS triangle is same as that for an
ASA triangle. First, find the third angle by using the angle sum
property of triangle, then find the other two sides using the sine
rule.

Two Sides and an Angle not Included

between Them (SSA)
Let the two sides b, c and the angle B are given. Using sine rule, (ii) \f b < c, the angle C may be acute at C] or obtuse at Ct
we get (= 180°-C|).
sin C= —sin8.
b

Now, following cases occur:

Case I: When —sin5 > \ or b<c sin B.

h
 5.16 Trigonometry

Alternative Method: Illustration 5.4S

a~+c^-b^-
Using cosine rule, we have cos B = If in triangle ABC, a = (I + ^) cm, b = 2 cm, and ZC = 60°,
Zac
then find the other two angles and the third side.
a~ - (2c cos B)a + (c~ ~ b~) = 0
a^+b^-c^
fl = c cos iff ± ^(ccosB)^ -(c^ -b~) Sol. ] From cos C =
2ab
—, we have

a = c cos B ± yjb^ -(csinfi)^ 1 +4-C-

Now there are following possibilities: 2

2(1 + 73)2
(i) If 6 < c sin B, then no triangle is possible,
or 2 + 2V3-I+3 + 2V3 + 4-C'
(ii) If 6 = c sin B, then we get a = c cos B. For B being obtuse,
or 6‘" = 6 or c = V6 cm
cos B will be negative, so B must be acute. In that case,
there exists only one triangle, sin ,4 sinff sinC
Also,
b
(iii) If 6 > c sin B, then there are further following cases:
a c

(a) B is an acute angle. So, cos B is positive. sin ,4 sinfi 73/2

or

In this case two values of a will exist if and only if 1 +73 2

cco.sB> 1
-{csin5)“ or c > Two such triangles sin 5 = ovB = 45°
are possible.
and ^ = 180°-(60°+ 45°) = 75°
If c < 6, only one triangle is possible,
(b) B is an obtuse angle. So, cos B is negative. Illustration 5.49
In this case, triangle will exist if and only if
In A/45C, sides b, c, and angle B are given such that a has two
yjb^-(csm B)~ > \c cos B\.
This gives b > c. In this case, only one triangle is
values £7, and a,- T'hen prove that | a, ^2 \ = 2^h~ -c^ sin^ff .
possible. c +a~~b~
If b<c, then there exists no triangle. Sol. ] cos 5 =
2ccr

Three Angles (AAA)

or a~ - (2c cos 5) a + c~ -b~ = 0

If the three angles A, B, and C are given, we can only find the This equation has roots t?, and aj-
ratios of the sides a, h and c by using sine rule (since there are rt| + ^2 ~ cosB, fl[a2 = c~ -b^
infinite similar triangles possible). (fli - 03)" = (<^i + <32)” - 4fl|a2 = 4c“ cos‘5 - 4(c" - b^)
Illustration 5.46
= 4b~ - 4c~ sin“5 = 4(6^ - sin"5)

If 6 = 3, c = 4, and B = t/3, then find the number of triangles

or
Ifl] - fljl = 2 yjb^-c^ sin^B
that can be constructed.
Illustration 5.5D
Sol, j We have,
In A ABC, a, c, and A are given and b^, b-^ are two values of
sin B sin C sin(T/3) sinC
or the third side b such that 63 = 2b^. Then prove that
b c 3 4
9a" -c"
siny4 =
or sinC =
2
7=- > 1, which is not possible. V 8c^ ■
l2 , 2 2
b + c -a
Hence, no triangle is possible. i Sol. ] We have cos A =
2bc
Illustration 5.47 or b~ -2 be cosv4 + (c^ - a") = 0
\fA = 30°, a = 7, and 6 = 8 in A45C, then find the number of It is given that /;, and the roots of this equation. Therefore,
triangles that can be constructed. b^ + b2 = 2c cos/1 and 6,62 = - a~
36| = 2 c cos.^, 2b\ = (T -a' (v 62 = 26] given)
a b
Sol. ) We have — \2
sin^ sin 5 or 2 —cos^
3
6sin/4 8 sin 30° 4
or sin 5 =
a 7 7
or 8c"( 1 - sin"^) = 9c" - 9a"

Thus, we have, b> a> b sin.4. 9a" — c"

or sin/1 -
Hence, angle B has two values given by sin 5 = 4/7. V 8c^
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.17

1 Circumcentre of right angled triangle is mid-point of its

Concept Application Exercise 5.6
hypotenuse.
1. In which of the following cases, there exists a triangle
ABCl

(a) b sm A = a, A < 7d2

(b) bs\nA>a,A>Td2
(c) Z) sin ^ > a, A < Tt!2
(d) ^5 sin < a, A < 7d2, b> a
(e) bsmA<a,A> 7i!2, b-a
2. If in A/45C, ft = 3 cm, c = 4 cm and the length of the
perpendicular from A to the side BC is 2 cm, then how
many such triangles are possible? Propertiesof Circumcircleand
o "2. 8
3. In a triangle ABC, — = — and sec“ A = Find the Circumcentre
ft 3 5

number of triangles satisfying these conditions.

4. In a triangle, the lengths of the two longer sides are 10
and 9, respectively. If the angles arc in A.P., then find the
possible length of the third side.
5. If a, ft and A arc given in a triangle and Cj, Cj arc possible
values of the third side, then prove that cf + C2 - 2c^C2
cos 2A = 4a~ cos" A.
6. In AABC, a, ft and A are given and Cj, Cj arc two values
of the third side c. Prove that the sum of the areas of two
1
triangles with sides a, ft, Cj and a, ft, C2 is — ft" sin 2,4.

Answers

● We know that the perpendicular from the centre of the

1. (a), (d) 2. Two 3. Two 4. 5 + Vb or 5 - Vb
circle to any chord bisects the chord. Thus, circumcentre
of triangle is the point of concurrency of perpendicular
bisectors of sides of triangle.
CIRCUMCIRCLE AND CIRCUMCENTRE ● Distance of circumcentre from all the vertices of triangle
The circle which passes through the vertices a triangle is is same which is equal to circumradius of triangle.
called its circumcircle. The centre 'O' of the circle is called the ● We know that the angle subtended by a chord of circle at
circumcentre. Radius of the circumcircle of triangle is called its the centre is twice the angle subtended by the same chord
circumradiusand usualh denoted by R. at any point on the circumference.
Circumcentre of acute angled triangle lies inside the triangle. In the figure, ZBOC = 2A. Also, OB = OC = R and
BD = DC=al2. So, triangles ODB and ODC are congruent.
Therefore ZBOD = ZCOD = A.
● Distance of circumcentre from sides of triangle.
In the figure in OD = R cos A. Similarly, we have
OE = R cos B and OF = R cos C.

Illustration 5.5 1

O is the circumcenter of A ABC and /? |, ??2, R^ are, respectively,

the radii of the circumcircles of the triangles OBC, OCA, and
a ft c abc
Circumcentre of obtuse angled triangle lies outside the OAB. Prove that —-h — -P
/?, /?2 ^3 R^
triangle.

Sol. ] If O is the circumcenter of AABC, then

OA = OB = OC = R

Given that /?i, R2, and R^ be the circumradii of AOBC, AOCA,

and AOAB, respectively.
a

In AOBC, using sine rule, 2i?, = or — =2 sin 2/1

sin2^ RI
5.18 Trigonometry

AO R
OD RcosA

cos(B-C)

_ cos(g-C) _ cos 15° cos 15°

cos^ cos 75°
= 2+S
sinl5°

Illustration 5.53

The diameters of the circumcircle of triangle ABC drawn from

b A, B and C meet BC, CA and AB, respectively, in L, M and N.
Similarly, = 2 sin 25 and — 1 1
’ R-, ^3 Prove that
AL BM CN
a b c
— +
R1
— ' 2(sin2.4 + sin 25 + sin2C) Sol.
^3
= 8 sin./4 sin5 sinC
a h c
2R 25
abc

R^

Illustration 5.52

In A/i5C, C = 60° and 5 = 45°. Line joining vertex A of

triangle and its circumcenter (O) meets the side BC in D.
(i) Find the ratio BD : DC
(ii) Find the ratio ^40: OD

Sol. In the figure, ./AOC = 25

ZD0C=71-2B Using sine rule in tJOBL, we get
R OL
Similarly, ZBOD ~ k-2C
K K
1 sin —+ C-5 sm -A
BDOP
BD _ 2
2 u
Now,
CD~^~ CDOP
5cosy4
OL =
2
cos(C-5)
Area of ABOD 5 cos .4
AL = R +
Area of ACOD
cos{C-5)
1
OBODsinZBOD
= R
cos(C-5) + cos/i
_ 2
1 cos(C-5)
OCODsinZCOD
2
= R
cos(C - 5) - cos(5 + C)
sin (;r--2C) sin2C cos(C-5)
sin(;r-25) sin 25 25sin5sinC
sin 120°
cos{C-5)
sin 90°
1 cos{C-5) 2cos(C-5)siny4
AL 25sin5sinC 45 sin 5 sin C sin
2
sin25 + sin2C
Now in AOPB, OP = OB cos A—R cos A 45sin5sinCsinv4
Also ZPOD = ZPOC - ZDOC I 1 1

= A-{k--2B) AL BM CN
= tz~B~C-k+2B
_ 2(sin2^ + sin25 + sin2C)
= B~C
45 sin ^ sin 5 sin C
OP R cos A 2
Now in AOPD, OD =
cos(5-C) cos(5-C) 5
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.19

Illustration 5.5-4 Hence, AI is internal angle bisector of angle A. Similarly, BI

and Cl are internal angle bisectors of angles B and C, respectively.
Find the lengths of chords of the circumcircle of triangle ABC, Therefore, incentre of triangle is the point of concurrency of
made by its altitudes internal angle bisectors.
Sol. From the figure, in IsABL, Length of Tangent from Vertices to the
AABL = AABD + ADBL INCIRCLE
= B+ (90° - C) In the figure, AF = AE = x (say), BF=BD= y (say)
= 90° + (5 - C) and CE = CD = z (say).
Let AL=x Now, AB^BC+CA=AF+ FB + BD^DC+CE^EA
So, using sine rule in AABL, we get a + b +'c = 2x + 2y + 2z
x
= 2R 2s = 2x + 2y + 2z
sin(90° + 5-C) or x+y+z-s
x = 2R cos {B-Q Now, y-^z~BC=a.'S>o,x = s-a.
Similarly, y - 2R cos(C - A) Similarly, y = s-b and z = s - c.
and z = 2R cos {A - B) Thus, lengths of tangents to incircle from the vertices B and
C are {s - a), (s - b) and (5 - c), respectively.
r 1
Concept Application Exercise 5.7
Distance of Incentre from the Vertices of
1. Let j\ g, and Ii be the lengths of the perpendiculars from Triangle
the circumcenter of AABC on the sides a, b, and c,
In the figure, in AAFI,
. , „ , a b c \ abc
respectively. Prove that — + — + — = . . A FI r

J g h A fgh sin —= —
2 AI A!
2. If AD, BE, CF are the diameters of circumcircle of AABC,
then prove that the area of hexagon AFBDCE is 2A. -‘A—
3. If the sides of triangle are in the ratio 3:5:7, then prove Sin -
2
that the minimum distance of the circumcentre from the
}■ r
side of triangle is half the circumradius. Similarly, Bl = . and Cl =
B . C
4. If circumradius of triangle ABC is 4 cm, then prove that sin - sin
2 2
sum of perpendicular distances from circumcentre to the
sides of triangle cannot exceed 6 cm.
Different Formulas for Inradius

INCIRCLE AND INCENTRE We have following different formulas for inradius:

A B C
The incircle or circle inscribed in a triangle is the largest circle ● /● = (s - a) tan — = (.v - 6) tan — = (5 - c) tan —
2 2 2
contained in the triangle; it touches (or it is tangent to) the three FI r
sides of triangle. The centre 7’ of the incircle is called the In the figure, in AAFI, tan —
AF s-a
incentre of the triangle. The radius of incircle is called inradius
and usually denoted by r.
r = (s- a) tan —
2
C

Similarly, r = (,v - h) tan y “ ^

. B . C
● r = sin — sm— sin —
2 2 2

. B . C
4R sin — sin— sin —
2 2 2

=4R
{s -b){s- c) (s -c)(s- a) l(s -a)(s- b)
be ca ab
In the figure, incircle of triangle touches the sides BC, CA and
(.? - a){s - b) (5 - c)
AB at D, E and F, respectively. = 4R
abc
Clearly, ID = IE = IF= r (inradius)
AR s {s - a) {s - b) (^ - c)
We know that the lengths of the two tangents drawn from an
abc s
external point to a circle are equal. So, in the figure AF ~ AE.
5.20 Trigonometry

I A' abc AO MB
V A =
A s 4;? QC~^
A Now, we have to prove that MB = AB.
s
Since BQ and AM are parallel.
{●: A = rs) B B
Therefore, ZMAB = ZABQ = — and ZAMB = ZQBC = -
Note:
%Q,mMBM,MB = AB. ^ ^
We know that in triangle ABC, c
3 So,
cos ^ + cos 5 + cos C < —
2
QC ~ BC a

,l + 4sm—sm—sm
^ . A . B . —<
C Therefore, angle bisector of a triangle will divide the opposite
—
2 2 2 2
side into two segments that are proportional to the other two
sides of the triangle.
. A . B . 1
sm—sm — sm— < —
2 2 2 8 Similarly, if angle bisector thorough vertex A meets opposite
BP AB
B . C side at P then = — and if angle bisector through vertex
Using r = 4^ sin —si
sm — sm —, we get 2r < R CP AC h
^ 2 2 2
h
R = 2r holds when triangle is equilateral. C meets opposite side at R then
BR ~ BC a

Length of Angle Bisector BP _ AB Q

Now, from = —, we have BP = ck, CP = bk\ where
CP~ AC h
Let us find the length of the angle bisector
Area of MBP + Area of A/ICF = Area of A45C k is constant.
or (1/2) AB X AP sin (AI2) + (1/2) AC x AP sin {A!2) But BP+CP = Cl

= {\H)ABxACsmA ck + bk= a
or (1/2) {c^b)AP&m{AI2) a
k =
= (1/2) [ch (2 sin {AI2) cos {All))] b-¥c

AP =
f 2bc \ ac ab
or cos (A/2) BP = and CP =
\b + c) b+c ^+c

( 2ac B 2ab C cb ab
Similarly, BQ = cos — and CR - cos— Similarly, AQ = XQ =
\a + cj 2 a +b 2 a+ c a + c

be ac
and AR = ,BR^
Division of Opposite Side by the Internal a +h a+b
Angle Bisector
lULUSTRATIDN 5.55

Let ABC be a triangle with ZB = 90®. Let AD be the bisector

of ZA with D on BC. Suppose AC = 6 cm and the area of the
triangle/4DC is 10 cm^. Find the length of5D.
Sol. 1 From angle bisector theorem,
In AABC, internal angle bisector of angle B meets opposite side - = £-
^Cat Q. 6 q
AQ _ AB qr = 6p
Let us prove that
CQ “ BC Now, area of iiADC = 10 cm^
Extend BC to the left of fi. 1
- {DC){AB)= 10
Draw a line parallel to BQ from vertex A, which meets BC
produced at M. I
- (<?)(/■) =10
Now, biBCQ and d^MCA are similar.
AC _ MC ^7 r = 20
QC~ BC From (1), 20 = 6/j
AQ + QC MB + BC 20 10
p =
QC BC 6 3
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.21

Illustration 5.56 Illustration 5.5B

If the distances of the vertices of a triangle ABC from the Prove that C0Sv4 + cos5 + cos C= 1 +r!R.
points of contacts of the incirde with sides are a, and y.
a^r A . (B\ . C
Sol. cos/4 + cos5 + cosC= 1 + 4 sin — sin sin
then prove that r~ - 2j 2J 2)
a + (i + y '
= 1 +
[4R sin(^/2)sin(5/2)sin(C/2) = 1 + -
r

Sol. We know that distances of the vertices of a triangle from R R

the points of contact of the incircle are s - a, s - b, s - c. Thus,

Illustration 5.59
a = s - a. P = s - b, and y=s-c
Now, aPy = {s- a)(s - b)(s - c) acosA+bcosB + ccosC r
Prove that
and a + /3+y= 3s-a~-b-c = s a +b +c R

(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) Sol.^ We have,

a+p+y s a cosA + b cosB + c cosC

s(s-a){s- b){s-c)
= R{2 sin/I coS/4 + 2 sin5 cos5 + 2 sin^ sin C)
s^ = ^?(sin2^ + sin2S + sin 20
= 4R sin/4 sin5 sinC

■>
and a + b + c = 2/?(sin/4 + sin5 + sinO
s'
1
= 8 ^ cos(/4/2) cos(fi/2) cos(C/2)
= r
acosA +bcosB +ccosC
=4>
a+h+c
Illustration 5.5V
4/?sin/4sin5sinC
If X, and z are the distances of incenter from the
8^cos.4/2 cosB/2 cosC/2
vertices of the triangle ABC, respectively, then prove that
\ ( \ f
abc A B C ^2 sin
. A A
cos — 2 sin — cos
B B ^2 sin
. —C C
cos —
- cot—cot—cot— .
_ \ 2 2 A 2 2)\ 2 2
xyz
A B C
2 cos -- cos — cos
2 1 2

A . B . C r
- 4sin—sin—sin— = —
2 2 2 R

Illustration 5.6D

Incircle of AABC touches the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and

F, respectively. Let r, be the radius of incirde of ABDF. Then
rcot(6/2) rcot(C/2)
1 (s - b)sin B
prove that r. = —
A B C
x = rcosec— andn = r cot—hcot —
2 2 2)

. A A
sin — cos —
a B C~\ A 2 2
cot + cot— sin —
X 2 2) 2 . B
sin —sin —
. C
2 2

. B B C C
r Sin — cos — sin —cos —
b 2 2 and^ = 2 2
Similarly, — = . A . C . A . B
V z
sm —sin sin—sin
2 2 2 2

A B C
cos —cos cos —
abc 2 2 2
xyz . A . B . C
sin —sin —sin -
ZDIF = n-B
2 2 2

A B C Now, FD - 2FP = 2 r sin

= cot—cot—cot —
2 2 2
Also, BD = BF = s-b
5.22 Trigonometry

Now, in-radius of ABDF is /*|. Illustration 5.62

Area of ABDF
f\ = Let the incircle with center / of AABC touch sides BC, CA and
Semiperimeter of ABDF AB at D, E and F, respectively. Let a circle is drawn touching
ID, IF and incircle of AABC having radius rj. Similarly and
^(5 — bf" sin B ^3 are defined. Prove that
'2 A3 ^a + b + c
1 B ZR
r - r-, r — r.
2(s-b) + 2rcos~
2I ' ' 2
Sol
{5 - b) sin B B)

2 1 -1- tan
B
cos
B^ r = (5 -i)tan Y
2 2,

_ (5 - 6) sin 5 Z' .' A'

B
= (s — h) tan —
B 2y
2 1 + sin
2)

Illustration 5.6 1

In an acute angled triangle ABC, a semicircle with radius is From the figure, in AIQP
constructed with its base on BC and tangent to the other two B _PO
sides, and are defined similarly. If r is the radius of the cos
2~ IP
2 1 1 1
incircle of triangle ABC then prove that — Since PQ = rj
r .r 'i '‘c and IP = r- ^2 (as two circles touching internally), we have
B r-,
Sol. As shown in the figure, semicircle with its base on BC cos— =

touches AB and AC at E and D respectively. 2 a--a*2

a
Similarly, for other such circles, y r-i]

and
C
cos— = —-
T3
2 A--A-3
Ai '2 A B C
= cos—cos —cos —
A" - A*, A* - A*2 A" — A3 2 2 2

1
Now, area of A45C = Area of AABI^ + Area of AACI^ —{sin ^ + sin 5 + sin C)
4
1
A = -cr^-\- — br. a + b->rc
2 2
SR
1 c+b
. -d) Illustration 5.63
2A

1 c-va In AABC, the bisector of the angle A meets the side BC at D

Similarly, — — ...(2) 2 ^
h 2A a sec —
2
and the circumscribed circle at E. Prove that DE =
1 a-vb 2(/> + c)
and ...(3)
2A
2/accos —
On adding Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get 2
So l. ^ AD = length of angle bisector =
b-^c
1 1 1 1
— + —+ — = {b + c + c + a + a + b)
f'a n, f'e 2A

a+b+c
A
2s

rs

r
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.23
Also, we have ck + hk = a A A A
a
AD cos = 2R cos — sin B+—
k = 2 2 2J
b+ c
= R (sin {A + B) + sin B)
From secant property of circle, we have
AD X DE = BD X DC = R (sin C + sin B)
AD X DE = b c iP' B
A
Similarly, BE cos—= 7?(sin^ + sinC)
2
26c cos —
be a~
^ xDE = C
b+c (b + cf And CF cos — = R (sin A + sin B)
2
2 ^
a sec -
A B C
2 ADcos~ + BE cos—I- CF cos —
Hence, DE = 2 2 2
2 (6 + c)
= 2R (sin + sin 5 + sin C)
Illustration 5.64
Illustration 5.66
Let 1 be the incentre of AABC having inradius r. AI,
BI and Cl intersect incircle at D, E and F respectively. Given a right triangle ABC with ZA = 90°. Let D be the mid
2
r~
/
A B c point of BC. If the inradii of the triangles ABD and ACD are
Prove that area of ADEF is — cos —I-cos—+ cos— . T] and then find the range of rj/r2.

Sol_. J In the figure, D is mid-point of BC.

Sol. ^ /LBIC From the geometry, AD - BD = CD - all
A:
In A/45Z), /●[ =

\(a^
h
2\2
G = a a
1 he
2 2
2

ah
/●|
2{a + c)
Now, area of AEIF = —El.y Fix sin
2
A,
1 . A In A4CD, rj —
= — r~ cos —
2 2

Area of M)EF = ^EIF + ADIF + ADIE 1 ra h

r
1 /
A B C 2\2
— cos h cos h cos '*2 =
2 I 2
a a
2 2) + -+b
2 2
2
Illustration 5.65

ah
In AABC, the bisectors of the angles .^4, B and C are extended to '2 =
intersect the circumcircle atD,£andFrespectively. Prove that 2{a + b)
A B C
a +b
ADcos—BE cos—hCFcos— =2R (sin + sin 5 + sin C) rx
2 2 2
a + c

2^sin/l-h2i?sin5
Sol. 1 Using Sine law in AABD,
we get 27?sin/l-h2y?sinC

AD l+sin5
(as/I = 90°)
A\ 1 + sinC
sin B+
\ 2) 1 +sin5
(as C=90°-5)
A'' I + cos5
AD = 2Rsin B +—
2
5.24 Trigonometry

Illustration 5.6S
When B approaches to 90°, — approaches to 2.
h Prove that a cos.4 + b cos 5 + c cos C < s.

i 1 Sol. ^ a cos/4 + b co&B + c cosC

When B approaches to 0°, ^ approaches to — . = R{2 sin.4 cosy^ + 2 sin5 cos5 + 2 sin C cos Q
1
-,2 = i?(sin2/4 + sin25 + sin20
a ) = 4R sin/4 sin 5 sinC

Illustration S.SV
R ^2^^ sin sin 5 sin cj
Prove that the distance between the circumcenter and the 2
= —A
incenter of triangle ABC is ^Jr^ - 2Rr . R

= 2- <s [v R>2r]
Sol. 3 Let O be the circumcenter and OF be the perpendicular R
ioAB.

Illustration 5.69

If A is the area of a triangle with side lengths a, b, and c,

1
then show that A < J(a + b + c) abc . Also show that the
4 ^
equality occurs in the above inequality if and only if « = = c.
Sol.J We have to prove that

A < —4 J{a + b + c) abc

Let I be the incenter and IE be the perpendicular to AC. Then,
ZO^f*=90°-C.
or A < — J2sabc
ZOAI=ZIAF-ZOAF 4 ^
1
A or A" < —2s abc
= —-(90°-C)
2
16
1
A A+B+C C-B or A^< —2^A4J?
= -+C- 16
2 2 2
1
or rs < —sR
Also, 2
IE ^ AD ■ ^
AI = —r =4Ksm—sm — Hence, R>2r [which is always true in A]
.A .A 2 2
sm Sin
2 2 Alternative Method:

Hence, in AOAI, Of = OA^ + AI^ -20A AI cosZOAI In triangle, sum of two sides is greater than the third side.
So a + b>c,b + c>a and c + a> b
= R^ + \6R~ sin^—sin^— - 8i?^sin —sin —cos — - — Now consider quantities a + b-c, b + c~a, c + a~b.
2 2 2 2 2
Using A. M. > G.M., we get
oP a ■ B . C {a + b - c) + {b + c - a) >
- 1 +16sm —sin — 8 sm—sin —
2
yj{a + /) - c){b + c-a)
R^ 2 2 2 2

B
cos—cos— +sm—sm —
C . B . C or
b > yj{aVb^^{b + c - a)
2 2 2 2
Similarly we get c > yj{c + a - b){b + c-a)
=
^l-8sm
^ . —sm—
B . C( cos—cos
B C . B . C
sm—sm —
2 21, 2 2 2 2;
and a > yj(a + b- c){c + a-b)
Multiplying we get
, ^ . B . C
= 1-8 sm — sm—cos B+C
2 2 2
abc >{a + b-c){b + c-a){c+a-b)
abc > (2s - 2a) (2s - 2b)(2s - 2c)
= ,1 -8sm—sm—sm
^ . B . C . —
A sabc > 8s(s - fl) (s - ef)(s - c)
2 2 2
(a + b + c) abc> 16A"
01 =R l-8sin—sin—sin—=-v/i?"-2^r A < —J(a + b + c) abc
V 2 2 2 ^ 4 ^
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.25

r Distance of Orthocentre from Vertices and

CaNCEPT Application Exercise 5.B
Sides
1. If the incircle of the triangle ABC passes through its
A B C
circumcenter, then find the value of 4 sin — sin — sin —.
2 2 2
2;r
2. In MBC, a=\0, A = —, and circle through B and C

passes through the incenter. Find the radius of this circle.

3. Let ABC be a triangle with ZBAC = 2nl3 and AB ~ x
such that {AB)(AQ = 1. If jr varies, then find the longest
possible length of the angle bisector ^Z).
B
4. If the incircle of AABC touches its sides, respectively, Kc cos 6- b cos C
at L, M, and N and if a-, y, z are the circumradii of the
triangles MIN, NIL, and LIM, where I is the incenter, then AF boos A
In AAFH, cos(90° -B) =
AH AH
prove that xyz = Rp'.
bcosA
sin 5 =
5. In triangle ABC, CD is the bisector of the angle C. If AH
C
cos — = — and CD = 6, then find the value of b
2 3 a bj AH = — cos^
sin .6
K
6. In A45C, ZA ~ — and its inradius is 6 units. Find the AH =2R cos A
3
radius of the circle touching the sides AB, AC internally Similarly, BH- 2R cos B and CH = 2R cos C
and the incircle of IxABC externally.
FH _ FH
7. In triangle ABC, prove that the maximum value of Also, in MFH, tan(90° -B) =
AF bcosA
A B C . R
tan —tan —tan— is —. cos 5
FH = bcosA
2 2 2 25
sin 5

Answers
FH = ^ cos A cos B
sin5
1 1
1. V2-I 2. 10 3. — unit 5. 6. 2 units FH - 2R cos A cos B
2 9
Similarly, EH = 2R cos A cos C and DH = 2R cos B cos C

LLUSTRATION 5.7D
ORTHOCENTRE AND CENTROID
If in Is, ABC, the distances of the vertices from the orthocenter
Orthocentre(H) of the triangle is the point where all the altitudes
are concunent.
are x, y, and z, then prove that a^ c _ abc
Orthocentre of acute angled triangle lies inside the triangle. x y z xyz

Sol, j We know that distance of orthocenter {H) from vertex

(A) is 2R cos.4
or x = 2R cos/1

Similarly, y = 2R cos B,z = 2R cos C

a b c 2RsmA 2i?sin5 2i?sinC
—I 1— — 1 1
xyz 2RcosA 27? cos 5 27? cos C
= tan A + tan 5 + tan C
In the figure, altitudes AD, BE and CF are concurrent at = tan A tan B tan C
orthocentre H.
Also, in AHBC, AD, AB and CA are altitudes which are abc (27? sin ^)(27? sin B){2R sin C)
Also,
concurrent at A. xyz (27? cos A){2R cos 5)(27? cos C)
So, A is orthocentre of AHBC. Similarly, B and C are ~ tan A tan B tan C
orthocentres of triangles HAC and HAB, respectively.
Since AHBC is obtuse at H, we can say that orthocentre of TT a b c abc
Hence, — h— h— = ( tan /I + tan 5 + tan C
obtuse angled triangle lies outside the triangle. x y z xyz = tan A ● Xdx^ B ■ tan C)
Onhocentre of right angled triangle is at vertex where the
angle is 90°.
5.26 Trigonometry

Illustration 5.7 1 = - 4/?' cos^ [cos{B + C) + cos(C - 5)]

= COS.4 cosB cosC
ABC is an acute angled triangle with circumcenter O and
orthocenter H. If AO = AH, then find the angle A. Hence, OH = Ryj\-^cos A cos BcosC
Sol. ^ Given that OA = HA Illustration 5.74-

R-2R cos/1
Let ABC be an acute angled triangle whose orthocentre is at
1 K
cos/1 = — or A = — H. If altitude from A is produced to meet the drcumcircfe of
2 3 triangle ABC at P, then prove that P is the image of H in BC
and also prove that HP = AR cos B cos C.
Illustration 5.72

soiT)
In an acute angled triangle ABC, point D, E, and F are the feet
of the perpendiculars from A, B. and C onto BC, AC, and AB,
respectively. His orthocenter. If sin^ = 3/5 and BC = 39, then
find the length of AH.

Sol. ] Given sin/1 = 3/5

cos/I = 4/5

Also, a —39
a
= 2R
sin.^

39x5
or = 2R
3 In the figure, altitude AD meets BC at D and circumcircle at P.
or 2R = 65 In circumcircle of triangle ABC, chord AB subtends same angle
at points C and P.
AH = 2R cosA = 65 X - = 52
5 ZBPA = ZBCA = C
i.e. ZBPD = C
Illustration 5.73
Also ZHBD = 9Q°-C ZBHD = C
Prove that the distance between the circumcenter and the Thus ABPD and isBHD are similar.

orthocenter of triangle ABC is R yjl -8 cos^cos5cosC .

HD = DP

Therefore, P is image of H in BC.

Sol. 3 Let O and H be the circumcenter and the orthocenter,
Also, HP = 2HD = 2{2R cos 5 cos Q
respectively.
= 4R cos B cos C
If OF is the perpendicular to AB, we have
ZOAF=9Q°-ZAOF=9fi^-C Pedal Triangle and Orthic Triangle

Consider the triangle ABC, and any point P in the same plane.
Let the feet of perpendicular from P on the sides BC, AC and AB
are D, E and F, respectively. Then triangle DEF is called pedal
triangle. If point P is orthocentre (H) then triangle DEF is called
orthic triangle as shown in the figure.

Also, ZHAL^90°-C
Hence, ZOAH = A - ZOAF - Z HAL
= A-2 (90° - Q
= ^ + 2C- 180°

= A-^2C-{A+B+C) = C-B
Also, OA= R and HA = 2R cosA
Now in A AOH,
OH^ = OA^ + HA^ - 20A HA cos(ZOAH)
= R^ + 4R~ cos^A - 4R^ cos A cos(C - B)
= R^ + 4R~ cos A [cos.4 - cos(C - 5)]
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.27

In the figure, projections of orthocentre H on sides BC, CA

and AB are D, E and F, respectively. So, triangle DBF is orthic
triangle (pedal triangle w.r.t. orthocentre). For our convenience,
we will call this a pedal triangle.
Clearly, points 5, D, H, F are concyclic.
ZFDH = ZFBH = ZABE =9Q°-A

Also, points C, D, //, E are concyclic.

ZEDH = ZECH =ZACF= 90° - A
Thus, altitude AD of triangle ABC is internal angle bisector of
pedal triangle. Centroid G divides median AD in the ratio AG : GD = 2:1.
Similarly, we get other angles of pedal triangle as shown in
the figure. AG = -AD.
3
We observe that all the altitudes of triangle ABC are internal
angle bisectors of pedal triangle.
Therefore, orthocentre of triangle ABC is incentre of its pedal Similarly, 5G= —
- BE and CG = —
3
CF

triangle DEF.
Medians divide the triangles into six parts having equal area.
Length of Sides of Pedal Triangle
In the figure, areas of AAGF, AFGB, ABGD, ADGC, ACGE
In AAFE,AF= b cos = c cos .4
and AEGA are equal.
Using cosine rule in A/4FE,
Length of Medians
EF~ =AF^ + AE~ - 2AF X AE cos (ZEAF)
EF^ = ft^cos" A-^ cos" A- 2 be cos^ A In the figure, using cosine rule in triangle ADC, we get
EF~ = cos" A (b^ + - 2bc cos A) AD- = AC- + CD- - 2AC xCDx cos C

^ cos^ A (a^)
=> ● EF = a cos A AD~ = b~ + ——ab cosC
4
Similarly, FD = bcosB and DE = c cos C
a +/;' -c'
Clrcumradius of Pedal Triangle AD- = h- + -ab
4 2ab
Let circumradius of pedal triangle be R'.
EF a cos A 2h^ +2c^ -a^
2R' = AD-^
s'm{ZEDF) sin(l 80° - 2 A) 4

acosA
AD=- J2b- +2c^ -a-
2 sincos 2 ^
a
= R
Similarly, ^ +2a^ -b-
2sin A
R' = RI2
and CF= -J2a^ +2b- - c"
Illustration 5.75 2 ^
In AABC, let I, M, iVbe the feet of the altitudes. Then prove Apollonius Theorem
that sin{ZMLN) + sm{ZLMN) + sin(ZMNL) = 4 sin^ sin5
sinC.
Apollonius’s theorem relates the length of a median of a triangle
to the lengths of its side.
^i, ^ Using properties of pedal triangle, we have Mathematical statement of the theorem is:
ZMLN= 180°-Z4 In a triangle ABC. AB' + AC^ = 2(AD' + BD^). where D i.<;
ZLMN= 180°-26 midpoint ofBC.
ZMNL= 180°-2C Proof:

sin(ZMLN) + sm(ZLMN)+ sm{ZMNL)

= sm2A + sin2S + sin2C 2{AD- + BD-)=2 ^(2b^ +2c^ -a^) + ^
= 4 sin/1 sin6 sinC
= b^ + c^
Centroid of Triangle = AB- + AC^
Centroid of triangle, usually denoted by G, is the point of Similarly, AB~ + BC^ = 2{BE^ + AE~)
concurrency of medians of the triangle (median is the line joining and Ad + BC^ = 2{CF-+AF^)
any vertex and midpoint of opposite side).
5.28 Trigonometiy

Illustration 5.76 In A.4G/’, using cosine rule, we get

2
The lengths of the medians through acute angles of a right-
angled triangle are 3 and 4. Find the area of the triangle. cos30® = 4
lAG-FG

2 V n2 1
\ C
-AD -F CF
.3 4
2 lAGFG
1 ^ 2
a' 1 c~
yl3AG-FG = - c^ +
c
+ - a“+ —
9 4 9 4 4

Using Apollonius theorem for median ^£), we have yl3AG-FG = ~(a-+c^) = 2 (As = 9)
a
c- + b^ = 2 + 9 SaG-FG = 2
V 4

Using Apollonius theorem for median CE, we have AGFG = ~

( 1
h^ + a- = 2 —-M6 -(ii) Area of A ABC = 6 x (Area of LAGF)
< 4

Also a~ + c~ = b^ = 6x-^G .FG sin30°

...(iii) 2
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
^1 2 1 /-
(.a = 6 X — X —^ X — = v3 sq. units
2>b^ = 2 — + 25 2 VI 2
V 4
Division of Line Joining Orthocentre and Circumcentre
or 6" =20
by Centroid
Solving (i) and (ii), we get c = ^ and a = II
In a triangle, which is not equilateral, orthocentre (//), centroid
(G) and circumcentre (G) are collinear and HG : GO = 2:1.
The line joining these centres is called Euler’s line.
Hence, Area of triangle = 2j— Proof:
2^73 J V 3 Consider acute angled triangle ABC.
iVTT

Illustration 5.77

Two medians drawn from the acute angles of a right-angled

triangle intersect at an angle of or'6. If the length of the
hypotenuse of the triangle is 3 units, then find the area of the
triangle (in sq. units).
In the figure, AL is altitude to BC. So, orthocentre (H) lies on
Sol. ) In AABD, AD^ = c^ + a~IA AL.

In ^FBC, CF- = c^4 + a~ Also, OD is perpendicular bisector of BC.

So, AD is median of triangle ABC.
Let the line HO meet the median AD at G.
Now, we shall prove that G is the centroid of t^BC.
Clearly, hOGD and tHiGA are similar.
OG _GD _OD _ RcosA _ 1
HG GA HA 2RcosA 2
1
GD= - GA
2

Thus, G is centroid of A45C and OG : HG =1:2

 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.29

1
Concept Appljcatidn Exercise 5.9

1. Line joining vertex/i oftriangle/15C and orthocenter (/f)

meets the side BC in D. Then prove that
(a) BD : DC = tan C: tan B
(b) AH: HD = (tan B + tan C): tan ^
2. In a triangle ABC, /LA = 30°, BC = 2 + V5, then find the
distance of the vertex A from the orthocenter.

3. If the perimeter of the triangle formed by feet of

altitudes of the triangle ABC is equal to four times the
circumradius of ISABC, then identify the type of A/fBC
4. AD, BE and CF are the medians of triangle ABC whose
centroid is G. If the points A, F, G and E are concyclic,
then prove that 2a^ = b~ + c~.
5. In an acute angled triangle ABC; AD, BE and CF are the
FE FD DE 3
altitudes. Prove that < —
a b c 2

Answers
Clearly, triangle ABC is pedal triangle of triangle IiFh-
Incentre of triangle ABC lies on the line joining vertex and
2. (2+V5)V3 3. Triangle is not possible excentre /]. AI^ is an internal angle bisector of /LA of triangle
ABC and also altitude of triangle /iV3- Here, incentre of triangle
ABC is orthocentre of triangle I]l2h-
ESCRIBED CIRCLE AND EXCENTRE
Radii of Excircles (Exradii)
Consider the triangle ABC with the triangle DEF (pedal triangle) The radii of the excircles opposite to vertex A, B and C are
formed by the feet of its altitudes. denoted by r,, a*2 and respectively. We have the following
formulas for exradii:

A A
(i) — yfl = .^3 =
s - a s- b s- c

A B C
(ii) ,r = s tan y, ^2 = s tan —,>"y=s tan —2
B C
(iii) q = 4i?sin— cos—cos—,
2 2 2

^ ● 5 C
= 4y? cos—sin—cos — ,
2 2 2
In the figure, H is orthocentre ABC. We have already learned
that orthocentre of triangle is incentre of its pedal triangle. .r, ^ 5 . C
Kx =4/?cos—COS—sm —
In the figure, H is incentre of pedal triangle DEF. BE is one ^ 2 2 2
of the angle bisectors of the angle formed by lines DE and EF. Proof:
Since AC is perpendicular to BE, AC is another angle
(i) In the above figure, area of EABC
bisector of angle formed by lines DE and EF as two bisectors
= area of El^AC + Area of LJ^AB - Area of Ld^BC
of angles fonned by two lines are always perpendicular. Here,
1 1 1
BE is internal angle bisector and AC is external angle bisector of A = — !\b + — ri c r, a
2 2 ' 2 '
ZDEF in triangle DEF.
Thus, at vertex y4, two external angle bisectors AC and AB and 1
A = - r, (/; + c - a)
one internal angle bisector AD of triangle DEF meet. Such point
is called excentre. A is one of the excentres of triangle DEF, or
we can say that A is centre the excircle of triangle DEF. This A = i (2s-2a)
excircle touches the side EF and other two sides DE and DF
A
produced. Similarly, other excircles of AD^Fcan be drawn.
Now, have a look at the following figure, where all three
s - a

excentres /j, I2 and of triangle ABC are shown. Similarly, other formulas can be proved.
 5.30 Trigonometry

(ii) We know that r = (5 - a) tan or

Ac? A{2^ -b -c) ^a
2
5(^-0) [s-b){s-c) (5-/?)(^-c)
A rs
or 5(s -a) = {s- b){s- c)
s — a s - a
or s~ - sa - (b + c) s + be
A or 2s {b + c-a) = 2bc
i'(.s'-<3)tan
2 or {a + b + c)(h + c-a) = 2hc
s - a
or (b + c)~ -a~ = 2 be
A or b- + e^ = a-^
- .vtan —
2 Hence, the triangle is right angled.
Similarly, other formulas can be proved.
Illustration S.SD
. A B C
(ill) 4Ksm —cos—cos—
2 2 2 Prove that = 2R.
1 + cosC
= 47?,
(i.- -h){s~ e) jsjs - b) jsjs - e)
be ae ab
An ■ ^ ^ C . B A C'i
s{s - a){s - b)(s - e) Sol. J r.+r, = 47? sin—cos—cos —+ sin—cos—cos—
= 47? 2 2 2 2 2 2
abc{s-o)
.n
= 47? cos— sm —cos—i-sin —cos —
C( . A B . B A
47? A-
2l, 2 2 2 2
abc (5 - a) C. fA+B
= 47? cos—sin
A
= ^i
2 I 2
s-a
C
Similarly, other formulas can be proved. = 47? cos“— =27?(l+cosC)
2>
Illustration 5.7S + r.
or = 27?
1 + cosC
Prove that r^ + r2 + - r = 47?.

A A A A Illustration 5.S 1
Sol. ) + ^2 + /*3 - /● =
S-a s-b s-c s B-C C-A^
Prove that (r + r,) tan + (r + r2) tan
= A
s-b+s-a (5 —s +c) 2 ; 2 )
A-B
(5-a) (^-6) ^(5 -c) + (r + /-j) tan = 0.
2 )
e e
= A
(i-i?) (5 -b) s{s -c) Sol. ] (r + rj) tan
B-C

V 2 J
= Ac
,9(.v -c) +(5 -a) (5-6) . A . B . C . A B C
.9(5-^;) (.9-/;) (.s-c) = 47<sm—sm—sin — + 47?sm—cos—cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ac
[2s“ -s (a + h + e) + ab] B-C
A^ X tan
I 2
r - \ A (B-C\ B-C\
= 47? sin —cos tan
= — [2.9" - 5(25) + ah]
AJ 2 2 ) 2 )
abe . A . (B-C
= 4 = 47? - 47? sin — sin
4A 2 2 J
^B+C). B-C
Illustration 5.79 - 47?cos sm
9 2 2 )
If in a triangle ^1 = ''i + ^*3 + ^ prove that the triangle is right = 27? (sin S - sin C) ...(i)
angled. Similarly,
C-A
i Sol. ) We have r, = t'l + ^3 + r {r + r^) tan = 27? (sin C - sin .4) ...(h)
2 )
or
/●l - r = /-2 + /-3

A A_ A ^ A (r + rj) tan
V 2 )
= 27? (sin^ - sin B) ...(hi)
s -a .9 s—b s-c
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get the result.
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.31

Distance between Incentre and Excentre A

4/? sin
Consider the given figure. Va__ 2
C . A
cos — sin
2 2

C
/j/2 = 4/? COS —
2

5
Similarly, 72/3 = 47? cos—
2
and/|/3= 47?cos —
2

Illustration 5.S2

If the distance between incenter and one of the excenter of

an equilateral triangle is 4 units, then find the inradius of the
triangle.

Sol. Distance between excenter 7| and incenter I is

A
//, = 47? sin = 4 (given)
2

Since triangle is equilateral, we have

K
4 = 47?sin—
In A757], COSZ577, = 6

or 7? = 2
Points B, /. C and 7| are concyclic. R = 2r=2
;r-C
ZBII, = ZBCLi = or r= 1
2

r Illustration 5.S3
Also, 57 =
. B
sin - If 7|, I2, 73 are the centers of escribed circles of AABC, show
2 abc
tliat the area of
From (1), we have 2r
r
77,= 7j7z ^ ^1^3
.
sin
B
cos ^_C Soi^ Area = 4/?'
2 2 2
where 7?' = Circumradius of
r A
or 77.1 = - 47?sin —
. B . C 2 A\( 47? cos 5- \f 47? cos C
sm sin- 47? cos
2 ■:) 2A 2A 2;
/● /■
87?
Similarly, II2 = . A . C
and 7/3 = . /I , 5
sm — sin — sm—sm —
(v MBC is pedal triangle for A7j, 7373)
2 2 2 2
- 87? cos—cos—cos—
2 2 2
Distance between Excentres
7?^sin.4sin5sinC
Let us find the distance 7i72- . A . B . C
Points B, /, C and 7, are concyclic. sm—sm—sm -
2 2 2
ZILC= ZIBC = B!2
R^abc
Similarly, points A, 7, C and 72 are concyclic.
ZJl2C=ZJAC = A/2 . 87? sm—sm -sm —
2 2 2
A + B
So, in A77,72, ZI^Il2 = k- 2
ahc

.2 47?sin-sm
.n ● . —sm
5 . —
C
Using sine rule in A77]72, we get
2 2 1}
hh II 1
abc
A + B . A
sin K- sin —
2r
2 ) 2
 5.32 Trigonometry
r
K
Concept APPLICATION Exercise 5. ID
Also, ZA[OM = ZA2OM =
n

1. In hiABC, if ''i < ^2 ''3’ order of lengths of K A,M all

the sides. In AOMA[, sin—=
n OA 1 R
2. The exradii /●[, r,, and r^, of MBC are in H.P. Show that
its sides a, b, and c are in A.P. a
R = —cosec—
2
3. If in AABC, (a - h) {.v - c) = (6 - c) (5 - a), prove that r I’ n

r2, are in A.P. 7t A,M

I all
Also, tan—=
4. Prove that 2^ cos/I = + r-r,. n OM r

5. If the lengths of the perpendiculars from the vertices of a

/- = —cot —
K

a triangle ABC on the opposite sides are p\,pi>p^ then 2 n

1 1 1 1 1 1
prove that —1- Area of Regular Polygon
Pi Pi Ps r t\ K2
Area in Terms of Side Length
6. Prove that r^r2 + ^2^3 + = ~{a-\-bAcf.
Area of regular polygon,

7. In any triangle ABC, find the least value of

+ ^2 + ^'3 A = n X (Area of AOA ^A2)
r

8. Prove that — -r r, - r _ c = nx —
2
XOMXA1A2
a
b -r2
1 a K
- nx —X —cot —Xf3
Answers 2 2 n

1. a< b<c 7. 9 na
2

A = cot —
4 n

REGULAR POLYGON
Area in Terms of Radius of Inscribed Circle
A polygon having all sides equal is called regular polygon. The
sum of internal angles of any polygon of n sides is (« - 2)t. So, A = nx (Area of the AOA^An)
(/I -2);r = nx — xOMxA^A2
1
in regular polygon measure of each internal angle is 2
n

1
Radii of the Inscribed and the Circumscribed = /?x — X/-X2MA
2
Circles of A Regular Polygon
1 7:
= nx — xrx2rtan —
Consider a regular polygon of n sides having length of each side 2 n
a .

. 2 ^
A = nr tan —
n

Area in Terms of Radius of Circumscribed Circle

A = nx (Area of the AOA ^A2)

n 1 2k
- nx — Rx Rxsin
2 n

nR~ . 2k
A = sin
2 n

We know that circle is regular polygon having infinite number

of sides.

In the figure, R is the radius of circumscribed circle and r is the So, from above formula, we get
radius of the inscribed circle. Centres of both the circles coincide . 2k
sin
at O. Each side of polygon subtends same angle at the centre O. lim
nR-
sin
. 2k
- limTi?"
n

2 n 2k
2k
i.e.. ZAiOA2 = n
n

. 2k
Point M is the foot of perpendicular from centre upon side sm-
n
A,A2. = kR~ lim
2k
OA [ = OA2 = R and OM = r. n
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.33

sin0 Also, Area of the circle (/i]) = ;rr" (ii)

= X 1 lim = 1
0-»o 9 A Kr'^ Ik
= kR~ Hence, sec

A2 5 r 2 cos ,o
- 18
O 5 10
Thus, area of circle having radius R is TtR^. 2

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

Illustration 5.S4

Illustration 5.S6
Prove that the sum of the radii of the circles, which are,
respectively, inscribed and circumscribed about a polygon of Prove that the area of a regular polygon having In sides,
K
n sides, whose side length is a, is ~ a cot inscribed in a circle, is the geometric mean of the areas of the
2n inscribed and circumscribed polygons of n sides.
K Sol 3 Let a be the radius of the circle. Then,
Sol. ^ Radius of the circumscribed circle = R = — cosec —
^ 2 n = Area of regular polygon of n sides inscribed in the circle

And, radius of the inscribed circle = /●= — acot

1 K 1 .. (2k
na~ sm — = na~ sm — cos —
K K

2 \n J 2 n n n

R + r =
a
a cos(t/«) Si = Area of regular polygon of n sides circumscribing the circle
2sin(T/w) 2sin(T/'/7) K
= na~ tan

l + cos(;r/«)
a \n j

2x2sin(T/2«)cos(T/2A?) $2 = Area of regular polygon of 2/i sides inscribed in the circle

/
2 0 K
2a cos = na~ sm [replacing n by 2n is
2n \ny
K K
4 sin — cos-
2n 2n Geometric mean of 5] and $2 = iJ{S]S2)
1 K ' t . K
— iJCOt = /ja”sm
2 2n \n }

Illustration 5.B5

If the area of the circle is A^^ and the area of the regular r o
1
pentagon inscribed in the circle is Ai:, then find the ratio A ^IA2- Concept Application exercise 5.1 1

1. Regular pentagons are inscribed in two circles of radii 5

units and 2 units. Find the ratio of their areas.

2. Let A he a point inside a regular polygon of 10 sides. Let

p,,/?2,...,Pio be the distances of A from the sides of the
polygon. If each side is of length 2 units, then find the
value ofp]+p2+..-+ P[o-
3. Let Ai, A2,..., A„ be the vertices of an n-sided regular
1 1 1
polygon such that . Find the value
of n. A1A2 ^lAj Ma

In AOAB, OA = OB^r 4. If /„ is the area of «-sided regular polygon inscribed

in a circle of unit radius and 0„ be the area of the
360
O

and ZAOB = = 12° polygon circumscribing the given circle, prove that
5
O )}
21 n
1 /n = 1+. 1-
AreaofA/105= — rxrsin72 2 n
2

1 Answers
= - cos 18°
2
10
1. 25 :4 2. 3. n = l
Area of pentagon (^2) “ ^ (Area of AAOB) K
tan
( 1 ? 10
= 5 —'P cos 18 (i)
(2
5.34 Trigonometry

Exercises

10. In a triangle ABC, the altitude from A is not less than BC

Single Correct Answer Type and the altitude from B is not less than AC. The triangle is
(1) right angled (2) isosceles
, sinyl (a - ^ cos C) (3) obtuse angled (4) equilateral
1. InAABC
sin C (c - 6 cos A)
sin^ sin 5 sin C c b a ,
(1) -2 (2) -1 (3) 0 (4) 1 11. InMBCM + + = — + — + —, then
c sin 5 c b ab ac be
I + cos A I + cos 5 I + cos C
2. If in a triangle ABC, the value of angle A is
a b c
{]) 120“ (2) 90“ (3) 60“ (4) 30“
(1 + cos A) (1 + cos B) (1 + cos C) 12. If in A/45C, sides a, b, c are in A.R then
, then k is equal to
abc
(1) S>60“ (2) 5 <60°
1
(0 (2) 2R (3) B<60° (4) B = \A-C\
2y/2R 13. In a triangle ABC, AD is the altitude from A. \f b > c,
1
(3) - (4) none of these ZC = 23“ and AD = then ZB ~
R b^ -
1
3. In triangley4i5C, 2acsin -(A-B + C) is equal to {!) 83“ (2) 97° (3) 113“ (4) 127“
12 J
14. If the sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC form successive
(1) a- + b--c^ (2) c~ + a~-b^ terms of G.P. with common ratio r (>1) then which of the
(3) b^-c^~a^ (4) c^-a^-h~ following is correct?
(1) A >7i:/3 (2) B>k/3
4. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4:1:1, then the
ratio of the longest side to the perimeter is (3) C<7c/3 (4) A<B<n/3
(I) V3 :{2 + V3) (2) 1:6 15. In triangle .4SC, sin2C + c^ sin 25 = 2/)c where/? = 20, ,
c = 21, then inradius =
(3) 1:2 + V3 (4) 2:3
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 9
5. Which of the following pieces of data does NOT
uniquely determine an acute-angled triangle ABC 16. In A/45C. if/15 = A, 5C = a: + 1, ZC = — , then the least
{R being the radius of the circumcircle)? integer value ofA is ^
(I) a, sin/4, sin5 (2) a, b, c {!) 6 (2) 7
(3) a, sin5, 5 (4) a, sin/^,i? (3) 8 (4) none of these
6. The side of a triangle are in the ratio 1 :^3:2, then the angles !7. If one side of a triangle is double the other, and the angles
of the triangle are in the ratio on opposite sides differ by 60°, then the triangle is
(1) 1:3:5 (2) 2:3:4 (3) 3:2:1 (4) 1:2:3 (1) equilateral (2) obtuse angled
7. In AABC, a = 5,b= 12, C = 90“ and D is a point on AB so (3) right angled (4) acute angled
that ZBCD = 45°. Then which of the following is not true?
18. If the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is four times the
6OV2 65 length of the perpendicular drawn from the opposite vertex
(1) CD = (2) BD = —
17 17 to it, then the difference of the two acute angles will be
60n/2 (!) 60° (2) 15“ (3) 75“ (4) 30“
(3) AD = (4) none of these
17 19. If P is a point on the altitude AD of the triangle ABC such
8. In A ABC, {a + b + c) {b + c - a) - kbc if that ZCBP = 5/3, then AP is equal to
C C
(1) Ar<0 (2) /t>0 (I) 2fl sin — (2) 2/jsin —
3 3
(3) 0<A<4 (4) k>4
/-.N .5 C
9. Let D be the middle point of the side BC of a triangle ABC.
If the triangle ADC is equilateral, then a~ : b~ : <? is equal (3) 2c sin y (4) 2c sin —
3

to
20. With usual notations, in triangle ABC, a cos{5 - C)
(1) 1:4:3 (2) 4 : 1 : 3 + b cos(C -A)^c cos(A - B) is equal to
(3) 4 : 3 : 1 (4) 3:4:1 abc abc 4 abc abc
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5' 45^ 5^ 2R^
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.35

21. If in .MBC, 8/?" = + b~ + c^, then the triangle ABC is A B C

32. In A/15C, cot —+cot—+cot— is equal to
(1) right angled (2) isosceles 2 2 2

(3) equilateral (4) none of these {a +6+c)“

22. Let ABC be a triangle with ZA = 45®. Let P be a point on (1) 4 r
(2)
ahc
2R

side BC with PB = 3 and PC = 5. If O is circumcenter of A

triangle ABC, then length OP is (3) - (4) —
r Rr
(1) Vl8 (2) Vn (3) Vi9 (4) Vis
A B \C . jB ^
a' +6^ +c" 33. In MBC, cot — + cot — asm —+ nsin — =

23. In any triangle/45C, has the maximum value I 2 2 A 2 2J

R^
of (1) cotC (2) c cot C
C C
0) 3 (2) 6 (4) ccoX—
(3) 9 (4) none of these (3) COty
24. In triangle ABC, R{b + c) = a V^, where R is the 34. In a right-angled isosceles triangle, the ratio of the
circumradius and inradius is
circumradius of the triangle. Then the triangle is
(1) isosceles but not right (2) right but not isosceles (1) 2(^/2+ 1):1 (2)
(3) right isosceles (4) equilateral (3) 2:1 (4) a/2:1
cot/I 35. In the given figure, what is the radius of the inscribed
25. In A ABC, if b^ + c^- 2a~, then value of IS
semicircle having base on AB2
cot 5 -I- cot C c

(2) I
1

U) ^ 3

(3) I (4)f B

26. If sin 6 and -cos 6 are the roots of the equation ax~ -hx-c (1) 3/2 (2) 5/2
= 0, where a, b, and c are the sides of a triangle ABC, then (3) 7/5 (4) none of these
cosB is equal to 2;r
36. In MBC, A = -,h- c = 3\j3 cm and area of AABC
3
(1) (2) 1--
2a a
9V3
cm^ , then BC =
(3) I + (4) 1 + 2
2a 3a
{!) 6V3cm (2) 9 cm (3) 18 cm (4) 27 cm
27. If D is the mid-point of the side BC of triangle ABC and 37. In triangle ABC, let ZC = n!2. If r is the inradius and R is
AD is perpendicular to AC, then circumradius of the triangle, then 2 {/● + R) is equal to
(1) 3b^ = a^-c^ (2) 3a^ = b^-3c^ (1) a + b (2) b + c
(3) b^ = a^ .2 — c (4) a~ + b~ = 5c~ (3) c + a (4) a + b + c
28. In a A/45C, if coL4 : cotS : cotC = 30 : 19:6 then the sides 38. In the given figure, AB is the diameter of the circle, centered
a, b, c arc at O. If ZCOA = 60®, AB = 2r, AC=d, and CD = I, then /
(1) inA.P. (2) inG.P. is equal to

(3) inH.P. (4) none of these

29. In A/15C, P is an interior point such that ZPAB = 10°,
ZPBA = 20°, ZPCA = 30°, Zfi4C= 40° then MBC is
(1) isosceles (2) right angled
(3) equilateral (4) obtuse angled
30. In MBC, \fAB = c is fixed, and cos A + cos5 + 2cosC = 2
then the locus of vertex C is
(1) (2) d!'^ (3) 3d (4) V3^//2
(1) ellipse (2) hyperbola 39. In triangle ABC, if P, Q, R divides sides BC, AC, and
(3) circle (4) parabola AB, respectively, in the raito : 1 {in order). If the ratio
2;r 47T area tiJ^QR ^ is. I , , ■ ,.
" J ^ equal to
K
31. IfinA^fiC, A = - 5 = , C= then cr + b~ + c'P area MBC
7 ’ 7 7
must be
(1) 1/3 (2) 2
(1) R^ (2) 3R~ (3) 47?“ (4) IR^ (3) 3 (4) none of these
5.36 Trigonometry

40. If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45° and the included 50. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 4 cm. Ifr, and h
side is +1) cm, then the area of the triangle is are the circumradius, inradius, and altitude, respectively,
R + r .
yl3 + \ then IS equal to
(1)
2
sq. units (2) (“\/3 + 1) sq. units h
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 3
2yl3-l
(3) 2(V3-1) sq. units (4) sq. units 51. A circle is inscribed in a triangle ABC touching the side AB
2
at D such that AD = S,BD = ZAf/U = 60° then length BC
41. In triangle ABC, base BC and area of triangle are fixed. The equals
locus of the centroid of triangle ABC is a straight line that 120
is (1) 9 (2) (3) 13 (4) 12
13
(1) parallel to side 5C 52. In triangle ABC, medians AD and CE are drawn. If
(2) irght bisector of side 5C
AD = 5, ZDAC= 7t/B, and ZACE j tt/4, then the area of
(3) perpendicular to 5C the triangle ABC is equal to
(4) inclined at an angle sin"‘(VA /BQ to side BC 25 25 25 i 10

42. Let the area of triangle ABC be (VJ - l)/2, b = 2, and 0) y (2) y (3) yj (4) ^
c = (VJ - 1), and ZA be acute. The measure of the angle 53. Let AD be a median of the AABC. IfAEmAAF wet medians
Cis of the triangle ABD and ADC, respectively, and AD = /w,,
(1) 15° (2) 30° (3) 60° (4) 75° AE = m2, AF = m2, then a^/S is equaj to
(1) ml ■¥ ml-2ml (2) ml f ml-2ml
43. lnM.BC,^ = 6,abc=60,r= 1. Then the value of—+-r + — (3) ml + ml-2ml (4) non^ of these
a b c
is nearly
54. For triangle ABC, R - 5/2 and r=\. Let / be the incenter of
(1) 0.5 (2) 0.6 (3) 0.4 (4) 0.8 the triangle and D, E, and F be the feet of the perpendiculars
44. Triangle ABC is isosceles with AB = AC and BC = 65 cm. from I to BC, CA and AB, respectively. The value of
F is a point on BC such that the perpendicular distances IDxIExIF .
————— IS equal to
from F to AB and AC are 24 cm and 36 cm, respectively. lA xlB xIC
The area of triangle ABC (in sq. cm is)
(1) f (2) f (3)
1 1
(1) 1254 (2) 1950 (3) 2535 (4) 5070 10 :
(4)-
45. In an equilateral triangle, the inradius, circumradius, and 55. In triangle ABC, ZA = 60°, ZB = 40°, and ZC = 80°. If F is
one of the exradii are in the ratio
the center of the circumcircle of triangle ABC with radius
(1) 2:4:5 (2) 1:2:3 (3) 1:2:4 (4) 2:4:3 unity, then the radius of the circumcircle of triangle BPC is
R .
(1) 1 (2) V3 (3) 2 (4) VJ/2
46. In triangle ABC, if cosy4 + cosF + cos C= — , then — is
56. If H is the orthocenter of an acute jangled triangle ABC
equal to ^ r

whose circumcircle is + )^ = 16, then circumdiameter

(1) I (2) I (3) f (4) I of the triangle HBC is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 8
47. If two sides of a triangle are roots of the equation - 7x 57. In triangle ABC, the line joining the circumcenter and
+ 8 = 0 and the angle between these sides is 60° then the incenter is parallel to side /IC, then co >^ + cos C is equal to
product of inradius and circumradius of the triangle is 1
8 . (1) - (2) 1 (3) V3 (4) 2
0)y 58. In triangle ABC, line joining the circumcenter and
5V2 orthocenter is parallel to side AC\ then the value of
(3) - (4) 8 tan.4 tan C is equal to j
(1) ^ (2) 3
48. Given b = 2,c-^, ZA = 30°, then inradius of .MBC is
(3) 3>/3 (4) none of these
V3-1 VJ + 1
(1)
2
(2)
2
59. In triangle ABC, ZC = 27t!2> and CD jis the internal angle
bisector of ZC, meeting the sideylF atD. If Length CD is
V3-1 1, then H.M. of a and b is equal to
(3) (4) none of these (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3
4 (4) 4
49. In triangle ABC, if A-B = 120° and R = 8r, where R and 60. A/4FC is equilateral triangle of side a. P lies on AB such
r have their usual meanings, then cos C equals that A is midpoint of PB. If rj is inradius of F4C and ^2 IS
i:
ex radius of PBC opposite to F, then + ^2 =
(1) 3/4 (2) 2/3 (3) 5/6 (4) 7/8
(1) ^ 2 (2) \a 2
(3)- a (4) aV2
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.37

61. A variable triangle ABC is circumscribed about a fixed 15 15 15 4

(4) -
circle of unit radius. Side BC always touches the circle at (1) y (2) - (3) - 12
D and has fixed direction. If B and C vary in such a way
that {BD) (CD) = 2, then locus of vertex A will be a straight 71. The radii /-j, ^2, of the escribed circles of the triangle
line ABC are in H.P. If the area of the triangle is 24 cm^ and its
(1) parallel to side 5C perimeter is 24 cm, then the length of its largest side is
(2) perpendicular to side BC (1) 10 (2) 9
(3) making an angle (n/6) with BC (3) 8 (4) none of these
(4) making an angle sin“' (2/3) with BC 72. In A ABCyfiih usual notations, \f r= \,r^ = l and /? = 3,
the A ABC is
62. In AABC, if a = 10 and cot 5 + c cot C = 2{r + R) then
the maximum area of AABC will be (1) equilateral
(1) 50 (2) >/50 (3) 25 (4) 5 (2) acute angled which is not equilateral
(3) obtuse angled
63. Let C be incircle of AABC. If the tangents of lengths r,,
and ^3 are drawn inside the given triangle parallel to sides (4) right angled
73. Which of the following expresses the circumference
a, h and c, respectively,
!
then ^a b
^c is equal to of a circle inscribed in a sector OAB with radius R and
AB = 2a2
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
64. In AABC with fixed length of AB, the internal bisector of Ra 2nR^
(1) 2;r (2)
angle C meets the side AB at D and the circumcircle at E. R+a a

The maximum value of CD x DE is R

(3) 2K{R-af (4) 2k
R-a
(1)
74. In AABC, the median AD divides ZBAC such that

<■>4 (4) none of these ZBAD\ZCAD = 2:1. Then cos(^/3) is equal to

sinB sinC
65. In triangle ABC, if = 2/*2 = 3r3, then a:b is equal to (1) (2)
2 sinC 2 sin5

«>7 (3)
2 sin 5
(4) none of these
sinC
f \
66. If in a triangle, 1-— 1 - — = 2 , then the triangle is 75. The area of the circle and the area of a regular polygon of
I '2A '3j n sides and of perimeter equal to that of the circle are in
the ratio of
(1) right angled (2) isosceles
(3) equilateral (4) none of these K (k^k
(1) tan — :— (2) cos — : —
\nj n \nj n
67. If in a triangle — = —, then
n '*3 K
(3) sin—: — (4) cot — :
(1) ^ = 90° (2) 5 = 90° n n n

(3) C= 90° (4) none of these 76. The ratio of the area of a regular polygon of n sides
68. In AABC, I is the incentre. Area of AIBC, AIAC and AIAB inscribed in a circle to that of the polygon of same number
are, respectively, Aj, A2 and A3. If the values of Aj, A2 and of sides circumscribing the same circle is 3:4. Then the
A3 are in A.P., then the altitudes of the AABC are in value of n is

(1) A.P. (2) G.P. (1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 12

(3) H.P. (4) None of these 77. In any triangle, the minimum value of r^r2r^/r^ is equal to
69. In an acute angled triangle ABC, r + r, = r2 + /'3 and (1) 1 (2) 9
K (3) 27 (4) none of these
ZB > —, then
78. If 5i is the circumradius of the pedal triangle of a given
(1) b + 2c<2a^2b + 2c (2) b + 4c<4a<2b + 4c triangle ABC, and i?2 is the circumradius of the pedal
(3) b + 4c<4a^4b + 4c (4) b + 3c<3a<3b + 3c triangle of the pedal triangle formed, and so on R^, R4,...,

then the value of , where R (circumradius) of AABC

70. If in triangle .(45C, ]^sin—=
2
—and^//i
5
=9(where/j, is 5 is i=i

I2, and I2 are excenters and I is incenter, then circumradius (1) 8 (2) 10 (3) 12 (4) 15
R is equal to
5.38 Trigonometry

79. A sector OABO of central angle 6 is constructed in a circle 7. If area of A ABC (A) and angle C are given and if the side
with centre O and of radius 6. The radius of the circle that c opposite to given angle is minimum, then
is circumscribed about the triangle OAB, is 2A 2A
e (1) ^= (2) h=
(1) 6 cos — (2) 6 sec sinC sinC
2
4A 4A
6( (3) a= (4) b=
(3) 3 sec - (4) 3 cos—+2 sinC sin^C
2 V 2 y
8. If A represents the area of acute angled triangle ABC, then
80. There is a point P inside an equilateral AABC of side a
whose distances from vertices A, B and C are 3, 4, and 5, -4A^ +ylh^c^ -4A^ c
2
a
2
-4A^ =
respectively. Rotate the triangle and P through 60° about (1) a^ + b- + c-
C. Let A go to A' and P to F. Then the area of A PAF (in
a-+b^'+c^
sq. units) is (2)
2
(1) 8 (2) 12 (3) 16 (4) 6
(3) ab cos C + be cos A + ca cos B

Multiple Correct Answers Type II (4) ab sin C+ be sin A ^ ca sin B

9. Sides of A/45C are in A.R Ifa<min {b, c}, then cos/1 may

1. The sides of AABC satisfy the equation 2a^ + 4b~ + c~ be equal to

= 4ab + 2ae. Then Ab-^c 3c-4b
(1) (2)
(1) the triangle is isosceles (2) the triangle is obtuse 2b 2c

(3) B = cos^' (7/8) (4) /4 = cos"' (1/4) 4c-3b 4c-3b

(3) (4)
2. If sides of triangle ABC are a, b, and c such that 2b = a + c, 2b 2c
then
10. If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45°, and the included

(1) - >^
b 1
(2) - > - side is (^3 + 1) cm, then
c 3

(3) - <2
... b 3
(4) - < - (1) area of the triangle is ~('/3 +1) sq. units
c c 2

3. If the sines of the angles A and 5 of a triangle ABC satisfy

the equation c~x^ - c{a + b)x + ab = 0, then the triangle
(2) area of the triangle is -^(Vs-l) sq. units
(I) is acute angled ^/3+l
(3) ratio of greater side to smaller side is
(2) is irght angled
(3) is obtuse angled 1
(4) ratio of greater side to smaller side is
4^/3
(4) satisfies the equation sin A + cosy4 =
c
U. Lengths of the tangents from A, B. and C to the incircle are
4. There exists triangle ABC satisfying in A.R, then
(1) tan^ + tan5 +tanC = 0 (1) r,, r2, rj are in H.R (2) /●], f'2, a*3 are in A.P.
sin sin.6 sinC 4c-36
(3) a, 6, c are in A.R (4) cos .4 -
7 2c

(3) (a + b)^ = c^ + ab and Vl (sin .4 +coSv4) =V3 12. CF is the internal bisector of angle C of AABC, then CF is
equal to
(4) sin./4 + sin^ ^ -v/3 +1 2 (I)
2ab
cos —
C
(2)
a +b
cos —
C
a +b 2 2ab 2

cos^ cos5 = = sinyf sin5 bsinA

4 (3) (4) none of these
C
sin B +
5. In triangle, ABC if 2a^b^ + Ib^c^ = a** + 6'* + c^, then angle 2
B is equal to
13. The incircle of AABC touches side BC at D. The difTerence
(1) 45° (2) 135° (3) 120° (4) 60°
between BD and CD {R is circumradius of AABC) is
6. If in triangle ABC, a, c, and angle A are given and
A . B-C A . B-C
c sinA < a < c, then (6j and 62 are values of 6) (1) 4/? sin — sm (2) 4/? COS — sin
2 2 2 2
(1) 6| + 62 = 2c cos A (2) 6] + 62 = c COS./4
(3) 6,62 = c^-fl" (4) 6,62 = c^ + fl2 (3) |6-c
(4) ^
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.39

14. A circle of radius 4 cm is inscribed in .MBC, which touches 2

the side BC at D. If BD = 6 cm, DC = 8 cm then 0) A<- (4) none of these

41
(1) the triangle is necessarily acute angled
21. In A45C, internal angle bisector of ZA meet side BC in D.
(2) tan - = - DE1 AD meet in E and AB in F. Then
2 7
(!) /!£ is H.M of/j and c
(3) perimeter of the triangle ABC is 42 cm 2bc A
(4) area of AABC is 84 cm^ (2) AD =
6 + c
cos —
2
15. If// is the orthocentre of triangle ABC, R = circumradius Abe A
and P = AH + BH + CH, then (3) £F = sm —
b + c 2
(1) P=2{R + r) (2) max. of P is ZR
(4) AAEF is isosceles
(3) min. of P is 2>R (4) P=2{R~r)
22. In a triangle ABC, AB = 5, BC = 1,AC= 6. A point P is in
16. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with base BC. If r is the
radius of the circle inscribsed in AABC and is the radius
the plane such that it is at distance ‘2’ units from AB and
3 units from AC then its distance from BC
of the circle escribed opposite to the angle A, then the
product /*, /● can be equal to (where R is the radius of the . I2V6-28
(1) IS when P is inside the triangle
circumcircle of AABC) 7

(1) ^“sin^.4 (2) /?^sin“2fi I2V6-8

(2) may be when P is outside the triangle
7
(3)
'●●>T 12V6+8
when P is inside the triangle
(3) may be
7
17. If inside a big circle exactly n{n > 3) small circles, each of
radius r, can be drawn in such a way that each small circle 12>/6 + 14
touches the big circle and also touches both its adjacent (4) may be when P is outside the triangle
7
small circles, then the radius of bigger circle is
n l + tan;r/;? 23. The base BC of AABC is fixed and the vertex A moves.
(1) r 1 + cosec — (2) B C A
co^nln
n
satisfying the condition cot — + cot— = 2 cot —. then
2 ' 2
. K 2;r? (1) b + c = a
;● sm— +cos
2;r 2n n (2) b + c=2a
(3) r 1 + coscc (4)
n sin;r//7 (3) vertex A moves along a straight line
(4) vertex A moves along an ellipse
18. The area of a regular polygon of n sides is (where r is
inradius,R is circumradius.and a is side of the triangle) 24. D, E and F are the middle points of the sides of the triangle
ABC. then
nR- . 2k f k')
(2) nr^ tan — (1) centroid of the triangle DEF is the same as that of ABC
(1) ^
sin
\ J {nj
(2) orthocenter of the triangle DEF is the circumccntre of
K fjr\ ABC

(3)^ cot —
n
(4) nR^ tan —
VwJ (3) orthocenter of the triangle DEF is the incenter of ABC
(4) centroid of the triangle DEF is not the same as that of
19. In acute angled triangle ABC, AD is the altitude. Circle ABC
drawn with AD as its diameter cuts AB and ACalP and Q,
respectively. Length of PQ is equal to
Linked Comprehension Type
abc
(1)^
2R
(2)
4R- For Problems 1-3

Given that A = 6, rj = 2, = 3, = 6.
(3) 2R sin/1 sin 5 sinC (4) ^R I. Circumradius/? is equal to
20. If A is the area and 2^ is the sum of the sides of a triangle, (1) 2.5 (2) 3.5
then (3) 1.5 (4) none of these
2. Inradius is equal to
(l)-4<^ (2) A<
3^/3 (1) 2 (2) 1
(3) 1.5 (4) 2.5
5.40 Trigonometry

3. Difiference between the greatest and the least angles is For Problems 13-15

Given an isosceles triangle with equal side of length b and base

(1) cos ‘j (2) tan-‘^ 4 angle a < idA, then
13. the circumradius R is given by
(3) cos"*I (4) none of these 1
(1) —bcosQca (2) b cosec a
For Problems 4-6
(3) 2b (4) none of these
4
Let a = 6, 6 = 3, and cos(^ -E)= 14. the inradius r is given by
6 sin 2a 6 sin 2a
4. Area (in sq. units) of the triangle is equal to (1) (2)
2(1-cos a) 2(1+cos a)
(1) 9 (2) 12 (3) 11 (4) 10
6 sin a 6jsina
5. Angle C is equal to (3) (4)
2 2(1 +sin a)
3;r TC

(2) 4 15. the distance between circumcenter O and incenter I is

% Z?cos(3a/2) bcqs3a
(3)- (4) none of these (1) (2)
2sinacos(a/2) sin 2a

6. Value of sin.4 is equal to 6 cos 3a b

1 1 1
(3) (4)
(1)
iS
(2) (3) (4) 4 cosasin(a/2) sin I z cos a/2
75 For Problems 16-18

For Problems 7-9

Incircle ofMBC touches the sides BC. A C, apd AB at D, E, and F,
Let ABC be an acute angled triangle with orthocenter H. D, E, respectively. Then answer the following qu(;stions:
and Fare the feet of perpendicular from A, B, and C, respectively, 16. ZDEF is equal to
on opposite sides. Also, let R be the circumradius of AABC. Giv
n- B
en AH BH- CH= 3 and {AHf + {BHf + {CHf = 7. (1) (2) n- IB
2
Then answer the following:
(3) A-C (4) none of these
cos.r4 cos5 ● cosC
7. Value of is 17. AreaofADFFis
cos^ A + cos^ B + cos^ C
(1) 2Am(2A) sin(2F) sin(2Q
(2) A (3)^3R
14 B C
(4)
IR 3R (2) 2A^COSy cos—
2
cos —
2
8. Value of F is (3) 2/^ sin(^ - 5) sin(5 - Q sin(C - A)
(4) none of these
(1) 1
p,i (4) None
18. The length of side FF is

(1) rsin^
9. Value ofM) /fF /fF is
(2) 2rsiii-
9 8 64 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
64F^ 8F^ 9F^ 9R^
For Problems 10-12
(3) rcosy (4) 2rcosy
For Problems 19-21
Let O be a point inside AABC such that
ZOAB = ZOBC = ZOCA = 9. Internal bisectors of AABC meet the circumcircle at points D, E,
andF.
10. cot^ + cotF + cot C is equal to
(1) tan^0 (2) cot^0 (3) tan0 (4) cot0 19. Length of side EF is
11. cosec^.(4 + cosec^F + cosec^C is equal to
(1) cot^F (2) cosec^F (3) tan^F (4) sec^0 (1) 2Fcosy (2) 2Fsin -

12. Area of AABC is equal to f B^

(3) Fcos - (4) 2Rcds - cos
V 2y ' \2y u
(1) tand (2) cot0
4 4 20. Area of A DEF is

W ^
/

(3)
(1) 2F^cos^ - COS

2
tanF (4)
2
cote
V 2, \ 2) UJ
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.41

f A'' . ( . fC 28. If ZBAC = 120°, then measure of ZRPQ will be

(2) 2R~s\n - sin sin
(1) 60° (2) 90° (3) 120° (4) 150°
[2j U 2
29. IfAB = 7 units, BC = % units, AC = 5 units, then the side
,,, 2/? sin. if —
(3) A] sin. 2(B] . ifC]
— sin — PQ will be
2) \
'>
~ /

... .
■M
B C {1) units — units
(4) 2/^■cos — cos cos
V 2 2) 2)
n/84
21, Ratio of area of triangle ABC and triangle DEF is (3) units — units
3
(1) >I (2) <I (3) >1/2 (4) <1/2
For Problems 30-32
For Problems 22-24
Let G be the centroid of triangle ABC and the circumcircle of
The area of any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is given by
/!“ = (5 - a) {s -b){s - c) (s - d), where 2s = a + b + c + d, a, b, triangle y4GC touches the side AB dXA.
c, and d are the sides of the quadrilateral. 30. If BC = 6, AC = 8, then the length of side AB is equal to
Now consider a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD of area 1 sq. unit and 1 2
(2)
answer the following questions: (1) ^
22. The minimum perimeter of the quadrilateral is (3) 5V2 (4) none of these
(1) 4 (2) 2 n
31. If .ZGAC = — and a = 2b, then sin C is equal to
(3) 1 (4) None of these 3

23. The minimum value of the sum of the lengths of diagonals is 1

(2) -
(1) 2V2 (2) 2
(3) V2 (4) None of these
(4) None of these
24. When the perimeter is minimum, the quadrilateral is
necessarily
32. If = 1, then the length of the median of triangle ABC
(1) a square
through the vertex A is equal to
(2) a rectangle but not a square
s I
(3) a rhombus but not a square (2) -
(4) none of these
For Problems 25-27 (4) ^
^/5
VJ
In A/45C, R, r, r,, r2, /*3denote the circumradius, inradius, the
exradii opposite to the vertices A, B, C, respectively. Given that For Problems 33 and 34

i.v ;'3 = I : 2 : 3. The inradius in a right angled triangle with integer sides is r.
25. The sides of the triangle are in the ratio 33. If r = 4. the greatest perimeter (in units) is.
(1) 1:2:3 (2) 3:5:7 (1) 96 (2) 90
(3) 1:5:9 (4) 5:8:9 (3) 60 (4) 48
26. The value of/?: r is 34. If r = 5, the greatest area (in sq. units) is
(1) 5:2 (2) 5:4 (3) 5 : 3 (4) 3 : 2 (1) 150 (2) 210
27. The greatest angle of the triangle is given by (3) 330 (4) 450
1 1 (\^
(2) cos * -
(1) cos
30 J Matrix Match Type II
1 rn
(3) cos
10
(4) cos“‘ - 1.

List I List II
For Problems 28 and 29
a. 6>csinS,6<c,andSisanacute p. 0
In AABC, P, Q, R are the feet of angle bisectors from the vertices to angle
their opposite sides as shown in the figure. APQR is constructed. b. /)>csin5,c<b,and5isanacute q. 2
angle
c. b > c sinB, c < b, and B is an r. data is insufficient
obtuse angle
A. h > c sin5, c > b, and B is an s. 1

obtuse angle
5.42 Trigonometty

2. In acute-angled triangle ABC Codes

List I a b e d
List II

a. cos^, cosfi. cosCare in A.P.

(I) p r q q
p. Distances of orthocenter
(2) q r p s
from vertices of triangle
arc in A.P. (3) s p q r
(4) r p s q
b. sin(/4/2), sin(B/2), sin(C/2) q. Distances of orthocenter
are in A.P. from sides of triangle are 6. In a triangle ABC, a = 1, h = S, c = 9, BD is the median
in H.P. and BE the altitude from the vertex B. Match the following
c. Distances of circumcenter r. Distances of incenter lists.

from the sides of the triangle from vertices of triangle List I List II
ABC are in A.P. are in H.P.
a. BD = p. 2
d. Circumradiioftriangles05C, s. Distances of incenter
b. BE = q. 7
OAC, and OAB are in H.P. from excenters of triangle
(where O is the circumcenter are in A.P.
c. ED^ r. >/45
of triangle ABC) d. AE^ s. 6

Codes
3.
a b e d
List I List II (1) p r q q
a. If the sines of the angles A and 5 of a p. right angled (2) r q s p
triangle ABC satisfy the equation (3) q r p s
c V - c (a + b) X + ab = 0, the (4) s p q r

triangle can be
b. If one angle of a triangle is 30° and q. isosceles Numerical Value Type
the lengths of the sides adjacent to it
are 40 and 40^3, the triangle can be
c. If two angles of a triangle .45C r. equilateral
1. Suppose a, /3, 7, and S are the interior angles of regular
satisfy the equation pentagon, hexagon, decagon, and dodecagon, respectively,
81
sin^A;
+ 81
cos2j
= 30,then the then the value of |cos a sec /3 cos 7 cosec 5| is .
triangle can be (x 6 (0,7d2)) 2. Let ABCDEFGHIJKL be a regular dodecagon. Then the
d. In triangle ABC, coS/4 cos 5 + sin^ s. obtuse angled , ^ AB -i-
AF
value of is equal to
sin 6 sin C = 1. then the triangle can be AF AB

4. Let O be the circumcenter, H be the orthocenter, / be the 3. In a .MBC, 6=12 units, c = 5 units and A = 30 sq. units.
If d is the distance between vertex A and incentre of the
incenter, and /,, A, A be the excenters of acute-angled
AABC. triangle then the value of is .
List I List II 4. In A45C, if r = 1, i? = 3, and s = 5, then the value of
a~ + b~ + c is
a. Angle subtended by 01 at vertex A P» l^-q

b. Angle subtended by H! at vertex A q. M 5. Consider a AABC in which the sides arc a = {n + 1),
2 h = (n + 2), c = n with tan C = 4/3, then the value of A is
5 +C
c. Angle subtended by OH at vertex A r.
2
6. In AAEX, T is the midpoint of XE and P is the midpoint
B
of ET. If AAPE is equilateral of side length equal to unity,
d. Angle subtended by A/3 at s. C
2 then the value of {AX)~ is .
5. In triangle ABC. AD is perpendicular to BC and DE is 7. \n AABC, the incircle touches the sides 5C, C4, and
perpendicular to AB. respectively, at D, E, and F. If the radius of the incircle is
Listl List II
4 units and BD, CE, and AF are consecutive integers, then
the value of s, where s is a semi-perimeter of triangle, is
a. Area of AADB —sin2C
8. The altitudes from the angular points A, B, and C on the
b. Area of AADC —cos^ B sin 25
opposite sides 5C, C.4, and of A.45Care210, 195, and
4- 182, respectively. Then the value of a is .

c. Area of AADE
2
9. In AABC, if ZC = ZXA, BC = 27, and AB = 48. Then the
r. —sin25
4 value of C is .

10. The area of a right triangle is 6864 sq. units. If the ratio of
d. Area of ABDE s. —sin^5sin25
4 its legs is 143 : 24, then the value of r is .
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.43

2 17. In triangle/45C, sin.4 sin5 + sin5sinC +sinC sin^l = 9/4

11. In A/15C, if cosy4 + sinyl -
cos 5 +sin 5
= 0. then the and a - 2, then the value of V3A, where A is the area of
a + b \4 triangle, is .
value of IS
c 18. In A ABC, AB = 52, BC = 56, CA = 60. Let D be the
foot of the altitude from A and E be the intersection of the
12. In MBC, ZC = 2ZA, and AC = 2BC, then the value of
internal angle bisector of ZBAC with BC. The length DE
cr + + c-
(where R is circumradius of triangle) is IS

19. Points D, E are taken on the side BC of an acute angled

triangle/45C, such that5Z)=Z)£=£'C.\fZBAD=x, .ZDAE
13. In d^ABC, if b{b + c) = a" and c(c + a) = 6", then
= V and ./EAC - z then the value of
sin (x + >’)sin(_v + 2)
|cos .4 ● cos 5 ● cos C] is . sin^sinz
IS

14. The sides of triangle ABC satisfy the relations a + b - c =

2 and 2ab - c" = 4, then the square of the area of triangle - and r = \. Let D, E and F be the
20. For a triangle .4SC,/?= —
IS

feet of the perpendiculars from incentre I to BC, CA and

15. The lengths of the tangents drawn from the vertices A, B.
(IA){1B){IC)
and C to the incircle of A/4iSC are 5, 3, and 2, respectively. AB, respectively. Then the value of is equal
If the lengths of the parts of tangents within the triangle to {lD)(IE)ilF)
which are drawn parallel to the sides BC, CA, and AB of
21. Circumradius ofAABC is 3 cm and its area is 6 cm". IfDEF
the triangle to the incircle are a, p, and ,7 respectively, then
the value of [a + /3 + 7] (where [●] represents the greatest is the triangle formed by feet of the perpendiculars drawn
integer function) is . from /I, B and C on the sides BC, CA and AB, respectively,
then the perimeter of ADEF (in cm) is .
16. If a, b, and c represent the lengths of sides of a triangle,
a b c 22. The distances of incentre of the right-angled triangle
then the possible integral value of
IS
b + c c +a a+ b ABC (right angled at A) from B and C are VTo and ^/5,
respectively. The perimeter of the triangle is .

Archives

JEE Advanced
3 V
(1) ^ (2)
45
(3) (4)
4A 4A 4A 4A
Single Correct Answer Type
1. Let ABC be a triangle such that ZACB = t:/6 and let a, b, (IIT-JEE 2012)
and c denote the lengths of the side opposite to A, B, and Multiple Correct Answers Type
C, respectively. The value(s) of x for which = .v“ + .v + 1.
b = x~ - 1, and c = 2x + ] is (are) 1. In a triangle ABC with fixed base BC. the vertex A moves
such that cos5 + cosC = 4 sin'^/2.
(1) -(2+v/3) (2) 1 + V3
(3) 2 +a/3 (4) 4V3 (IIT-JEE 2010) If a, b, and c denote the lengths of the sides of the triangle
2. If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic
opposite to the angles A, B, and C. respectively, then
progression and if a, h and c denote the lengths of the sides (1) b + c = 4a
opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of the (2) b + c = 2a
a

expression — sin 2C + — sin 2A is (3) locus of point A is an ellipse

c a

(4) locus of point ^ is a pair of straight lines

1 a/3 (IIT-JEE 2009)
(4) V3
(1) ^ (2) - (3) 1
2. In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and cosP = 1/3.
(IIT-JEE 2010)
Further the incircle of the triangle touches the sides PO,
3. Let PQR be a triangle of area A with a = 2, h = 7/2, and QR, and PR at N, L, and M, respectively, such that the
c = 5/2, where a, b, and c are the lengths of the sides of the length of PN, QL, and RM are consecutive even integers.
triangle opposite to the angles at P, Q, and R, respectively. Then possible length(s) of the side(s) of the triangle is (are)
2sin£-sin2£ (1) 16 (2) 18 (3) 24 (4) 22
Then equals
2sin£-i-sin2P (JEE Advanced 2013)
5.44 Trigonometry

3. In a triangle ATZ, let .t, 3^,2 be the lengths of sides opposite 7. Consider a triangle PQR having sides of lengths p, q and r
to the angles X, Y, Z, respectively, and 2s ~ x + y + z. If opposite to the angles P, 0 and R, respectively. Then which
of the following statements is (are) TRUE ?
s — X s-y
4 3
^ of incircle of the triangle P‘
(1) cos P > 1 -
8;r 2qr
ATZ is —,then
3 q - r ^ P - r
(2) cos R > cos P + —— cos Q
(1) area of the triangle XYZ is 6V6 \P + (1

(2) the radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is — Vb q+r yjsin Q sin R
.... X . Y . Z A ^ (3)
P
<2
sin P
(3) sm — sm — sin — = —
2 2 2 35
(4) Ifp < and p<r, then cos Q > —and cos R> —
X -^Y 3 r
<}
(4) sin" (JEE Advanced 2016)
I 2 5
(JEE Advanced 2021)

4. In a triangle PQR, let ZPQR = 30° and the sides PQ and Matrix Match Type
QR have lengths 10"'^ and 10, respectively. Then, which 1. Match the statements/expressions in List I with the
of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? statements/expressions in List II.
List I List II
(1) ZQPR = 45°
a. In a triangle AATZ, let a, b and c be the p. 1
(2) The area of the triangle PQR is 25^3 and ZQRP = 120“
lengths of the sides opposite to the angles
(3) The radius of the incirele of the triangle PQR is 10V3 - 15
X, Y and Z respectively. If 2{a‘ - h~) =
(4) The area of the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is 100 ;r sinjX-y)
and A = then possible values
(JEE Advanced 2018) sin Z
of n for which cos(«;rA) = 0 is (are)
5. In a non-right-angled triangle APQR, let p, q and /● denote
b. In a triangle AATZ, let a, b and c be the q. 2
the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles at P, Q and
lengths of the sides opposite to the angles
R, respectively. The median form R meets the side PQ at
X, Y and Z, respectively. If 1 + cos2A"
5, the perpendicular from P meets the side QR at E, and - 2cos2K = 2sinA' sinT, then possible
RS and PE intersect at O. If p = -s/3, q-\., and the radius
value(s) of — is (are)
b
of the circumcircle of the APQR equals 1, then which of
r. 3
the following options is/are correct? c. lnR%let 73/+},/ +>/3} and ^/+ (!-/?)}
4^ be the position vectors of X, Yand Z with
(1) Length of /?5 = —
respect of the origin O, respectively. If
s the distance of Z from the bisector of the
(2) Area of tsSOE =
12 acute angle of OX and OY is , then
V2
^/3
(3) Radius of incircle of XPQR = ^ (2- -s^) possible value(s) of \\p is (are)

d. Suppose that F{a) denotes the area of the s. 5

(4) Length of OE = ~ (JEE Advanced 2019) region bounded by x = 0,x = 2, = Ax
6
and >- *= |ca - 1| + |cor - 2| + cct, where
6. Let x, V and z be positive real numbers. Suppose x, y and z a € {0, 1}. Then the value(s) of F{a) +
are lengths of the sides of a triangle opposite to its angles
X Z
■jV2 , when a = 0 and a= 1, is (are)
2y
X, Y and Z, respectively. If tan — + tan — = t. 6
2 x+ y + z
(JEE Advanced 2015)
then which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
Numerical Value Type
(1) 2Y^X+Z (2) Y=X+Z
X x 1. Let ABC and ABC' be two non-congruent triangles with
(3) tally = (4) x^+z^-)^ = xz sides AB = 4, AC = AC = 2^2 and angle B = 30°. The
y+2
absolute value of the difference between the areas of these
(JEE Advanced 2020)
triangles is (IIT-JEE 2009)
 Properties and Solutions of Triangle 5.45

2. Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a distance Suppose a ~ 6, b = 10, and the area of triangle is 15^3. If
2;r ZACB is obtuse and if r denotes the radius of the incircle
V3 + 1 apart. If the chord subtend angles and k
at the
of the triangle, then the value of r is .
center, where A: > 0, then the value of [/r] is
(IIT-JEE 2010)
(Note: [^] denotses the largest integer less than or equal to A")
(IIT-JEE 2010) 4. In a triangle ABC, let AB = -J23 , BC = 3 and CA = 4. Then
cot .,4 +cot C .
3. Consider a triangle-^^C and let a, b and c denote the lengths the value of IS
cot .5
of the sides opposite to vertices A, B, and C, respectively. (JEE Advanced 2021)

Answers Key
EXERCISES 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (4)
21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (4)
Single Correct Answer Type 26. (1) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (4) 30. (3)
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (4) 31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (2) 34. (3)
6. (4) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (1)
Matrix Match Type
n. (2) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (I) 19. (3) 20. (I) 1. a —> q, b s, c —> s, d —p.
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (1) 2. a —p, q; b r, s; c ^ p, q; d —> p, q.
26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (1) 3. a ^ p; b -> q, s; c ^ p; d p, q.
31. (4) 32. (1) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (1) 4. a —> q, b q, c —» p, d —> r.
36. (2) 37. (1) 38. (1) 39. (2) 40. (1) 5. (4)
41. (1) 42. (1) 43. (4) 44. (3) 45. (2) 6. (3)
46. (2) 47. (2) 48. (1) 49. (4) 50. (3) Numerical Value Type
51. (3) 52. (2) 53. (1) 54. (3) 55. (1) 1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (8) 4. (24) 5. (84)
56. (4) 57. (2) 58. (2) 59. (2) 60. (3) 6. (13) 7. (21) 8. (211.25) 9. (35)
61. (1) 62. (3) 63. (2) 64. (3) 65. (1) 10. (22) 11. (4) 12. (8) 13. (-0.125)
66. (1) 67. (3) 68. (3) 69. (4) 70. (1) 14. (3) 15. (6) 16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (6)
71. (1) 72. (4) 73. (1) 74. (I) 75. (1) 19. (4) 20. (10) 21. (4) 22. (12)
76. (1) 77. (3) 78. (2) 79. (3) 80. (4)
ARCHIVES
Multiple Correct Answers Type
JEE Advanced
1. (1),(3),(4) 2. (1),(3)
3. (2), (4) 4. (3), (4) Single Correct Answer Type
5. (I), (2) 6. (1),(3) 1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (3)
7. (1),(2) 8. (2), (3)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
9. (1),(4) 10. (1),(3)
n. (I), (3), (4) 12. (1),(3) 1. (2), (3) 2. (2), (4)
13. (1),(3) 14. (1),(2),(3),(4) 3. (1),(3),(4) 4. (2), (3), (4)
15. (1),(2) 16. (1),(2),(4) 5. (1),(3),(4) 6. (2), (3)
17. (l),(4) 18. (1),(2),(3) 7. (1),(2)
19. (3), (4) 20. (1),(2) Matrix Match Type
21. (1),{2),(3),(4) 22. (1),(2),(3) 1. (a) ^ (p), (r), (s); (b) (p)
23. (2), (4) 24. (1),(2)
Numerical Value Type
Linked Comprehension Type
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2)
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3)
6. (4) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (4)
11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (1)
 ) Height and Distance

INTRODUCTION eye to the object) is called the angle of elevation of the object.
Here, the horizontal line is taken in the same vertical plane as that
We have studied about trigonometric ratios and their applications of the observer and the object.
in solving triangles involved in different cases. These ratios are object
also useful to solve problems regarding heights and distances
around us in real life. This is why scholars around the world have
been studying trigonometry for ages. It is not possible to measure
every distance using measuring tape, for instance, altitude of an
Horizontal
aeroplane at a certain time, distance of a ship from a light house, Observer’s eye
height of a hill (distance between its foot and summit), distance In the figure, a is the angle of elevation.
between two celestial objects etc.. To measure such distances,
Angle of Depression
scientists developed the method of trigonometric ratios. When
dealing with heights and depths, we have to measure two types If the object is below the observer’s eye-level, then the angle
of angles (above and below the observer’s eye-level). The between the horizontal and the observer’s line of sight is called
instruments called theodolite and sextant are used to measure the angle of depression. Here, the horizontal line is taken in the
these angles and then the method of solution of triangles is used same vertical plane as that of the observer and the object.
to find the required height or distance. Observer’s eye
Horizontal

ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND

DEPRESSION object

Angle of Elevation In the figure, (5 is the angle of depression.

If the object is above the observer’s eye-level, the angle between

the horizontal line and the line of sight (line from the observer’s
6.2 Trigonometry

Exercises

Single Correct Answer Type 8. A flagstaff stands in the centre of a rectangular field whose
diagonal is 120 m. It subtends angles of 15° and 45° at
1. The tops of two poles of height 20 m and 14 m are the midpoints of the sides of the field. The height of the
flagstaff is
connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle 30° with
the horizontal, then the length of the wire is (1) 20 m (2) 30V2+W m

(1) 8m (2) 12 m (3) 10 m (4) 3 m

(3) 30V^-V3 m (4) 40 m
2. The angle of elevation of the top of an unfinished tower at
a point distant 120 m from its base is 45°. If the elevation 9. AB is a vertical pole resting at the end A on the level ground.
of the proposed top at the same point is to be 60°, the tower P is a point on the level ground such that AP = 'iAB and C
must be raised to a height is the midpoint ofAB. If and CB subtend angles a and
(1) 120(V3+ 1) m
(2) 120 (V3-I) m respectively, at P, then the value of tan j3 IS
(3) I20V3 m (4) 120 m (1) 18/19 (2) 3/19 (3) 1/6 (4) 1/3

3. A tower of height h subtends an angle at a point O on the 10. From the bottom of a pole of height /j. the angle of elevation
ground level through the foot of the tower and at a distance of the top of a tower is a and the pole subtends angle p at
a from the foot of the tower. A pole mounted on the top of the top of the tower. The height of the tower is
the tower also subtends an equal angle at O. The height of /tcot(g-^) htan{a~p)
(1) (2)
the pole is cot(a-/3)-cotg tan(g-/3)-tang
a
cot(g-/3)
(1) ^ (2) (3) (4) None of these
cr+b^ a--b^ cot(g~j8)-cotg
a 11. A tower subtends an angle a at a point on the same level
(3) b (4) b - as the foot of the tower. At a second point, b meters above
[a^+b^ -b^
the first, the angle of depression of the foot of the tower is
4. A ladder rests against a wall making an angle a with the p. The height of the tower is
horizontal. The foot of the ladder is pulled away from the (I) b cot a tan P (2) h tan a tan p
wall through a distances, so that it slides a distance>> down (3) b tan a cot p (4) b cot g cot P
the wall making an angle P with the horizontal. The correct
relation is 12. A man standing on a level plane observes the elevation of
the top of a pole to be 6. He then walks a distance equal
a+p
(1) y = .rtan
2
—
(2) x=ytan^^ to double the height of the pole and then finds that the
elevation is now 29. The value of cot 9 is
(3) x=ytan{a+ p) (4) >' = .vtan(g + j6) (1) ^/2+ I (2) 2-V3
5. Two flagstaffs stand on a horizontal plane. A and B are two (3) ^-1 (4) 2 + V3
points on the line joining their feet and between them. The
13. A 5 m high pole stands on a building of height 25 m. The
angles of elevation of the tops of the flagstaffs as seen from pole and the building subtend equal angles at an antenna
A are 30° and 60° and as seen from B are 60° and 45°. If
placed at a height of 30 m. The distance of the antenna
AB is 30 m, then the distance between the flagstaff's is from the top of the pole is
(1) 30+ I5V3 (2) 45+ 15^/3
(3) 60- I5V3 (4) 60 + 15^ (1) 5,/I
V3
(2)
6. A snake observes an eagle perching on the top of a pole 20 m
high. Its elevation from snake’s eye is 45° before it flies (4) 5V6
ofFhorizontally straight away from the snake and after one
second the elevation of the eagle reduces to 30°. The speed 14. A vertical tower stands on a declivity which is inclined at
of the eagle is 15° to the horizontal. From the fool of the tower, a man
(1) 14.64 m/s (2) 17.71 m/s ascends the declivity for 80 feet and then finds that the
(3) 12 m/s (4) None of these tower subtends an angle of 30°. The height of the tower is
7. For a man, the angle of elevation of the highest point of a (1) 40(v/6 + V2) (2) 20(V6-^6)
tower situated west to him is 60°. On walldng 240 metres (3) 40(V6-V2) (4) 80(V6-v/2)
to north, the angle of elevation reduces to 30°. The height
of the tower is 15. The length of the shadow of a pole inclined at 10° to the
vertical towards the sun is 2.05 metres, when the elevation
(1) 50V3 m
(2) 30V6 m
of the sun is 38°. The length of the pole is
(3) 6OV6 m
(4) 60 m
 Height and Distance 6.3

17. A harbour lies in a direction 60° south-west from a fort and

2.05 sin 42° 2.05 cos 38°
(1) (2) at a distance 30 km from it. A ship sets out from the harbour
sin 38° cos 42°
at noon and sails due east at 10 km/hour. The ship will be
2.05 sin 38° 70 km from the fort at
(3) (4) None of these
sin 42° (1) 7 p.m. (2) 8 p.m. (3) 5 p.m. (4) 10 p.m.
16. A tower subtends angles a, 2 a, and 3 a, respectively, at 18. A tower AB leans towards west making an angle a with the
points A, B and C all lying on a horizontal line through the vertical. The angular elevation of B, the topmost point of
AB
foot of the tower. Then the tower, is j3, as observed from a point C due east of A
BC at a distance d from If the angular elevation of B from a
3 sin a
1 + 2 cos 2 a
point £> at a distance 2d due east of C is y, then
(1) (2)
sin 2a (1) 2 tan a = 2 cot j3-cot 7
sin 2a (2) 2 tan a = 3 cot/3-cot 7
(3) 2 + cos 3 a (4)
sm a
(3) tan a = cot/3-cot 7
(4) none of these

Answers Key
EXERCISES

Single Correct Answer Type

1. (2) 1. (2) 3. (4) 4. (2) 5. (4) 11. (3) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (3)
6. (1) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (I) 16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (2)
 Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

INTRODUCTION Case IV: A

f

For function/; A B; y -f (jc) we can define inverse function ^1 yi

or reverse function /“' (jc) from set B to set A, if function y=f{x) X2 ●y2

follows certain rules. For that we need to understand different

types of mappings (functions). A function or mapping from a set

A to another set B defines a relation/that for every element ae A,
there exists one and only one element b € B such that (a, b) e f Here, function is one-one and into.
In other words, a function f is a relation from a non-empty set A Now,/ '(x) or the inverse of the function/will be a function
to a non-empty set B such that the domain of/is /I and no two from B \o A such that the domain of/is B and no two distinct
distinct ordered pairs in/have the same first element. ordered pairs in/have the same first element.
If/is a function from A\oB and {a, b) € / then/(a) = b, where In which of the above cases,/"’(jc) is defined from set B to
b is called the image of a under/and a is called the preimage of set/I?
under/ Here, set B is called codomain of the function. Clearly,/"'(jc) is defined (from B to A) only in Case I.
The set of all possible images of the preimages is called the In Case II,/“'(x) is not defined as pre-image y^ has more
range of function. than one images. Also, >’4 has no image in A. Thus,/~'(-’>^) is not
Following are different cases of mappings: defined if/(x) is many-one or into.
Case I: f With similar reasons,/"'(x) is not defined for Case III and
Case IV as well.
y^ Thus, we conclude that/"'(x) is defined iff (x) is bijective.
X2 Y2 Also, we observe that domain and range of /(x) arc,
X3 yz respectively, range and domain of/~'(x).
X4 ●y4
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
We observe that each image has one and only one preimage. FUNCTIONS
Such function is called one-one or injective function.
Here, range of the function is ^2* >^4} which is same We know that trigonometric functions are periodic and hence,
as codomain. Such function is called onto or surjective function. many-one in their actual domain. So, to define an inverse
Function which is both injective and surjective is called trigonometric function, we have to restrict its actual domain to
bijective function. make function injective. Consider the case of sine function.
The domain of sine function is the set of all real numbers and
Case II:
range is the closed interval [-1, 1]. If we restrict its domain to
, — then it becomes one-one and onto with range [-1, 1].
2 2

Actually, sine function restricted to any of the intervals

2)K k 7T K ^ 3;r1 .
—,— etc. IS one-one and Its range
Here, imagey; has two pre-images, i.e.,/(X]) =f{x-^ =yi. If 2 2
at least one image has more than one pre-images, then function
is [-1,1]. We can, therefore, define the inverse of sine function in
is called many-one. each of these intervals. We denote the inverse of sine function by
Also, range is {y\,y2,y3} which is subset of codomain. Such
function is called into.
sin '. Thus, sin"' is a function whose domain is [-1, 1] and range
Zn K n n 7t Zn
Case III:
could be any of the intervals —
T’~2 ’ T’T ’ 2’T ’
and so on. Corresponding to each such interval, we get a branch

of the function sin"'. The branch with range ^

2 ’ 2
is called

Here, function is many-one and surjective.

7.2 Trigonometry

the principal value branch whereas other intervals as range give ● obtained by reflecting the graphy =f{x) in the liney =f{x). Let us
different branches of sin“'. When we refer to the function sin"^ now see the graphs of different inverse trigonometric functions.
we take it as the function whose domain is [-1, 1] and range is 1. fix) = sin“*A'
K K n

2’ 2
— . We write sin"' : [-1, 1] —> — . So, range of
2 2J
the inverse trigonometric function is restricted domain of the
corresponding trigonometric function.
Similarly, we define other inverse trigonometric functions
by restricting their domain. The domain and range of all inverse
trigonometric functions are tabulated below:

Function Domain Range

(Principal value
branch)

K n
/(.y) = sin"'Y [-U]
Y'T
f(x) = cos"'y [-1.1] [0,;r]

/(Y) = tan-'Y R — ^
2’ 2

fix) = COr’.Y R 2. fix) = cos

iO,K)
y
fix) - sec 'y (-®°, -1] 'w' [1, eo)
n - ■

fix) = cosec '.Y (-O0, -1 ] U [ 1 , ~) I-;z^2, nil] - {0} 1

y - cos ’ X

Note:
X

The inverse trigonometric functions are often called arc

Jd2
functions,” since for the given value of a trigonometric function,
they produce the length of arc needed to obtain that value.
^ y = cos X
+
1 V. n
S
s.

Ai c length of d
Secant
Sine Tangent

3. fix) = tan ‘.V

In the figure, the arclength of the angle 6 is equal to theta
(as radius of circle is 1). So, the arclength associated with the
length of the sine line, for example, is the same as the angle
associated with it.

Hence,
Arclength associated with sine value of /
y= tan~^x
Y - Arc of sine = arcsinefr) = 0 = sin ‘.r
* ♦ t + *
-2k -2jd2 0 K 3nI2 2k
Graph of Inverse Trigonometric Function
I
4kJ2
/
r

For bijective functiony=/(.v) ifv] =/(xj) then = x,. So, if I

/

point (.Y|,;’]) lies on the graph ofy =f(x) then point (yj, y,) lies on I
( -K-

the graph ofy =f~\x). Now, point O’li .^'i) reflection of the t
) J

point (y,, >’[) in the line y=x. So, the graph ofy = /"’(y) can be i-l3n/2
+
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.3
4. Also, sin(sin"' I) = sin(;r/2) = 1,
sin(sin^’(l/2)) = sin{;z/6) = 1/2 etc.
Therefore, sin(sin'*x) =.v Va: e [-1, 1].
Similarly, cos(cos'’;r) =A" forx e [-1, 1].
The graphs of/{x} = sin(sin '.r) or/(x) = cos(cos~'a') are part of
the line V = .v for .V € [-1. 1].

y
X
2 --

\ 1
-n ■ ■ ]
I

-3jd2 - ● I X
I -2 -1 O 1 2

5. f(x) = sec ’x" -1 --

3;r/2-- ^ -2 --
o
Q>
CO
tl
;r-- ^
y =
Also, tan(tan 'x) = .v and cot{cot 'x) = x V x € R. The graph
T
1 y= sec"‘x of the functions is as shown in the following figure.
+ + + + + y
-1
-2n -Zjd2 -n -rd2 ® ■' ;i/2 n 3n!2 2n 3--
■^1 r

-nI2--
y = sec X 2

-n ■■

1--

-3nl2 ● ■
X
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

6. f{x) = cosec ^x -1“-

y
-2--
3rcl2

;r- -3--

7112.
sec(sec 'x) = x and cosec(coscc ’x) = x V x g ( ,-l]U[l,oo). —oo

1
-1 The graph of the functions is as shown in the following figure.
X
0 1 n!2 n Zk!2 2k
-1 y
3

2--

1--

X
Function/(/ ^(x)), where/(x) is ●3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Trigonometric Function -1--

Consider the fiinction/(x) = sin(sin''.v). -2--

Sine function is defined for all real values of x, but sin“‘x is
defined forx g [-1, 1]. -3--

Therefore, domain of sin(sin ’x) is [-1, 1].

7.4 Trigonometry

Illustration
or x{x-I)>0
xe [-1,0)
Find the principal value of the following:
Illustration 7.4
-1 1
(i) cosec ' (2) (ii) tan“‘ (- (iii) cos
Solve forx if(cof'.v)^ - 3 (cor'j:) + 2 > 0.
Sol. (cof* .r- I) (cot“';c- 2) > 0
(i) Let cosec '{2) = _v. Then, cor' .r < 1 or cot"' x > 2
jc > cot 1 or jc < cot 2 (●/ cot“' j: is a decreasing function)
cosec3’ = 2 = cosec
6) x< cot2 or JC > cot 1
We know that the range of the principal values branch of
Illustration 7.5
TC K n
the function cosec"' is - {0} and coscc — = 2.
2’2 ' ^ 6 Find the value of x for which the following expressions are
defined,
Therefore, the principal value of cosec"' (2) is —.
6 (i) sin“'(3jc-2) (ii) cos"'(logjX) (iii) sec“'(jc^-2)
(ii) Let tan"' (- V3) =y. Then, Sol.

fZ 71 K (i) sin"'(3x - 2) is defined if

tally = —\/3 = — tan — = tan
3 2) -1 <3jc-2< 1

We know that the range of the principal values branch of the 1 < 3.V < 3

n n So, l/3<,v< 1
function tan is and tan =-^/3.
2'2 2J
(ii) cos"'(loggX') is defined if
n
Therefore, the principal value of tan '(- VJ) is - -1 < log^ < 1
3
e~' <x<e
-1 1
(iii) Let cos = y. Then, (iii) sec”*(jr-2) is defined if
/-2<-l or jc^ - 2 > 1
1 n K (3;r x^<\ or jc^ > 3
cosy = - = -cos = cos n = cos
V2 u 4j 4 ) So, -l<jc<l or JC <-Vs or.V>"V3
We know that the range of the principal values branch of the
Illustration 7.6
3t
function cos"* is [0, 7t\ and cos
V 4 y Vi' Solve [cot"' jc] + [cos"' x] = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest
integer function.
-1 1 . 37T
Therefore, the principal value of cos IS
4 Sol. 3 We have [cot"' jc] + [cos"' jc] = 0
Since cos"' x, cot"' jc > 0; we must have
Illustration 7.2
[cot"' jc] = [cos"' x] = 0
Solve sin~'x>- 1. Now, [cot"' jc] = 0
0 < cor'jc < 1
Sol.^ sin"' X > - 1
-i 7T
JC € (cot 1, oo) -(I)
1 < sin X< —
Also, [cos"' x] = 0
or
2
0 < cos"'x < 1
f 7C''
or sin(-1) <x< sm —
XG (cos 1, 1] ...(2)
From (1) and (2), x € (cot 1,1]
X s (- sin 1, 1 ]
Illustration 7.7
Illustration 7.3

Find the values of

Solve cos"' X > cos"' jc^.

Sol. ] cos"'x> cos"'jc^

(i) sin-'(2') (ii) cos' Vx^-x+1
x<x^ x2 n
or ('.● cos ' is decreasing) (iii) tan
-1
(iv) sec
-1
x + —

or x^-x>0 l+x' xj
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.5

Sol.
or 0 < 3 tan ' X - — < 2;r
(i) We know that 2^> 0 2

But for sin"' (2'^) to be defined, we must have 2* < 1 \ K

or K< 3tan ‘x n<K
0<2'^<1 2

0 < sin" ‘ (20 < nil

ILLUSTRATIDN 7.9
iV 3
(ii) cos ’ V?-x + l =
-I

Find the value ofx for which sec ’ x + sin ' x - y.

cos + —

t 2 4

We have
1 Sol. We know that sec *x is defined forxe (-»«,-1] vj [1, ■»).
r-2} 4 2
But sin"'X is defined for X e [-1, 1].
1 Hence, sec"’X + sin"’X = — forx = ±l.
— S , X — + ^<1 2
2 U 2 4
Illustration 7. ID
n 3 7t
0 < cos +- < —
4 6 If sin" '{x^ + 2x + 2) + tan" ’(x^ - 3x - , then find the
values of k.
.2
-I X -I
(iii) tan = tan 1-
l+x“ 1+x-

Now, 1 < 1 +x^< oo

Sol.
sin ‘(x^ + 2x + 2) + tan" ’(x" -2x-t^)> y
0<
1

I + x^
7^1 :in" ’({x + 1)- + I) + tan" ’(x^ - 3x - A^) > -|
Now, sin" ’((x+ 1)"+ 1) is defined if (x + 1)^ = 0 orx = - 1.
1
-i<-
r<o Putting X = -l, we get
l +x

1 — + tan (4 - A^) > —

0<1- 2 ' ' 2
7<1
1 + x"
tan"' (4-A^)>0
-1 1 t:
4 - A' > 0
0< tan 1- < —
1 + x^ 4 -2 < A < 2

I
(iv) Let x + — = 7 Illustration 7.1 1
X

x^-7x+l=0 If cos"’A + cos"’/J + cos"’ 7= 3;r, then find the value of

?ifi + iuy+ yk.
SinceX is real,D>0
Sol. We know that 0 < cos x < ;r.
/-4>0
7 < - 2 or V > 2 Hence, from the equation
1> K K 7t Ik cos"'A= ;r, cos"’/t = ;r, cos"'7= k
sec x + —
X) [3 2
u
2’ 3 [v cos ’2. + cos ’/X + cos ’7= 3;ris
possible only when each term attains its maximum.]
Illustration 7.B
X = ii = y=-\
AjU + /i7+7A = 3
Find the range of/(x) = |3 tan"’x - cos"'(0)| - cos"’ (~1).
Illustration 7.12
Sol. y(x) = |3 tan"’x - cos"' (0)| - cos"’ (-1) nK
= |3 tan"’x- (;i/2)| - K If sin 'x, + sin ’x2 + ... + sin ’x„ < — ,n^N,n = 2m + 1,
2
K K
xj +X3+x| +.,.(w + I) terms
-1
Now, <tan"‘x< —
2 2 /« > 1, then find the value of
3k 2>k
x\ +X4 +Xg + ...W terms
or <3 tan *x<
2 2 K
Sol. Since sin ’x, > -,i= 1,2,3, ..
2
K
or ~2k< 3 tan x <k nK
2 sin" ’x] + sin" 'x2 + ... + sin" ’x„> - 2
7.6 Trigonometry

n
nn
Illustration 7.1 5

Bui given that ^sin 'jt; <- ^

1 = 1 1 -i ( 3
\\
Find the value of sin —cot
Tt -)
4 J,
sin' '.V, = sin' '.t, = ... = sin' ^x„ = 2
\ “

Xj = -l', i - 1, 2, 3, n Sol. ) Let cos'^(-3/4) = 6

cos 6 = -3/4
x\ +xl +X5 +...(m + l) terms or

6 G {71/2, 7t)
xl +a'4 +x^ + ...m tenns
cos 0 =-3/5 (0G (7t/2, 71))
_ (-l) + (-l) + (-l) + ...(m + l) times
1 -2sin“(0/2) = -3/5
1+1 + 1 + ...m times
sin" 0/2 = 4/5 or sin 0/2 = 2/^5

m Illustration 7.16

Illustration 7.13
Prove that cot
.^1 + sinjc +.y/l -sinx ' = -,x€ X
0,—
7C
.
Find X satisfying [tan''.v] + [cor'x] = 2, where [●] represents ■^\ + sin X - yjl- sin x 2 ’ 4j
the greatest integer function.
+ sin x + yj\ - sin.t
i_Sol. ] 0 < cor* jc < ;r and -7tl2 < tan'* x<tcJ2 Sol. J Consider
+ sinA - - sin A
[cot“*A-] e {0, 1, 2, 3} and [tan'*A] e { -2, -1, 0, 1}
For [tan ' x] + [cof* a] = 2, following cases are possible (Vi + sm A + ■^\ - sin a)^
(by rationalizing)
Case (i): [coI'*a] = [tan'* a] = 1 (^1 +sinA)^ - (^] - sinA)'
1 < cot'*a<2 and 1 < tan'*a < 7t/2
(1 + siiiA) + (1 - sinA) + 2yj{\ +sinA) (l-siiiA)
AG (col2, cot 1] and A € [tanl,oo) 1 + sinA — 1 + sin a

X € (pas cot 1 < tan 1

Case (ii): [cof*A] =2, [tan *a] - 0
2 (1 + Vl - sin^A) 1 + cos A
2 sin A sm A
2 < cot * A < 3 and 0 < tan '* a < 1
2 ^
A G (cot3, cot2] and a g [0, tan 1) 2 cos
2 A
= cot —
A G 0 as cot2 < 0 - . A 2
2 sin cos —
So no solution. 2 2

Case (iii): [cot'*a] = 3, [tan'*a] =- 1 -I Vi + sm A + Vi - sm A A

cot
3 < cot'* A < ;r and - 1 < tan'* a < 0 =i>

Vi + smA - yj\ — sinA 2

AG ( cot3] and AG [-tan 1,0)
A G 0 as cot 3 < - tan 1 Illustration 7.17

Therefore, no such values of a exist.

Solve sin'*(l - a) - 2 sin'*A= ~
2
Illustration 7.14

Sol. } Given, sin'*(I - a) - 2 sin'*A = ;i/2

If cos(2 sin *a) = ^ , then find the values ofa. Let A = sin,r
Therefore, the given equation reduces to
J Let sin *a=0. Then,
sin'*(l -sin>')-2 sin'* sin_>’=
cos20= —
9

or 1 -2 sin-0=9
or
sin'*{l -sinj')-2_y= y
1
or 1 _ 2a- = -
9
or
sin" *(1 - sin^y) = ^ + 2y
4 7:
or x^=- or 1 - sin^ - sin - + 2y
9 V 2-

2 or 1 - siny = cos2>’
or A = ±-
3 or 1 - cos 2.V = sin;'
 Inverse Trigonoinetric Functions 7.7

or 2 sin" v= sin v
7^
n
2 sin" V - sin V = 0 -1 x+
or
12. Prove that sin = sin a: H—, where
4
or siny(2 siny - I) = 0
1 1
siny = 0 or 1/2 <.v<
.v = 0or 1/2 VI VI-
I
But, when ,v = — , it can be observed that Answers
2
K 2k
1 1 1. (a) -- (b) - 2. X e (cos 2, 1] 3. 0
-1
L.H.S. = sin 1-- - 2 sin
2y 2
K
4. .r = 0. - 3 5. 0,- 6. cos sin 1 < :c < cos cos 1
\ 1
= sin - 2 sin 4j
2) 2
K In 1
7. .ve(0. 1] 8. 9. -3 10.
● -I 1 4 4
= - sin
2 n
12. sin x+ —
n K
— ^ — 4
6 2

Therefore, x ~ — is not the solution of the given equation.

PRINCIPAL VALUES OF FUNCTION
Thus, -V = 0. r\m)
Illustration V.IS Principal Value of sin ^(sin x)
Find the number of solutions of the equation We havef(x) = siir’(sin .v).
cos(cos"‘x) = cosec(cosec''x). We know that (sin .t) g [-1, 1] V .v g R. So, sin '(sin x) is
defined for all real values of .v.

Sol. ] cos(cos"'.r) =.r for.Y G [-1. 1] Also, for (sinx) e [-1,1], sin '(sin .t) g [-;i/2, n/2]. So, range
cosec(cosec~'x) = x forx g (-oo, -1] u [1. <») of function is {-nil. idl].
Therefore, sin"'(sin x) = x only if x e [-7:12, 7d2].
cos (cos"'x) = cosec (cosec^'.r) for x = ±1 only. For example.
Hence, there are two roots only.
. K ● -1 1 K
r sin Sin — = sin

CONCEPT Application Exercise 7.1 4> V2 4

1. Find the principal value of sin sin
K
- sm
K

( 1 ^ ●- ^ A 2) 6
(a) cosec"‘(-l) (b) cot
VIJ In VI n 2;r
2. Solve cos” x< 2. sin sm - sm

3. Find the possible values of sin“' (1 -x) + cos"' Vx- 2. 3 )) 2 J 3 3

4. Find the real values of x for which the function
. ' 4;r
\\
VI n -4;r
/ (x) = cos
-!
Vx" + 3x +1 + cos”' Vx" + 3x is defined, sm sm
3
= sm
2 3 V 3

5. Find the smallest and the largest values of tan”' fl-x^

0<x< 1.
1+x ’ Graph of y = sin'^{sln x)
6. Find the values of x for which sin”'(cos”' x) < I and y == sin”'(sinx)
cos"'(cos"' x) < 1. siny = sin X
7. Solve sin” 'x > tan”' x. y = n;r+ (-l)"x, n & Z
8, Find the range of/(x) = cos”'x + cot”'x. Sincey G [-x/2, ;i/2], we have different expressions forsin”'(sinx)
3n~ for different values of x as shown in the following table.
9. If (sin 'x)^ + (sin”‘y)^ + (sin”'z)^ = — , then find the
Value of n Relation
minimum value of x + y + z.

10. Find the value of sin

1
—cos
-I
—T
u 9 J/ n = -2 v = -2t + x x€ 571/23
/i = -l V = -X - X xe \-37d2,-7d2]
11. If X < 0. then prove that cos”' x = n + tan X
« = 0 V = X X e f-x/2, nil]
7.8 Trigonometry

« = 1 5a: lx
y = K-x X e [nil, iTdl] K
— = nn or -=(2« + l)-, ne Z
/j = 2 y-lTC+x xe [-5nl2,-Znll\ 2 2 2

Inn
x = or a: = (2« + 1) —
5 7

n 2>n Sk 2k An
From the preceding discussion, we have following graph of — , 7T, 0,
>' = sin"'(sin x). l' 1 ' 7 T’ T
5;r An
y But a: = 5 7T, — are not possible as any solution must lie in
n- ■ 7
y-=-n-x K n
7d2
y=2n+ X 2’ 2 ■ .
\ \
~Sn!2-2n -Zn!2-}t\-jd2
Illustration 7.2 1
''-jd2-

-ff--
Solve sin
-1
sm
. (2x^ + 4^ < K-3.
l + x^
Clearly, period of the function is 2k.

Illustration 7.19
Sol.
. (2x^+4 <K-2:
sm sm (0
l+x^
Find the principal values of the following:
(i) sin"'(sin 1) (ii) sin *(sin2) 2x- + 4 2x^ + 2 + 2
(iii) sin“'(sin 10) (iv) sin~'(sin20)
Now,
l + x^ 1 +x^ =2+^ 1 + X"

. 29;:^
(v) sin"'(sin 100)
^e(2,4]
-1
(vi) sin sm
So, 2 +
5 ) 1 + x

Therefore, Eq. (i) reduces to

(i) Since 1 e [~7t!2, 7tl2], sin“'(sin I)= 1 2x^ + 4
K - < ;r - 3
(ii) Since 2 € [-7d2, kI2], sin'^sin 2)^2 1 + x^
sin~'(sin 2) = sin"'(sin {k-2)) 2x^ + 4
or >3
= /r-2 as {k-2) e [-ro'2, tc/2] l + x“
(iii) sin“'(sin 10) = sin“'(sin (3;r- 10)) or 2r + 4 > 3 + 3x-
= 3;r- 10 as (3;r- 10) e [-ti/2, k/2] or x^ - I< 0
(iv) sin“‘(sin (-20)) = sin“'(sin (6;r- 20)) or -I <x< 1
= 6;r- 20 as (6;r- 20) e [-k/2, 7t/2]
(v) sin“'(sin 100) = sin“'(sin (100 - 32;r)) Illustration 7.22

= 100-32n:as(100-32;r)G [-kI2,kI2] Find the area bounded by y = sin"' (sin x) and x-axis for
X e [0, 100;r].
(vi) sin '
.
sm
29;r
= sm
● -1 f ■ (a
sm OTT ^
5 ) 1 Sol. 3 y = sin"' (sin x) is periodic with period 2k.
( ( K
\\ Required area == 50 x (area bounded by y = sin"' (sin x)
- sm sm
and x-axis for x g [0, 2;r])
I 5 J) -1
Graph of y = sin (sin x) for x g [0, 2;r] is as shown in the
K
following figure;
5

Illustration 7.2D

Solve sin"‘ (sin 6x) = x, x g [0, k].

Sol. ) sin"' (sin 6x) = x
sin 6x = sin x
sin 6x - sin X = 0
. 5x 7x
2sin—cos = 0
2 2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.9

Required area = 50 x (area of A<45C + area of ^CDE) Illustration 7.24

= 100 X (area of .MBC)
Find the principal values of the following:
1 K
= 100 X — XTX — (i) cos”'(cos3) (ii) cos ’(cos 4)
V2
(iii) cos"’(cos 15) (iv) cos"'(cos 30)
= 25;r
-i 48;r'l
(v) cos”'(cos 50) (vi) cos cos
Illustration 7.23 7 )
Find the values of x for which/(x) = 2 sin"' Vl -x Sol.

+ sin' (2Vx~x-) is constant. (i) Since 3 g [0, tv], cos“'(cos 3) = 3

(ii) Since 4 G [0, k], cos"'(cos 4) 9^ 4
fix) = 2 sin"' + sin"'(2^/(7^)“ {l-(V^)'} cos"'(cos 4) = 27T- 4
Put = cos 6, where 0= cos ' g 0, — . (iii) cos"'(cos 15) = 15-4t
2
(iv) cos"'(cos 30) = 10;r-30
/(x)=2sin ' Vl-cos^ 9 +sin ' 2-J(cos^ 0)(1 -cos^ Q) (v) cos“'(cos 50) = 16t-50
48;r ()K W
= 2 sin ' (sin Q) + sin ' (2 sin 0cos 0) (vi) cos"' cos = cos
-I
cos 6t +
7 7 Jj
= 2 sin"' (sin 9) + sin"' (sin 26)
= 20+sin"' (20) = cos cos
6k 6k

K 7 7
= 20 +(;r-20) if 20 G
Illustration 7.25
ZD T ;r
= ;r, 0 G —, — Solve cos"' (cos x) > sin
-1
(sinx),xG [0,2;r].
4 2

1 Sol. J We have cos" '(cos x) > sin "' (sin x)

So, 'Jx = COS0 G 0,
V2 To solve this inequality, we draw the graph ofy^ cos" '(cosx) and
1 y = sin (sin x) forx g [0, 2;r].
or XG 0, —
2

Principal Value of cos ^(cos x)

We have/(x) = cos"'(cos x).
We know that (cos x) e [-1, 1] V x g R. So, cos"'(cos x) is
defined for all real values ofx.
Also, for (cos x) G [-1, 1], cos"'(cos x) g [0, ;r]. So, range of
function is [0, k].
Therefore, cos"'(cos x) = x only if x g [0, k].
Graph of y = cos"^(cos x)
v = cos”'(cos x)
COS^’ = cosx

y = 2/iK + x, n e Z.
So, to draw the graph of = cos"'(cosx), we draw all the lines
v = 2;?;r + x,« G Zforve [0, t] as shown in the following figure.
y

Zn!2--

Tt- ■

s
V-
7d2--

» ♦ » ♦ +
-2jr -ZnI2 -k -n!2 O 7d2 K

-kI2--

Clearly, period of the function is 2;r.

 7.10 Trigonometry

From the figure, we can see that graph of y = cos ‘(cos a:) lies Principal Value of sec ^{sec x)
above the graph of y = sin (sin x) for a: g (k/2, 2it)
K
Thus, solution of cos" ‘(cos a:) > sin”‘ (sin.v) is a: g (;e/2, 2;r). Clearly, domain of the function is ^ - (2« + l) —, /7GZ>and
range is [0, 7t\ - {7:12}.
Principal Value of tan ^ (tan x) Also, y = sec ‘(sec .t)
Clearly, domain of the function is R and range is (- Td2, 7t!2). sec y = sec at

Also,y = tan"‘(tan.v) or cos y = cos X

tan .V = tan .y Hence, graph ofy= sec“‘(sec.v) is same as that ofy = cos“‘(cosAf),
y = /;;r + .Y, n € Z.
So. to draw the graph ofy = tan”‘(tan at), we draw all the lines but excluding points .v = (2/7 + 1)-^ , 77 G Z .
.V = m: + X. n e Z fory g {-7t/2, 7d2) as shown in the following
Illustration 7.26
figure.
y
X-
Find the principal values of the following:
2k
(i) tan"' tan (ii) tan”‘ (tan (-6))
3 )

2k 2k 2k
(i) tan tan , as docs not lie between
3; 3 3

K K
-n
— and —.
2 2

\\
2k K
Now, tan tan = tan tan K
Clearly, period of the function is k. 3 ) 3 A
Principal Value of cot“^ (cot x) -1 K
= tan -tan —
Clearly, domain of the function is R and range is (0, K). 3;
■ Also, y = cor‘(cotA:) K
= tan tan
coty = cot.Y \ 3
or tan y = tan .v K
y = nK + x, n g Z. 3
So, to draw the graph ofy = cor‘(cot a:), we draw all the lines
y = nK + -Y, 77 G Z for V g (0, T) as shown in the following figure. (ii) tan ' (tan (-6)) = tan ' (tan (2;r- 6))
y = 2k-6 as (2;r- 6) g (-;i/2, ;t/2)
Znl2
Illustration 7.27

Find the number of solutions of 2tan~ ‘(tan a:) = 6-x.

Sol, j We have 2tan~ '(tan a:) = 6 - .y
or tan" ‘(tan.Y) = (6-a: )/2
To find the number of solutions, we draw the graphs ofy=tan' ‘ (tan .v)
6 —X

^ or .Y + 2y - 6 = 0 as shown in the following figure.

and V =

Clearly, period of the function is k.

Principal Value of cosec"^(cosec x)

Clearly, domain of the function is /? - [nK, n g Z} and range is
[-k/2,k/2]~{0}.
Also, y = cosec '(cosec .y)
cosec y = cosec a:
or sin y = sin a: -7T

Hence, graph of y = cosec"‘(cosec .y) is same as that of

y = sin"‘(sin a:), but excluding points .y = nK, n e Z. From the figure number of solutions is three.
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.11

r
Concept Application Exercise 7.2 6 = sin X = cos

X
1. Find the following values: Also, we have 0 = tan
. , -1 13;r Vl-x"
(a) tan tan (b) sec sec —
5 3
= cot
\j\-x~
-1 . 33tc
(c) sin sin (d) sin ^(sin 8) X

5 1
-1

(e) tan"’’(tan 10) (f) sec (sec 9)

= sec

(g) cor‘(cot6) (h) cosec (cosec 7)

1
2. Iff (x) = sin "’{sin(log2x)), then find the value off (300). - cosec
-1

X
3. Find the maximum value of
/(x) = (sin~' (sinx))^ - sin ’(sinx) Now. for 6= cos 'x,x > 0 or cos 0 = x, we have the following
4. Solve sin”’ (sin 5) > x^ - 4x. right-angled triangle.
5. Consider function/(x) = sin' ’(sin x) + cos”’(cos x),
X e [0, 2;r].
(a) Draw the graph ofy=f (x).
(b) Find the range off(x).
(c) Find the area bounded by >^ =/(x) and x-axis.
6. Find the values ofx € [0, 2tz\ for which functions
/(x) = tan ’(tan x) and g(x) = cos”’(cos x) are identical.
ANSWERS

2k K 2k From the figure, 0 = sin ’ Vl-x“

1. (a) - (b) - (c) — (d)3T-8 (e)10-3T
5 3
= tan
I Vl-x”
{T)9-2k (g)6-T (h)7-2;r X

K
2. 3;r-log2300 3. -(;r + 2) = cot
-1 X

4. 2-^9-2k<x<2 + ^9-2k
1
5. Range is [0, k]. Area = 7T sq. units 6. [0, jd2) u (2;r] = sec
X

I
= cosec

RELATING DIFFERENT INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Illustration 7.28
We can write any inverse trigonometric function in the form of
the other.
Write tan"‘x, x > 0 in the form of other inverse trigonometric
Consider,/ (x) = sin“'x, x > 0. functions.
Let sin”'x = 6,
jol. J For Q = tan”’x, x > 0 or tan 6 = x, we have following
sin 0 = — . right-angled triangle.
From the figure,
So, we have the following right-angled triangle.
.Y
6= sin
Vl+.Y'
1
= cos

X yj\+X~
-1 1
= cot 1
X

= sec ■\j\ + x~

= cosec
_1 Vl + X"
2
From the figure, cos 6 = X X
1
7.12 Trigonometry

Illustration 7.29 Illustration 7.3 1

Find tan
-1 X
= in terms of sin where x e (0, a). Ifjc< 0, then prove that cos *A; = ;r-sin ^ yjl~.
— X
Sol. Let x = cos6 or cos x = 0

-1 X Since jc < 0, 0 e [ti/2, ;r]

Sol. We have tan = d
Now, sin - sin
●Jl - cos^ 6
1
From the triangle, = sin (sin 6)^ 9 (V eg
X

-I X X = sin"'(sin(;r- 0)) = k-9

tan - sin

Vi
2 a -1 2
- X cos x = ;r-sin - X

Illustration 7.3D Illustration 7.32

Prove that sin (cor'(tan (cos"^ x))) = x, x > 0. + x cos X

Prove that cos”* ● ,-l <x< 1.
2 2
Sol. For 0 = cos“' X, we have the following triangle.
Sol. Let X = cos 9, where 9 e [0, ;r]. Then,

-1 I+x 1 + cos 0
cos - cos
2 V 2

2 cos
20
2
= cos
V 2

E = sin
e] 9
= cos cos — V cos—>0
2) 2

9 cos X
= sin
2 2

Illustration 7.33
= sin

X 1 -i X
Prove that tan * ● > = — sin —, -a<x<a.
V? 2
2 a
a + — X

Now, for a - , we have following triangle.

Sol. Let X = a sin 0, -a < X < fl. Then,
-a < a sin 0 < a
K K
or -1 < sin 0< 1 0G
~2'~2,

-1 X a sin0
tan < ■ = tan ■
2
a + — X a + -<? sin“0
sin0
= tan ■
1 4- cos 0

E= sin
2sin(0/2)cos(0/2)
= tan
2cos^{0/2)
0
= tan tan —
Simplifying Expression Using Trigonometric 2
Substitution
0
— = —sin
Using some standard trigonometric substitutions, many typical 2 2 a

expressions can be simplified.

 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.13

Illustration 7.34 7t
= cos ’(cos20) -2 9
Prove that
K2
= 2K-2e+2e-n
sin
-1
I Vi + X +

2
yi- ^ ^ = — +
K

4
cos ' JC
2
, 0 < X < 1. = K

Illustration 7.37
Sol. Let a: = cos 9. 1
If 1, then prove that
K
Since 0<.r<l, 0,—
-1
x + K
1
COS X + cos
4
sm
-I + X + yjl- X
2
-1
X +
1

= sm
Vi + cos
9 + yj\ - cos 9 Sol. cos X + cos
■JI
2
Let cos ' x = 9 or X = cos 9
9 9
2 cos" + . 2sin" 1 K
r— 2 \ 2 For <x< \,0<9< —
= sm J2 4
2

cos
i
X + cos
-1
x +
v^
9 . 9 V2
cos +sm —
2 2
= sm ■
VI - 6 + cos
cos 9 + Vl - cos^ 9
VI

= sm ■ sm
. ' —h—
7T 9\\> == 0 + cos
-1
cos 9 + sin 6

14 2 VI
9
( cos (o9 ^
K K K K
0- ^
4^2 ’ 2 4 2 U 2 = 0-1- cos
^))
_ K cos X
~ 4 2 k\ ( K \
Now, Q e —,0 , which is not the principal values of
A) \ A
Illustration 7.35 cos * function.
1 -X
.2h K "l (
Prove that cos
-1
= 2 tan ' x", 0 <x < oo. But 0 e 0,-
’ 4
1+X
2«
U / V

n K
Sol. Since 0<x<~;0<x”< oo 9 + cos cos 9 = 6 + cos cos 9
AJj \A J)
Let y‘ = tan6/=>0€ (0, n/2)
7T
-1 -i 1 - tan"6 =0+ --0
cos = cos 14
l + x^\ 1 + tan”6 ^ n

= cos"' (cos20) A
= 20 [V 0e(O,T)]
= 2 tan ' x" Relating/ ^(x)with/
We have the following results:
Illustration 7.36
(i) sin“‘ (-x) = -sin“' (x), forx e [-1, 1]
Ifx€ [-1, 0), then find the value of cos”'(2x“ - I)-2 sin 'x. Proof:

Sol. Let X = cos 0, for X e [-1,0), 0e (;i/2, ;r] Clearly,-xe [-1, 1] for all xe [-1, 1]
cos”'{2x" - 1) - 2 sin”' x Let sin”' (-x) = 0 ...(I)

= cos“'(2 cos^ 0- 1) - 2 sin”‘(cos0) -X = sin 0

= cos”'{cos20)-2 sin”'(sin{;iy2 - 0)) => X = -sin 0

X - sin (-0)
7.14 Trigonometry

-0 = sin [■: xe [-i, l]and-0G [-7r/2,^/2] Now, sec ^ x = 9

for all 6 e [-jt/2, k!2]] X = sec 9
9= -sin" .Y ●●●(2) 1
- = cos 9
From (1) and (2), we get A

sin"'(-Y) = -sin"‘ .y -1 I

(ii) tan"'(-Y) =-tan"’.Y, for.YGR

cos — = cos '(cos@)
A

(iii) cosec"' {-.y) = -cosec"' .v, for x € (-*o, -1 ] u [ 1, «o]

Results (ii) and (iii) can be proved in the same way as Result 9= cos — (as 0g[O, k] - {7tl2}) ●●●(2)
X

(i) is proved. From (1) and (2), we get

(Iv) cos"'(-.y) = ;r-cos"'.Y, for.yg [-1,1] -1 1
cos = sec A
Proof:
A

Clearly.-YG [-1. 1] for all ag [-1, 1] -1

Let cos"‘(-a) = 6 ...0) (iii) tan
-1 1 cot ■ A, for A > 0
-X - cos 0 A -I
-K + cot A. forA< 0
A = -cos 9
Proof:
A = cos {k- 9)
Let cot"' A = 0, where 9 g (0, n) and a g R.
cos"*A=7r-0 [v A G [-1, 1] and ;r-0G [0, ;r] A = cot 9
for all 0G [0, ;r]] 1
0= ;r- cos" a ...(2) — = tan 0
A
From (1) and (2), we get
1
cos"' (-a) = k- cos"' A tan ' — = tan ‘ (tan 0)
A

(v) sec"'(-a) = ;t-sec"'A, forA g (-oo,-l] u [I, <»)

Now, tan"' (tan 0) = 0only if 0g (0. 7^2)
(vi) cot"' (-a) = k- cot"' A, for a g R
For 0 G {k!2, tz), tan"' (tan 0)
Results (v) and (vi) can be proved in the same way as Result
(iv) is proved.
= tan"' (tan(-;r+ 0))
= -;r+ 0 [as(-;r+ 0) g {~7zJ2, 0)]
Relating/ ^(x) with/ \X } Thus, tan
-1 1
— ●
0, 0 < 0< ;r/2

X -7T + 0, K !2<9 <K

We have following results:
-1
cot A, 0< cot ' A< ;r/2
(i) sin — = cosec a, for a g (-<»,-1] u [1, <») -i
A -K + cot A, K !2< cot"' A < 7T
Proof: -I
1 cot A, A>0
Let cosec"' a = 0 tan
-1

Here, 0G [-;r/2, ;r/2]-{0}.

A
-K + cot 'a, a < 0
and A G (-«, -1 ] u [ 1
A = cosec 0
Illustration 7.3S
1
— = sin 0
A Find the value of sin"'(sin 5) + cos"'(cos 10) + tan"' {tan(-6)}
1
+ cot”'{cot(-10)}.
-1
sin — = sin '(sin0)
A
Sol. ] sin'* (sin 5) + cos '(cos 10) +tan '{tan(-6)}
0= sin
-I
(as 0g[-;t/2, ;r/2] - {0}) ...(2)
+ cot ' {cot(-lO)}
A
= sin"' (sin 5) + cos"'(cos 10) - tan"' (tan(6)}
From (I) and (2), we get + ;r-cot"' {cot(lO)}
sm
1
— = cosec
-1 A
= (5-2;r) + (4;r-10)-(6-2;r)+;T-(10-34
A = 8;r-21

1 Illustration 7.39
(ii) cos ' — = sec ‘ a, for a g (-«, _ i ] [) ^ oo)
1

A
Find the minimum value of the function
Proof: ●)
K~ -1
Let sec"' a = 0 A^) = - cot A.
...(1) 16cot '(-a)
Here, 0 g [9, k]- {kI2] and a g (● ', -1] u [1, =»).
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.15
Casell:x<0
n~
rs^n /(.V) (TT-cot ' (-.r)) Let V = -X.
16 cot (-x)
r>o.
2tan"’ (cosec tan ’x - tan cot"' x)
1

n'
= cot * (-x) + - 7t

16 cot ’(-x) = 2lan"' (cosec tan“'(-v) - tan cot"' (-3^))

K K
= 2tan"‘ (cosec (-tan'‘>') - tan (;r- cot"* y))
K

yjcol '(-x) + K > = 2tan ' (- cosec (tan \v) + tan (cot"' y))
4^C0t '(-x) 2 2

-11
= 2 tan -cosec cosec + tan tan
K
V V
./min ■’ J
2

Illustration V.40
= 2 tan
-1 yj^+y' + —
1
Find the range ofy = (cot"' x) (cot"'(-x)). >' y

Sol. ] i'= (cof'x) (cot“'(-x)) + y“

= 2 tan
= cot '(.Y)(T-COt"'(x)) V

Now, cot"'(x) and (T- cot"'(x)) > 0

= - tan' r
Using A.M. > G.M., we get
= tan"'(-y)
cot ' X + {7t- cot ' x) ^ r _i - , = tan"'x
— ->^J(cot x)(T-COt x)
0 < cot ' (x) (t- cot ' (x)) Illustration 7.4-2

|Z±i
■>

COt"'x+ {K - cof'x) K~
< Prove that cos(tan ' (sin(cot * x))) =
2 4 Vx^+2 ■
n'
0<3’< Sol. E = cos (tan (sin (cot x)))
4
Let cot"' X = 9.
Illustration 7.4 1

Prove that 2 tan'' (cosec tan"*x - tan cot"' x) = tan ' x (x s* 0).
"S^ Casel:x>0 1

2tan ' (cosec tan''x- tan cot"' x)

+ x"
-I
= 2 tan cosec cosec - tan tan
X X)

= 2 tan
\ll + x- 1 E= cos tan if X > 0
X X
Vl +A^ j
33
= 2 tan
yj\ + x~ -1 1
ifx< 0
or E = cos tan sin T-sm
X
Vl + x“
sec 0 -1
= 2 tan (Putting X = tan 0) In each case.
, tan0
1 -COS0 1
= 2 tan E - cos tan
sin0
1

-i 2sin^0/2 1 + x-
= 2 tan -1
E= cos
h + x-
cos
\
2sin0/2cos0/2

0
= 2 tan tan —
9
= 2x-
9
x^+1
“ /

= 0 = tan ' X
7.16 Trigonometiy
r Proof:
Concept Application Exercise V.3
(i) Letsin“*x=0 (i)
where 9e [~7t/2,7t/2]
1. Express sin * as a function of tan
yjx + a K 7t
<-0< -
I 2 2
2. Iftan(cos“'jt)-sin cot , then find the value of x.
n
V 2) o< — e<K
3. Prove that cosec(tan"‘ (cos{cof^ (sec{sin"' a))))) 2

= yjs ~ a~ , where a e [0, 1],

K
[0, ;r]
2
4. Prove that sin cot"' tan cos"' x = sin cosec"' cot tan"'x‘ = A:,
Now, sin 'a: = 0
where jre (0, 1].
or X = sin 0
2 ..2 tan ax
+ a X
5. Prove that tan , whcrex^iO, 71
2 or X - cos 0
ax
V2

\-X 7t
6. Prove that sin 2 tan ●
^1+x
■ =VT77. or cos X = —
2
0

X e [-1, 1 ] and (7t/2 - 0) s [0, t]]

1 K 7t
1. Prove that tan sec X, X > 1. 0 + cos X =
2
or
(ii)
2

8. Prove that From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get sin"' x + cos"' x = Ttl2. Similarly,
we get the other results.
tan
yj\ + x - ^T- X 7t 1
cos X.

y]\+X+yj\-X ^ 4 2 Illustration V.4-3

If sin"'x = ;t/5, for some x € (-1, 1), then find the value of
1+x n cos"'x.
9. Ifx<0,thenprovethat cos"' tan X.

,/2(i77) 4
Sol.

K TC ;r ;r 3;r
19;r W
-1
13;r sin X + cos X = or cos X = sm x = —
10. Find the value of tan tan + cot -cot 2 2 2 5 10
8 7)
Illustration 7.44

11. Find the value of tan- cos

-1 2]k
1
{ 7) 2) If sin sin ' —+ cos 'x = 1, then find the value of x.
5
7 \
1
12. If tan = -7t+ cot ' y, where y = x^ - 3x + 2, then
V
Sol. . _i 1
sin sin —+ COS x
find the value ofx. 5

Answers 1 7t
or sin — + cos X =
5 2
X V5
1. tan
a
2. x =
3 or
●
sin
-I i- COS
-1
X
5~ 2
2
10. t: 11. 12. xe (1,2) ● -i
3^/5 or Sin — = Sin
5
X

1
or x= -
5
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
Results Illustration 7.45

Solve sin"' x < cos"' x.

(i) sin“'x+ cos"‘x= y, for all x e [-1, 1]
K
Sol. cos x> sin 'x
(ii) tan’' X + cot"'X = for all X € R
2 ' 7t
or sin ’ X > sin x
2
(iii) sec"‘x + cosec"'x= —2 forallxG ( —1] [1, oo)
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.17

n2
K n , 9tt^ 13;r-
or — > 2 sin X
f
max.
K ■VK~ - + 7T^ =
7 4 4
2

-n
or < sin < — 5;r‘ I3;t"
2 4 Therefore, range is
/ -N
7t
or -1 < sin
u;
Illustration 7.49
1
.r € -1,
^ ,
Solve sin . _i —
14 + sin. 2x/l5 K

X |x| 2
Illustration 7.46
. _i 14 ■ -1 2^/^5 K
Find the range off (x) = sin"’ x + tan"’ x + cos"’ x. Sol. sin h sin
.x: 2

Sol. Clearly, the domain of the function is [-1, 1].

K K
. -1 14 K ● -i 2V15
sin sin
Also, tan ^c€ forx€ [-1, 1]. X 2
A' 4

_i 2Vi5 f2VI^V
Now, sin 'x + cos y Vxe [-1, 1].
= cos = sin 1-
X

Thus, /(x) = tan"’x + —,wherexe [-1, 1]. 14 2x/l5

2’
l^i ●^1 )
K Zk
Hence, the range is —— + —
[ 4 2 4 2. 4’ 4 .■ W = 16 or x = ±16, which satisfies |x| >2VT5.

Illustration 7.47 Illustration 7.5D

Find the minimum value of (sec"'x)“ + (cosec"’x)^. If «= sin"'(cos(sin"’x)) and P= cos"’(sin(cos"‘x)), then find
tan a ■ tan /3.
Sol. Let I = (sec"’ x)‘ + (cosec ' x)" r /
-i K . _i
= (sec"' X + cosec"’ x)^ - 2 sec"’ x cosec"' x Sol. p= cos sin
k2
sm X

0
yj
7T' 7t -1
- 2sec X sec x
4 = cos [cosfsin x)]
1
Also, a = sin"’[cos(sin"' x)]
4
+ 2(sec ' x)" - ;r sec ’ x K
ct + /5= —
2
;r^ / _\2
K
+ 2 (sec"'x)^-2-4 sec
-1
X +
4 A) 8 tan a = cotp or tan a - tan f3= 1

\2
-I 7T ;r' Illustration 7.5 1
= 2 sec X />
AJ
If sec"’ X = cosec"’>', then find the value of
-1 I -1 1
cos — cos
LLUSTRATIDN 7.4B
X y

Find the range of_/(x) = (sin"’x)^ + 27rcos"’x + rr.

Sol. sec ’ X = cosec ’ v

Sol. /(x) = (sin’x)^ + 2;r --sin 'x +k^ or cos

1
- sin
\ 2 /
X y
= (sin"’x)^ + ;r - 2;r sin"’x + 7t^ 1 7t 1
-I
or cos cos
= (sin"’x -7:)^ + 7^ X 2

\2 ■y
n ■> K~ 5t:~ 1
1 _ 71
./min. ^ + 7T" = + ;r^ = or cos — + cos
^2 4 4 X 7“^
7.18 Trigonometry

iLUUSTRATiaN 7.52 Illustration 7.55

1 kH, ifA:>0 If.VyG [0,1] V/= 1,2,3,...,28 then find the maximum value of
Prove that tan '.t + tan~‘ —
X [-;r/2, if X < 0
yjsm '.T, yjcos ' ^2 + yjsin ' .Y, '4 cos
^3

Sol. 3 We know that tan

1 cot X,
-1
X > 0
^sin ’ X4 +... + y['^ X2S
cos 'x,
\xj -n + cot X, X < 0
SolT^ We have
yj^in ‘xi ^cos ' X2 + yjsm ' X2
-1
-1 1 tan X + cot X, x>0 '^■3 cos
tan X + tan £=

yjsin ^X^yjcos ■ X4 +...+ J^ ' -’^28 yjcos

X
-T + cot X + tan X, x< 0
Xj
K
x>0 x,e [0, 1]V/=1,2, 3 28
9 ’
sin“'x;> 0;
K
-n + —, x<0 Now using A.M. > G.M., we have
2
a^-+b^
n > «Z), where a, > 0
x> 0 2
2’
f . -1

Vsin”' X, -y/ sin Xi1 +COS ■ X2

-n -1
x<0 cos ‘ X, <
2 ’ 2

{ .
sin A'-) + cos
-^COS ‘ X3 <
Illustration 7.53 ^3
-^2
2
1
For which values ofx,function/(x) = sin 'x + sin ' —X
-1
+cos 'x

+ cos"* —X is defined? Also, find the range. sin 'x2x+cos ■^1

yjsm ' X2S
-1
cos X.
-M <
9

1 1
Sol. l/'(x) = sin *x + sin
-1
— + cos X + cos On adding all, we get
X X
28
sin X.+COS
;
X;

is defined only when X. — € [-1, 1] /=i

2
X

which is possible only when x = ±1. (7t]

28
-I 1 K K
E<
2)
Also, (sin x +cos x)+ sin —+ cos = — + — = ;r .
2
X X) 2 2
So, range is {it}. ^max, 27t
Illustration 7.54
r
Concept Application Exercise 7.4
10 10

Find the value of ^ ^ tan

-1

2;r
r=lj=l \s) 1. If sin *x + sin = —, then 'find the value of
3
cos"’x + cos
10 10 ^
f

Sol.] s= Y,
-I
2. Solve cor* X + tan"' 3 = —
r = 1 5=1 \sj 2

10 10 r ^
2k
s 3. Solve 2 cos x + sin x =
5= X X )
(As /● and s are independent) 3
r=! .5=1
4. Prove that sin"‘cos(sin"*x)+cos"*sin(cos"*x)= -^,|x!<
2 ’
1.
On adding, we get 5. Solve for X and >■;
10 10 ( f ;,.\
fs
\\
2k j -1 -1 ^
25"= X X + tan
-I
sin"'x + sin''^' = and cos x - cos >’ = —
J KrJJ 3 3
r = l .5 = 1 V
5k~
10 10 _ 10
IOOt 6. Solve (tan *.v)“ + (cot *x)" =
2s= y yy = " vio = 8
r = \ - r= 1 ^ 7. Solve sec"* X > cosec"' x.

£=25;r
8. Solvetan''x>cot"*x.
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.19

Here, (A + B) = a € {-n, k)
9. If a is the only real root of the equation
.r ’ + + CX+ 1 = 0 (6 < c), then find the value of Now, consider graph of_v = tan" 'tan (x.
tan"' o: + tair'(ar'). From the graph,
n
10. If «€ — ,0 , then find the value of
2
tan = tan ' (tan a)
\-xy
tan"' (cotct)-cot"' (tana). a + K, -n<a<-nll
11. Find the maximum value of (sec"'-x)(cosec"'.v), .r > 1.
a. -Kll<a<Kll ...(1)
12. If equation sin '(4 sin^0+ sin 0) + cos '(6 sin
0- 1) = y a-n. nll<a<n

Case I:
has 10 solutions for 0 e [0, n;r], then find the minimum
value of«. When -n<a<-nil

Answers -n < tan'' .y + tan"' y < -nJ2

x<a,y<0
1.
n

3
2. x = 3 3.^2 -I
Also, tan '.y<—- — tan ' v
n

2
1
5. .Y =
^,.=1
6. x = -\ 7. xe (-«o,-l]u(^S,oc) tan
-I
■ .Y < - --tan '(-y)
K
s. ^
8. x> 1 9. - 10. -K
●>
2
tan .Y < - tan
0
K~
11. 12. 9 y)
16

.Y < -

SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES y)

-1 Ay>l (asy<0)
IN TERMS OF tan
Case II:
We have the following formulas for sum of angles when angles
are in terms of tan"':
When Tbl < tan"' x + tan"' y < n
AT,y>0
(i) tan"' .Y + tan"' y Also, tan x> Till- tan"' y
.Y + y 1
tan
-]
if .^9’ < 1 tan”'-Y> tan -1
J-xyj y
1
-1 x+ V Y> —
;r + tan if A' > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
1-xyJ’ V

xy> 1
,Y + y
-;T: + tan if A < 0, y < 0 and Ay > 1
1-AyJ’ Case III:

When -7t/2 < tan ' x + tan"' y < tc/2

Let tan ^ x = A and tan ' y = 5; If A, y > 0 then 0 < tan"' x + tan"' y < ;z/2
where B e {~7t/2,7t/2). tan"' A' + tan"' v<7t/l
y
K- -1 71
tan A< tan v
2
X nl2- 1
ci- -I -1
●S' tan A < tan
<0
V
X
-37d2 ''-11 -n!2 It Z7d2 1
x< —

-nl2- ■ y

X)>< 1
-K If A, y < 0 then -tz! 2 < tan A + tan ' y < 0
tan”' A + tan"' v > -nil
tan /I + tan 5 A+y -1 n -i
Now, tan(/f + 5) = tan A > tan
1 - tan .4 tan B 1 - Ay 2

^ -1/ ^
Y“tan (-y)
A +y tan A > -
tan = tan' tan {A + B) = tan" 'tan a
1-AV
7.20 Trigonometry

-I -1
Illustration 7.57
tan .r > - tan
yj 4 12 33
Prove that cos ' — + cos ^ — = cos -I
1 5 13 65
a: > —
y 4 -i 12
Sol. cos ‘ — +COS
.xy< 1 (asj^<0) 5 13
If X and y are of opposite sign, then Ay < 1. 3 5
+
Thus, from (1), we have = tan
-i3— + tan
-1 5
— = tan
-i 4 12 3 5 ,
(3
\ /
tan"' x + tan"‘ v 4 12 5\ 4 12
1-
4A12
x+y
tan if Ay < 1 _if36 + 20 -i 56
= tan = tan
48-15 33
-i x+y
if a: > 0, y > 0 and .ty > 1 .. .(2)
1-Ayj’
T + tan 33 -i 33
= cos = cos

x +y
^33^ + 56^ 65

-T + tan if a: < 0,y < 0 and Ay > 1

1-xyJ’ Illustration 7.5S

Case IV: ^1
— tan 2A + tan~'{cot^)
-1
Find the value of tan
If Ay = I then a
-i 1 7T
tan ' X + tan ' y = tan ' x + tan X 2 + tan '(cot^ .4), for 0 <^ < —.
4

(ii) In above set of fonnulas replacing y by (-y), we get

Sol. For 0 < ^ < (71/4), cot.4 > 1
tan”' X- tan”' y
(cot^)(cot^ A) > 1
-I x-y j N
tan if Ay>-1 — tan2.4 + tan”'(coi/4) + tan”'(cot^ A)
J + xyJ’ Then, tan
^2
x-y
_i [ coiA + cot^.4
\
T + tan if X > 0, y < 0 and xy < - I tan A
1 + xyJ’ = tan
1 - tan^^
+ K + tan
\-cot^A
\
-i x-y
-K + tan if x<0,y >0 and Ay <-l tan A cot^
l+xyj’ = tan
1 - tan^A
+ ;r + tan
-I

1 - cot^A

(iii) In set of formulas of (i), replacing;' by x we get tany^ tan^

= tan + + tan = 7t

_i 2x 1 - tan^A tan^A -1
tan -l<x<l

1 -I 2x Illustration 7.59
2 tan X = ;r + tan x>l
2 ’
l-x
Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. Then prove that
-1 2x
-n + tan x<-l a{a + b + c) -1 b(a + h + c)
2 ’ -I
1-X tan + tan
V be V ca

Illustration 7.56 -1 c(a + b + c)

+ tan = 7T.
ab
If two angles of a triangle are tan”'(2) and tan”'(3), then find
the third angle.
Sol. Let
Sol. Given two angles are tan”'(2) and tan '{3). Now (2)(3) > 1
2+3 a{a + b + c) b{a + b + c)
S= tan + tan
tan '(2) and tan '(3) = t:+ tan
-1
be ea
1-2x3

-1 e{a + b + c)
3k - tan
= K+ tan '(-1) = K- — V ab
4 4
3k k a{a + b + e) b{a + b + c) _ a + b + c ,
= ! + - + ->!
b a .
Hence, the third angle is k- Now,
4 4 V be ea c e e
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.21

5a:
a(a + Z> + c) +
b{a + h + c) or = 1
-1 be ca 1 - 6x”
5= ;r + tan
a{a + b + c) /?{« + 6 + c) or 6x~ + 5jc - 1 = 0 (0
be eo or {6.v-1)(a:+ ]) = 0
-1 c{a + b + c) or X- 1/6,-1
+ tan
V ab But forx = -l, tan"' 2x + tan“' 3x< 0.
So, it does not satisfy Eq. (i).
a-\-b-\-c a b
- + 1
V c a
e{a + b-\-c) Hence, x = —
6 ■
= ;r + tan + tan
a+b+e ab
1- ILLUSTRATION 7.62
c

Solve tan"' x + sin"' x = tan"' 2x.

= ;r + tan
-1 'c{a + h + c) + tan
-1 c{a + b + e)
V ab V ab
; SoiQ tan ' .x: + sin ' X = tan ‘ 2x
- K
sin"' X = tan"' 2x - tan"' x
-I -T 2x-x
IL-LUSTRATION 7.6D tan = tan
l + 2x-
Simplify
3 sin 2a X X
_i tana K n
tan + tan , where < a < —.
5 + 3 cos 2a 4 2 2 'J\-X~ 1 + 2x^

2x^ +x = xa/i-x^
3 sin 2a _i tana
tan'
5 + 3 cos 2a
+ tan
4
2x^-xViT? + x = 0

= tan
-1
/
6 tana
+ tan
-i tana x{2x^~Vl-.v" +1)^0
8 + 2 tan^a V 4 J
X = 0 or 2x^ +1 = -\/l-x^
3 tana tana
x=0 or 4x"* + 4x^+1 = 1-x^
4 + tan^a 4 3 tan'a
= tan
-1
<1 X=0 or 4x“’ + 5x^ ^ 0
3 tan^a 16 + 4tan^a
1- X = 0 is the only solution
16 + 4tan^a
ILLUSTRATION 7.63
-1 12 tan a + 4 tan a + tan^a
= tan 2 >
16 + tan“a -1 3x^+1 l-3x
Solve cot = cot - tan ‘ 6x.
\ X J X

- tan ' (tan a) = a

Illustration 7.6 1 Sol.^ cot
-if 3x^+1 = cot
-I l-3x-
- tan 6x
\ X J X J
Solve the equation tan"' 2x + tan"' 3x = 7t/4. -1 3x-+l -1 l-3x^
1 \

tan 6x= tan - tan

Sol. J While solving such equations we use the following V X \ X )
formulas:
3x^+1 l-3x^
1 -1 x+y
tan X + tan y = tan 6x -
X X

1-XV /
3x-+l l-3x^
1 +
We know that this formula is valid only when < 1. X J\ X
So, we may get some extra solutions by solving equations with 6x' X
2

this formula. The extra solutions can be removed from the solution 6x - X

set by putting the values obtained in the original equation and

X xHi-9x'’
2
checking whether it satisfies the equation or not. x^ + 1 - 9x^' = x (vx^O)
7T 1 - 9x^ = 0
tan 2x + tan 3x = —
4 1
x = ±

or tan
_,f2x + 3x 7Z

1 - 6x- J 4 Both values satisfy given equation (i).

7.22 Trigonometry

Illustration '7.64 = (tan ’ 02 tan 'oj) + {tan ‘oj-tan '02)+ ●●

+ (tan"* a„ - tan ««-i)
-1
If X >;' > 2 > 0, then find the value of
-1^ + 1 _1 >2 + 1 I ZAT + l -I -1 a^-
n
a
-if («-!>/
cot + cot + cot = tan o„-tan o, = tan — tan
x-y y-z Z ~ X 1 + o„Oi J 1 + a,a
l^l) J

-\xy + l yz + \ _j 2a: +1 -] d \ -1 d \
Sol. 3 cot + cot + cot tan tan + tan + ●●●
x-y y-z z-X I + a^a-, 1 + 0303 J
-I x-y ~i y-z _l 2-X
tan + tan + /r + tan d \ {n-\)d
+ tan
1 +X)’ 1 + yz l + zx
1 + a^a„
-1
-i I cot X, for X > 0
tan
Illustration 7.67
\x) -n + cot"*x, for X < 0
= tan"'x - tan"*> + tan"*>’ - tan"' 2 + ;r + tan"*2 - tan"' x = ;r I
Find the value of ^ tan 1 + r + r" ,
r=0
Illustration 7.65

Solve tan"'x+ cor'(-|x|) = 2 tan"'6x. -i 1 /- + 1 - A*

Sol. 3 tan - tan
s^n ifx>o, I + /■ + l+A-(r + l)
tan“*x + cor'(-x) = 2 tan"'6x = tan“*0'+ l)-tan“*(A-)
tan"'x + K-cot"'x = 2 tan"*6x n

■r- + 2tan"*x = 2tan“' 6x ^[tan"'(/- + l)-tan"'(r)] =tan"'(Ai+ l)-tan“*(0)

r=0
2

1 -1 n
= tan"'(/r + 1)
tan 6x - tan X = —
4 K
2; tan
1
= tan ‘(00) = —
_l 6x-X _ 7T r=0 1 + A- + A-^ 2
tan
l+6x^ ~ 4
5x Illustration 7.6B
= 1
l + 6x“
2(2r-l)
6x^ - 5x + 1 = 0 Find the sum tan

1 1
r=l 4 + r-(r--2A- + l)^ '
X = —
2’ 3 n

2(2r-l)
If X < 0, SoiQ S„= tan
1 1 1 r=l 4 + r~(r--2r + ])
tan' X + cot X = 2 tan 6x
n

;r 2(2/-1)
tan 6x = —; This is not possible as x < 0. 2^ tan
r=l ,4 + r^(r-l)“
Clearly, x = 0 does not satisfy the equation.
2a—1
n

2
Illustration 7.66
^tan
Ifoj, 02. ^3. ●●●> is an A.P. with common difference d, then
r=l
1 + - r\{r^
2 2
prove that
/●
-1 d d \ n
tan tan + tan +... 2 2
1+ J 1 + 02«3 j 2^ tan
r=l

d 2 2
+ tan
-1 {n-\)d
^1+ 1 + a^a n n ■) ●5 >
-] f -1 {^-ir
I tan
2
tan
●>
r=\\
Sol. 3 We have
n
~i d -1 d -i d \ = tan'
tan + tan H— + tan 2
U+^!«2 j 1 + 02«3 j
2
K
^2-^1 -1 fb ^ -1
a„-
n
a /i-i = lim tan ' —
= tan + tan H— + tan n— 2 2
1 + a,<72 ) 1 + a a
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.23

ILLUSTRATIDN 7.69 = tan '(tan30), where 306 {-'iTtll, 3;i/2)

1 1 1 K K
Find the value of 4 tan tan — +tan
-1
30, if - - < 30 < -
5 70 99 2 2

\ ^x-x^ 7t
tan 30-;r, if -<30<
1 l-3x^ 2 2
Sol. 3 4 tan ‘ — tan ' — + tan
5 70 99 3;r K
30 + ?r, if- <30<
2 2 2
1 5 -I 1 -1 1
= 2tan -tan — + tan K K
1 70 99 Now, if < 30 < —
1 2 2
25
K K
< 3 tan X< —
J 1_ 2 2
= 2 tan
5 ^ + tan
-i 99 70
n n
12 1 1 < tan
-i
■ X < —
1 + — X —
6 6
99 70
1 1
5 <x<

-i 6 -1 -29 V3
= tan + tan
25 6931 n 3;r 1
1-
144 Similarly, from — < 30 < —, we get x >
2

-1 120 -1 1 3;r 7T 1
= tan - tan
119; 239
And from - < 30 < , we get x < -
2 2 '
120 _J_ 1 1 1
= tan
-! l'l9 239 - tan ’ (l) = —
3 tan X, if- <x<

120 1 4
1 + 3x-x^
119 ^239 Thus, tan
-1
3 tan
1
X - ;r. if
1
< X < «●
l-3x^ V3
1
Illustration 7.7D 1
if-oo<X<-
3 tan x + ;r.
If (x- 1) (x^ + 1) > 0, then find the value of
I i 2x -1 r
sm —tan -tan X . Concept Application Exercise 7.5
2 l-x'
/ 1 N
-1 -1 1
1. Find the value of sin
f S~^ (x-l)(x^+ 1)>0 5j
+ tan
\1J
x> I
-! x+ y
I -I 2x -1
2. If x>>'>0, then find the value of tan * —+ tan
sin — tan tan X y x-y
2 1-x-
3. Prove that
1
= sin — (-;r + 2tan *x)-tan *x = sm
K
-1 1 1 -i 1 -1 l + ^/2
tan + sin -cos =-K+ cot
2 V 2J
^/J ●JIo I-V2, ■
Illustration 7.7 1
4. Solve tan + tan
-1 X +1 _ K
Prove that x + 2 X + 2 “ T'
/

-i 3x-x 1 1 5. Find the number of solutions of the equation

tan if- <x<

[\-3x^f V3 tan
-1 X
+ tan
-1 1 3;r

1-x' 4

3 tan
1
X= ;r + tan
-if3x-x^^ if x>
1

l-3x- ’ 6. Prove that 2 sin ‘ — = tan

-i3 -1 24
5 7
3^
_] 3x-x 1 7. Prove that
-7t + tan if x<-
l-3x^ J >/3 3a^x-x^] = 3 tan ' —; a > 0 —a a
tan ' , ^<x<
- 3ax^ a ^/3 ^/3
Sol. ] Let X = tan 0. where 0 € (- 7d2, 7d2).
-i 3x-x^ -1 3 tan 0 - tan^ 0 8. Solve the equation 2 tan ^(cosx) = tan *(2 cosecx).
tan - tan
l-3x^ l-3tan^0
7.24 Trigonometry

(\-x'
= -^ tan ’x, (x> 0).
sin -y
9. Solve tan
sin ’x + sin 'y. X- + y- < 1
10. If .V + y + z = xyz, and x,y,z> 0, then find the value of K - (sin 'x + sin ’y), x^ + >1
tan"' X + tan'’jv + tan"' z.
U. If a and j3(a> ^ are the roots ofj:^ + cfr - 1 = 0, then sin ’ X + sin"’ y
find the value of tan"’ a - tan"’ f5. ■in ’ (x-^/n^T^ + y-Ji^T?),
12. Find the sum cot"’ 2 + cot"’ 8 + cot"’ 18 + ●●●
X > 0, y > 0 and x“ + y" < 1
n
2''"’
13. Prove that Stan
2r-l = tan"' (2")--.
4 n - sin"' (x■^/l - y^ + y-^l-x^),
r=\ 1+ 2
X > 0, y > 0 and x" +y“ > 1
Answers
Note:

1.
K
2. ^ 4. x = < -
/I 5. no solution For X < 0 and y < 0, these identities can be used with the help
4 4 V2 of property sin"'(-x) = -sin"’x, i.e., change x and y to -x and
K 1 -y, respectively. Also for sin"’x - sin"’y, replace y by -v in
8. x= - 9. 10. ;r above results. ,
4

11. K 12.
n
(ii) cos"'x+cos"’y = cos"‘(xy--^l - .v" y~ ) ,x>0.y>0
4 Proof:

Let cos"’x = /l and cos"’y = 5, wherex> 0 andy > 0

SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES A, Be [0. Tdl]
-1
IN TERMS OF sin 'AND cos A-^ B e [0, 7t]
Now, cos(.4 + 5) = cos/1 cos5 - sin5 sin/1
(i) sin 'x + sin'’y

in '(x-^l-y^ +y^/l-x^) X > 0, y > 0, and x“ + y^ < 1 cos"'(cos(^ + 5)) = cos"’ (jcy - ^1 -x” y^)
n - sin"' (xi^l — y^ + y-^\ — x^ ), x > 0, y > 0, and x‘ + y“ > I 1
= cos X + cos y = cos
1
(.vy
Proof: (iii) cos"'x-cos"’y
Let sin"’ x=A and sin"' y=B, where x > 0 and y > 0 cos X > 0, y > 0 and x < y
A. Be [0, ;i/2]
^ + 5 e [0, ;r]
-cos
-I
{;<y + yj] yj\- y^), x > 0, y > 0 and x > y
Now, sin(/l + B) = sin/l cos5 + sin5 cos/4 Proof:

Let cos"'x = /4 and cos"’y = 5. wherex> 0 andy > 0

= x,ji^+yyjl^ A, Be [0, 71/2]
sin"’ (sin(.^ + 5)) = sin"’ (xyjl - y^ + y^J\ - x^) Ifx<y, then cos"'x> cos"'y [v cos"’ is a decreasing function)
A>B

sin"'(xVl-y^ +yVl--^') A-Be[0,71/2]

Now, cos(/4 -5) = cos.4 cos5 + sin5 sin/4
_ A + B, 0<^ + B<(ti:/2)
(i)
~[k-{A + B), (7t/2) < .4 + 5 < ;r = xy + yj\-y^ yj\ - x~
Now, A + B < {Tt/l)
A < (71/2) - B
cos"’ (cos(/4 - B)) = cos"’ I xy + yj\ -x^ -\/l-y^)
A- B = cos 'x - cos 'y = cos xy + yjl-x- Vl“/)
-1
sin/1 < cos5

x< Ifx>y, then cos“‘x< cos"’y

A<B => A-Be [-71/2, 0]
x“+y^< 1
And A + B> —
K cos"’x - cos"'y = -cos
-1
(xy + -^l-x^ 7l-y"
2 Note:
x^+y^> 1 For X < 0 and y < 0, these identities can be used with the help
Hence from Eq. (i), we get of property cos"’(-x) = 7T- cos"’x, i.c., change x andy to -x
and -y, respectively.
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.25

Illustration V.VZ
-1 1 .v'
soH cos
, -I 3 . -1 5 ● -1 63 u 4 )
Prove that cot — + sin = sm
4 13 65 \2
X
= cos X-- +
-1 5 2
Sol. 1 cot ' —+ sin ' —= sin * —+ sin
^ 4 13 5 13
-1 ^ -1

= sin
4
1-
r 5 V 5
. 1 —
4f 1 For cos

k2
1-
4 )
= cos
2
cos X ,

5^ 13 13V 5)
L.H.S. > 0, hence R.H.S. > 0
4 12 63
= sin + = sin
5 13 13 5 65 cos -cos”’x> 0 or cos'* — >cos"^r
2 2

Illustration 7.73
Since cos 'a: is a decreasing function, we get
X
- <.xr — >0 => .T>0 =J* Are [0,1]
Solve sin ' a: + sin ^ 2a: = — 2 2
3

7t Illustration 7.76
Sol, j sin ‘x + sin '2x = (0
3 K
IfxG 0,— , then show that
I 2)
or sin’lv =sin - sm
-1
X
2
- (1 + cos 2x) + ^(sin^x-48cos^x) sin x
-i
cos
3 V 2
x^ -X. 1--
= sin
r 4 = x-cos"'(7 cos x)
■> X
2x = - X" -
— (1 + cos 2x) + ^(sin^x-48 cos^x) sin x
or
2 2 Sol. } y = cos
\ 2
5x
((7 COSx)(COSx) + yj\ - 49 COS^Xyj] - cos"x)
or -1
= COS
2 J 4

or 28.r = 3 = cos"'(cosx) - cos"'(7 cosx) [v cosx< 7 cosx for

n

or J- = i 1 xe 0,—
’ 2
^ V28 2V7 = x- cos * (7 cosx)
/
1 3
L.H.S of Eq.(i) negative Illustration 7.77

Which of the following angles is greater?

-1 -1 1
Illustration 7.74 6,1 ~ sin"‘ — + sin — and 6-y = cos * — + cos
5 3 5 3
Solve sin“' x + sin“* (1 -x) = cos""^ x.
, 4. . I4 1 4 -1 1
Sol. } 0| + @2 = sin — + sin
5
- + cos
3
— + cos
5 3
Sol. ] We have, sin ’ x + sin * (1 - .t) = cos ' x
4^
/
● -i4 1 1
+ sin ^ - + cos -1
y/l-(l-x)- +Vl-X^(l-X)
2 sin —+ COS
sm X = sm — X
5 5J 3 3J
K n

X ^l-(l-xf +Vl-x^(l-x) = Vl-x“ = —+ — ~K

2 2

X
^Jl-(l-xf =xyll-x^ -1(-] - flV
62 = cos
:=> x=0or2x-x^-]-x~ .5JUJ ^ 5J V V3
I
x = 0 orx= —
2 = cos 4 J__3
5*3 5' 3
Illustration 7.75
4-6yl2
Now, <0
15
1 x'
-X^ + yj\-X^ \ 1-
1 -1 X _i
Solve cos'
4)
= cos
2
cos X .
Therefore, O2 is obtuse and hence 0| is acute.
01 <02
7.26 Trigonometry

Proof:
Illustration 7.7B

Find the value Let j: = sin 0, 0 e [-nil. Till]. Then 0 = sin“^ x.

(2xyj] - ) = sin“'(2 sin 0COS0)
-1
Now, sin
lim
n
-1 \ + yl{k-\)k{k + l)ik + 2)
k=2
cos
k{k + l) = sin"’(sin20)
= sin"'(sino:)
Now, consider the graph ofj' = sin"‘(sina), where a 6 [-TC, 7c].
\ + ^{k-l)kik + {){k + 2)
n

Sol.
●5,-1 = I cos
k(k + l)
k=2
K

2
= cos
-1 1 ^ ^{k-\)k{k-\-\){k + 2) y= X -a
-f-
/t(A' + l)
x'-
0
I 1 1 1 -JT n It
= cos + . 1- 1- 2
k'(k + l) (k+if y = p;r-a
2

t:

-I 1 -1 1 2
cos -cos - =^t
k +l k * y'
1 1 1 1
<
-1
> cos
I From the graph, we have
, so cos
k+l k yt + 1 k
in '(2x-^l -X’) = sin '{sina)
Substituting ^ = 2, 3,4 we get -a - K, -;r < a < (-;r/2)
r 1 N
1 1
= cos
-1
- cos
a. (-;r/2) <a< (7t/2)
-a + K. (;r/2) < a < 7T
1 (\
?3 = cos
-1
-cos
-I
-2 sin"* x-K^ -7T < 2 sin“'x < (-71/2)
v-'y
3
2 sin"'ji:, -(K/2)<2sin~'x<(7z/2)
-1 ( 1 'l
/
1
\ -2 sin”' X ~ K, (T/2)<2sin"‘x<T
/_n = cos - cos
lw + 1 j n

-2 sin”'x-;r, (-k/2) < sin”'x < (-t/4)

●] 1 -1 I
5„_i= cos -cos
2 sin”' .V, (-t/4) < sin”';c < (;r/4)
n+\ 2)
1
—2 sin”' j: + ;r. (;r/4)<sin”'x<(;r/2)
-1
S = lim cos — COS
n—»“ n+ l 2) I
-2 sin 'x-T, x<-
1 V2
= cos '(0) - COS
-1

1 1
2) = ■^2 sin X, <x<
K K K .7^
1
2 3 6
-2 sin”' x + n, X >
V2
Multiple Angles IN Terms OF sin and cos ^x
1 1
Results: :in~^(2x^J\ -x^), <x<

1 I
in”'(2x^1), <x< I
72 2 sin ' X = ● K - sin”' (2xyjl- x^), x>
72
1
(i) 2 sin 'x = ;r - sin”' (2x^1 - x^), x> I
72 -;r - sin”'(2x-^l - x^), x<-
72
1
-T - sin“‘(2x-Jl - x^), x<-
7^
2;:-cos”'(2x^-1), if-l<x<0
sin"'(3x-4x^),
1
— <x<-
1 (iii) 2 COS 'x= ■
2 2 COS”'(2x^-1), if 0 < X < 1

1
(ii) 3 sin 'x = - ;r-sin '(3x-4x^), x> — Proof:
2
1
Let cos 'x = 0, where 0 € [0, k]
-;r-sin '(3x-4x^), x< —
2
or COS0 = X
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.27

Now, cos"'{2.v^ - 1) = cos"‘(2 cos’ 0-1) 2 cos ' .r = cos '(3.V- 2)

= cos''(cos 20) cos~'(2jr - 1) = cos“'(3x - 2)
= cos~'(cosa), where ore [0, 2;r] 2jc’ - 1 = 3.r - 2
Now consider the graph of^' = cos"'(cos cc) for cc e [0, 2;r]. 2;c“ - 3;c + 1 = 0
1
X = 1 or —
n
2

K (J-. y= 2k-a iLLUSTRATtDN 7.8 1

//
2
/ 1 >
1 ^3^
= 2 tan"'(2%5 - 1) and 5 = 3 sin
-i ●i
x'
o
-X sin — ,then
In
n

which is greater ? S)
y'

From the graph, we have SoH We have A = 2 tan'' (2^2 - 1) = 2 tan"' (1.828)
-1 a. if 0 < a < ;r /I > 2 tan"' V3
cos (2x^-\) =
Ik-a, \i K<a<lK 2;r
A >
3
2 cos"'x, if0<2cos A<;r
-1 I (\
2;r - 2cos“'x, if ;r < 2 cos~'a < 2k Now, sin < sin
12
2 cos"'.\-, if 0<cos“‘j:<(7r/2) ■ - 1 1 K
Sin < —

2;r-2cos“'x, if (;r/2)<cos"'.r<;r 13J 6

1 K
2 cos"'a-, if 0 < A < 1 3sin < —
3 2
2;r- 2cos"'.r, if -1 < at< 0
-1 (3 V3
2;r - cos'*' {2x^ -1), if -1 < x < 0
Further, sin = sin ' (0.6) < sin ' 2
=> 2 cos .T = ■ 5)
cos"'(2a'' -1), if 0<A<1
Sin
("3 <
K
—

15 3

Illustration 7.79 -1 1 -1 3^ K K
5 = 3 sin + sin < — +

If/(a) = .sin~' A then prove that 5J 2 3

5k
lim /{3a-4a^) =/c-3 lim sin
1
A. => B<
r r 6
X-*- x^-
t
2
From this, we really cannot relate A and B.
/ \
1 1
Soi. ^ sin ' (3a-4a^) = nr- 3 sin ’f “ <a < 1
-1 ● -I
Now, 3 sin - sin

3j 3 3;
lim /(3a-4a^)= limr (;t-3 sin~‘a) 23
= sin
X-*- x^
2 2 27

= ;r-3 lim sin“'a = sin'' (0.852)

r
*> -1 I ● - I >/3 K
3 sin < sin
3j 2 3
Illustration 7.B8 / ^
-1 1 -1 K K 2k
Hence, 5 = 3 sin + sin < —
Solve sin A-cos a = sin (3a-2). 3J 5j 3 3 3
A>B.
l^orO sin“'A-cos A = sin (3a-2)
-1

This equation is valid if-1 < a < 1 and -I < 3a - 2 < 1 ● -1 2a

sm if-l<A<l

A€ -,1
1 1 + A" j
3 2a
● -1
(iv) 2 tan A = <^ ;r-sin if A > 1
Given equation can be rewritten as: U + A^ j’
K 2a
-;r-sin if A<-1
cos A-cos A= cos (3a-2) 1 ’
2 2 1 + A" y
7.28 Trigonometiy
Proof:
-20, -;r<20<O
Let tan" ' X = 0, where 6 e {-7tl2, itll). 20, 0 < 20 < ;r
Then tan d = x.
1
2x
_)[' 2tan0 -2 tan X, - 7T < 2 tan x<0
Now. sin sin

U + x^ I + tan^ 0, 2tan"*x, 0 < 2 tan X < ;r

= sin ’ (sin 20)

-2tan ’ X, -7z/2< tan ‘x<0
= sin"’ (sin a), where a€ (-;r, k)
2 tan"’ X, 0 < tan X < 7T / 2
y

i:-- -2tan 'x, x<0

2 tan"' X, x>0

y = -a+ 7t
Illustration V.BZ

-1 2x 2x
If sin = tan
j , then find the value of x.
1 + x^ 1 - X

2x
sin = 2tan"'x, -l<x<I
-n-- 1 + x-

-1 2x
From the graph, tan — = 2 tan ’ X, -1 < X < 1
1-x-
-if 2x 1 Thcrefore, equation is satisfied by -1 < x < 1.
sin = sin ' (sin a)
1 + x-
-a-7T, ~n<a<~n 12
Illustration V.S3
-K12<a<K12
4x
-a + Ky nl2<a<n If sin ' + 2 tan — is independent ofx, find the
x^ + 4 2)
1 1
-2tan" X-7T, -;r<2tan" x<-;r/2 values ofx.
2 tan"' X, -;r/2<2tan x<;r/2

-2 tan"' x + ;r. ;r / 2 < 2 tan x < ;r

-1 4x -1 X
E = sin + 2 tan
I
-2tan' x-K, -k!2< tan" x<-;r/4 X- + 4 V 2)

2 tan"' X,
i
- ;r / 4 < tan x < ;r / 4
2x^
2
-2 tan"' x + ;r. ;r/4< tan ' x<k 12 = sm - 2 tan ' —
2

-2tan"'x-;r, x<-l V12 J

2 tan"' X, -l<x<l
= 2 tan"' — - 2 tan"' —
2 2
-2tan"' x + ;r, x>I
= 0 (For E to be independent ofx)
2 >
1-X
cos
-I
if x>0 ^ <1
U+-V-J’ 2
(v) 2 tan X=●
-i 1-x^ or |x| < 2 or -2 < X < 2
-cos if X < 0
1 + x'J’ Illustration 7.84

Proof:
-1 6x
Let tan ' X = 0, where 0 € (- Jtl2, jd2) If cos + 2 tan ' 3x, then find the values ofx.
1 + 9x^ 2
Then tan 0 = x.

-if
1 \

Now. cos cos

_i f 1 - tan^ 0 Sol, j cos
6x K
+ 2 tan
\
3x
l + x^ l + tan^0 1 + 9x^ 2

= cos"' (cos 20), where 20 e {-K, k)

 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.29

n 6x K 1
12 3
■ -1 + -
sin + 2 tan 3;c 63
5 4
\ + 9x^ 2 -1 -1
2 = ;r + tan + tan
\ /
12 3^ 16
1-
6x
● .-1
sin = ;r-2tan
i
3x 5 A4J
1 + 9.x:'
-1 63 63
= ;r + tan + tan
2 X 3x 16 16
sm = ;r - 2 tan ’ 3:c
1 + {3xf - t:

It is true when 3.v > 1

1 r 1
or x> - Concept Application Exercise 7.6
3

1. If cos ' — + cos ' = —, then prove that

i.e., X e oo
2 3 6 ’
3’ ) 2 2
X 1

Illustration 7.S5 4 2^^3 9 4

7
2. Find the set of values of for which the equation
-1 3 _i 16 1 -1
Find the value of 2 cos + cot — + —cos
vn 63 2 25 cos
-1
X + cos
-1
—+ -i-\/3-3jc^ = 3
holds good.
16 1 -I 7 3. Solve the following equation:
SoT^ £= 2cos ' + COt h— COS
X
63 2 25
sec sec ’ — = sec ’ 6 - sec ^a,a>\,b>\,a^h.
a h
2 63 -1 7
= 2tan"'—+ tan ‘ -i
h —cos 4. If + b^ = c^,c^ 0, then find the non-zero solution of the
3 16 2 25
equation:
2\ . _i at -1 bx
2 sm — + Sin - sm x

2 3j c c

Now, 2 tan"' —= tan

3 4 5. If cos(0 - a) = a and sin(0 -/?) = /? (0 < 0 a,
1-
9 0- P< 7t/2), then prove that cos^(a- /?) + 2ab sin(a- (5)
= a~ + b~.
-1 12
= tan 6. Find the values of x which satisfy equation
5
4x
1 -1 7
2tan"' 2x = sin"'
Let — cos — = tan X ! -F4.Y' ■
2 25
7. If.Y € (0, 1), then find the value of
-1 —
7 = ^2 tan
cos
25
x
tan
1-.Y“
-hcos -if \z£
2x l + x^
-1 24 2x
=J> tan = Ian
7 l-.v' 8. If Y € [-1,0) then find the value of
24 2.Y
cos”' (2.y^- 1) - 2 sin"' x.
9. Find the value of sin(2 sin"' (0.8)).
7
Answers
I2x^ + 7x- 12 = 0
(4x - 3)(3x + 4) = 0 2. x€ —,1 3. x = ab 4. .Y = ±l
2
=!> x = 3/4
I 1 K
12 63 3 6. —<x<- 7. 8. n 9. 0.96
-1 -1
E= tan ' t-tan ‘— + tan 2 2 2
5 16 4
7.30 Trigonometry

Exercises

Single Correct Answer Type II 11. The equation 3 cos ^x - kx- — =0 has
2

1. cos ' (cos(2 cot ‘(V2- 1))) is equal to (1) one negative solution (2) one positive solution
K (3) no solution (4) more tlian one solution
(1) ^-1
3;r
® 4 12. Range of/(x) = sin ^x + tan ‘.v + sec 'xis
(4) none of these K Zk
(2)
U 4 J T’T
2. The value of

-1 ● -I 2-n/J (4) none of these

sm cot sin +COS + sec ' -n/2 is
4 4
13. The value of lim cos (tan~‘(sin(tan“‘x))) is equal to
K
(I) 0 (2) -
K
(I) -1 (2) V2
(3)- (4) none of these 1 1
(3) - (4)
41 42
3. If cot ^ , n € N, then the maximum value of n is 2x
7T 6 14. Range of tan IS
I + .x^
(!) 6 (2) 7
(3) 5 (4) none of these n K n K'
(1) (2)
4. If cosec"' (cosecx)andcosec(cosec"'.v)areequal functions, 4’ 4 i’I
then the maximum range of value ofx is K K K K
(3) (4)
TC K n K 2 ' 4 4 2
(1) -,-l u I,- (2) — ,0 u 0,-
2’ ’ 2 2 j . 2
15. Equation [cot ’x] + 2 [tan 'x] = 0, where [●] denotes the
(3) (^,-l]u[l,-) (4) [-l,0)u[0, 1) greatest integer function, is satisfied by
5. sec"(tan * 2) + cosec“(cot ' 3) is equal to (1) (0,cotl) (2) (0, tanl)
(1) 5 (2) 13 (3) 15 (4) 6 (3) (tan 1, oo) (4) (cot 1,tan I)

(Vl2-2);cM . 16. The number of integral values of k for which the equation
6. The maximum value of/(jc) = tan IS sin”'x + tair'j: = Ik + 1 has a solution is
x“^ + 2x“ + 3
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
(1) 18® (2) 36® (3) 22.5° (4) 15®
17. The range of values of p for which the equation
7. For the equation cos"'x + cos ' 2r + 7t= 0, the number of sincos"*(cos(tan~'.v)) = p has a solution is
real solution is
i n
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 0 (4) OO (1) (2) [0,1)

8. The number of real solutions of the equation

1
tan
V? - 3.X’ + 2 + cos
-I
- x^ - 3 = ;r is (3) ,1 (4) (-1, 1)

(1) one (2) two (3) zero (4) infinite

18. The sum of the solutions of the equation
3;r .
9. If sin (x-l) + cos (x-3) + tan"
X
= cos"' k + K, 2 sin
yf4~4x + \ +COS“' y[4 + X IS

then the value of k is U-x- (1) 0 (2) -1 (3) 1

2
(4) 2
I
(1) 1 (2) - 19. Complete solution set of tan^(sin"'.v) > 1 is
42 1
1 (I) -1- u
(3) (4) none of these 42 42'
42
1 1
10. The number of real solutions of the equation Vl + cos 2x (2) {0}
41'41
= 41 sin"' (sinx), -;r<x < ;r, is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) (-1,1)~{0}
(3) 2 (4) infinite
(4) None of these
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.31

20. The trigonometric equation sin"’ji: = 2 sin ‘a has a solution X ^ {in 5n^
for (3)
1
(1) all real values (2) \a\<-
(4) l-^Jorxe
4 2 I 2’ 2j
(4) i<|.l<^
1
(3) N< 28. If/(:c)=x" + a:® - + 1 and /(sin”‘(sin 8)) = a, where
a is a constant, then/(tan"^(tan8)) is equal to
21. The number of solution of equation sin 'a: + n sin ’(1 -x) (1) a (2) a-2 (3) a+2 (4) 2-a
=
2
, where « > 0, m < 0, is
29. Ifsin-':[-l, l]^ f.f and cos * : [- 1, 1] -> [0, n]
(1) 3 (2) 1
be two bijective functions, respectively inverses of
(3) 2 (4) None of these
E. —
-1
/
1-JC
2 ^
n
bijective functions sin :
i’T ->[-l, l] and
22. If cos < —, then
I + JC^ cos : [0, ;r] -> [- 1,1], then sin"‘jc + cos“*x is
n
(2) K
(1) ;ce
I 1
(2) xe __L (l)y
L 3’>/3j S’-B /
3;r
1 (3) ^ (4) not a constant
(3) xs 0, (4) none of these
rs 30. Which of the following is the solution set of the equation
\

23. The value of sin *(sin 12) + cos *(cos 12) is equal to -1 2x^
(1) zero (2) 24-2n:
2cos X = cot —i= ?
(3) 4;r-24 (4) none of these
[2x^1-x^j
(1) (0,1) (2) (-1,1)-{0}
-1 f . 22n\
24. The value of the expression sin sm (3) (-1,0) (4) [-1,1]
7

5;r"i
31. The value oftan(sin ‘(cos(sin *x)))tan(cos * (sin (cos *x))),
-1 -1 5;r^
cos cos
3 j
+ tan tan
+ sin * (cos 2) is where x e (0, 1), is equal to
V V 7 j (1) 0 (2) 1
(3) -1 (4) none of these
(1) --2 (2) -2
42
32. There exists a positive real number x satisfying
(3)
-n
-2 (4) none of these -1 f;cn.IS
21 cos(tan x) = jc. Then the value of cos
2
25. The value of sin“*(cos(cos“\cosx) + sin"'(sinx))), where
n n

jc e
(n—, ;r ^ , is. equal to (1)
10
(2)-
^.2
2;r 4;r
n
(3)- (4)-
(1) 3 (2) -K

(3)
(4) -2
n

33. If tan
-1 7i+jc^-i = 4®, then
X

( In \ (1) x = tan2® (2) jc = tan4®

26. Ifae ,-n , then the value of tan (cot a)
2 (3) jc = tan(l/4)° (4) x = tan8®
- cof* (tan cc) + sin"*(sin a) + cos"’(cos a) is equal to 34. The value of

ri
\\
(1) 2n+a (2) n+a
cosec^ — tan
-1
sec^ —tan ^
(3) 0 (4) n-a
2 1^2 V P yy 2 12 \oc

27. tan
-1 COSJC is equal to
is equal to
1 + sinjc (1) (a-j8)(o4 + /3^) (2) (a+j3)(o4-)3?)
(3) + (4) none of these
(1) f-f.for-
E —
2’ 2, ^ 7C 1 7T
\
1 1
35. tan —+—cos“'x + tan cos~* JC , JC 0, is equal
(2)
^ X ,forxe
. (- n^ <42 ^ \ 4 2

^ ^ 4 2 { 2’2 to
7.32 Trigonometry

(1) ;c (2) 2x 45. The number of solutions of the equation

(3) - (4) none of these -1 (IjV -1 ;r . .

2^ J
cos - cos a: = — + sin x is
X
V
2
l + x^+/
36. Ifsin“*jc + sin”*;;= —, then— is equal to (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
2
-;.v+y
f1
46. /(jc) = tan ‘ x+tan
-1
“ J g(x) = sin"' X + cos ● jc are
-1
(1) 1 (2) 2
Vx
1

(3) 3 (4) none of these identical fimctions if

(1) X6 R (2) x>0
37. The value of 2 tan ' (cosec tan 'x- tan cot 'x) is equal to (3) X6 [-1,1] (4) xe(0,\]
1
(1) cot"'x (2) cot
-1
47. The value of a for which ' + sin-'fx2-
sin"' (x^ - 2x + 2)
X
+ cos"'(x^ - 2x + 2) = 0 has a real solution is
(3) tan 'x (4) none of these 7C K

38. If sin"' a + sin"' b + sin"' c = 7t, then the value of (l)y (2)--

a
yj(\-a^)+by](l-b^)+cyl{l-c^) wUl be (3)^ (4)-^
n K
(1) 2abc (2) abc

(3) ^abc (4) ^abc 48. If sin

-1

\xj
5^ ;_-I
+ sm
fl2^
\x )
n
= —, then X is equal to
2
39. If a sin"' x-b cos"' x = c, then a sin"' x + b cos"' x is equal 7 4
(I) — (2) - (3) 13
to
^ ^ \3 ^ ^ 3 (4) y
(1) 0 (2)
nab +c[b -a)
a +b
49. If cos"' yfp +
-1
cos Jl - o + cos"' Jl
>
-q =—
4
, then the
n nab + c(a -b)
(3) 3 (4)
a +b
value of q is
1
(1) 1 (2)
40. The solution of the inequality log,/2 sin"' x > log,/2 cos"' x >1^
IS
1 1
1 ( 1 (3)- (4) -
(1) XE 0, (2) XE 1
42 {42^1
50. If tan"'(sin^ 0 - 2 sin 0 + 3) + cot"' |s
n
1 ^ -,then
(3) XE 0,-^ (4) None of these
I 42) the value of cos^ 0- sin 0 is equal to
41. For 0 < 0< 2;r, sin ' (sin 0 > cos ' (sin 0) is true when (1) 0 (2) -1
(3) 1 (4) none of these
fn ^ f 3;r^
(1) 147,^ ; (2)
V ^ J
51. The product of all values of x satisfying the equation
2x^+10|x|+4 |'2-^18W'|V
(4)ff
\ ● -I -1
sm cos = cot cot
(3)
.4’T, V 4
,2;r x^+5|xl+3 I )) 2
IS

42. If I sin"' X I + |cos"' x | = y then x e (1) 9 (2) -9

52. The exhaustive set of values of a fot which a -
(3) -3 (4) -1
cot ' 3x
(1) R (2) [- 1,1] (3) [0, 1] (4) (j>
= 2tan"'3x + cos"'xV3 + sin"'x VJ may have solution, is
43. If (sin 'x)^-(cos 'x) ^ = a;r^ then find the range of a. n n
(1) (3) E —
3 I 3 3 7’T 2’T,
(1) (2)
4’4 4’4
3n In
(3) (4)
^ ^ 3 3 ” 6 ’ 6
(3) [-1,1] (4)
u

44. The number of integer x satisfying 53. If M = cot ' Vtan a - tan ' Vtan a, then tan — - IS

n . equal to 2)
sin" IX-2 l + cos (1 - | 3-x|) = — is
(1) Vtan a (2) Vcot a
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 (3) tana (4) cot a
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.33

54. The solution set of the equation -i

f
xcosO -1
/
COS0 ^.
64. The value of tan -cot IS

sin“* + cos"*x = cot -1 yj\-x^ ● -1

-sin X IS
1-A:sin0^ ^;c-sin0^
X (1) 26 (2) e
(1) [-1,1]- {0} (2) (0,l]u{-l} (3) 612 (4) independent of G
(3) [-1,0)u{l} (4) [-1,1]
65. If cot"‘(Vcos a) - tan"* (Vcos a) = x, then sinx is
V6 + 1
if
-I -1
is equal to
(1) tan'l (2) cot^l
55. The value of cos -cos
2y/3
K n n n
(1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (3) tana
(4) cot Y
/
fl ^
56. 6 = tan"* (2 tan^0) - tan"* — tan 0 then tan 6 = 66. £ sin
-1
is equal to
/ r=l
47^
(1) -2 (2) -1 (3) 2/3 (4) 2
(1) tan-'(Afi)-^4 (2) tan-'(V^)-^4
+ tan"* (O</>< l) and 0< j^
-1
57. If = tan , then
(3) tan"*(“^) (4) tan"*(V/i + 1)
the maximum value of b is
n
2m
(1) 1/2 (2) 1/3 (3) 1/4 (4) 2/3
67. ^ tan < m^ + m^ + 2 >
-1
is equal to
58. If X, y, z are natural numbers such that cot" *x + cot" ^y m=l

= cot" *z then the number of ordered triplets (x, y, z) that

\
2 \ r .j.
-1 n^+n -1 n -n

satisfy the equation is (1) tan (2) tan

+ n+ 2 ^ -n + 2^
(1) 0 (2) 1
(3) 2 (4) Infinite solutions -1 n^ + n + 2^
(3) tan (4) none of these
2 3 n^+n ^
59. The value of a such that sin"* -? , sm , sin * a are
V5 Vio
68. The value of tan"* — + tan"* — + tan"‘ — + tan -*A^
-1 4
the angles of a triangle is
7 19 39 67
-1 1 1 1 ● ● ● 00 equals
(1) (2)- (3) (4) 1
(1) tan"* 1 + tan"* “ +
-1

3
60. The number of solutions of the equation
(2) tan"* 1 + cot"* 3
tan"*(l + x) + tan"*(l -x) = y is
(3) cot"* 1 + cot"* ^ + cot
-1 1

3
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 0
61. The sum of roots of the equation (4) cot" * 1 + tan"* 3
-1 1 -1 1 1 2 . ylio -1
tan + tan = tan" 69. The sum of series sec * >/2 + sec * + sec
l + 2x l + 4x 7" 3 .7

(1) 2 (2) 3 + sec

-1 («^+l)(«^-2» + 2) , IS

(3) 4 (4) none of these (n^-n+lf

7C (1) tan * 1 (2) tan * n
62. If cot *x + cot *j2 + cot *z = — ,x,y,z>0 and < 1, then
(4) tan"*(«-l)
(3) tan"*(/i+l)
X + >> + z is also equal to
1 3 sin 26
= tan"* X, then x =
-1
1 1 1 70. If-sin
(1) (2) xyz 2 5 + 4 cos 20
X y z
(1) tan30 (2) 3tan0
(3) xy+yz + zx (4) none of these
(3) (l/3)tan0 (4) 3cot0
63. Ifx^+;2^ + z^ = r^ then
\ f \
-1 a-b 0
-1 xz 71. The value 2 tan . tan— is equal to
tan + tan, +tan is equal to \ a+b 2
\zr) <xrj yr)
K -1 acos6+b^ -1 ' a+bcosG'^
(1) cos (2) cos
(1) ®
(2)^ V a+bcos6j ^aQOs6 + bj
(3) 0 (4) none of these -1 acosG -1 ^ bcosG
(3) cos (4) cos
^a+bcos6, ^acos6+b.
7.34 Trigonometry

la \ 2h
72. Ifsin
-1
+ sm
● -1
= 2 tan ‘ .Y, then X is equal Multiple Correct Answers Type
[l + a~ l + h^
to [fl, h e (0, I)] t. If a, P(a< (5) are the roots of the equation 6x~ + 1 l.v + 3
a—h b = 0, then which of the following are real?
(1) (2)
\ + ab \ + ab (I) cos O' (2) sin"'^
b a +b (3) cosec"' a (4) Both cor' a and cot"' P
(3) (4)
I -ab \-ah
2. 2 tan''(-2) is equal to
2 ^ -I -3
2x
73. If 3 sin - 4 cos
-I I -X
+ 2 tan
2x (1) -cos (2) - 7T+ COS ' —
l+.v^ I + x^ \-x^ 15; 5

n 3^ i 3^
(3) - y + tan' (4) - K + cot
n
= —, where |x| < 1, then x is equal to 4j 4j
1 1 S 3. Which of the following is/are the value of
(1) (2) (3) ^/3 (4)
V3 4 1 -1 14;r
9
cos — cos cos
■> \ 2 5 ))
74. If.Y.=2tan
-i
(\+x] :_-l l-.v"
1
l-.rj’ X2 = sm 1+x-
, where xe (0, 1),
(1) cos
7;r^
^ (2) sin —
thenx, +Xj is equal to Is 10

(1) 0 (2) 2;r ,,, f 2;r^ 3;r

(4) -cos —
(3) 7T (4) none of these Is Is
75. If the equation x^ + bx^ + cx + 1 = 0, (6 < c), has only 4. Which of the following is/are a rational number?
one real root a, then the value of 2 tan"* (cosec a)
1
+ tan"' (2 sina sec"a) is (1) sin tan ' 3 + tan
K n 3;
(1) (2) -- (3) - (4) 7T
n 3)
(2) cos sin
-1
2 4j
76. The value of sin is equal to \\
1 . -I
(3) log-7 sin — sin
(1) sin 'x + sin ' (2) sin"'x - sin"* 4

(3) sin"* sin"'X (4) none of these

1 -!
(4) tan — cos
77. Ifcos~'x-cos"‘—
to
y = «, then 4x^ - 4x;' cos a -f is equal 2 3

5. Which of the following quantities is/are positive?

(1) 4 (2) 2 sin^ a
(1) cos(tan"*(tan4)) (2) sin(cot '(cot4))
(3) -4 sin^a (4) 4 sin^ a
(3) tan(cos"*(cos5)) (4) cot(sin''(sin4))
78. If sin"*x + sin"‘y + sin"'z = k, then x'^ + / + z'* + A:^y^z
= K (x^ _y" + + z"x^), where K is equal to 6. If X < 0, then tan"'X is equal to
1 X
(1) 1 (2) 2 (1) -TT + COt
-I
(2) sin
-I

(3) 4 (4) none of these

X
/l +
41 1
■\/l + ^
79. lf /(x) = sin
-1
X- —Vl-X^ , -— <x< 1, then/(x) (3) - cos
-I 1
(4) - cosec
-1
2 2
is equal to VT7 X

-1 n
(1) sin - -sin-'(.v) (2) sin“*x- — 7. If - I < X < 0, then cos ' x is equal to
\^J 6
-1 1 -1
(1) sec (2) ;r-sin
(3) sin"*x+ - (4) none of these X
6

80. If 2
2;r/sin"' x
-2(a + 2)2
TT/sin
■* + 8fl < 0 for at least one real (3) ;r+ tan '
^/r7 (4) cot
X

X, then X

I
(1) -<a<2
8
(2) a<2 8. If (sin * X + sin * w) (sin * y + sin ' z) = ;r^, then
1
(3) aeR-{2] (4) ae 0, - u(2, «>)
x"^- y
N
■
D = (N„N2,N^,N,€ N)
w
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.35
(1) has a maximum value of 2
(2) has a minimum value of 0 (3)^ a= —^
2-Zb
(4)^ a= —^
2-2b
(3) 16 different D are possible
(4) has a minimum value of-2
17. If tan"‘(x^+3|x|-4) + cot [Atc + sin"* sin 14] = —2 , then
-1 -1

V
9. Indicate the relation which can hold in their respective the value of sin"* sin 2x is
domain for infinite values of x.
(1) e-2n (2) 27T-6
(1) tan|tan *jc| = lx| (2) cotjcot *x| = |x|
(3) ;r-3 (4) 3-;r
(3) tan"* |tanx| = |jc| (4) sin|sin“*x| = lx|
2x
( n^-lOn + 21.6
\
n
18. If 2 tan * x + sin * Y is independent ofx, then
-1
10. If cot 1 + JC
> —,ne N, then n can be
7t 6 (1) x>\ (2) x<-l
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 8 (3) 0<x<l (4) -Kx<0

-1 1 -1 1
\
-I ^ 4x-4x^ ^ -1 2x ^
11. If z = sec 19. If a = tan , P = 2sin and
X + — + sec y + — , where Jiy < 0, then
\ xj \ yj +x^ ^ 1,1 + X^
the possible values of z is (are) K
tan — = /r, then
8;r 8
Ik 9k 21k
(1) (2) (3) (4) n
10 10 10 20
(1) a+ p=KfoTxe 1,—
L kJ
12. The value of ^ (A: > 0) such that the length of the
longest interval in which the function /(x) = sin"* |sinAx| (2) a = p for X e {-k, k)
+ cos"* (cos Ax) is constant is TdA is/are
(3) a + P = - Kioxxe 1,—
(1) 8 (2)1 4 (3) 12 (4) 16 L ^y
13. Which of the following pairs of fimction/functions has (4) a + )3 = 0 for X G {-k, k)
same graph? 20. 2 tan(tan"*(x) + tan"*(x^)), wherex g /? - {-1,1}, is equal to
2x
(1) 7 = tan (cos *x); y = X
(1)
l-x^

(2) y = tan (cot x); y- —

1
(2) tan(2 tan"' x)
X
(3) tan (cot"* (-x) - cot"* (x))
(4) tan(2 cot"* x)
(3) = sin (tan~*x); y = -jJL—
yll + x^ -1 r36^ o -1 f4^ . -1
21. Let a = sin — and 7 = tan
(4) y = cos(tan"*x); y = sin(cot"* x) . 5 / U5j
Then

14. If sin"* X + sin"* y = ^ and sin2x = cos 2;;, then (1) cot a + cot jS + cot 7= cot a cot jS cot 7
(2) tan a tan jS + tan tan 7+ tan a tan 7= 1
K 1 K^
(1) X= —+ . (2) 7 = _ JL (3) tan a + tan j3 +tan 7= tan a tan/? tan 7
^ 8 h 64 \2 64 ~12 (4) cot oc cot P+cot P cot 7+ cot a cot 7= 1

(3) x= — + 4 (4) 7 = 11 K^ _ K 22. If = cot"*(3) + cot"*(7) + cot"*(13) + cor*(21)

terms, then
+ ●● n
12 V2 64 V2- 64 " 8
-1 5 K
15. If cos *x + cos *7 4- cos *z = K, then (0 *^10 ~
6
(2)
4
(1) x2+/+z^ + 2;^z= 1
(2) 2(sin *x + sin *74-sin *z) = cos *x4-cos *7 4-cos *z (3) sin-' ^5 (4) 52o = cot"* 1.1
(3) A74-7z4-zX = x4-74-z-1
\ 23. Equation 1 4- 4- 2x sin(cos *7) = 0 is satisfied by
n 1 n
(4) x4--4-74--4-z4-->6 (1) exactly one value of X (2) exactly two values of x
V xJ [ yJ zj
(3) exactly one value of7 (4) exactly two values of7
f

16. If sin
-1
a -
a

3
1
a

9
4- ●● ● 4- COS *(1 -\-b + b^ + ●●●) = —, 24. To the equation 2
/cos'' X

^
a+-l2’"'“"'-a^=0
2y
has
then
only one real root, then
(1) l<a<3 (2) a>\
2a-3 3a-2
(1) b = (2) b = (3) fl<-3 (4) fl>3
3a 2a
7.36 Trigonometiy

9. Which of the foliowing is not the value of;' that satisfies

Linked Comprehension Type the system of equations?
(1) 1 (2) -1
For Problems 1-3 1
-1 -1
y + sec 'z> + 3;r (3) - (4) none of these
Forx,;', z, t e R, sin X + cos

1. The value ofx + ;F + 2 is equal to For Problems 10-12

(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) -1 Let cos~'(4x^ - 3x) = a + /) cos"'x.
2. The principal value of cos'VcosS/") is I
37T 10. Ifx€ —1,— , then the value of a + 6;r is
2j
K
(2) -
(!) ^ (1) 27T (2) 3;r
2k
(4) - (3) ;r (4) -2k

3. The value of cos (min {x,>’,z})is 1 1 -i . a

11. Ifxe then the principal value of sin sin — is
K 2’2 ’ h
(1) 0
K K
(1) (2) -
3
(3) 7T
K K
(3) (4) -
For Problems 4-6 6

ax + h (sec(tan"' x)) = c and ay + b (sec(tan ' y)) = c 1

12. lfx€ then the value of lim 6 cos (y) is
4. The value of xy is v-»o

2ab (1) -1/3 (2) -3

(1)
a--b^
(2) ^
a^-b^
(3) i (4) 3
^~-b^
(3) ^ (4) none of these
For Problems 13 and 14

5. The value ofX+y is

Let a = cos"’ cos20, b = cos"' cos 30 and c = sin"' sin {a + b) then
2 ac ^--b^ 13. The largest integerx for which sin"’ (sinx) > |.y- (a + /> + c)|
(1) (2) ^ IS
a
2 l2
-b a^-b^
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

(3) ^ -b^
(4) none of these 14. If 5 sec ' X + 10 sin ’ y = 10 (a + /> + c) then the value of
tan"' X + cos"'0'- 1) is
K K
x+y . (!) - (2) - (3) ;r (4) 0
6. The value of IS
1-^
lab lac
For Problems 15 and 16
(1) (2) -
a -c a
Consider the functions / (x) = sin"’x, having principal value
K 2k
(3) - (4) none of these branch — and g(x) = cos"’x, having principal value
2 ’
branch [0, k].
For Problems 7-9
15. The value of/(sin 10) is
Consider the system of equations cos ' x + (sin ’y)^ = — and (1) I0-3;r (2) 10-2;r
^ 4

(4,f
57T
(cos"’x) (sin"'y)^ = 16 ’
p e Z. (3) 10-- -10

7. The value ofp for which system has a solution is 2>k

16. For sin ‘x< — , solution set of x is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 0 (4) -1 4

8. The value of x which satisfies the system of equations is 1 1

(1) , 1 (2) -1
K^ K~
(1) cos
(2) sin-^ 1 1
;r^ (3) (4) [-1,1]
(3) cos — (4) none of these ●Jl'-Jl
2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.37
Codes
Matrix Match Type a b c d
(1) s r q p
1.
(2) q s r P
List I List II (3) s r p q
(4) r p s q
4 .. -1 i p. nl6
a. sin — +2 tan 4.
5 3
List I List II

. . -i 12 -1 4 63 q. nil
b. sin —+COS —+tan
-1
;r' p. 0
!3 5 16
a. If(sin"';c)^ + (sin 'y)“ = — ’
/ r. ;r/4
-1 x73 and B = tan
Ix-X
b. (cos'* xf + (cos = 2;r^ then can be q. -2
c. If A = tan
2A - X An/3 r. 2
;r^
then the value ofA-B is, c (sin ' xf (cos ’v)^ = — , thcnx->' can be
s. n
1 1 -1
d. tan ' — +2tan ' — d. ]sin x-sin v\ = n, then x-y can be s.
7 3
Codes
b d
2. Match the following lists: a c

(1) r q p s
List I List II
(2) s r q p
a. Number of roots of the equation p. 2 (3) q s P r

sin’’(sinx) = — is (4) s r q p
4
5.
b. Number of roots of the equation q. 3
List I List II
cos '(cos x) = ” is
a. Range of n n
●I -1
0,-
/(x) *= sin~' X + cos ■■ X + cot”‘ x is p-
2
u
) u
—,n
c. Number of roots of the equation r. 4

tan '(tanx) ~ ~ i' b. Range of

K 3£
-I -1
/(x) = cor' X + tan"' x + cosec ' x is q-
~i' 2
d. Number of roots of the equation s. 5

cot '(cotx) ~ is c. Range of r. {0, n}

-i -i
/(x) = cot"' X + tan‘‘ x + cos ● x is
Codes d. Range of 3;r 5;r
-1
a b c d /(x) = sec"' X + cosec”' x + sm ' x is s.
T’T
(1) s r q p
(2) q s r p
(3) s r p q Numerical Value Type
(4) q r q p

3. Match the following lists: 1. Thesolutionsetofinequality (cot *x)(tan‘x)+ 2-—

2 J
List 1 List II n f
cot”'x - 3tan”'x-3 2- — > 0 is {a, b), then the value
a. If 3 sin ' x= ?r-sin ' (3x-4x^), then 1 2J
p. X6 ,I of cot” 'a + cot” 'b is
72
2. If X = sin“'(a^ + 1) + cos“‘(fl'* + 1) - tan”'(a" + 1), a e R,
2x then the value of sec^x is .
b. If 2tan 'x = ;r-sin ' , then q. x6 —,1
1 + x- 2
3. If the roots of the equation x^ - 1 Ox + 11 = 0 are u, v, and
r. xe(l,~) w. then the value of 3cosec^(tan"' u + tan"' v + tan”' w) is
1 -! 2x
c. If 2 tan X = ;r + tan , then
1-x^
4. The number of values of x for which
s. X e [1,«»)
d. If 2sin *x = ;r-sin ' 2xyjl—x^ , / 4 6 12 ^
x^4 X* X
, X^ X® -1 n
+-
then sm ~ "*"9— 3 9 2’
where 0 < |x| < '/J, is
7.38 Trigonometry

II. Sum of all integers in the domain of/(x) = cof' V(x + 3):t
5. If the domain of the function f(x) = ^3 cos ^(4x)-tu i_
^x~ + 3.r +1 is .
-1
+ cos
[a, h], then the value of {Aa + 64^>) is .
12. The least value of (1 + sec"'x) (1 + cos ’x) is
6. If 0 < cos“'.v < I and 1 + sin(cos“'x) + sin~(cos"^x)
+ sin^ (cos ^x)+ ●●● 00 = 2, then the value of 12x"is 13. Let cos ’(x) + cos '(2x) + cos '(3x) be K. Ifx satisfies the

3^
equation ax^ + b:^ c = 0, then the value of (Z> + a + c)
= tan ' ^ , then the value
-1
7. If tan X + — - tan IS

x) Xj X
14. The number of integral values of x satisfying the equation
of x"* is .
tan“'(3x) + tan^'(5x) = tan“'(7x) + tan”*(Zt) is .
8. If range of the function J{x) = sin"'x + 2 tan~'x + x" + 4x 15. Number of solutions of equation sin (cos"^ (tan (sec"' x)))
+
1 is [p,q], then the value of (p + ^) is . = Vl+x is/are .

9. If cos“'(x) + cos“'(y) + cos"'(z) = ;r(sec"(n) + sec‘'(v) 16. If the equation sin"'(x^ + x + 1) + cos“'(Zt + 1) = has
+ sec^(w)), where u, v, w are least non-negative angles exactly two solutions for A £ [a, 6). then the value of a + h
such that w < V < w, then the value of + y 2002 ^ ^004 is

36k .
+ is Vs Vs kjl
W-HV+W 17. sin*^2 sin ' -cos is equal to then
3 3 81
10. If the area enclosed by the curves/(x) = cos"'(cosx) and k =
g(x) = sin"'(cosx) inx e [9jdA, \5idA] is 97^lb(where a and 18. The number of solutions of
b arc coprime), then the value of b is . cos (2sin"'(cot(tan"'(sec (6cosec"'x))))) +1=0 where
x> 0 is

Archives
JEE Advanced
(1) Xt™'(./}(0» = 55
Single Correct Answer Type j=i

23 10

1. The value of cot

-1
1 + X 2A: is (2) X(> + //(0))sec'^(4(0)) = l0
H = 1 * = l j =

23 1
25
(1) — (2) — (3) For any fixed positive integer n. lim tan(/„(x)) = —
●V n
25 23
23 24
(3) — (4) — (4) For any fixed positive integers, lim sec^(/,(x)) .t —
= 1
24 23

(JEE Advanced 2013) (JEE Advanced 2018)

Multiple Correct Answers Type 3. For non-negative integerlet
6 ^4' k+\ k +2
1. If a= 3 sin — and 0 = 3 cos"' — , where the inverse Xsin K sm K
VlU ^ I9J *=o V « + 2 n + 2
trigonometric functions take only the principal values, then /(«) =
■> I k \
the correct option(s) is (are) K
n + 2
(1) cos /3> 0 (2) sin 0
(3) cos(a + /?) > 0 (4) cos a < 0
Assuming cos 'x takes values in [0,;r] which of the
(JEE Advanced 2015) following options is/are correct?
2. For any positive integer«, define: (0,00) ^ ^ as V3
f„ix) = X tan
1
for all
(1) 7 (4) = Y
1 + (x + j) (x+ j - 1) (2) If a= tan (cos“'/(6)), then or + 2a- 1 = 0
X e (0, 00).
(3) sin (7 cos' '/(5)) = 0
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan X assumes
values in {-tcI2, 7iI2).) (4) lim f{n) = ^ (JEE Advanced 2019)
Then, which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 7.39

4. For any positive integer n, let S„: (0, oo) —» /? be defined by b. If cos AT + cosy + cos z=0 = smx + siny + smz q. >5
2> X ^y
n
\+ k(k+ l)x then possible value of cos —-
5„w=S k=i cot
-1 IS

r. 1/2
n K K
where any xe R, cot ' (x) € (0, n) and tan ' (x) € c. If cos - X cos 2a: + sin x sin 2x sec x
T’lJ' 7t
= COS a: sin 2a: sec X + COS —\-x cos 2x then
Then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE ? (4
2^
-1 1+ llx possible value of sec x is
(1) 5,o(x) = Y-tan lOx
, for all X > 0
/ s. 1

^/l -x^ J =sin (tan ' ix^)\x^0.

-i
d. If cot sin

(2) lim cot(5'„(A:)) = x, for all x > 0

n —» then possible value ofx is

(3) The equation 6'3(x) = -^ has a root in (0, o«)

Codes:
a b c d

(4) tan(5'„(x)) < i,

2
for all n > 1 and x > 0 (1) s r p q
(2) s r q p
(JEE Advanced 2021) (3) r s q p
(4) r s p q (JEE Advanced 2013)
Matrix Match Type
3. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using
1. Match the statements in List I with those in List II.

List I List II the codes given below the lists:

a. A line from the origin meets the p. -4 List I List II

lines x-2_y-I_z + I and p. 1

V3
1 -2 1
a. Lety(x) = cos(3 cos ’x), x e [- 1, l],x;*± .
X —
3 _.y + 3_z-l 1 d^y(x)
at P and Q respectively. Then (x^-l) equals
1
+ x
2 -1 1
y(x) dx^ dx
If length PQ = d, then d~ is
b. Let A[, A2, A„ (« > 2) be the vertices of a q. 2
b. The value ofx satisfying q. 0
'3' regular polygon of n sides with its centre at the
tan"' (x + 3) - tan"' (x - 3) = sin
-1
are
.5. origin. Let be the position vector of the point
r. 4 A/^, k— 1,2, ... n.
c. Non-zero vectors a,bandc satisfy a.b=0,
«-i n-1

(b - a) .(b +c) = 0 and 2\b +c\ = \b -d\.lf If

it=i
= 2^(5*-a*^,) .then the
*=i
a = ^b -\-Ac , then the possible values of ^ are
minimum value of n is
d. Let/be the function on {-k, n] given by s. 5
c. If the normal from the point P{h, 1) on the ellipse r. 8
/(O) = 9 and
x^
(9x . (x — + — = 1 is perpendicular to the line x +y = 8,
fix) = sin — sm for X 0. 6
\ A J 2) then the value of h is
n

The value of — f{x)dx is d. Number of positive solutions satisfying the s. 9

iz J
-K
equation
t. 6 tan
-1 1
+ tan
-1 1
®tan
-1 ^_2'l ● is

2x + l) 4x +1J
(IIT-JEE 2010)
Codes:
2. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using a b e d
the codes given below the lists:
T (1) s r q p
List I List II
(2) q s r p
xl/2
\2 1 5
(3) s r p q
a.
1 I cos(tan ‘y)+ysin(tan 'y) +/
y^ cot(sin~'y)+tan(sin”'y) (4) q s p r
takes value (JEE Advanced 2014)
7.40 Trigonometry

Numerical Value Type (Here, the inverse trigonometric functions sin ' x and
1. Let/: [0, AtC[ [0, k] be defined byy(x) = cos ' (cos x). cos~* X assume values in
K
—
K
and [0,7u], respectively).
2 ’ 2
The number of points x g [0, 47t] satisfying the equation
(JEE Advanced 2018)
lO-x .
yw = IS
3. The value of
10
-1
1 In kn In {k + \)n in the
(JEE Advanced 2014) sec sec + —' sec
12 2 12 2
2. The number of real solutions of the equation n 3n
\i interval equals
● -1 ; + J rx 4’T
sin
I-'- ^ X -
(JEE Advanced 2019)

r-f
-1

2
cos
^ (-x)' lying in the interval
/ = !

1 n.
IS
2’ 2

Answers Key
EXERCISES 21. (I), (2) 22. (1),(2),(4)
23. (1),(3) 24. (2), (3)
Single Correct Answer Type
Linked Comprehension Type
1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (3)
I. (4) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1)
6. (4) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (3)
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (3)
II. (2) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (4)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (3) 16. (1)
21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (4)
Matrix Match Type
26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (4) 29. (4) 30. (1)
1. a —) q; b —> s; c —> p; d —> r
31. (2) 32. (3) 33. (4) 34. (3) 35. (3)
2. (4)
36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (1) 39. (4) 40. (3)
3. (2)
41. (3) 42, (3) 43. (1) 44. (2) 45. (2) 4. (3)
46. (4) 47. (2) 48. (3) 49. (4) 50. (3) 5. a -» s; b —> p; c q; d —> r
51. (1) 52. (3) 53. (1) 54. (3) 55. (4)
Numerical Value Type
56. (1) 57. (2) 58. (4) 59. (4) 60. (3)
1. (5) 2. (2) 3. (6) 4. (3) 5. (7)
61. (2) 62. (2) 63. (2) 64. (2) 65. (1) 6. (9) 7. (9) 8. (4) 9. (9) 10. (8)
66. (3) 67. (I) 68. (2) 69. (2) 70. (3) 11. (-3) 12. (25) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (0)
71. (1) 72. (4) 73. (1) 74. (3) 75. (1) 16. (1) 17. (8) 18. (3)
76. (2) 77. (4) 78. (2) 79. (2) 80. (4)
ARCHIVES

Multiple Correct Answers Type JEE Advanced

1. (2), (3), (4) 2. (1),(2),(3)
Single Correct Answer Type
3. (2), (3), (4) 4. (1)(2)(3)
1. (2)
5. (1),(2),(3) 6. (1),(2),(3)
7. (1),(2),(3),(4) 8. (1),{3),(4) Multiple Correct Answers Type
1. (2), (3), (4) 2. (1),(2),(4)
9. (1),(2),(3),(4) 10. (1),(3)
3. (1),(2),(3) 4. (1),(2)
11. (3), (4) 12. (2)
13. (1),(2),(3),(4) 14. (1){4) Matrix Match Type
15. (1),(2) 16. (1),(3) 1. (b)^(p),(r). 2. (2) 3. (1)
17. (1),(2) 18. (1),(2) Numerical Value Type
19. (1),(2) 20. (1),(2),(3) I. (3) 2. (2) 3. (0.00)
 ●^>1

Solutions

Chapter 1
To find the number of roots of the above equation, we need to find
Concept Application Exercises II the number of points of intersection of = W and v =
The graphs of these functions are as shown in the following
Exercise 1.1
figure:
1. Clearly, .v = 2 satisfies the given equation.
For A' < 2, equation becomes
5 -X

3^-^(x^-3^) = 3'^‘V-3^)
(x^-3^) (3-“^-3*-^) = 0
j: = 3 orA: = 2

.t = 2 is the only solution

/ \'
2. <2^'
12
-1--

1
^-2x“ , A"-''
<
or
U 2j From the graph number of solutions is 2.
Exercise 1.2
or

or / - 2jc^ + > 0 1. 321og,3^32log,9l'2

or (A^-Ar)^>0 ’fi
●>
= 3 ' =3
=> - A 5* 0

2. 'i/(10go.5 "|logo,5 4|
X£i?-{0,±l} - |logo.5 (0.5)-^l
3. ./■ = .x^'; X = 2y =|-2|
xH = 2
/ = (2y)
_ -yxll 1
)

y = 2, hence x = 4 3. log^6 = 3-
10
4. 2
x + 2
_ 2*+3 _ 2'X ^ _ 5x + 2
10 S') 3

2^(4-8 - 16) >5^(5-25) /, = (V^)3 = 22 = 2^=32

(2/5)'< 1
0
(2/5)' < (2/5) 4. logs 1^82 logs log2(2^)
X € (0, w) = logs 10g2 logs 9
= logs log2 'Og3 3’
●,6.x + 10 - X"

5.
f3 <
27
—
= logs logs 2
UJ 64 = logs 1
= 0
( 2 \6x + 10 - X* (3V
<
5. logs
u ^4, x=5
a

6x+ 10-x^>3 log2>'=fl

x^ - 6x - 7 < 0 y = 2"
-1
= (522')^x 100
2a-1
(x+ l)(x-7)<0 100

-1 = (5"2‘')‘*x 100"'
ixy)^
6. We have lx|3l''= 1 100
or M = 3-i^

Now, 3"''^ = -
3"',x>0 6. log,^3;j729x^“‘ X27 -An

3', X < 0
= logi/3 ^229x^3-2x3
-A
S.2 Trigonometry

2. x=log2o3
= Iog,/3^3^x3'2 1
= >Og|/3 3 - =log3 20
X
=-l
We know that 3^ < 20 < 3^
7. log4 log3 logjX * 0
logj logjX = 1 => 2<log3 20<3
1
=> log2X = 3 2<-<3
x = 2^ = S X

1 1 1
1 X e

8. We have to prove that — < log,Q 2 < j ● 3’2j

Consider log,(,2>^
] I
+

3. = log, logy 7 2 ^
I
2>10‘» 1
= log,
f1 1 + -
n
2^> 10, which is true
= 110g7 (^
-
Now consider log,Q2<j
1 = I - log,8
2<103 = 1-3 log, 2
2^ < 10, which is true. 2 2

I . 4- Iog,ooo(^^) = jlog
Thus, -<logio2<-
5. log4g28= iog^^3j(2‘x7)
9. We have x^ - logo jX = ^
or j:^=logo5X = -^'og,(2^x7)
To find the number of roots of the equation, we have to draw the
graphs ofy = x^ and^= logo 5 x. = ^ log, 2^ + log, 7
4- = ^[2log7 2 + i
1+2/h
3 2

2 1
6. logj = l0g2 =logjS = 3
ylog, 0.125 0.125 )
1-
\2

1 4 2
[log2(2^^)'^log3(2V3)^
= (log^^l6+log^^9)'
= (iog^^ 144)^
= (log^^(2V3)'’)'
= 42= 16
From the figure, graphs intersect at only one point.
8. We have 21og(2y - 3x) = log x + log y
Hence, the equation has only one root.
\og{2y - 3x)^ = log xy
Exercise 1.3
^ 4y'-12xy+ 9x^ =xy
1. (a) 1 + logjS = log22 + logyS = log2(2 x 5) = log, 10 4^-13xy +9x^ = 0
(b) 2 - log3? = 21og33 - log37 (4y-9x)(x-y) = 0
= log33^ - log3? 4>’ = 9x (As forx =y, LHS is not defined)
4
= log39 - logj?
X

y 9
= l0g3-
9. a^ + b^ = 7ab
(c) 2Iogiox + 31og,oy - 51og,oZ or {a + b)^ = 9ab
= log,ox^ + log,oy-Iogior® or
Iog(a + b)^ = log 9ab
= log,o(xV^)-logioZ^ or
21og(c + 6) = 21og 3 + log fl + log b
2..3 or
2(log(fl + b)- log 3) = log a + log b
X y
= logio
or
log \ i J
=^(loga
.2
+ log6)
 Solutions S.3

10. Eliminating n, we have log* 2Z» = 4 15. log„ {bed) = log„ b + logo + logo ^
or 2b = b^ Now 0^ = 1/
or 9=2 or x\oga=y\ogb
1/3
b =2 logb _x
or

11. log2XXlog3A: = log2X + log3j: logo y

logjf logj: _ logx ^ logjc or logJ = -

log 2 log 31 log 2 log 3 y

log X = 0 I X X
Similarly, log^ c= — and log^d= —
or
logjc 1 1 w
z

log2 1og3 log2 log3 logo = logo * logfl c + logo d

x=l or logjc = log2 +log3 (\ 1
= 1 or log jc = log 6 =x

=> a: = 1 or x = 6
yy 2 w)
12. 9 = l/ = cf \ l+log7 2
16.
f 1
AC log a =y log = z log c
149 j
£_£ log a _ log b
X y log 6 logc = (7-2yog7l4_|^jlogs7
logi, a = logo = 7'o87>4-%7
= 14“^+7
13. (a) log„ n ^ logo ob _ logo o + log« ^ 1 1373
logoi « log- «
n log,, a +7 =
196 196
= 1 +
logn^
= l + logo6
l0g„C7 Exercise 1.4
1 1 1 1
1. log2(25^^^ - 1) = 2 + log2(5^^^ + 1)
logo togj logj o iogjr b logj^ a log^ b
(b) or log2(25^^^ -1) - log2(5^-^^ +1) = 2
logo AC + logi AC 1 1 log,, a + log^ b x+l
25
log,, a log„6 log„ a log„ b ^=2
log2^
or
x+3
+1
1 1
= logoi X 25
x+3
log„ a + log„ b log„ ab . or =1 = 2^
14. logoi fl = 4 S^'^^+l
or
1
=4
or - 1 = 4y + 4 (putting 5'"‘^^=y)
logo ob or y - 4y - 5 = 0
3^ = -1,5
1 =4
or
or

logo a + logo 6 => 5..3 = 5

or AC = -2
or
l + logo6 = 74 2. Iog4(2x4*-2-l) + 4 = 2;c
or log4(2x4^"^-l) = 2A:-4
or
log„A = -T
4 or 2 x4-^-2_i =4 2x-4
1 1 or 2y-\=/ (putting y = 4''
Now, logoi i^/y/b) =
or /-2y+l=0
logflfi log a + log h or y= 1
1 1 logj> or 4X-2 = 1

_ 3 2 loga or AC = 2
log 6
1 +
3. We have 27>o83
3x+l
^ . log2 (AC-1)
log a
|log,(A:-l)|
1 1
We must have x - 1 > 0 and x - 1 1
_ 3-7>og.6 X > 1 and X ^ 2
1 +logo 6
Ifl<x<2, log2(x-l)<0
1 1 3
1 —
- 3 2 4 log2(x-l) = -l

i-i |log2(x-l)|
4
This is not possible as L.H.S. > 0 always.
17
17 log2(x-l)
24 If X > 2, then =1
1 6 log2(x-l)|
4
S.4 Trigonometry
or 2^-3t-2 = Q
Equation reduces to 27'o83
3;c + l
= 1
or (2/+l)(/-2) = 0
x^-3x+l = l
t = -\l2 ox t = 2
X = 0, 3, but X 0
x = 3 is the only solution.
logjX = - 1/2 or iog5Jc = 2
x=\!^,x = 25
4. The given equality is meaningful if
X- 1 >0,a:-3>0=>;c>3. 9. Let(A:'°S'«^)= (3'“®'“^) = /
The given equality can be written as Therefore, the given equation is
log(jc -1) log(x - 3) /2-/-2 = 0or(r-2) (r+ 1) = 0
log 4 log 2 t =2 (as r = -1 is not possible)
or log (jc- 1) = 2 log (x-3) (log4 = 2 log 2) plogiQjr^ _ 2
or (x-l) = ix-3f or logioX = log32
or :^-7x+l0 = 0 or JC=

or (;c-5)(x-2) = 0
or x = 5or2. 10. =

But x>3,soa: = 5. Taking log on both sides to the base 2, we get

logj 27 _ logs X (log4 x) (log2 x) = (log4 X + 3) log2 8
5. (logg9 + log64)-
logs 9 J log»^ Putting log2 JC = t, we get

2 - — = —^ loggX
1 12 0-t + 30,3
-r=
2 2^^ 2 [2
or -= loggJC or /^ = 3t+18
or / = 6, -3
1
or x= — or x = 2^, 2-^
8
or x = 64, 1/8

' 6. log2(2Vl7-2x) = l + log2(Jc-l)

OVl7-2x'
11. 21og^^^ y/x^ + l +j: + log2_^ -jcJ =3
log2 = 1

2log2^^l\fx^ +xj + log (2 + 73)-' y/x^ + l -X

or
x-1 = 3

'2yln-2x^
or
;c-l
= 2
7j?+T +jcJ-log x^ + \-x =3
2 + 73

or 2Vl7-2;c =2(x-\) x^+l+xf

or j^-2x+ 1 = n-2x = 3
or x^=l6 yjx^+l-x
JC = 4 (as X -4)
7. 31og/ + 21og4/ + 31og,6,4 = 0
3 2 3
l°g2 + 73( yjx^+l +jc] = 3

or =0

or
log4X
3
log4 4x
2
log4l6x
3
= 0
yjx^ + l+xj = [2 + .j3f
log4 X 1 + log4 X 2 + log4 X Vjc^ + 1+JC = 2 + >/3
3 2 3 x =^
or —+ = 0 (putting = log4x)
y l+y 2+y
12. We have = 4, x > 0, x 1
or 4/ + 8y + 3 = 0
or (2y + 3)(2y+l) = 0 X2>0g,2x^4
-1 -3
or x’oS-4^' =4
4i^ = 4
1 1
X = —
2’8
X = ±1, which is not possible.
Hence, equation has no solution.
8. (log3x)(log59) - log^S + logs2 = log354
Exercise 1.5
or ]ogx ^]og9 - 21ogjj 5 + logs 2 = 3 + logs 2
log3 logs 1. logsM>2
or 2 logjx - 2 log^S + logs2 = 3 + log32
or M>3'
x<-9orx>9
or 2/2-2 = 3/ (putting logjx = /)
 Solutions S.5

jc<-2 orx> 0
x-4
2. log2 <1 ( 5l
2x + 5 Therefore, the solution set is -oo, - - u (0, + ~).
x-4 1
0< <2
2x + 5
8. x^-6x+ 12< -
x-4
——— > 0 and <2
2x + 5 2x + 5 or - 6x + 8 < 0

——— > 0 and

x-4
-2<0
or (x-2)(x-4)<0
2x + 5 2x + 5 a: e [2,4]
x-4 -3x-14 Also, - 6x + 12 > 0 or (x - 3)2 + 3 > 0 which is true for any
>0and <0
2x + 5 2x + 5
real x. Hence, x e [2,4].

x-4 3x + 14
>0and >0
2x + 5 2x + 5
9. (0.5)
X < - 5/2 or X > 4 and x < - 14/3 or x > - 5/2 ( 2 4
f\ \log3logl/5|jf -5
nO
1
X e (-00, -14/3) u (4,00) >
V2) V2)
3. Iog,o(jc2-2x-2) <0
0<x2-2x-2<10® ( 2 4^
●ogslogi/s a: -- <0
x2-2x-2>0andx2-2x-3^0 V

x< 1 - V3 orx> 1 + ^3 .(i) < 4>

and (x-3)(x+l)<0 0<lOg,/5 V AC^-7^ J <1
xe[-l,3] ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
xs[-l, l-V3)u(l+>/3,3]
4. log,oAf^>0 Kx^<-
5
log,ox2>log,o 1
X2>1 r 3
x> 1
or X<-1.

10. /(x) = ^jlog„2

x-1

5. >x + 5 x+5

or X-1>x + 5 x-1
It is defined if logj/j >0
or - 1 > 5, which is not possible. x+5

6. |4-5x|>22 = 4 0<-
-1
<1
5x X +5
or —-1 >1
4 x-1
When > 0 , X e (-00, -5) u (1,00) ...(i)
5x x +5
—-1>1
4
x-1
5x When <1
or —-K-l x+5
4
x-1
8 -1<0
x> - orx<0
x+5
5

^8 \ -6
<0
X e (-00,0) u -, + 00 x+5
x>-5 ...(ii)
x +2 1
7. > (0.2) From (i) and (ii), x e (1, “).
X

x+2 ^ I 11. The left-hand side of the inequality is defined if 1 - x > 0, x - 2

X "5 > 0,1 -X 1. Obviously, there is no single value for which these
Multiplying by 5x^ (positive), we get inequalities are satisfied. Thus, the set of its solutions is empty.
5x (x + 2) >x2 or 4x2 + jqx > 0 12. (x + 2)(x + 4)>0,x + 2>0
x>-2
x^O or x<- —
2
x +2 Given inequality is
Also, >0
X
logs (x + 2)(x + 4)-log3 (x + 2) ^ (log7)/2
X (x + 2) > 0 (log3)/2
S.6 Trigonometry

log3(A: + 4)<log3 7 So, amount accumulated after/r years = t (1.06)"x 10000.

A: + 4<7orjc<3
Now, (1 .oe)" X 10000 = 20000
xei-2,3) (1.06)" = 2
13. Given iog^(j" - 1) < 0 => nlog,(,I.06 = logio2
Ifx> 1
II =
Iogio2 0.30103
0<x‘-l<\ log,01.06 0.025306
i<x^<2
=> log w = log 0.30103-log 0,025306
xe [-V2,-l)u(l,^] = -0.5213-(-1.5968)
X s (1,V2]
= 1.0755
If 0<x<l = 11.89
.V- - 1 > 1
So, it will take approximately 12 years.
r>2
5. Initially bacteria count is 10000.
X S (—00^ — V2 ] u ["^, <») After 30 min. it doubles i.e.. 2 x 10000.
x=(l> After 60 min. it is 2‘ x 10000.
Thus, X e (1, V2]
Exercise 1.6 So, after t minutes, bacteria count will be N = 10000 x 2^°
40 For N = 100000, we have
1. (a) N=3
●●● logio/^ = 40 log,o3 = 40 X 0.477 = 19.08 100000= 10000x230
So, number of digits in N is 20.
(b) /^=2^^x5^^ = 2''(2x5)^^ = 2’x 10-^ 230 :=,o

■■■ Iogio^' = 25 + 7log|o2 t

= 25 + 7 x 0.3010
T7^ogio2
30
=!
= 25 + 2.107 30 30
1 = = 99.67
= 27.107
Iog,o2 0.301
So, number of digits in is a 28. So, it will take approximately 100 minutes.
(c) Iog,o24-^ = 24(log|o(8x3))
= 24 [31og|o2 + Iog,o3]
6.
= log,„^
= 24 [3 x 0.3010 + 0.477]
= 24(1.38) 8-3 = log,oy
= 33.12
I

= log,„^
Now M B
So, number of digits in N is 34.
2. According to the given information, Where I B 4/^-
log a = 5 + />
1 4/^
log 6 = -3 + ^ MB
= log,oY
log c = 2 + r
where p, q and r are mantissas.
p,9,re[0, 1)
= log,o4 + log,o-^
= 0.6020+ 8.3
Adding the above equations, we get = 8.9020
\og(abc) = 4 + (p + q + r)
(p + q + r)s [0,3) So, magnitude of earthquake in city B is 8.9020.
logiabc) e [4, 7)
=>
logA^e [4,7) Exercises
Maximum possible characteristic of log N = 6
Maximum number of digits in A' = 6 + I = 7 Single Correct Answer Type

ab^ 1.(2) Let iog^ 18 = , where^ e /

3. N=
c
log4 9 + log4 2 = -^
9
Iog,oA7= logiocr + 21og,o6 - log,oc = 10.28
So, characteristic of N is 10.
So, number of digits before decimal is 11.
=>
|x21og23
2 + ^X = -^q
1 m , v
4, Principal amount = Rs 10,000 log2 3 = -^ — = — say
2
Rate of interest = 6% q

So, amount after one year = Rs 1.06 x 10000 where m, n e I and n 0

ni/n
Amount after two years = Rs 1.06 x 1.06 x 10000 3 = (2)
= Rs(1.06)-x 10000 or
3" = 2"' (possible only when m = /j = 0 which is not true)
and so on
Hence, log4 18 is an irrational number.
 Solutions S.7

2. (2) N= log,o 64 + logioSl = logjo 1984. Therefore, 12.(1) ;V=501og,oAT

3<AT<4=»7
=> log,oA^=
50
3.(3) Let;c = 20002®®®
W50
log JC = 2000 log,o(2000) => N = (10)
I/too
= 2000 (log,o2 + 3) (10)1/50 ^ (io)2/>oo = (100)
= 2000 (3.3010) = 6602 N= 100

Therefore, the number of digits is 6603. 13. (1) Let log2 12 = a, then
4.(3) (21.4)“ =100 1
alog(21.4) = 2
= log2 96 = log2 2^ X 12 = 3 + a
log96 2
.-. log(21.4) = 2/a ...(i) log2 24 = 1 + fl
From (0.00214)* = 100, we get log2 192 = log2(16x 12) = 4 + a
h(log 0.00214) = 2 1
or 61og(21.4x io-^) = 2 and = log2 12 = a.
logi2 2
2 2 1 a
or b = Therefore, the given expression is:
log21.4-4 1-4 i-2 l-2a
(1 +fl) (3 + a)-(4 + a)a = 3
a a
1 l-2fl
14.(2) log(,_.2>x = 2
b a
x = (x-\2f
1 1 x^-25a:+144 = 0
- =2
a b
x = 9, 16
but X9t9,x=16
5. (2) log ab is defined if > 0 or a and b have the same sign.
Case (i): a,b>0 1 + X| 1+ JC2
log ab - loglh| = log a + log b-logb = log a 15. (4) /x,) +/{X2) = log
.1-^1 1-^2.
Case(ii): a^b<0
● log ah - log|hl = log(-fl) + log (-6) - log (-Z») 1+ X2 -H + JC2
= log
= log (-fl) ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
log flh - log|hl = log lfl|. 'l + Ali'
1 + JC)X2 ^1+^2
6.(1) Letfl =x-1, h=x, c = x+1 = log =/
1-
^1+^2 ^ + XiX2,
Now log (1 + flc) = log [1 + (X - l)(x + 1)] 1 + x,x
i-*2 ;
= logx^ = 2 logx = 2 log b
K=logb 16. (1) Given 4 log^fl + 51og„h = 0
fl + log4 3 _ fl + logg3 _ log4 3-log8 3 _ 1 log„h = -4/5 ...(0
7.(3)
fl + log23 fl + l0g43 I0g23-l0g43 3 f 4\
Now loga(fl^h'’) = 5+4 logflh = 5 + 4
8. (1) log (p + g) = \ogp + log q V 5/
=> P + <!=P<i
pq-p-q = 0
pq-p-q+\ = \ 17.(1) Using property,
●=> (p-\)(q-l)=l 3^®845 = 510843
log (p -1) + log (^ - 1) = log 1 = 0 31034$ _ ^10343 _ Q
18. (3) Taking log, we have
9.(4) l + 21og3 2 ^ (log3 2)^ ^(l + lQg3 2)" = 1
(x +y) log 2 =y (log 2 + log 3)
(1 +logs 2)2 (l + log3 2)2 (l + log3 2)2
X log 2=7 log 3
10. (4) Here, 5 = 4“ and 6 = 5*. X
y ^ x-y = A (say)
Let logj 2 = X, then 2 = 3^ or
log 3 log 2 log 3 - log 2
Now, 6 = 5* = (4“)* = 4“* or 3 = 2^“* - ‘
.'. 2 = (2
2ab-\
Also (x - 1) log3 = (y + 1) log 2
x(2flh-l)=l or X log 3 -y log2 = log 3 + log 2
Using Eq. (i), we get
11.(2) logo..(9.6)=log^f^l=
go.72t (>ogio96-»9ii^
(logic 72-log,0100)
A [(log3)2 - (log2)2] = log 3 + log 2
1
_ logio(2^x3)-l A=
log3-log2
log,c(22x32)-2
5fl+h-l
3fl + 2h-2
Y = log 3 - log 2 = log ^
A ^
S.8 Trigonometry

19.(4) 3-23'°*J5',3-2 26.(4) R.H.S.=a:= [log,„ 5-log,„ 10] = at log,„

1

=> 3'”*J5'=1 1 1

2^+x-l 2^
=> log^j: = 0
=> a:= 1 Therefore a:- 1 = 0 or a: = 1.

27. (2) We must have a: - 1 > 0

20. (4) Using ^ =Nrepeatedly, we get
a:> 1

(Vs) = 3 and 5+41og3(x-1)>0

1/3 or 4 log3 (a:-1) >-5
5'“85(f) = 3
or
IOg3(AC-l)>- ^ 4
-5/4
= 3 or a: - 1 > 3
.2) or a: > 1 + 3
-5/4
...(ii)
X
- =27 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get at > 1 + 3-5^
2
=> x = 54 5 + 41og3(A--l) = 9
=> 41og3(x-l) = 4
21. (2) ^log2 X - 0.5 = log2 y/x or log3(x-l)=l
or ^log2 X - 0.5 = 0.5 log2 x or A:-l=3orA: = 4

=> y-0.5 = 0.5/ 28.(4) 2a:'‘’84 3 + 3Io84^ = 27

=> /-2y+l=0
=> 2x 3'°®^^ + 3'"8^^ =27
=> y=l
=> log2 jr = 1 => 3'og4^=9=32 ;
x =2 ^ log4 a: = 2
1
a: = 4^=16.
22. (1) Let r = log^x(x,y > 0, and?£ 1), then r+ y = 2 or (/- 1)^ = 0 29. (4) log4 (3 -x) + logo 25 (3 + :t) = log4 (1 - ^) + logo.25 (2at '+ 1)
t = logyc = 1, i.e., X = y. We get log4 (3-x) - log4 (3 +AC) = log4 (1 - a:) - log4 (2ac + 1)
x2+x-12 = 0x = -4, 3. log4 (3 - Af) + log4 (2a: + 1) = log4 (1 - Af) + log4 (3 + AC)
X = 3 only (- 4 rejected) (3-x)(2a:+l) = (l-;c)(3+x) '
>^ = 3, 3 + 5x-2x^ = 3-2x-x^ i
x = 9 a^-7x = 0
a:= 0,7
23. (3) (4)'°®’ ^ + (9)'“®2 = (10)'°®-
83

1
Only X = 0 is the solution and x = 7 is i o be rejected.
rlogs 3
+ (9)^'°®2 2 = (10)'”®-
83
or (4)2 2 logs (^^ + 28)
30.(2) = -log5 (12-4x-x^)
or 2+ 81 = (10)'”®-*^ logs (1/5)2
=> Z»x + 28=12-4x-x2
or 83 = (10)'”®-*2
or* x2 + (^ + 4)jf+16 = 0
x= 10
For coincident roots,
24. (3) (x +1)'”®'“ = 100(x +1) D = 0

=> log,o(x + l)'“8.o(-+» = log,o(100(x +1)) =5 (6 + 4)2 = 4(16)

=> 6 + 4 = ±8
=> logio(Jf + 1) log,o(Jf + 1) = 2 + log,o (x + 1)
Let log,o(x+l)=y 31.(2) 22>--2^+ 2^(1-2^ = 0
=> /-y-2 = 0 Putting 2^ = t, we get
^ y = 2 or - 1 /2-r + 2*(l-20 = 0, where t1
;2^ and = 2^
^ logio (-^ ■*■ 1) — 2, — 1 V2 = 2^(1-20
=> x+1 = 100,1/10 = 2^(1 - 20
=> x = 99 or-9/10 Ji+J2=^ + log2(l -20
10 1 32. (1) = 16^ ^hgre X > 0, X 1
25.(4) y = 3 + -j. The given equation is of the form (x + 3)2=16
1 1 1 or x= 1,-7
- = ^ + - , wherep^q asx^y
p+—=3+—
P 3 q Therefore, both values are not possible.
log2X = 3, log2V= 1/3 {'■●x^y) 33. (4) Let loggx =y, then the given equation erduces to
x = 2\y = 2
1/3
(I-2;-)//= 3.
x+y = 8 + 2
1/3
3/ + 2>> - 1 = 0
 Solutions S.9

(3v-l)0'+l) = 0 (In x)" - 3 In X + 2 = 0

=> \ogf^x=y= V3, I (Inx- 2)(ln X - I) = 0
x = 2, 1/8 If lnx = 2 =>x = e"
If Inx = 1 ^x = e
34. (4) Given equation can be written as
= 5+ 4^108: Since x, > X2, we get x, = and X2 = e

2 _
X-, ●'^1
Let = i. Then the given equation becomes
_ 4, _ 5 = 0 l±7l-41og|6l
40.(1) log,e,x 2
(/-5) {/+1) = 0
/ = 5 or r - -I (rejected) For exactly one solution, 4 logjg /r - 1.
a
I0g2 .t = 5 jf‘=16, i.e.,it=2,-2.
x'"^^"=5 41.(2) x'“e5*>5
.x = 5log„2 Taking logarithm with base 5, we have
(logs x) (togs x) > ●
logx (1/2) log X
35. (2) + = 0 or (logjX- 1) (logsX+ 1)>0
log 3+ (1/2) logx log 3 + log X or logs > 1 or logs -r < - 1
1 logs
^ iog3-y + — = 0 x> 5 orx< 1/5
l + (l/2)l0g3 X 2 (1 + logs x) Also we must have x > 0. Thus,
y y
= 0
xe (0, l/5)u(5,»).
Let logjX =y, we get +

1 + (t/2) 2(\ + y)
42.(1) 2 + log, ^/I+T > 1 - log,/2 >/4 - X-
( 2
or y = 0
1 + IOg2 yjx+\ - logj >0
2 + 3' 2{l + y))
or ^[4 + 4>^ + 2 + y] = 0 or
log,2+ log2-v/x+ 1 log, > 0
0 or>' = - 6/5
2yfl^ >0or
2vm >1
=> logjX = 0 or logyX = -6/5 or
l0g2
X = 1 or X = 3
-6/s
74-x^ ^/47; .2

4(x+l)>4-.x-
36. (2) Taking log of both sides with base 3. we have
x^ + 4x > 0
(logs + (log3 - 11^) (logs -r) = -2 log 3X
x<-4 or x>0 ...(i)
=> logs x= 0 or 2 log3X+(logjx)^ - 8 = 0 Also, X + 1 > 0 or X > -1
X = 1, or log 3 X = 2, -4. and 4 - x^ > 0
Hence, x= 1,3^, 3
-4

or xe(-2, 2)
(x-\\ xe(0,2)
37.(2) We have log2(x^ - x) log, + (logjx)- = 4
X = 1, as X € N
[log(x - 1) + log x][log(x - 1) - log x] + (log2x)- = 4 43.(2) (log,o.6,(0.6)')logs(5-2x)<0
[log,(x - 1 )]^ - (10g,x)^ + (log2X)^ -4 = 0 5-2x< 1
=J [log,a-l)]^ = 4 x>2 ...(i)
^ log2(x-l) = +2 Also, 5 - 2x > 0 ...(ii)
1
X - 1 = 4 or — From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we havex e[2, 2.5).
4
44. (4) Put 2' = t. Then l > 0. The given inequality becomes
X = 5 or — 1 2
4 >
/-I 2-t -

38. (4) logs (log, x) + logi;3 (log,/2>0 = 1

or logs (log2 x) - logjflogi/jV) = 1 I-] 2-t
or logs (log2 (4/r)) - log3(logi/2y) = 1 2-t-2t + 2
=> >0
or log2 (4//) = 3(log,/2y) (f-l)(2-/)
or logs (4/y) = -3(log2v) 4-3/
>0
or logs (4/;'^) + (logoV^) = 0 (/-!)(2-/)
or 4y= 1 => (/-l)(/-4/3)(/-2)>0.
or 1/4 +
+

x = 64 >●

4/3 2
39.(2) e“-x*'’^ = x^ 1

Taking log on both sides, we get From above sign scheme, we get
ln(e^x'"*) = ln(x^) 1 < / < 4/3 or / > 2.
S.IO Trigonometry
K2*<4/3or2*>2
0 < a: < log2 (4/3) or X > 1 49.(3) We have, logj (ac^-2) < log3 -|A:|-i
v2 ^
45. (3) Given logj jc + log2 y>6
For this to be true, we must have
=> log2 (xy) > 6
=> xy>64
Also to define log2 x and log2^, we have
;c^-2>0,||;c|-l>0 [
Ac>0,;^>0.
and JC
Since A.M. > G.M., we have

a:^ > 2,1 Af |>-| and 2 |Acp - 3(a:| - 2 < 0

or x+y> 2yfj^^l6
46. (3) Given inequality is defined if x > 2/5; a: ^ 1 \x\>^/2, kl>j and(2|Ac|+ l)||x|-2)<0
Case I; If a: > 1 |x|>V2and|x|<2 |
5 1
>JC -J2<\x\<2
2
a:6(-2,->S)u(V2,2) I
X

1 5
or x + — < —
X 2 50.(4) log(^+,)(A:2_4j> 1
or 2(a^+1)<5jc WemusthaveAc^-4>0,AC+ 1 > 0 and a:+ 1 ?£ 1
or 2aj^ - 5jc + 2 < 0 Are(2,oo) ...(i)
or 2ac^-4a:-a: + 2<0 Case I:

or (ac-2)(2a:-1)<0 Ar+ 1 > 1 =^jc>0

=» a:6(1,2) ...(i) jc^-4>x+l
/. jc2-jc-5>0
Case II:
●j <a:< l,then(jc-2)(2AC- 1)>0
(i+yfiT ]
[—-“J ...(ii)
Ace
f2 n
jce —
(ii)
15’ 2)
Case II:
'2 V
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get jc e u(l,2). (aj+1) 6(0,1)
.5’ 2,
47.(2) jc2-16<4ac-11 =» AT6 (-1, 0)
=> Af^-4jc-5<0 Clearly, this is not possible as jc 6 (2,
=» (a:-5)(a:+1)^0
-1^ac<5 Multiple Correct Answers Type
...(i)
Also jc^- 16 > 0 1. (1),(4)
jc<-4orjc>4 (ii)
And 4jc - 11 > 0
log„ a + logjf + log^2^ =0
=> Jc>ll/4 (iii) or
1 f.
2 4-
3 — = i)
,
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have x 6 (4, 5]. log„ ax log„ a: (log„ a^jc)
jc^ + xl <0
48.(4) logo.8 logg or = 0
jc+4 l + l0g„AT log^AC (2 + l0g„AC)
JC^+JC 1 2 3
logfi >1 Let log^ =y, we have + —+ = 0
jc + 4 y+1 y 2+y
JC^+JC or
+ 1 ly + 4 = 0
>6
JC + 4
1 1 4
or
y = log„Aj = --,--
JC^ + JC ● „
6>0
JC + 4 JC =

x^-5x-24
>0 2. (2), (3), (4)
(JC + 4)
2* + 2.56-a:^ 2^'-5^'
(x-8)(ac + 3) >0
(x + 4) or

(x-8)(x + 3) or (6 - X - a:^) log,o 5 = (ac^ - x - 2) log,o2 (base 10)

From the sign scheme of
(x + 4) ’ or (6-x-x2)[l -log,o2] = (Ac^-x-2)logio2
X 6 (-4, - 3) u (8, oo).
or 6-x-x^ = (log,o2) [(x^-x-2)-x^-x + 6]
 Solutions S.11

or
6-x-jc2 = (log,o2)[4-2x] 7. (1),(2),(3),(4)
or ;c2+x-6 = 2(log,o2)(x-2) \o^„x = botx = a^
J2
or
(x + 3)(x-2) = (log,o4)(x-2)
(1) Fora= « Qandb = ^^ Q;x= which
Therefore, either jc = 2 orx + 3 = log,o 4 is rational.

=>
A.= log,„4'-3 = log„(^
jc = -log,o(250)
(2) For a = 2 e Q and b = log23 g Q;x = 3 which is rational.
(3) Foro = >^andZ» = 2;jc = 2
(4) The option is obviously correct.
3. (l),(2),(3),(4)i
8. (2), (3), (4)
●og* ^ _ Jog* y log* z _
Let
T—“I
b-c c-a
~—r~P
a-b
lOg2(jf-0.5) ^ log2(Jc + l)
log2(x + l) log2(x-0.5)
or [log2(x + 1 )]^ = [log2(x - 0.5)]2
log2(A: + 1) = ± log2(x - 0.5)
~ l^b-c)+p(c-a)+p(a-b) _ fp _ j If Iog2(A: + 1) = log2(ac - 0.5). Then,
_ f^pa(b - c) j^b(c - a)yK{a - ft) _ ^0 _ j .r + 1 = X - 0.5, hence no solution
^c+a ^b _ j^b + a)(ft - c) + a)(c - a)^(a + ft)(a - ft) If log2(x + 1) = log(x - 0.5)“'. Then,
= *®=1 x+\ =
1 2

4. (2), (3) a:-(1/2) 2x-\

logjtxlog5A: = log^5 or (x+ l)(2x-l) = 2
or 2a^ + x-3 = 0
log X log /:
or
=log^ 5 or 2x^ + 3x-2x-3 = 0
log A: log 5
or (jc-l)(2x + 3) = 0
logx
or
= Iog,5 x= 1 (x = -3/2 is rejected)
log 5
9. (1),(4)
1
or
logs^ = 3
logjx 1+ log3 X+ 1 = 0
or
(IOgsAC)^=l (^v Zlogjjcj
or logsX = ± 1 Let log3X =y, we get
/
±1
=> x = 5
= -l
x =
Iv

5. (1),(3),(4)
or

[ 2y) /
2y + 3 1
=(yjxf ,p,qeN or

2y y^
^logx = x log or 2y + 3y-2 = 0 (v ^5*0)
or 2}^ + 4y-y-2 = 0
or logx yfx =0 or (>;+2)(2y-l) = 0
y= 1/2 or y = - 2 (not possible)
1/2
;c = 3
=* logX = 0or ^ =0
=>

10. (1),(2)
= 1 or 4
l0gi/2(4 -x)> log,,22 - l0g,/2(x - 1)
6. (1),(2),(3) or log,/2(4 - jc)(jr - 1) ^ log,,22
or (4-x)(a:-1)<2
10^
(1) log,o — Iog,o(10x2) + (log,o2)2 or - 5a: + 6 > 0
\ ^ J
or (x-3){x-2)>0
= (1 - log,o2) (1 + log,o2) + (log,o2)2 = 1 or jc>3orA:<2

log 2^x3 But X e (1,4)

(2) = 1
log(48/4) => Are (1,2] u [3,4)
1/5 11. (1),(3)
(3) -logslog3 9 -logs log3 3
= -logs(l/5)=l (log„log^ = (A:-2) log„x-k
(taking log on base a)
f
1 64'I Let log„ X = r, we get
(4) -log = -l
\21) 2/^-(A:-2)r + A:=0
S.12 Trigonometry

Putting D = 0 (has only one solution), we have 15. (1),(2),(3)

{k-2f-%k=Q 3 logic 2
1^-\2k + A = Q (1) Iog3o8 =
or
Iog,o5 + log,o3 + log,o2
or
,
k=
\2±ylm 3(1-logic 5)
2
Iog,c5 + log,o3 + log,o2
or k=6±4yJ2
_ 3(l-log,o5) 3(l-g)
12. (3), (4) l + logio3 1 +6

|^_j|log3A:^-21og,9 logic 13
(2) Iog4ol5 =
Since L.H.S. > 0. So, x > 1 logic 40
(;c_iyo83X^-21<.g,9 =(;c_l)7 ^ Iogic3 + logio5 ! a+b
Iog,o5 + 3[l-log,o5] 3-2a
^ X - 1 = 1 or log3 - 21og^9 = 7
1
=> X = 2 or 2 log3X - 4 -7 = 0
(3) log24s32 — logio2 ^ l-logipS ^ 1-g
\0gjX logic 3 logio3 b
x = 2or 2(log3x)^ - 7 log3X- 4 = 0
a: = 2 or log3X = -1/2,4 16. (1),(2)
-1/2
x = 2otx = 3 ,3^ 1 1
-log„6-log*a
=> x = 2,81 (vx>l) 6 a*®®'* log^2 b ● log^2«
^log,alog,fc
13. (2), (3)
6 I '.eb
' Sax ^ — a

loge(x^ +15a^) - log^(a - 2) = log^ _ 4

a
Sax
Here a >2, >0 3
a-2
2
x>0
17. (2), (3)
x^ + lSa^ 8ax
Now > 2, X > 0
a-2 a-2

or x^-8ax+15a^ = 0 => >4

X = 3a, 5a Taking log on both sides with base 2, we get

Now, AC = 9 (given) >2
l0g2 AC
0 = 3. I or (log2 >/x)(log2 AC) S2
But a> 2
or (l/2)(log2X)(log2AC)>2
a = 3
or (\og^f>4
For a = 3,x = 9,15
or (log2X-2)(log2X + 2)>0
14. (1),(4)
log2X < - 2 or log2X > 2
(1) m-n = (log25)2 - (log25 + 2) Ac< l/4orx>4
= (log25-2) (log25 + l)>0
X e (0,1/4] u [4, oo)
m>n

(2) 2^ <10 Linked Comprehension Type

1/3
or 2< 10
1/3 1. (3), 2. (2)
or logic2 < logiolO
m<n logs (log2 x) + log,/3(log,/2:V) = 1
(3) m = log,o5 ● log,o20 logs (10g2 - log3 (- log2>') = 1
\

= (logiolO - Iog,o2)(log,ol0 + log,o2) 1 ^ l0g2 ^

=> logs -T-^ = 1
= (l-log,o2)(l+log,o2) 1, log23^j
= l-(log,„2)'
<1 =» -J2ia£=3
10g2>^
m<n
=» X)^= I
rn
(4) m = log,/2 - = log23 and « = log,/3 - = log32 Also, xy^ = 9
1
m log23
= (log,3)^>l =» 3^ = ^
n \og^2 x = 729
m> n (as w > 0)
 Solutions S.13

3. (2), 4. (4) abcdef= log34 ● log45 ● log56 ● log57 ● log78 ● logg9

Let log^ = t = log39 = 2
ThenAT=y ...(1) c. We have to find characteristicof log22008.
Now, X log^.x = 2 becomes We know that Iog2l024 =10 and log22048 = 11, therefore
y=2 10<log22008<11
x =2
Mt
...(2) Hence, it has characteristic is 10.

And = 16 becomes d. Iog2(log2(log3 at)) =0

y"=2^ => log2(log3A:) = 1
At
y =2 ...(3) => log3X = 2 I
Putting the valubs of x andy in (1), we get => x = 9
4/^ Similarly, we have log3(log2y) = 1
2'” =2
4r^= 1 =» log2y = 3 or y = 8
Therefore, jr-y= 1.
(1
t = ...(4) 2. a q; b p, s; c p; d ^ p, r
2/3
2/3
= 15
Using (4) and (2), we get x = (2)^^^'^' = 2^
a

\
1
Using (4) and (3), we get y= (2/'*^'^^ = 2^ b. 3 5*''”®’^ +
5. (2), 6. (3)
y(-iog,o0.i)J
We have 1
= 3 5'“®*’ +
y/tog^^abTioB^^ - yjlog^b V(iogioOr'),
E = 2^
1

^^(Jiog7o*+iog7i^- ^loga Wa+logfta/b'jyjlogg b

= 3 7 +
yiogiolo

= 22
i(,/2+logot+logfta -^log„b+logh a-2 j^loga* c. log3 5 ● log25 27

i^^(log„/.)2+21og„6+l j ^ log5 log27 log5 ^^3 log3 3

= 22 log3 1og25 log3^2 1og5 2
= 22 |(>/(log>+l)2 - V(log„ 6-1)2] d. (logjox)^ = log IOOj: = 2 + log,o x
1
Putting log jf = /, we get /^ = 2 + f
^(|lDg„6+l|-|log„6-lD or i^-t-2 = 0
= 22
=> t = 2 or t = -\
Case I:
6 > a > 1 => log,oAT = 2orlogioA: = -l
=» x= 100 or AC = 1/10
log„ b > loga a
logo * ^ 1 Hence, the product of roots is 10.
3.(1) a->s;b->p;c->q;d-^r

a. A = log2 log2 log4 256 +

Case II: = log2 log2 log4 4^* + 4
\ <b<a = log2 log2 4 + 4= l+ 4 = 5
0 < logo* < logofl b. log3 (5a: - 2) - 2 log3 yj3x + \ = 1 - log3 4
0 < logo/) < 1
or log3 (5a: - 2) - log3 (3a: + 1) + log3 4 = 1
^ ^{(Iogo6 + l-l + log„6)
£ = 22 '(5x-2)(4)^
or log3 =1
_ 2‘/2.(21og„6) I 3a: + 1 j
= 2'°®"* or
(5:c-2)(4)
3a: + 1
Matrix Match Type or a:= 1

1. a ^ q; b -> s; c -> p; d -> r c. 7 log,(.x®-4;t+5) = (^-1)

1 1
a. We have = log;^ + log„4 = log^l2 or a:^-4x + 5=a:- 1
log3 7T log4 K or jc^-5a: + 6 = 0
But < 12 < ;r^, we have 2 < log„ 12 < 3. or (a:-2)(jc-3) = 0
b. 3" = 4; 0 = log34 => AT = 2orx = 3

Similarly, b = log45 etc. Also we must have a:^ - 4a: + 5 > 0 and a: - 1 > 0
Hence, X>1 (as x^ - 4x + 5 > 0 is true for all real nmnbers)
S.14 Trigonometry

\2 ^ / = 2or/ = -l
1
d. x>0, —log2JC-2 ■ ^ + 1 >0 a: = 4 or 1/2
2 \ 2 ^
^ log2 X - (log2 +2>0 logs _ 2 +log; 7
5.(5) a =
=> (Iog2X)^-lOg2X-2<0 logs 245“l + 21ogs7
Let log2 X = /, we have -r- 2<0 or a + 2a logs? = 2 + logs?
=> (/-2)(/+1)<0 a-2
or logs? ^
=> - l</<2 l-2a

=» - 1 < log2 X < 2 logs 875 3 + logs ^

Now b =
=> - <x<4 logsl?15"l + 31ogs?
2
or
b + 3b logs? ~ 3 + logs?
Hence, the number of integers is 3, i.e., {1,2, 3}. b-3
or logs? = ...(ii)
Numerical Value Type l-3b

1.(3) logjc = 3 + logjo From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

a-2 b-3
or logs — = 3 or c = 21a ...(i) l-2a 1-36
a

log„6 = 2; log*c = 2 =>

l-ab = 5
^
=> log„6 ● logftC = 4 a-b

^ log„c = 4
6.(8) (logjTX^)^ = 10g27X^
c =
...(ii) or
(3 log27X)^ = 6 log27X
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a = 3, c = 81.
or 3 log27X (3 log27X - 2) = 0
From log„ 6 = 2, we have b = a^ = 9.
Hence, c/(ab) = 3. X = 1 or 10g27X = —
2. (1) Let log,o2 =/7 and log,o5 = q x = (2?)2/3 = 9 3
Difference = 9-1 =8
Hence, p + q= I
x=p^ + 3pq + q^ ?. (3) We must have 12 - 3x > 0
and X >0
= ^pqip + 9) + '^pq
= \-3pq-^ 3pq => X e (0,4)
= 1 Therefore, the integral values are 1, 2, 3.

3. (6) Let \o%^A = log^^ = log9(^ + 5) = x

^ = 4^;5 = 6^and^ + 5 = 9^
Forx= 1; -(3'°82>) =35_30 >32

^+5 = 9*=>4^ + 6^ = 9" Similarly, x = 2 satisfies but not x = 3

2^ + 2'^. 3’^ = 3^ Hence, the required sum = 3. |
3 f3
\jf
8. (3) log2 15 . log,/6 2 . logs i/6 I
-1 = 0
UJ \2) _ log 15 log 2 -log 6
log 2 -log 6 log 3
(2 l + >/5
= logs 15
\2) 2
9. (6) Let N=2 logjj4 + 3 log^5; wherex = (2000)®
1 + n/J
\jr

]^J3 = log^4^ + log^5^

A [2J 2
= log/^ ● 5^
4—= 4 = log f2000)
(2000)*
A 2
1
B 6
4- =6
A
Hence, the reciprocal of given value is 6.
4
4. (4) logg54 + log,16 = log^ X - logs^ - 10.(5) ^logj X -1 - - logs X + 2 > 0 (x > 0)

or 1+2 log63 + logjf16 = 2 logjx - logg j => ^\og2 X -1 -1. (logs ^ “ l) + > 0 ...(i)
or 1+2 logg3 + logj,l 6 = 2 logjx - logg2 + logg3
or 1 + logjf 16 = 2 logsx - (Iogg2 + logg3) Let yjlog^~x^ = / > 0, we have ...(ii)

or 1 + log^l6 = 2 logsx- 1 logs X - 1 > 0

or
—^
log2 X
=21og2X-2 Then fi-om Eq. (i), we have t- —t^+— > 0
3^-2t-K0 ^ ^
Let logjx = t, we have (t - 2)(t + 1) = 0 l/3</< 1 ...(iii)
 Solutions S.15

From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we have ()</<]. log5 250 logs 10
15.(2) N =
0 < ^log, X -1 < 1
0 < log. -r - 1 < I = (logs 250)(logs50) - (Iogsl0)(logsl250)
1 < log, .Y < 2 = (3 + log52) (2 + logs2) - (1 + Iog52) x (4 + logs2)
2<x <4 = (log52)" + 5 log_s2 + 6 - [(log52)- + 5 log52 + 4]
Hence, the integral values are 2 and 3, and their sum is 5. = 2

11.(2) logJ.Y-3|>-l 16. (1) .Y+ log,o (2' + 1) =.v log|o5 + iog,„6
0<|x-3|<2 or
A- (log,ol0 - log|o5) + log„)(2' + I) = log|o6
-2 < .T - 3 < 2, .Y 3 or
A log,„2 + logio (2' + 1) = logi(,6
5, .Y 3 or
log[o2U2’'-'- l) = iog|o6
-ve {2,4} or 2-'^ + 2’^ - 6 * 0

12. (9) Wc must have a > 1

or (2‘ + 3) (2’ - 2) = 0
1 2'^ = 2

2 1ogi,,(A- 1)< j A = 1

1 log2(A‘-A) 17.(5) z = 8x\2 5y,r = .Y^V'

or + 2 log, (a - 1) > 0 ,1/3
3 3
A =
or log,2 - log,{A" - a) -r 6 log, (a - 1) > 0
_2/l8
2(a-D" 1
. 1
or log. >0
^2/3
" .V(A-I) 22/3
1
2(a-1)^ > I 2/3
orr =
or
(10) 10
A

Putting A - I =^, wc have y > 0. Thus, log, 18 _ 1 + 21og2 3

18. (1) We have a = log]; 18 =
2r^ log, 12 2+log, 3
- 1 >0
v + 1 log; 54 _ 1 4-3 log, 3
and h = log,4 54 =
2 v" y-l log, 24 3 + log; 3
or >0
y + 1 Putting A = log, 3, we have
1 + 2a 1+3a '1 + 2a 1 + 3a^
or
2y^-2y + y-l >0 ah + 5{a -h) = + 5

y + 1
2 + A 3 + A ^ 2 +A 3+A ^

or
2v(/-l) + J'-l >0
6a‘ + 5a + 1 + 5(-.y‘ + 1)
y + 1 (A+ 2) (A+ 3)

or
(y-I)[2y(y+l)(yy l) + l >0
A" + 5a + 6

y + 1 (A+2) (A+ 3)
v-1

II
or >0orv> I
y+ 1 Archives
A >2

13. (6) 3 + 2\^2 = (V2 + 1)- and 3 - 2V2 »(V2 - 1 )’ JEE Advanced

log Single Correct Answer Type

^3 + 2^ In 2 In 3
1.(3) (Zy) = (3y) ...(>)
3ln.x _ .jln.r ...(ii)
Iog^„ ((V2 +1 +
5-.)) (logA)(log3) = (logy) log2
(log.r) (log3)
,3/2 logy = ...(iii)
log2
In (i) taking log on both sides, wc get
3/2 (log 2) {log 2 + log a} = log 3 {log 3 + logy}
(log3)-(logA)
(log 2)’ + (log 2) (log A) = (log 3)- +
14
.(6) 5'‘’«''*“^'» + log^^ + log,/
‘ 10 + 2n/2T log 2
[from (iii)]
4
= 2 + l0g; (V7+>/3)- (log3)--(log2)^
IV7+V3J or (log 2)--(log3)“ =
log 2
(log a)

= 2^1og,l6 = 2 + 4 = 6 or - log2 = log A

S.16 Trigonometry

x=
1
—
Numerical Value Type
2
1 1 1 1
-0—■ 1.(4) Let J4- =y
372 r 372 V 372 ■■■
1
Multiple Correct Answers Type So,4- (V>0)
372
1. (1),(2),(3)
1
3^ = 4^-* or y-4 = 0
372
log2 3^ = (x - 1) log2 4 = 2 (jc - 1) 8
or
or jrlog2 3 = 2x-2
2 So, the required value is
or x =
2-log23 r 1 8
6 + Iog3;2 = 6 + lugj — =6-2 = 4.
Rearranging, we get ,3^|2 ^ 372
x =
2 21og32 1 I

_J_ 21og32-l
2-
log32
2.(8) £■= ((log2 9)2)'‘’S2('“82^> x(77)‘°S4 7
1

Rearranging again, we get

1
((10g2 9)2)">S2<'“82 9) =((log2 9)2j)'’’8«'*2’)'
= (Iog2 9)''"®«“«’>''
x = log3 4 ^ log43 1

log34-l 1
-1 l-log43 = (log2 9)'°®“^^’>" =4
log43 I
-log? 4
(7?)'”84 7 =(7)2 -'jiogyl _2
.. £ = 4x2 = 8
I Chapter 2
Circle inscribed in triangle touches BC at D, which is midpoint
Concept Application Exercises of5C.

In triangle ODB,
Exercise 2.1
OD r
sin 30' (/■ is the radius of incircle)
1. OB R
D C 12
r= — =6
2
135'
Area of inscribed circle = = 36;r sq. unit
8
4. The given arrangement of coins is as shown in the given figure.

45°
d.
A E B
12

Area of the parallelogram - 2 x Area of triangle ABD

1
= 2 X —xABx DE

= 12 X 8 sin 45°

To find the area of the triangle, we need to find its side.

For circle with centre C-^, BP and BP'two tangents from B
to circle,
Therefore, BC2 must be the angle bisector of ZB.
ZB = 60° (v A45C is equilateral)
ZC,5P = 30°

1
tan 30° = -
C X

In triangle ADB,
x = <2
BC = BP + PO + QC
BD = AB cos 60°= 6x- = 3
2 = x + 2+x = 2 + 2^l3
In triangle ADC,
V3 2
1 Area of an equilateral triangle is — a ■ , where a is side length.
CD = AC cos 45°= 3>/6x = 3V3
V2
5C=3 + 3V3 AreaofA/15C =

3. In the figure, circumcircle of equilateral triangle ABC has = V3(1 +3 + 2V3)

circumference 24;r.
= (4V3 + 6) sq. unit
5. Let AB = 2 units be one of the sides of the polygon.

Let R be the radius of the circle and O be the centre.

2kR = 24n Then ZAOB = 360°/9 = 40°, where O is the centre of circle.
R=\2 If OL 1 AB, then AL = 1 and ZAOL = 20°
Radius of the circle = OA= AL cosec 20° = cosec 20°
S-18 Trigonometry

6. From figure, we have 3. sec 8+iand = p

. G 3 1
sin — = — sec 6 - tan Q
2 5 P

e 4 Subtracting second from first, w'e gel

cos —= — I
1 5 2 tan 0=/> or tan 0 = —
P 2p
. 0 0
sin—hcos—=
4. Multiplying both sides by (I -sin/J)( 1 sin 0) (1 - sin C), we get
(I ~sin"<4)(l -siir 5) (1 - sin' Q
= (1 - sin A)' {1 ■- sin B)' ( \ - sin O"
(1 - sin /4) (1 - sin 5) (1 - sin C)
= ± cos A cos B cos C

Similarly. (1 + sin^) (I + sin 5) (1 + .sin C)

= ± cos A cos B cos C

5. Given (sec 0 -i- tan 0) (sec <p + tan <p) (sec y/+ tan y/)
= tan 0tan 0tan y/

Since (sec 0- tan 0) = . we have

(see 0 +tan 0)
(sec 0- tan 0) (sec 0 - tan 0 )(scc y/-tan i^)
7. Draw A^0C with ZC= 90°. We have
(scc0 + tan0)(scc0 + tan0)(scc0r + tan y/)
a b
tan.4 + tan0 = —+ —
* cot 0 cot 0 cot y/
tan 0 tan 0 tan I//

Y V

6. Squaring and adding, we have ~+^ = 2

a' Ir

7. The given equations can be rewritten as

a cos 0 + 6 sin 0 i and -a sin 0 + A cos 0 = 3

Squaring and adding, we have a~ + b~ 10

8. cos'«-sin* a= tan"/3 8. i/.siir .Y + 6 (1 sin"A') = c

cos'ot-sin'a sin"
(a~b) sin'.Y = c- b
ALso, a{ 1 - COS' at) + h cos' .y = c
cos'a + sm'Cf cos"/3
{b - a) COS'x = c - a
cos^a -sin'a + cos'a +sin*a sin^^ + COS' P -> c-h
. ? Ian* X =
cos' a - sin'a - cos'a - sm'a sin'/J - cos^ P a-c

1
— a

tan^a cos-p-sin^ P Similarly, tan^r = —

h-d

tan'a = cos'P - sin'/J

a' _ tan^y d-a X c-a
Exercise 2.2 tan^A b-d b-c

1.
sin.Y- cos.Y +1 (sin^Y) - (COS.Y- 1)' Exercise 2.3
sin Y + COSY - 1 (sin.Y + cos.Y- 1)"
I. Let the post be at point P and PA be the length of the rope in tight
2cosy-2cos^y
position. Suppose the horse moves along the arc AB so that ZAPB
2 + 2sin.YCOSY- 2cosy- 2sinY = 72° and arc AB = 88 m.
2cos.v(l - cos.y) Let r be the length of the rope, i.e., PA = /● meters.
H
2(1-sinY)(l-cos.y) 7t
Now, 0=72°= 72 X
cosy (1 + sin y) 180 J
= sec.Y+ tan.Y
1 - sin Y COS.Y v/?
2;r'
2. Divide by cos'^o: I 5 )
15 tan'^or +10 = 6 sec"*or
and 5 = 88 m
1 Stan'^a + 10 = 6(1 + tan'a)' Arc
(3 lan-a-2)^ = 0 0=
Radius
tan'a = 2/3
In 88
8 cosec" a + 27 see* a = sec'a (8 cor a + 27) or
5 r

= 1[8xA
3l 2
+ 27 =65
or
5
/● = 88 X — = 70 m
2;r
 Solutions S.19

2. Suppose the coin is kept at a distance /● Trom the eye to hide the - V 4
tan 9 = - = -
moon completely. X 3
Let E be the eye of the observer and AB be the diameter of the
coin.
Then, arc AB = Diameter /IS = 2.2 cm.
R R
30 1 K rc
Now. 6 = 30' — X
160 2 180; U6o;
e = 300°
Arc
9 = ->-x
Radius 2. (a)
Moon
0'=6O°
K 2.2
or
360 r
Coin
2.2 X 360
or /● = cm e
n
A
2.2 X 360 X 7 Because 300° lies in Quadrant IV, the acute angle it makes
with ihex-axis is 9' 360°-300° = 60°.
22
252 cm
E (eye)

3. The angle traced by the hour hand in 12 h = 360°

Therefore, the angle traced by the hour hand in 3 h 30 min, i.c.,
7
- h*
(360
— X —
?V = 105°
2 12 2
0'=;r-2.3 0=2.3

The angle traced by the minute hand in 60 min (b)

X

= 360°
The angle traced by the minute hand in 30 min
360 ●\°
x30 = 180°
V 60
Hence, required angle between the two hands
Because 2.3 lies between Till = 1.5708 and n~ 3.1416, it
K 5;r
= 180° - 105° = 75°= 75 X = — rad follows that it is in Quadrant II and its reference angle is
180 12
0' = ;r-2.3»O.8416.

73
4. From the question, — xI6 = 2x—r X— y
2 3

;n-= 12V3 or r =
12n/3 225°and -135°
n are coterminal
2251
Exercise 2.4
(c)
$'=45' 0 = -135°
1. Herex = -3,3>=-4,
Terminal angle 01ies in the third quadrant.
Now, /■= ^x~ + = V(-3)^ + =sl25=5
y 4
sin 0 = —
/● 5 First, determine that -135° is coterminal with 225°, which
.r 3 lies in Quadrant 111. So, the reference angle is
cos 0= —
r 5 0' = 225°- 180° = 45°.

3.

0 Quadrant Reference angle (0') Required value

4;r
"=T
4;r ;r 4;r K 1
(a) cos
3
= -cos— =
3 2
3

0-T
S.20 Trigonometry

(b) -210° & - 30°

30°
tan(-210“) =-tan30°

0 = -21O° 73

n ^4—
1 l;r K
1 l;r K
cosec = cosec —
4 4
4
= 72

4. (a) « = -I85°,/3 = 535° 4. 9 tan- e +4 cor 0=(3 tan 0-2 cot 0)'+ 12
i3-a=535°-(-185°) = 720° Hence, the minimum value is 12.

Hence, given angles arc coteiminal. // + 1

5. (a) sin 0 = = 1 + — > 1, which is not tme.
(b) a = 1000°, ^=270° n n

a-^= 1000°- 270° *730° «-+l

(b) sin 0 = > 1, which is not true.
Hence, given angles are not coterminal. H + l

15;r \7k 11 +2
(c) a= (c) sec 0 = > 1. which is true.
n-\

15;r 32k n
Here a - (5= — — = 8;r = 4(2;r) (d) sec 0 = < 1. which is not true .
4 4 ) 4 7«" +1
Hence, given angles are coterminal.
6. sin' 0| -I- sin" 0, + ●●● -i- sin' 0„= 0
Exercise 2.5 sin 0, = sin 0, = ●●● = sin 0„= 0
cos 0|, cos 01,..., cos 0„= ±1
I. 1 <sinx< 1
Therefore, the minimum value of cos 0, + cos 0-, + + cos 0,
2 < 3 + sin.x < 4
= (- 1) + (- 1) + (- 1) + ●■● /j times = - H
I
— < _ —
< 7. sin" 6 = -3x + 3
4 sin a:+ 3 2
Now. sin' 0e [0, 1]
8
2< <4 -r^-3A: + 3e [0. 1]
sinA: + 3
0 < .V- - 3.x + 3 S 1
2- /(at) = sin(cosA:) Now. .X' - 3.x + 3 > 0 is always true. Thus,
For V a: g 0 = cos a: € [- 1. 1 ] -?-3x + 3< I
Since sin 0 is increasing from -Jt/2 to nJ2, the maximum value or x-~3x + 2<0
occurs at 0 = 1 and the minimum value occurs at 0 = - 1. Hence,
or (x~\)(x-2)<0
range is [- sin 1, sin 1].
or xe[\,2]
3. /(0)=l2sine-9sin-0
8. We know that sec'0> 1
*-(9 sin^ 0- 12 sin 0)
bc + ca + ah
= -(9 sin^ 0- 12 sin 0+4-4) 7 , *> T
> I
a +h'+c
= - ((3 sin 0- 2)^ -4) = 4 - (3 sin 0-2)^
be + ca + ah > a~ + b~ + c~
Minimum value of/(0) occurs when (3 sin 0-2)^ is maximum,
+ b^ + ~ab - be -ca<0
which is (- 3 - 2)^ = 25.
Maximum value of/{0) occurs when (3 sin 0-2)' is minimum, (a - h)' + (b- cf + (c - a)' < 0
which is 0. a-h = 0,b-c = 0 and c - a = 0
a = h =c
Hence, range of/(0) is [ 4 - 25, 4] s [-21, 4].
 Solutions S.21

y nx^ ' nx'^

9. /W=-j4-^ + tan^ X tan" = 0 or tan = 0

= ^4-Vsec^T KX
= nn ,n e Z
2
= ^4-lsecAr| x = 2n,ne Z
jsec > 1
or - |sec x| < -1 Exercise 2.6
or 4 - Isec x| < 3
1. (a) tan 720°-cos 270"-sin 150° cos 120®
^4--y/rTtan^x e [0, V3]
10. 0<|cosx|<l
= 0-0-(sin30°)(-cos60°)= \ =^
=> 0 < 2|cos x| < 2 (b) sin 780° sin 480° + cos 120° sin 150°
-3<2|cosx|-3<-l = sin(720°+60°) sin(360°+120°)
1 + cos( 180° - 60°) sin( 180° - 30°)
6 [-l,-l/3] = sin(60°) sin(120°) - cos(60°) sin(30°)
2|cosx|-3
>/3 1 1 3 1 1
11. /(x) = cos'^x + sin^x - 1 =s J.
2
X —
2
—
2
X
2
=
4 4
—
2
= cos'*x + 1 - cos^x - 1
= cos'*x - cos^x 2. sec 610° cosec 160° - cot 380° tan 470°

= (cos^x-1/2)2-1/4 = sec (720° - 110°) cosec(180° - 20°)

Now 0 < cos^ X < 1 - cot (360° + 20°) tan (360° +110°)
-1/2<cos2x- 1/2 5 1/2 1 1
-cot 20° tan 110°
-1/4 <(cos2x-1/2)2-1/4 5 0 cos 110° sin 20°

12. Since 0 5 1 + sin !x 5 2 and 0 5 1 + cos x 5 2, -1

+ cot2 20°
Minium value of^(x) is 0, when any one of (1 + sin x) or sin2 20°
(1 + cosx) is zero. = -[cosec2 20°-cot220°]
13. (sin 9 + cosec Sf + (cos 9 + sec 9f = -l

= sin2 0+cosec2 0+2 + cos2 0+sec2 0+2 3. cos a X cos 2a x cos 3a x cos 4a x cos 5a x cos 6a
= (sin2 0 + cos2 0) + (cosec2 0 + sec2 0) + 4 n 27C 4;r 5;r 6n
= cos — X cos X cos ;rxcos xcos — xcos
= 5 + 1 + tan2 0+ 1 + cot2 0 3 3 3 3 3

= 7 + (tan 0- cot 9f + 2 1 ( iv(-1),, ( 1

\ /
n
= -X 1
= 9 + (tan 0-cot 0)2>9 2 I 2j^ ^ I 2)V2)
14. /(x) = (1 + cot2x) + 25(1 + tan2x) 1
= 26 + cot2x + 25 tan2x 16
= 26 + 10 + (cot2x + 25 tan2x - 10)
^ ^tan—tan—tan—tan—tan—
K ^ ^ 571 ^ iK ^ 9k
= 36 + (cotx - 5 tanx)2 ^ 36 4.
20 20 20 20 20
15. cos2x + cosx = fl + 2
= tan—tan—tan—tan
K 2k k (k 3;t\tan (k ;r
—- —
iV 9 20 20 4 1,2 20j U 20j
cos X + — = a + —
2) 4
K 3k ... f 3k) cot —
= tan—tan—
X,
Now
1 ^
— 5 cos X +
1^3
—5—
20 20 UoJ
2 2 2 = 1

\2
1 9
5.
cot 54° tan 20° _ cot(90°-36°) . cot(90°-70°)
COSX + — 6 0, —
\ 2j [ 4 tan36° cot70° tan 36° cot70°
tan 36° cot 70°
9 9 + = 2
So, 0 5 fl + — 5 — tan36° cot70°
4 4

9
5a50 , . 2 K . 2 K .2 7k . 2—
47T
6. sm — + sm —+ sm + sin
4 18 9 18 9

fK . 2—
^ + sin
*2^ ● 2 ^ ^ +sm
● if —
^ ^
16. We have (a + 1)^ + cosec^ —(a + x) -1=0 = sm —+ sm
18 9 [2 9) U IZ)
. 2 K . 2 K 2K 2 ^
or (a+ l)^ + cot^ = 0 = sm — + sm
18
— + COS
9
—+ COS
9 18

Kx'' . 2 7T 2 K^ ( sm
● 2^
-K - —^ — + COS^ — + —+ COS = 2
a = -\ and cot^ sin

V 2 2)
= 0
18 \Z) I 9 9)
S.22 Trigonometry

il,n 5;r'’ 3;r'^ 1

7. sec 0 sec 0 + tan — + 0 lan 0 cosec 0 = T ? +- (on addition)
2 7 2 -
7
21 ^)
- -cosec0coscc0 + cot0cot0
ak cos.r lan.v sin;r
= - (cosec‘0 - cot“0) = - 1 6.(2) /jc + —+ + +
ck 1+AA lan .V I + cos.r
8. Iiie=nl2

6A2n- \ )d = {7d2)-e
sin.r cos.r (l + cos.r) + sin'.r
or 2eA2n-2)e=i7d2)~26.... sin.r(l + cos.r)
Tlicy form complementary angles and B so that a cos.r(l + cos.r) + (1 - cos".v)
lan A tan B = tan A cot /I = 1 for each pair. k sin.v(l + cos.r)
n
Also. tan«0 = tan—=1 a 1
4 = — +
k sin.r
Hence, the value of product is 1
a
9. In quadrilateral ABCD, A+B+C+D = 2k.
k ak
(a) sin(^ + B) + sin(C + D) = sin(^ + 5) + sin(2;r iA + B))
= sin(.4 + B) -sin(/l + 5) = 0 7.(3) sec"* 0+sec" 0= 10 + tan“* 0+tan* 0
(b) cos(/l+S) = cos(C + Z>) sec’’ 0 - tan"* 0 + sec" 0 - tan" 0=10
= cos(2;r- (C + D)) = cos (C + D) sec^ 0 + tan" 0 + I 10
2 sec" 0=10
Exerdses
II cos 1Q
0= —1
5

Single Correct Answer Type

sin^0= -
5
1. (3) 5 tan 0 = 4 or tan ® ~
8. (3) Multiplying the numerator and denominator of.r by
I - cos 0 + sin 0, we get
5sin0-3cos0 _ cos0 2sin0(l-cos0 + sin0)
Now, r= ^ ^
5sin0 + 2cos0
^ sin0 + 2
(1 + sin 0)”-cos"0
cos0
2sin0(l-cos0 + sin0)
5tan0-3
(l+sin0)"-(l-sin"0)
5 tan 0 + 2
2sin0-(l-cos0 + sin0)
5x i-3 (l + sin0)(2sin0)
5
l-cos0 + sin0
5x- +2 ^
5 1 + sin 0

-4
2.(2) tan0 9. (2) sec a + cosec a=p. sec a cosec a= q
3
sina + cosa
or = p and —
0 £ 2nd quadrant or 4th quadrant sin a cosa sina cosa
sin 0 = ±4/5
1 + 2sina cosa
If 0 € 2nd quadrant, sin 0 = 4/5 or
7
sm’a cos'^o'
If 0 e 4th quadrant, sin 0 = - 4/5
3. (!) sinr + cosecr = 2 1+2
‘I 2
or (sin.r - 1)* = 0 or = P
or sinr= 1

sin”.r + cosec"r =1 + 1=2

4. (4) From the given relations, or

= p^oxq{q + 2) = p'^
‘7;
/n + « = 2 tan 0, m -n = 2 sin 0.
Thus, m~ - H" = 4 tan 0 sin 0 (i) 1
10.(4) sec"0+coscc"0 =
Also yfim = >/tan"0-sin"0 =sin0 lan0 (ii) cos"0 sin"0

cos"0 + sin“0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get m~ -n~ = . = sec^0cosec”0
cos‘0sin"0

5, (3) cosec 0 - cot 0 = f/ ...(i) Now, sec"0+ cosec"0= 2 + tan"0-^ cot"0

1 = 4 + (tan 0 - cot 0)"
cosec 0+ cot 0= —
>4

Hence, all equations can have roots sec^0and cosec"0.

 Solutions S.23

11. (3) We have siiiA: + sin^x = 1 17. (4) Perimeter = 7 = 3 sin 0 + 3 cos 0+3, where 45° < 0 < 90°
or sinx = 1 - sin"x or sinx = cos^x 4
sin 0+cos0= — ...(i)
Nov^' cos'^x + 3 cos‘®x + 3 cos\ + cos^x - 2
= sin^’x + 3 sin^x + 3 sin'*x + sin^x - 2 Since (sin 0 + cos 0)^ + (sin 0 - cos df = 2, we have
= (sin^x)^ + 3(sin^x)^ sinx + 3(sin^x) 2 mV
(sinx)^ + (sinx)^ - 2 (sin0-cos0)^ = 2- —
3;
= (sin^x + sinx)^ - 2 = (l)^-2=-l A
12. (3) 3(sin 0 - cos 0)1+ 6(sin 0 + cos ef + 4(sin*^0 + cos^0)
= 3[sin'’0-ircos'*0-4 sin^0cos 0
+ 6 sin^ cos‘0 - 4 sin 0 cos^0] + 6[ 1 + 2 sin 0 cos 0]
i + 4[sin'*0 + cos'*0 - sin‘0 cos‘0]
= 7[sin'*0t cos'*0] + 14 sin^0cos^0
- 12 sin 0 cos 0 + 6 + 12 sin 0 cos 0 B

= 7(sin'0+ cos‘0)^ + 6=13

13.(3) sec X = 1 - sec^x sin 0-cos 0 = ...(ii)
3
sec X = - tan" x
A-yfl
Squaring both side, we get From (i) and (ii), cos 0 =
6
sec^x = tan^x
=> 1 + tan^x = tan^*x 18. (2) Area of rhombus is given by
Squaring both side, we get
1
tan^x = tan'*x + 2 tan^x + 1 2 X —X sm0= — (Equating area of a rhombus)
2 2
=> tan*x - tan'^x - 2 tan^x = 1
tan*x - tan‘*x - 2 tan^x +1=2
Given x" = ab (given)
1
14 (2) (1 + tan a tan p)^ + (tan a - tan pp sin0= —
2
= 1 + 2tan a tan )3 + tan"a Xat^p + tan^a + or 0=30°
Xdx^P - 2tan a tan
= 1 + tan^a tan^/J + tan^ot + tan^jS
= (1 + tan^O£)(l + Xan^p)
= sec^a sec^P
15. (3) Let O be the center of the circle.
360°
ZAqOAi = = 60°
6

Thus, AqOA] is an equilateral triangle. We get

AoA^ = 1 (radius of circle = 1)
19. (2) Since/(x) = sinx is an increasing function for 0 < x < «/2 and
Also AqA2 — ^0^4 1 rad is approximately 57°, we have
= 2A^ 1°< l«=>sinl°<sinl
= 2(0/<o sin60°) 2

^/3 20.(1) Now, sin^0 =

= 2(l)^ = ,/3 2xy
X, y have same sign
= (l)(«)('g) = 3 x^+/ 1
1
^ I— —
£_ Z
Now +2 > 1
16. (2) Let the radius of smaller circle be x. Here, 2xy 2 [iy VxJ
OF* = x cosec 30°

and O0 = r = x + x cosec 30° xM/

But sin^0 < 1. Therefore, = 1
r 2xy
X =
3 x=y.

21.(3) sin20<l
x^+y^+1 SI
2x

or x^+/-2x+ 1 <0 (as X > 0)

or (x-l)2+/<0
It is possible, iffx - 1 = 0 and y = 0.
O
S.24 Trigonometry

4xy 4 3
22,(2) Given, sec^0 = as then cos 6= — and sin 0= -
5 5

1
Now sec^0 > 1 => 4xy for which cos 0+ sin 0= -
5
(x+y) 4
Hence, tan 0= —
or
ix+yf^4xy 3
or {x+yf -4xy^0
1-cosa /1 + cosa 1-cosa+ l + cosa
or (jT-yf < 0 30.(2)
But for real values ofx and;',
1+cosa 1-cosa
yjl-cps^a
(x-;;)^>0or(A:-;')2 = 0 2 2
x=y |sina| -sina
(●.● n<a< 3nll)
Also x+;'9i0=i>A:?6 0.j)'9i0
23. (4) The given relation is satisfied only when 31. (3) In the graph of>' = sinx. Let

sin 0] = sin 6, “ sin 6^ - 1 ^ / ● X n f^

A = (a, sm a),B= —, sm —
cos $1 = cos &2 = cos 03 = 0 V6 6)
y
cos 0, + cos 02 + cos 03 = 0
B . J
24.(3) sinx + siny + sinz + sinw = -4 A
sinx = siny = sinz = sin w = - l(only)
So, sin‘’«"jc + sin'^V + sin2»“;c + sin‘®®w
= (-1)'*®" + (-1)^®° + (-1)2°" + (-1)‘°° = 4 O a nl6
25. (3) For a = -nil, p = -nil and y=ln
Clearly, slope of OA > slope of OB, so
sin a + sin )8 + sin y= -1
sina sin;r/6 3 a n
Hence, the minimum value of the expression is negative. > < —.
a n!6 n sina 3
26. (4) Since 0 < x < ;r. Therefore, sinjc > 0
We have 1 + sinx + sin^x +...«> = 4 + 2V3 32. (2) 2 sin20 + 3 cos20 = 2(sin20 + cos20) + cos20
1 = 2 + cos20>2 i
= 4 + 2>/3 (sum of infinite G.P.) [V cos20>O]
1-sinx
33. (2) sin"*0 + cos'*0 = (sin20 + cos20)2 - 2 sin20 cos20
or sinx = 1 -
1
^ 3 + 2V? ^ yj^ = 1 -2 sin20cos20< 1 i
4 + ly/3 4 + lyj3 1
34.(1) y(x) = cos^x + sin°x
2;r
x = —
n
or — = (cos^x^ sin^x)^ - 3cos^x sin^x (cps^xf sin^x)
3 3
= 1 - 3cos X (1 - cos x)
27. (1) ■ (2 sin2 91“ - 1) (2 sin^ 92° - 1)... (2 sin^ 180° - 1), = 3cos'*x - 3cos2x + 1

= 3^cos‘*x - cos^x + —
In this product there exists a factor (2 sin^ 135° - 1), which is n
equal to zero
Thus, the product of all terms is zero. f, 11 \2 11
^ 7
=3 cos X + —
28. (2) sin A = sin^ B and 2 cos^ A = 3 cos^ B
=> 2-2 sin^ A = 3- 3sin^ B
\\ 1) 11)
1 1
1 sin^ ,4 - 3 sin .4 + 1 = 0 Least value of/(x) is —, when cos^x =0
4 2
=> (2sin4-l)(sin.4-l) = 0
A = 30° or A = 90° Greatest value ofy(x) is 1, when cos^x p 0 or 1
If ^ = 3O°=>0 = 45°=»C=1O5° 35. (2) Minimum value of a tan^ x + b cot^ x iS 2^.
If A = 90° =^B = 90°, which is not possible And maximum value of a sin20+ b cos^O is a.
1
(va sin20+ b cof'6= {a - b) sin20+ b)
29.(1) cos0+sin0=j According to question, a = 2^
1 a = 4b
1 + tan 0 = — sec 0 (dividing by cos 0)
5
36. (4) J{6) = cos^ 0 (cos^ 0 + 1) + 2sin^ 0
25 + 50 tan 0 + 25 tan^0 = sec^0
= cos'* 0 + cos^ 0 + sin^ 0 + sin^ 0
or 12tan^0+25tan0+ 12 = 0
= cos'*0H-1 + 1 - cos^0
or 12tan^0+ 16 tan 0+9 tan 0+ 12 = 0
\2
1 1
or (4tan0+3)(3tan0 + 4) = O = cos^ 0 — +2-
4
3 4
tan 0= — or tan 0= — n2
4 3 1 7
= cos“0 — +—
tan 0 = -— is rejected 1) 4
4
 Solutions S.25

44. (4) |sinx cosxj + | tanjc + cotjc 1 = VS

/■ =- 1
ymm. ^ -s
or Jsinjc cosx| +
1 |sin;ccosjc|
/r
max. =
-+I = 2
4. 4 1
But |sinjr cosx| + >2
|sinxcosjr|
37.(1) Using A.M.>G.M.
Hence, no solution.
sin 0 + sin 0 + sin 0 + cos ec^ 0
> (sin^ 0- cosec^ 0)
1/4

4 45. (4) cot** jc - 2(1+ cot^jc) + c^ = 0

Hence, minimum value of 3sin 0 + cosec^0 is 4. or cot'*x-2 cot^x + a^-2 = 0

38.(2) We have.
or (cot^x- 1)^ = 3-a^
To have at least one solution, 3-a^>0
0 < / < ;r, / = 1,2,3,... n
or -3 <0
sin 0,-> 0,/■ = 1,2, 3,... w
a e t-V3,V3]
^ sin 0j + sin 0j + sin 6j +... + sin 0„'
Now, Integral values are -1,0, 1; therefore, the sum is 0.
n /

46. (2) cos^ ;c - (c - 1) cos X + 2c > 6 V X e /?

< sin
0) + 02 + 03 +... + 0„ ^ = sin => (cos X - 2)(cos X - V X e /?
\ n
cos X < c - 3

f^ c-3>l
sin 0j + sin 02 + sin 03 + ●●● + sin 0„^ n sin
c e [4. oo)
39.(4) We have
tan^0+sec 0= A 47. (2) sin^x + a cosx + > 1 + cosx
sec^ 0+ sec 0- (A+ 1) = 0 Putting X = 0, we have
fl + > 2
-l±V4A + 5
sec 0 = or 0“ + a - 2 > 0
2
or (a + 2)(a-l)>0
For real sec 0, or a < -2 or o > 1
4A+5^0=>A> — ...(1) Therefore, the largest negative integral value of a is -3.
4
1
Also, sec 0^ 1 or sec 0<- 1 48.(2) '2 cota +
sin^a
= -y/2 cotof + cosec^a
-l±V4A + 5 -\±yj4X + 5
>1 or ^-1
2 2
= i/2cot0f+ l + cot^a
4A + 5 ^ 9 or 4A + 5 > 1
= |l + cota| = -l-cota
A>lorA>-l ...(2) [since cot a < - 1 when 3n/4 <a<n'\
From (1) and (2), we get As [- 1,«»). sec0 COSCC0

40. (2) We know that 0 < sin^0 < 1 Vl + tan^0 ^ Vl + cot2 0 ,0e {K,3nll)
sin*0<sin^0
= sec 01 cos 01 + cosec 0| sin 0|
Similarly, cos‘'*0< cos^0
= sec 0 (-cos 0) + cosec 0(-sin 0) [As 0e {It, 37111)]
On adding, we get
= -1-1
sin®0 + cos*'*0 < sin^0 + cos^0
= -2
or sin*0+cos‘‘*0< 1
41. (3) y = 256 sin^x + 324 cosec^x smx cosx
50.(2) /(x) =
= (16sinx - 18 cosec x)^ + 576 cos^x vl-sin^x
>576 tanx cotx
H— ■==● H—-i ■ ■ -T
42.(2) Let 5 = fl sec 0-6 tan 0 Vsec^ X -1 V cosec^ x -1
or 6 tan 0 + y = a sec 0
or (a^ - b^) tan^0 - 2bs tan 0 + (a^ -s^) = 0
sinx ^ cosx ^ tanx ^ cotx
|sinx| |cosx| |tanx| |cotx|
For tan 0 to be real 4bV - 4 (a^ - b^) {a^ - 5^) > 0 4, xe 1st quadrant
or aV ^ - 6^)
-2, xe 2nd quadrant
or s>
7?^ 0, xe 3rd quadrant
Therefore, the minimum value of s is yja^ - b^. -2, xe 4th quadrant
43. (3) y = (sin^x + cos^x) + 2 (sinx cosecx + cosx secx) + /^)min.=-2
sec^x + cosec^x
= 5 + 2 + tan^x + cot^x 51. (2) Let u = cos 0 sin 0 + ^Jsin^6 + sin^a
= 7 + (tanx - cotx)^ + 2 or (u - sin 0 cos 0)^ = cos^0 (sin^0 + sin^oc)
●● ymin "" ^ or tan^0- 2m tan 0 + m^ - sin^a = 0
S.26 Trigonometry

Since tan 6 is real, we have

^3 \
4u^ - 4u\ir - sin^a) > 0 56. (2) 3 sin"* -n-a +sin'*(3;r + a)
v2
or < 1 + sin"Of
(\
or |«| < + sin^a -2 sin^’ -^n+a +sin^(5;r-a)
2

52. (4) In the second quadrant, sin jr < cosx is false, as sinx is positive
= 3(cos'*a + sin'*®) - 2(cos‘’a + sin^a)
and cosx is negative.
In the fourth quadrant, cosx < tanjc is false, as cosa: is positive = 3(1-2 sin'a cos^a) - 2[(sin‘^ + cos^a)^
and tanjc is negative. - 3 sin^^ cos^a(sin^a + cos‘a)]
/ c—. = 3(1-2 sin^a cos^a) - 2[ 1 - 3 singer cos^a]
In the third quadrant, i.e., — if tanx < cotjr then = 1
U ’ 2 j
tan^AT < 1, which is false. 57. (2) E = Iog,o (tan 6°) + Iog,o (tan 12°) + logio(tan 18°) + ...
( 7t'\ + log,o (tan 84°)
Now, sinx < cosAT is true in 0, — and tanx < cot.v is also true.
I 4j = logio ((tan 6° x tan 84°) (tan 12° x tan 78°)...
cosx (tan 42° x tan 48°))
Further, cosx < cotx, as cotx = — and sinx < 1.
smx
= logio ((tan 6° X cot 6°) (tan 12° x cot 12°)...
(tan 42° x cot 42°))
53.(3) kcos~x-kcosx + l>0\fxe{-
= log,o 1 = 0
A(cos"x-cosx) + l >0 ●●●(')
Multiple Correct Answers Type
\2
1 1
But cos^x-cosx = cosx — 1. (1),(2),(3),(4)
2) 4
cos^d = 1 - sin^0.
1
— <cos^x-cosx< 2 Let 81
■sin'C
= z, we get
4
1 81
r+ — = 30
Now, from (i), we get 2A^ +1 > 0=>k > -—
or z^-30z + 81 =0
Also, — + 1>0
-- or (z-27)(z-3) = 0
4
sin*fl 4sin’a
k<4 i.e.. 81 =3 = 3^ or 3‘
1 3 1
=» —<k<4 sin^0= —
2 4’ 4

54.(2) We have or sin0 = ±

2 2
n 2;r 37C 47t 5k
cos—+ cos + COS + COS + COS — 0=30°, 60°, 120°, 150°
7 7 7 7 7
2. (2), (3), (4)
6k Ik
+ COS + COS Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
7 7
3. (1),(2),(3),(4)
cos—+ cos
K 6;r") + { COS Ik + COS —
5;r^ K
7 7 M 7 7 J (1) Forxe 0,— , tanx < cotx
4
V ^)

+ cos
3k
+ COS
4k \ + COS7T Also In (sinx) < 0
7 7
=> (tanx)'"t*‘"^^ > (cot.x) In(sin.v)
K 2k 2k \ (
COS COS— + COS COS (2) Forxe 0,- , cosecx > 1
7 7j I 7 7 j V 2^
In (cosecx) > 0
3;r 3;r'
+ COS cos + cos;r ^In (cosccjr) ^ j|In(cosec
7 7 )
K
= cos;r=-l (3) xe 0,-

K 2;r 4;r 8k ^ cosxe (0,1)

55. (1) tan — + 2 tan — + 4tan + 8tan—
3 3 3 3 In (cosx) < 0
1 1
K k) K Also — > —
= tan —+ 2tan k +4tan k + — +8tan 3k 2 3
3 3J 3; 3J \ln(cos.x) \In(cos.v)
(I n
< —

= tan
K K
2tan—+ 4tan
K
8tan —
K
UJ
3 3 3 3
K
(4) Forxe 0,-
= -5tan j = -5>/3 \ 2j
Since sinx < tan.v, we get In(sinx) < In(tanx)
■ 2^" (sinx) ^ 2I” (lanAT)
 Solutions S.27

4. (1),(4) 9. (1),(2),(3)
4 n
We have tan A = - (1) A=B = C=-
3

IfA lies in 2"** quadrant, then (2) Right angled triangle

4 -3 -3
sin ^ , cos = —, and cot ^ = — 7t n
(3) A=B=
5 5 ● 4
7-^=2
If A lies in 4'*’ quadrant, then (4) Not possible as sin A, sin fi, sin C > 0
-4 _
sin^ = —^, cos ^ = —
- and cotA= — 10. (1),(4)
5j 4
5 2 sec^a - sec‘*a - 2 cosec^a + cosec'^a = —
5. (1),(3),(4) 4
Using property of angle bisector, we get or 2(sec^a - cosec^a) + (cosec^a + sec^a) x
OB _ OC sec0 _ .V / 2 2 \
(cosec Cf- sec a) = —
AB AC tan0 l-.t 4

or x =
sec0 or (cosec^of- see”a) [cosec^a+ sec^a- 2] = —
4
sec0 + tan0 or 4(cot^a- tan'a) (cot^a + tan’a) = 15
= sec0(sec0-tan0) = or 4(cot'*a- tan‘*a) =15
or 4(1 - tan*a) = 15 tan'*a
or 4 tan*a+ 15 tan'*a-4 = 0
or (4 tan'*a - 1) (tan‘*a + 4) = 0
or tan'*a= — ortan‘*a = -4
4

1
or tan^a = ± —
2

1
or tan^a = + —
2

1
or tan a = ±
6. (2), (4)
Divide by cos a and square both sides and let tan a = / so that
secret = 1 + 11. (1),(2),(4)
[(a + 2)t + (2a-\)f = [(2a+lf(\+P)] cot0 + tan0 = A:

or t\(a + 2f - (2a + 1)^] + 2(a + 2) (2a - l)t or

COS0
!
sin0
= X
+ [(2a-l)‘-(2a+lf] = 0 sin0 COS0
or 3(1 -a^)f^ + 2(2a2 + 3a-2)/-4x2fl = 0 or 1 = jr sin 6 cos 6
or 3(1 -o^)r^-4(l -a^)/ + 6a/-8a = 0 Now sec 6 - cos 6=y
or /(I-a^) (3t-A) + 2a (3t-4) = 0 1
or (3/-4)[(l-a‘)t + 2a] = 0 -COS0 =y
COS0
4 2a
or / = tan a = — or or sin^0=y COS0
3 a^-l
7. (1),(2),(3) Now xV =
1 sin^g _ 1
sin"0 cos~0 COS0 cos^0
log,/3 log7(sinx + a) > 0
or 0 < log7 (sinjc + a) < 1 sin^0
and x)P -
or 1 < (sinjT + a) < 7, V jc € R cos^d
or 1 - sinx < a < 7 - sinx
1 sin^0
It is found that a should be less than the minimum value of (x^yf^-(xy^)^ = = 1
COS^0 COS^0
(7 - sinjf) and a must be greater than the maximum value of
(1 -sinjc). Thus,
12. (2), (3), (4)
2<a<6
1 -sin^ 1 + COS0
8. (1),(3) We have x = ,y =
COS(j> sin^
logj^sin / = X or sin / =
Let log*(cos/) = y, then l/ = cost Multiplying, we get
or = cosh = 1 - sin^/ =1-6^
(l-sin^)(l + cos^)
or
2;- = log,(l-i.^) xy =
cos 0 sin ^
or y = Log,(l -i^) = logj^i^ lx
S.28 Trigonometry

1 - sin0+cos^ - sin0 cos<j> + sin^ cos^ => cos a= 1, cos )8= 1 ...(1)
J^' + ls
cos 0 sin 0 or cos a = -l, cos j3 = -l ' ...(2)
_ l-sin0+cos0 cos a cos = 1

cos 0 sin 0 or + /3 is an even multiple of k

(1 - sin 0) sin 0 - cos0 (1 + cos0) (cos Of + cos;3)^ = 4
and x-y =
cos0sin0 sin (or+ p+'^ = sin (2ni[+ 7) = sin y
_ sin0 - sin^0 - cos 0 - cos^0 Also, sin or = sin P=0.
cos 0 sin 0 16. (1),(3),(4)

_ sin0-cos0-l _ ~(xy + i) «, = sin 15“-cos 15°<-ve (cos 15“ > sin 15“)
cos0sin0 «2 = cos93“ + sin 93“
= - sin 3“ + cos3“ >0 (cos 3“ > sin 3“)
y-\ l +x
Thus,aiy + x-y + 1 =0,x = andy = 713 = tan 27“ - cot 27“ <0 (tan27°<cot27“)
y+r l-x
«4 = cot 127“ + tan 127° < 0 ^tan 127“, cot 127“ <0).
13. (1),(2),(3)
17 (2), (3)
f(a) = yjcosec^ or - 2cot or + ^]cosec^a + 2cota All are infinite geometric progression with common ratio < 1.
1 1 1 1
= Vl + cot^or-2cotor + ^l + cot^or + 2cotor x =

l-cos^0 sin^0’'^ l-sin^0 cos^0 ’

= |cot or- 1| + |cot or+ 1|
1
Case I: cot a ^ - 1 z =

1 - cosVsin^0
J[a) = - cot or+ 1 - cot or- 1 =-2 cot or
Case II: -1 < cot or< 1 '
Now, xy + z = 1 ^ 1

y(or) = -cotor+1+ cotor+1 =2 sin^0 cos^0 1 - sin ^0 cos^0

Case III: cot or^l 1

J{a) = (cot or- 1) + (cot or + 1) = 2 cot or sin^0cos^0(l - sin^0c os^0)

14. (1),(2) or j«y + z = ;cyz ...(i)
We have sin^0 + cos^0
Clearly, jr+y = = .xy
y+3
= sin^jr + 2cosA: + l sin^0 COS0
2y + 5 x+y + z = xyz [using Eq. (i)]

cos^ AT - 2cosj:+ 1 = 3- y + 3 Linked Comprehension Type

2y + 5
1. (3), 2. (2), 3. (2)
5y + 12
(C0SAT-1)^ = cos'* AC sin‘*A: 1 cos^AT + sin^A:
2y + 5 We have.
a b a+b a+b
Now -1 < cos a: < 1
2 ● 2 A
-2 < cos a: - 1 < 0 2 cos AT 1 1 Sm AT
cos AT = sin" X
0<(COSAT- 1)^ <4 a
a +b^ a+b b

5y + 12 f, 2 ● 2 ^
0< <4 bcos^ x-asm^ X ocos a:-asin a:
cos^x :J2
= sm X
2y + 5 a{a + b) b{a + b)
5y + 12 5y + 12
0< and <4 cos^ X sin^ X
2y + 5 2y + 5 a b
5y + 12 3y + 8
>0and >0 1-sin^x sin^x
2y + 5 2y + 5
a b
5^ u 12 ^ 8^ u 5
and 00
:^2 6 , 2
V ’ 2 L 5^ / I ’ 3j L 2’ sm X =
a+b
— and cos x =
a bT
81 r 12 ^
u .00 sin“ X
;_8
cos* X b^ a
4
1
\ ’ 3 b^ a^ b^{a + bf ^\a^{a + bf {a + bf
15. (1),(2),(3),(4)
4. (1),5.(2),6.(3)
cosor = —
If x + —1] andcosj0=—if y + —l^ 0<or<90“, 90“<j3< 180“, i
2V xj yj 180“ < y< 270“, 270“ < 5< 360“
since xy > 0, we have y<270“<a+5<450“ |
1 1 or + 5 lies in the I or IV quadrant and cosine in both is
x + —>2or<-2 and y + —>2or<-2 positive. I
X y
 Solutions S.29

If d is the common ratio of the A.P., then 10.(3) Ax) = 0

P= a+d, !/= a + 2d, 5= a+3d (1-3 sin^X cos^x) + k[\-2 sin^x cos^x] = 0
p+y=a+S,2(a-p) = -2d = p-S sin^ xcos^ X
k+ 1 =
and a+y=2p; l-2sin^xcos^;r
Now,P~ y=-d, a- 5 = -3d
, 3sin^ xcos^x-1
270° < 5060“ k= 5
l-2sin xcos AT
Y~
210°<a+3d<360°
200°<3rf<290° (.-. a =70°) , l-2sin^Arcos"A:--
^ _£ 3
400°<6J<580°
2 l-2sin^A:cos^A(:
680°<4a+6f/<860°
1
680°<e<860° 3 3
1-
7.(2), 8.(1) 2 l-2sin^ xcos^x
A B n
In given txABC both — and — lie strictly in 0,— and
Minimum of sin^.v cos^ at is 0 at a: = 0, ;c/2
2 V 2^
Maximum of sin^ x cos^ x is 1/4 at x = ;i/2
sin X is always increasing in 0,— whereas cos x is always 1
( n\
decreasing in 0,— .
V 2^
Hence, k e
-'●-ij
CSo, ifc —
A B 11. (1) (1-3 sin^ X cos^ x) + k [1 - 2 sin^ x cos^ x] = 0 is an identity,
> —
2 2 i.e., (1 + ^) - (3 + 2A:)sin^ x cos^ x = 0 is an identity.
.A . B
1 + A: = and 3 + 2k=0, which do not hold simultaneously.
sm—>sm—
2 2 Matrix Match Type
or X, > Xj
1. a -> s; b -> s; c p; d -> r
and X3< X4
99;r
1 1 a. — <Q<50;r => 0e 4thquadrant
X3 ^X4
or

.-. Icos0| = cos0 and |sin 0| = - sin 0

2007^2006 _ ^2007^2006 is
; not valid.
So, xj, X4 - X2 X3 .-. X = - sin^0 and y = cos^0
=> y-x= 1
Similarly y y
b. £ = (-cos x) (cos^x) - cos X ● sin^x ^ tanx

.A . B -cosxsinx- cos^x sec^x

sm—<sin—
2 2

Xi<X2
_ cos‘*x + cosx sin^x ^ sinx
sinxcosx + cos^x secx

and.1 1
— < 1
— _ cosx(sin^x + cos^x) +. sinx
. cosx
X3 X4
cosx(sinx + cosx)
For this also x,2007
I
^2006 _ ^2007^2006 is not valid.
-*4 -^2 ^3 = (1 - sinx cosx) + sinx cosx = 1
n2007 / \2006
c. sin(- 870°) + cosec(- 660°) + tan(- 855°)
So iL
= 0 is possible only when y “ ^
X3
+ 2 cot(840°) + cos(480°) + sec(900° )
U2J V^4 >
= - sin(810°+60°) - cosec(720°-60°)
1 1
Xi = X2 and — = - tan(810° +45°) + 2 cot 120° + cos 120°
X3 X4 + sec 180°
Hence, LABC is isosceles with ZABC = ZCAB.
BC = AC = 1 unit
1
i^i-4 1
--1 = -1
>/3 2
If Z^=90°;
d. 2
(- sin^x) (cot x) (- sec x) (- sec x)
Area, A = —BCxAC = — sq. units
2 2 cotx tan^x sinx

9. (4) /(x) = sin^ X + cos^ x + k (sin'* x + cos'* x) 2. a -> q; b -> q; c -» p, r; d -> p, s

/ (x) = sin^x + cos^ X + k (sin'*x + cos'* x) a. Since angles A, B, and C are acute angles, we have
A + B>rc/2
= (sin^ x)^ + (cos^ x)^ + k[(sin^ x)^ + (cos^ x)^]
= (sin^ X + cos ^x)^ - 3sin^x ● cos^x(sin^x + cos^ x) A> --B
n

+ k [(sin^ X + cos^ x)^ - 2 sin^ x ● cos^ x] 2

= (1 - 3 sin^ X cos^ x) + k [1 - 2 sin^ x cos^ x] sin.,4 -cos5>0

/(x) is constant if k = - 3/2. cos5-sinyl<0 ...(i)

S.30 Trigonometry

n
or a^ + 3a-4 = 0
Again, 5 > — -A or (a + 4)(a - 1) = 0
sin5 > cos/4 a = - 4 (rejected), a = 1
sin5 - cos^ > 0 ...(ii) 3. (7) Let = cosjc - sinjc (y > 0)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get that jc-coordinate is -ve and = 1 - 2 sin;c ● cosa:
y-coordinate is +ve. 5
cosx + smof = — (Given)
Therefore, point is in 2nd quadrant only, 4
b. 2*‘"®> 1 =>sin0>O 25
1+2 sinx cosx = —
=> 1st or 2nd quadrant 16
^cose < 1 => cos 0 < 0 or 2 sinx ● cosx = —
9
16
=> 0 e 2nd or 3rd quadrant
Hence, Q e 2nd quadrant, 7
Now y^ = 1 - 2 sinA: cosat =1 ——
c. |cosjT + sinx| = Isinjcl + Icosjcl 16 |16
Thus, cosa: and sinj: must have same sign or at least one 4. (2) sin'*/ + cos'*r - 1 = (sin^/ + cos^t)^ - 2 sin^/ cos^t - 1
is zero.
=-2 sin^r cos^r
So,j:e 1®‘or 3"^** quadrant. sin^r + cos^t - 1 = (sin^t + cos^r)^ - 3 sin^/ cos^r - 1
d. L.H.S.-
1-sin^ siny4 1 = - 3 sin^/ cos^r
1 — ,
|cos.4| cos/4 C0Si4
which is true only if jcos.^ | = cos.4.
Hence, 3 sin'*r + cos'*/ -1 _ 2
sin®/ + cos®/ -1
3.(4)
a. A = sin^0 + cos'*0 5.(1) sin0-cos0=1
or sin20 + cos20 - 2 sin 0 cos 0 = 1
= 1 -cos^0+ cos'*0
or sin 0 cos 0=0 .
= (008^0 - 1/2)2 ^ 3/4
0 < cos20 < 1 Now sin20-008^0= 1 (sin20+cos20+sin0cos^
-1/2<cos20-1/2<1/2 = (sin 0- cos 0)2 + 3 sin 0 cos 0
= 1 + 3 sin 0 cos 0 = 1
=> 0 <(cos20-1/2)2 < 1/4
=> 3/4 < (cos20-1/2)2 + 3/4 <1 6. (1) Given that tan20 = sin 0 cos 0
sin 0= 008^0
b. 3 cos20 + sin'*0 = 3-3 sin20 + sin'*0
Also, given expression can be rewritten as
= (sin20- 3/2)2 3/4 sin®0-3sin'*0+3sin20- 1 + 14 sin20
O<sin20< 1
=> -3/2<sin20-3/2<-l/2 = (sin20-l)2+1+sin20 |
=> 1/4 <(sin20-3/2)2 <9/4
= - (1 - sin20)2 + 1 + sin2^
= -cos®0+1 + sin20
=> 1 <(sin20-3/2)2 + 3/4<3 = -sin20+1+sin20= 1
c. .4 = sin20-cos'*0
= 1 -cos20-cos‘*0 (sin0)^
7. (44.5) We have,/0) =
= 5/4-(cos20+ 1/2)2 (cos0)^ + (sin0)^
O<cos20< 1 TV

=> 1/2<cos20+l/2.<3/2 => A6)+ f \ ^^ -0 =1.

=> 1/4 <(cos20+1/2)2 <9/4 89’

=> - 9/4 < - (cos20 + 1/2)2 < _j/4 =An+A2°)+ ■+Am+Am

=> - 1 <5/4-(cos20+1/2)2 <1 0=1“

d. .4 = tan20 + 2 cot20 1
= T1 + 1+1 +
= (tan0- V2 cot 0)2 + 2^12 >2^11 2 2 2
44 times

Numerical Value Type

1. (1) tan220° - sin220° = tan220° (1 - cos220°)
8. (7) fix) = 9 sin2AT - 16 cos2x - 10(3 sinx -|4 cosx)
= tan220° sin220° - 10(3 sinx + 4 cosx) + 100
= 25 sin2x - 60 sinx + 84

2. (1) sin2x + cos2y = ^ ...(i) = (5 sinx - 6)2 + 48

The minimum value off (x) occurs when sinx = 1.
and cos2x + sin2y = — ...(ii) Therefore, the minimum value of ’^fix) is 7.
2
9. (18) Using A.M. ^ G.M. (for positive numbers)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
8sin2g 27cosec2fl
^2 3a a
2
(q2 _ a + 1) +
=— +— -a + \ -a + 1
2 2
 Solutions S.31

II
i
Archives
8sin' a 27 cosec'a ^
>3 (rt--fl + l)
^(a^-a + \) ^{a^-a + \) JEE ADVANCED

Single Correct Answer Type

= 3 (2^3^)^ =3(6)=18
1.(4) In set Z’, sin0= (^2 + 1) cos 6
or tan 0 = + 1
10.(8) Let a = tan" a, 6 = tan*/3
Given expression becomes In set Q. (V2 - I) sin 0 = cos 0
(« + !)“ , (/>+!)' or tan 0 = n/2 + 1
(a > 0. h > 0) V2-I
h a

P=Q
u-^la + \ b-+2h + \
b Cl Multiple Correct Answers Type
a \ b- 1 . _
a b\
- I. (I),(2)
+ - +—+-+2 -+—
h h a a h a ● ..4
sin X cos
4
X

2 3 5
+ 2(2) ● 2 6
\ b b aa 3sin^v + 2(l- sin x) = -
=4+4=8
25 sin^v - 20 sin^r + 4 « 0
11.(16) We have p cosec 0 + 9 cot 0 = 2 -(1)
2
And (p cosec 0)' - (r/ cot 0)' = 5 sin'.r = —
5

=> /? cosec 0 - 9 cot 0 =-^ ...(2) ■)

cos"x = —
3
From (1) and (2) 5
9 0-1 2
p cosec 0 = —, <7 cot 0= — tan“.r = —
3
Now cosec* 0-cot" 0= 1
sin**.T
s
cos -V
81 1 and
27 125
16;;" 16^"
=>
81 p---q~'^= 16
-^81/2“' ~q~~ =4
 Chapter 3 I
8. Multiplying and dividing each factor of numerator with V2, we
Concept Application Exercises II get

Exercise 3.1
£ =
^^sin(45° + l°)■^/2sin(45°●^2°)■.■(V2sin(45° + 45°))
cosrcos2°cos3°...cos45°
1. Given (cosA + sin/1) (cosB + sinS) = 2
rsin46°Vsin47°Vsin48°'\ rsin89 O \
( sin 90° 1
= (V2)
45
cos (A- B) + sin (A + B) = 2
,cos44° J\ cos43° J\ cos42' / V cosl° cos 45°,
=> cos {A -B)= \ ; sin {A+ B)= \ / \
23
n
= 2
A=B:A + B= -
2
n 9. VJ sin.Y + cosx = 2
V3 . n
C= - sinx +—sin.Y =2sin .r +
2 2 2 6 )
which is maximum when x + 7^6 = n!2 or x = 60° and has a
2. 1y = tan 20° + tan 50° maximum value 2.
sin(20° + 50°)‘ K K
cos20°cos50
O 10. 1 + sin — +2sin 6
14
sin 70°
n n K
1 + sin —+ 0 +2cos Q
sin70°sin40° sin40°
14 2 14 />

2y = tan 20° + tan 70° n n

= 1 + sin —+ 0 +2cos —+ 0
_ sin(20°+70°) 4 4

cos20°cos70°
Hence, the maximum value is 1 + Vs.
2 2
...(●>) 11. Since AM of two positive quantities > their GM,
2 cos 20° sin 20° sin 40°
2^in ^ 2 COS X

= 2.v 2
>
\/2 stn X
.2
cos X

v = [by Eqs. (i) and (ii)]

sin 40'
Sin .r cos X

V2 . 2
3. cos 15°(sin 75° + cos 45°) + sin I5°(cos 75° - sin 45°)
JT
●Jl sin
= sin(75° +15°) + cos{45° +15°)=! + ^ = ^ 2
-1 1

4. cos a cos )3 - sin O' sin /3 + sin O' cosp - cos a sin /) = 0 2 smx ^ 2^®^ > 2.2'^ = 2 V2

=> cosor(cos)3- sin)3) + sino:(cos)3- sin)3) = 0

(cos p - sin p) (cos a + sin or) = 0 Exercise 3.2
If cos P~sin p-0, then tan = 1. which is not possible, cot A cot B
1. X
sin or + cos or = 0 1 + cot /I 1 + cot 0
tan or = -l

5. Squaring and adding, we get (1 + tan 4) (1 + tan B)

1 + 1 + 2sin A cos 2A + 2cos A sin 2A
1
= (l/4) + (l/9) = (!3/36) ●●●(i)
tan 4 + tan S + 1 + tan 4 tan B
sin 34 =-59/72
Now, tan(4 + S) = tan 225°
6. cos(0-.t) + cos(0-_\’) + cos(0-2) tan 4 + tan S = I - tan 4 tan B

Hence, from Eq. (i).

COS 0
(I cosjY +sin0 0

R.H.S.=
1 - tan 4 tan £ + I + tan 4 tan B 0
7. sin 4 sin (fi - C) = sin C sin (4 - B)

sin (fi - C) _ sin (4 - B) 2. cot(4-iS) =

l + tan4lanS

sin C sin 5 sin 4 sin S tan(4-0) tan 4 - tan B

1 tan 4 tan S
sin B cos C - sin C cos B sin 4 cos 5 - sin £ cos 4
tan 4 - tan 0 tan 4 - tan 0
sinCsin0 sin 4 sin 0
1
cot C - cot 0 = col 0 - cot 4
tan 4 - tan 0 cot 0 - cot 4
2 cot 0 = cot 4 + cot C
1
cot 4, cot 0, cot C are in A.P.
x'^ y
 Solutions S.33

tan^ 26 - tan^ 6 ^ tan 26-tan 0 Exercise 3.3

tan 26 +tan 6 '
3.
I-tan^26tan^6 J + tan26tan6 Al-tan26tan6, 1. (a) sin 65° + cos 65° = sin 65° + sin 25°
= tan(26-6)tan(26+6) T65° + 25°^
= 2 sin
r65°-25°'i
= tan 36tan 6 cos
2 2
4. Since A + B = 45°, tan (A+B) = tan 45° = 1 = 2 sin 45° cos 20°

tan A + tan B _ ^ = 2
1
cos20°
l-tan^tanB
or
tan 4 + tan ^ = 1 - tan A tan B = V2 cos 20°
or tanA+tanAtanB + tanB= I
or tan (1 + tail 5) + tan 5 = I (b) sin 47° + cos 77° = sin 47° + sin 13°
or tan 4 (1 + tan 6) + 1 + tan 6 = 1 + 1 r47° + 13°'\ f47°-13°^
= 2 sin cos
or (1 + tan A) (1 + tan 5) = 2 2 2

1 1 - = 2 sin 30° cos 17°

- + -
tan A + tan B 2 3
5. tan (A+ B) = = 1 = 2 - cosl7°
l-tan4tan5
1--X-
1 1
[2)
2 3
= cos 17°
A +B = 45° (one of the possible values).
2. cos 80° + cos 40° - cos 20°
2A = 90° - 2B
cos 2A = sin 2B rS0° + 40°^ f80°-40°'\ -cos 20°
= 2 cos cos
2 2
For other values o(A+B, we get the same result.
= 2 cos 60° cos 20° - cos 20°
6. We have P+0 = 210°
1
(VJ + tan P) (■'/J + tan Q) = 2—cos 20°-cos 20° =0
2
= (V3 + tan P) (VJ + tan (210° - P))
= (V3 + tan P) (^/3 + tan (30° - P)j
3. sin 10° + sin20° + sin40° + sin50°

= 2sin
ri0° + 50°^ cos r50°-10°^
\ ^
f 1 -tanP
2 2

= (V3 + tanP) ■J3+-7

IV3
1 +2 sin
f20° + 40°'i cos f 40°-20°^
1 + tanP 2 2
V3 y J
= 2 sin 30° cos 20° + 2 sin 30° cos 10°
l->/3-tanP
= (V3 + tanP) >/3 + 1
= 2-sin70° +2-sin 80°
1
■\/3 + tanP 2 2
= 4
= sin 70° + sin 80°

n sin a cos a . K 2n In
4. cos —+ COS + COS + COS —
n smacosa cos^a 5 5 5 5
7. tan)3 =
l-/isin^a 1 nsin^a n
( cos 2;r 6;r^
cos—+ cos + + COS
.cos^a cosset . 5 5 ) I 5 5;
[Dividing numerator and denominator by cos’a] . 4;r
= 2cos—cos— + 2cos—COS
2n . An 2n
/I tana wtana 5 5 5 5
sec^a - ntan^a l+tan^a-/itan"a _ An( 3n 2;r"\
= 2cos— cos— + COS—
ntana 5 I, 5 5 J
...(i)
l+(l-«)tan^a ^ Anf^2cos—cos—
n n\ ^
= 2cos— =0
tana - tan/J 5 I, 2 10 j
Now, tan(a-p) =
1+tana tanP .1
5. sina-sin)8= —
/I tan a 3
tana -
1+ (l-n)tan^a 'a-P] cos 'a+P]_1
[From Eq. (i)] 2 sin ...(i)
1+tana
/I tana
< 2 7 , 2 J 3
l+(l-/i) tan^a 1
cos jS - cos a = —
_ tan a + (l -«) tan^ a - «tan a
1 + (1 - Ai)tan^a + wtan^a 2sin
(a-p). (a+P^ 1 ...(ii)
\ 2 J \ 2 J 2
_ (1 - w) tana +(l - «)tan^a
1 + tan^ a a+p 2
Dividing Eqs. (i) by (ii), we have cot
2 3
= (1 -n)tana
S.34 Trigonometry
6. cosec ^ + sec ^ = cosec 5 + sec 5
or
2cosy4cos5 _ 2sinCcosD
1 1 1 1 -2sin^sin5 -2sinDcosC
or
sin/1 sin^ cosB cos^ or cot cot 5 = tan C cot D
sin5-sin^ cos^-cos5 or cot A cot 5 cot C = cot D
or
sin sin 5 cos^cos5
11. (a) tan(/l + 5) = 3 tan .4
(B-A\ cos A+B (B-A\. (A+B\ sin(i4 + 5)coSi4
2 sin 2 sin sin or =3
or
I 2 { 2 j _ ^ 2 J { 2 sin Acos( A + B)
siny4sin^ cos y4 cos 5
or
sin(.^ + B) cos + sin .,1 cos( A^B) _ 3 + 1
'A + B" sin(^ + 5)coS/4-sin/4cos(.4 + 5) 3-1
cos
,2 sin.^sin^
or sin(^ + B + A) = 2
● f^+
sm cos.4cos5 or
sin(y4 + B-A)
or sin(2.4 + 5) = 2 sin 5
or tan A\nnB= cot
^ + 5^ ‘ (b) sin 2(A +B) + sin 2A
\ 2 )
= 2 sin (2A + B) cos B
7. sin 25° cos 115° = 4 sin B cos B [using Eq. (i)]
1
= ●^(2sin25° cos 115°) jctan A + yim B _ y
— tan ^ + tan B

12.
= -[sin(25°
2
+ 115°) + sin(25°-115°)] x +y ^+1
y
1 sin + sin 5
= -(sin 140°-sin 90°)
2 cos ^ + cos5
1
= -(sin(180°-40°)-l) A + B
2 = tan
2
1
= -(sin40°-l)
2 cos6at + 6cos4x + 15cos2x + 10
13. = 1
8. Let cos 5x + 5 cos 3x +10 cos x
/
2;r 4;r^ (eos 6x + cos 4;c) + 5 (cos Ax + cos 2x) + 10 (cos 2x + \) =1
jccos0 = 7cos 6 + — = 2C0S 6 + — =k -(i) cos 5.V + 5 cos 3;r +1 d cos x
k 3 3

2cos5x cos jc + 2 X 5 cos 3;c cos a- +10 x 2 cos^ x

XTNow, xy + yz + zx= xyz —+ —+ —
f1 1 0 = 1

U y cos 5A + 5 cos 3a +10 cop a

( 2 cos A [cos 5 A + 5 cos 3 a +10 cos a|

f)l)
cos0 + <cos 6 +
2k^ + COS 6+ cos 5 A+5 cos 3 a +10 cos a
k 3J 1
COS A = —
2
_ xyz ( jc\
COS0 + 2COS — cos(e + ;r) A = 60°
^ I \ 3y
A Exercise 3.4
1
- ^ COS0-2—COS0 =0
k \ 2
1. 1 +sin 2/1-cos 2^ ^ (1 - cos 2^) + sin 2.4
9. sin ^ = A sin(20 + (p) 1 +sin 2/1 +cos 2.4 (l + cos2.1) + sin2.4

or
A sintp 2 sin ^ .4 + 2 sin .4 COS/I
y sin(20 + <p) 2 cos^ .1 + 2sin .4 cos A
or
x + y _ siny + sin(2g + (p) 2sin/4(sin/l + cos.4) = tan .4
-A sin(20 + <p)~ sin (p 2 cos .4(sin A + cos A)
[applying componendo and dividendo]
_ 2sin(0 + y)cosg 2 l +cossin2.4
2.4
_ sin^.4 +cos^.4-sin^.4
cos^.4 + 2sin.4cos.4
2sin0cos(0 + (j!))
(a +y) cot {6+ (p) = (y-x) cot 6 (sin .4 +cos 4)^
10. cos(/l + B) sin(C + D) = cos(.4 - B) sin(C - D) (cos A - sin .4)(sin A + cos Ji)
or
cos(A + B) _ sin(C - D) cos .4 +sin .4
cos(.4 - B) sin(C + D) cos .4-sin/4

or
cos(.4+5) + cos(.4-5) _ sin(C-D)+sin(C+D) 1 + tan .4 n
= tan —+A
cos(/l+B) - cos(/l-B) sin(C-D) - sin(C+D) 1-tan/l 14
 Solutions S.35

COS0 sind (4 sin ^ cos A cos2y4)(2 sin y4cosA)

3. cot 0-tan 0= = 8cos2/4
sin0 COS0 sin^^cos^^
cos^0-sin^0
sin0cos0 1 +cos 20 1 + COS40 1 + cos80
9. R.H.S = X X
2cos20 cos 20 cos 40 cos 80

sin 20 2cos^ 0 X 2cos^ 20 x 2cos^ 40

= 2 cot 20 cos 20 cos40 cos 80

cos 0-sin 0 cos0-sin0 cos0-sin0 sin 80

4. COS0
cos0 + sin0 cos0 + sin0 cos0-sin0 _ [8cos0 cos 20 cos 40] cos 0 _ [ sin0 tan 80
cos 80 cos 80 tan0
cos^ 0 + sin^ 0 - 2 cos 0 sin 0
cos^0-sin^0 a
10. We have sin 10° = —
1-4 sin 20 2b
cos 20 Now sin 30° = 3 sinl0° -4 sin^ 10°
= sec 20-tan 20 1 3a 4g^
(k \
K l + tan0 l-tan0 1~ lb %b^
5. tan —+ 0 -tan 0
V4 >.4 l-tan0 l + tan0 3a a'
b b^
_ (l + tan0)^-(l-tan0)^
1 - tan^ 0 + 6^ = Zab^
A
4tan0 11. £ = sin + sin 20 + sin 3C

1 - tan^ 0 3^43,
= - + 2X-X--1
= 2 tan 20 5 5 5

15 24 4
1 2cos2y4cos/l 39-25 _ 14
6. cosec - 2 cot 24 cos A =
siny4 sin 2/1 25 25 25 25

1 2cos2AcosA
sinv4 2sin^cos^ 12.
„ . fA)
32sin
. (5A
— sm
C

1 cos2>4
2 j
\\
sin^ sin/I
= 16 cos -cos
(A 5A
— + —
l-cos2^ V2 2 ^ U 2
sin/f
= 16 (cos 2 A - cos 3 A)
2sin^y4
= 16 (2cos^ A -I- 4 cos^ ^ + 3 cos A)
sin^
Now, putting the value of cos A = 3/4, we get
= 2 sin ^

7. cos^0X sin 30 + sin^ 0x cos 30 32sin

. (A) . f5/l^
— sm — = 11

= cos^0x (3 sin0- 4 sin^ 0) + sin^ 0(4 cos^0- 3 cos 0)

V 2J V 2 ^
= 3 cos^ 0sin 0-4 sin^ 0cos^ 0+4 sin^ 0cos^0-3 sin^ 0cos 0 sin 30
13. We have 4cos^0- 1=3- 4sin^0 =
= 3 cos 0 sin 0 (cos^ 0- sin^ 0) Given expression
sin0

3
= —sin 20 cos 20 = (4 cos^ 0-1)(4 cos^ 30-1)(4 cos^ 90-1 )(4 cos^ 270-1),
2
where 0=9°
3 sin 30 sin 90 sin 270 sin 810
= —sin 40
4 sin0 sin 30 sin 90 sin 270
sin 810 sin 729°
sin^ 3 A cos^ 3 A = 1
8. sin0 sin 9°
sin^ A cos^ A
sin^ 3A cbs^ A - cos^ 3^4 sin^ A 14. cos^ —= l-sin^ —= 1- x-l _x + 1
sin^ A cos^ A 2 2 ~2T~^
0 x-1 JC + 1 x-1
_ sin^ 3.4(1 ■- sin^ A) - cos^ 3^4 sin^ A tan—= , -5- =
2 \ 2x y 2x \x + l
sin^4cos^i4
2tan(0/2)
tan 0 =
sin^ 3^4 - sin^ i4(cos^ 3.4 + sin^ 3^) l-tan^(0/2)
sin^^cos^-4
JC-1
2
_ sin(3v4 + A) sin(3^ - A)
sin^ A cos^ A x-l
1-
x+1
S.36 Trigonometry

15. sin ^ sin (5 - Q = sin C sin (A-B) = 2 sin^/3 + 2 (cos^a- sin^p) - 1

sin (B + Q sin (B-C) = sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = 2cos^a- 1
sin^ B - sin^ C = sin^ A - sin^ B = cos 2a
2 sin^ B = sin^ A + sin^ C
b
1 1 19. tan2jc =
l-cos25 = -(I - cos2/i) + -(1 - cos2C), a+b
2tanx b
2 cos 2B = cos 2/4 + cos 2C
I - tan^ jc a+b
Thus, cos 2A, cos 2B, cos 2C are in A.R.
2a
16. (a) sin^3a - sin^ a = sin (3a + a) sin (3a - a) b b a
= sin 4a sin 2a V tanx = —
a^ a+b b)
. 4n 1-^
Now, sin 4a = sin b^
7
2ab
= b
= sin 7C
4;r') b-a
7; 2a = b-a (As 0)
. 3;r 3a = b
= sin—
7 a 1
= sin 3a b 3
sin^3a - sin^a = sin 3a sin 2a
Now, tanx= —
sin 4a + sin 2a b
(b) cosec 2a + cosec 4a =
sin 4a sin 2a -1 1
AT = tan
2sin3acosa 3

sin 4a sin 2a 20. tan d + tan(60° + 0) + tan(120° + 6)

>/3+tan0 ^ ->/3+tan0
2sin3acosa
= tan 0 +
sin4a(2sinacosa) l->/3tan0 l + -s/3tan0
1
sin a
[tan 0(1 - 3 tan^ 0) + (y/3 + tan 0)(1 + >/3 tan 0)
= cosec a + (-●\/3 + tan 0)(1 - yjJ (an 0)]
7t
l-3tan^0
(C) a= —
7 [tan 0 - 3 tan^ 0 +-n/J + 4 tan 0 + >/3 tan^ 0
7a = 3a + 4a = ;r
-a/J --v/3 tan^0 + 4tan 0]
sin 3a = sin 4a l-3tan^0
sin a (3 - 4 sin^ a) = 2 sin 2a cos 2a 9tan0-3tan^0
= 4 sin a cosa cos 2a, = 3 tan 30
l-3tan^0
3-4 (1-cos^ a) = 4 cos a (2 cos^ a-1)
(v sina^iO)
21.
l + yjl + tan^ 2A l + |sec2y41
(2/4 = 220°)
It follows that tan 2A tan 2/4
8 cos^ a - 4 cos^ a - 4 cos a + 1 = 0 ...(i)
From equation (i), we can say that cos a is a root of 1 - sec2A _ ^ 1 -pos2i4^ = -tan A
8;c^-4;r2-4jc+ 1=0. tan 2^ , sin 2.4 ^

1 y/3 _ cosl0°->/3sinl0° 22. Since a and ft are the roots of the equation
17.
sin 10° cos 10° sin 10° cos 10° a COS0 + 6 sin 0 = c, we have
a cos a +6 sin a=c ...(i)
1 R
-cosl0°-^ sin 10°
and a cos fi + b sin p=c -(ii)
= 4x-2 2
2 sin 10° cos 10° Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
sin 30°cos 10°- cos30°sin 10° a(cos a-cos p) + Z)(sin or - sin jS) = 0
= 4x
sin 20° or 6(sin a - sin - a(cos p - cos os) = 0
sin 20° or 2b cos
a+p sm
. a~p = 2asin
a+p sm
. a-p
= 4x =4 2 2 2 2
sin 20°
a+p b a —B
18. 2 sin^jS + 4cos(a + p) sin a sin P + cos 2{a + p) or tan
2 a L
as a, P are different, sin
I 2
—^0
= 2 sin^j9 +2cos{a+ p) [2 sin a sin )3] + cos 2(a+ p)
a+p 2^
= 2 sin^p+ 2 cos (a+p) [cos (a-p)-cos (a+p)] + cos 2(a+ p) 2tan
2 ^ol 2ab
= 2 siii^P + 2 cos (a+p) cos (a- p) - 2 cos\a + p) Now, sin (a+ p) =
1+tan
2«+P ~ ^ a^+b^
+ 2 cos\a+ p) - I a]
 Solutions S.37

2 tan fa + P]
Now, a-b cos 26= a-b
H)
y 2 j 2ab
(a) tan(a + /3) =
1 - tan^ (a + p]
a^-b^ (●«?)
I 2 (a — Z>) + {a +^)/f
b^ l+/f
1 - tan" (a+p\
\ 2 )_ '-3 a a^-b^ {a+b) a-b
(b) cos {a+ p) =
1 + tan^ fa+p]
a^+b^ a+b
V 2 a~
a+b ■
tftj+tf [using Eq. (i)]
23. tan^- = 1 - cosfl _ tana - tan j9 _ sin(a - P)
H^L'
2 1 + COS0; tan a + tan/3 sin(a + j3) a +b
(ii)

24. tan" — + tan^ — + tan^ —

2 2 2 a+b
Similarly, a - 6 cos 20 = d (d *i) (Hi)
_ l-cos0:^ 1-COS0 ^ l-cosyr (i+'l)
1 + COS0 1 + COS0 1 + cosi/^
Hence, (a-b cos 26) (a-b cos 20)
●- * 1 ^ = (a + b)^ ti tl = a^-b^ [using Eq. (i)]
_ b + c _|_ c +a I a+b
which is independent if 6 and 0.
b
1 + -^
a
1+ 1+
b+c c +a a+b
Exercise 3.5
b + c-a c + a —b a + b —c
1 1 1. (cos"66° - sin^6°) (cos"48° - sin^! 2°)
a+b+ c a+b +c a+b +c
= (cos 72° ● cos 60°) (cos 60° ● cos 36°)
a +b+c
= (cos 60°)" ■ sin 18° ● cos 36°
a +b+c
= 1 _ ifvs-or^'
6 1 -COS0
4 4
I 4 J
25. tan^- 1
2 1 + COS0
16

cos a - cos P
1- 2. 4(sin 24*" + cos 6°) = 4(sin 24° + sin 84°)
1-cosa cos)3 = 8 sin 54° cos 30°
cosa-cos
1+
1-cosa cos P = 8x
>/5+l X
yl3
4 2
_ l-cosoccosP-cosa + cosP = Vl5 + V3
l-cos(jf cosP+cosa - cosjS
I 3. sin 47° + sin 61° - sin 11° - sin 25°
I

(l-cosa) + cos )3 (l-cosa) = (sin 47° - sin 25°) + (sin 61 ° - sin 11 °)

= 2 sin 11° cos 36° + 2 sin 25° cos 36°
(l + cosa)- cos/3 (l+ cosa)
= 2 cos 36°(sin 11°+sin 25°)
_ (l - cosa) (l +COS/3) =tan
2 a
^ — cot^ —
2 P = 2 cos 36°(2 sin 18° cos 7°)
(l + cosa) (l-cosjS) 2 2

= 4 X
yfS+\ X
VS-l X cos 7°
6
tan — = ± tan —
a P
cot—
4 4
2 2 2 = cos 7°
6 . a P
Hence, one of the values of tan — is tan — cot—. 1
2 2 2
l + tan"7-° l + tan^7-°
2
4. (a) ^ = 2
26. Let us put tan 6= and tan ip = t2- Then, tan7-
lo 2tan7-
Ic
2 2
a —b
/,/2/2
t2 -
- ...(i) 2
a +b
sin 15°

Also, cos 26 =
1 -tan^ 6 1 -t^ 2

l+tan^0 1+/,^ ^/3-l

2yf2
cos 20 =
l-tan^0 _ 1 -tl
l+tan^0 1+^2 = 2v'2(V3+ 1)
= 2(V6 + V2)
S.38 Trigonometry

1 Exercise 3.6
tan^Sa-”-! l-tan^82-°
2 2
(b) = -2
1. sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80°
lo 1
tan 82-
2
2tan82-°
2 = sin 60° sin 20° sin (60°- 20°) siii (60°+ 20°)
-2
= —4 sin60°sin(3x20°) = —sin
4
“60° = 16^
tan 165°

2 2. cos 10° cos 30° cos 50° cos 70°

tanl5° = cos 30° cos 10° cos(60° - 10°) cos(60° + 10°)
2
= — cos 30° cos(3 xl0°) = —
4
2-V3 16
3. sin 12° sin 18° sin 42° sin 48° sin 72° sin 78°
= 2(2 + V3)
1
= (sin 12° sin 48° sin 72°) (sin 18° sin 42° sin 78°)
tan^37-° + l
2 -1 = -sin 36° - sin 54°
(c) 1 4 4
cos75°
tan2 37-°-l
2 1
= — sin 36° cos36°
-2V2 16
>/3-l 1
= — sin 72°
= ->/2(V3 + 1) 32

= -(V6 + >^) cos 18°

32
3tan^5°-l -1
(d)
3tan5°-tan^5° tan 15°
^ . 9x: . lln: . 13n:
4. sm— sin sin
-1 14 14 14

2-yH = sin —
5k
sin
. Zk
—
.
sm —
K

= -(2 + V3) 14 14 14
n 2k 3k
= cos — cos— cos —
' f 11°^ f 1i®") f 1®'' 7 7 7
5. cot 11— +tan 112— -cot 112— -tan 11— K 2k 4k
V 4j 2) 2) k 4^ = -cos — cos — cos
7 7 7
o \
1° 1 1°^ 1
. 8X-
cotll tanll— +tan 90°+22— -cot 90° + 22—
sm — ,
4 2) 2) 7_-i
1°^ K 8
8 sin —
2 l-tan^ll— 7
V 4J 1° 1°
- cot 22 — + tan 22 —
1° 2 2
2tanll — _ . x: . 3;r . 5;r . 7;r . 9;r . ll;r . 13;r
5. sm—sm—sm—sm—sm— sm Ism
4
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
1° 1° .1° . K . 3k . 5k . K . ( 5k^
= 2 cot 22 cot 22 — + tan 22 — = sm—sm —sm —sm—sm k
2 2 2 14 14 14 2 \4J
/
1°
= cot 22— + tan 22
1°
xsm ;r
3k\ sm
. fk
2 2 \ 14 J 14J
■2^-2 . 2 57T
= (V2+ 1) + (V2-1) = sm —sm —sm —
14 14 14
= 2^/2
\2
f sm
. —sm
K . —sm
3k . —
5k
I
tan9°+ V 14 14 14
tan9°+ cot 9° tan 9°
6.
k 5;r"| ^
r\
tan27°+cot27°
tan 27°+
1
cos
K K
cos
(k 37T^ cos
tan 27° [2 14) [2 14) J2~~[4)
tan^9°+l 2 tan 27° 3;r 2k k
n2

cos—cos—cos—
2 tan 9° (tan2 27°+l) 1 1 1
sin 54° cos 36°
1 ^ ;r . ;r 2k 3;rlf
sin 18° sin 18° 2cos—sm—cos—00s—
2sin;r/7 7 7 7 7

_ >/? + ! 4 f.
-a

4 ■^/5-l
1
2 sin
2k
cos—cos
2k
K
4;r^
2^ sinn:/7 7 7 7

4k W~
/

V5-I >/5+l 2 ,
1
2sin—cos—
4;r

2^sin;r/7l 7 1 )
 Solutions S.39

\2 . na
1 . 8;r sin
sin—
V8sin7T/7 7
.
^a cos (n + 1)—
4
sin —
\2 4
_ fsin{7C +Till)
, 8sin;r/7 j 5. Sees'* l°-SsinM°
'-sinn n
\2
(I
\2
1 = S(cos'*l°-sin'* P)
= Scos 2°
,8sin;r/7. 64
= cos 2° + cos 4° + cos 6° + ... + cos 358°
Exercise 3.7 O \
("2°+ 358
cos sin(179°xl°)
2
1. We have
sinl°
K 3n 5k Ik 9k
cos— + cos— + cos— + cos— + cos—
11 11 11 11 11 cosl80°sin(180°-l°)
sinl°
K 9k^
nlii = -l

.llj
cos ■sin
2
Exercise 3.8

2 B 2 ^
■ f— 1. (a) L.H.S. = cos^ -2 + cos ^ COS —
lllJ
sin
2 2

. 'I0;r' =
2 A , . 2 C
cos — +sin
:_2 B
sm
5;r . 5k sm
cos—sm — 2 2 2
11 11
. K 2 . 7T 2 2 —
^ ^ ● . rc+5^
2 I 2 ,
sm sm — = cos +sm sm
11 11 I 2 j
2. There are 90 terms and the average A is 2 A ^ . 'C-B^
2 I 2
= cos — + sm cos
90 / .2,
A = —ysin2r
90^ f r. .(c-b)
r=l = cos +sm sm

2^ ^2) _ \ 2 ) \_2^
sin 90° X-
1 2
-xsin
. 2° + 180° , (A] (B^ . fC^
90^ sinl° 2 {2J {2)
1 1
xsin(90° + l°) 2 A 2 B 2 C
90 sin 1° (b) cos — + cos — + cos —
2 2 2
1 cosl° 1
= —X = —(cotl°) 1 + cos^ l + cos5 1 + cosC
90 sinl° 90
2 2 2

3 + cos A + cos5 + cosC

1 - cos(2r;r/n)
3. r=l
=I r=l
2
2

,
3 +1
, A . B . C
+ 4 sm — sm — sm—
K 2k 2k 2 2 2
1 sin(w-l)— + (/i-l)
n n n 2
n-\- cos
2 . K 2
sm—
=
,2 ^ . A . B . C
+ 2sm —sm—sm—
n
2 2 2
. K

1
sm—
n
2. {a)A-^B + C=kI2ov2A + 2B^2C=k
n
n-1- (-1) LetP = 2A,Q = 2B,R = 2C=^P+Q + R = K
2 . K 2
sm—
n
sin^ A + sin^ B + sin^ C
l-cos2^4 l-cos25 l-cos2C
4. 5= cos a
+ VT + cos 2a + yjl + cos 3a + ... n terms 2 2 2

_ 3-(cos2.4 + cos2g + cos2C)

2 cos^ — +
2 1/2 cos^ a + .^2008^ ^ +... n terms

_ 3-(cos/* + cosQ + cosjg)

2

1
I— a 3a
= V2 cos — + cos a + cos — +... + to n terms 2
2 2
P . Q . P\
/

. na 3- l + 4sm—sm—sm—
sm — 2 2 2)
4
.cos 2
. a 2
sm —
= 1 - 2 sin .4 sin B sin C
4
S.40 Trigonometry
(b) cos^ A + cos” B + COS” C 6, (a)^+5 + C=;ror3^ + 35 + 3C=3;r
l + cos2y4 1 + COS25 l + cos2C P + Q + R = 3k, \
2 2 2 vfhere P = 3A,Q = 3B,R = 3C
_ 3 + (cos2y4 + cos2S + cos2C) tan P + tan 0 + tan R = tanP tan Q tan P
2 tan 3A + tan 3P + tan 3C = tan 3A tan 3B tan 3C
_ 3 +(cosP + cos^ + cosP)
2 (b) In triangle ABC, —+—+ — = —
2 2 2 2
( P 0
3+ l + 4sin —sin—sin— or
2 2 2) 2 2 “ 2 2
2
= 2 + 2 sin sin sin C or tan
(A B\
—+ — =tan £_£'
[2 2 U 2,
3. (a) L.H.S. = cos”y4 + cos“fi + COS” C A B
tan —+ tan —
_ 3 + (cos 2v4 + cos2P + cos2C) or
2 2 C
= cot—
2 B 2
1 - tan — tan -
2 2
Now given ^ = C
or A + B + {k-C) = k B A
cot — + cot —
2 2 C
or A + B + D = k, where D = k-C or = cot —
A B 2
,L.rl.o. _
— *
3 + (cos2^ + cos2P + cos2C) cot—-cot 1
2 2
2
A B ' C A B C
_ 3 + (cos 2/1 + cos 2P +cos 2D) or cot— + cot— + cot— = cot — cot— cot—
2 2 2 2 12 2
2

_ 3-1-(-l-4cos4cosPcosD) cos 4 cosfi cosC

7. 1 1-
2 sinPsinC sinCsin^^ sin 4 sin 5
= 1 - 2 cos 4 cos 5 cos D
_ -cos{B + C) ^ -cos(/l + Q ^ -|cos(4 + B)
■ = 1-2cos4 cos5cos(;r-C) sinfisinC sin C sin 4 Sin 4 sin 5
= 1-1-2 cos 4 cos 5 cos C = R.H.S.

(b) Given a + 60°

= -[cot fi cot C -I- cot 4 cot C -I- cot 4eot 5-3]
= -[l-3] = 2
cos^ a -I- cos^P - cos a cos P
8. cos 34 + cos 35 + cos 3C = 1
= 1 - sin^ a -1- COS” p - cos a cos j8
= 1 -1- cos(a -1- P) cos(a- )3) - cos a cos P 3(4 -H 5) 3(4 - 5) 2 3C
2 cos cos = 2 sin
2 2 2
- 1 -1- cos60° cos(a- p) - cos a cos P
. 3C 3(4 - 5) =sin”
. , 3C| ‘
_ j ^ cos acosp + sin a sin P -cos Of cos
-sm
2
cos
2 2
2

= 1 -
COS(Of -1- P) . 3C XA-B) 3(4-h5)
sin cos -cos = 0
2 2 2 9

1 3
. sin
2 . —34 sm
. —sm
35 . —
3C = ^0
4 4 2 2 2

4. Let4 = )3-7,5 = 7-of, andC-;r=Qf-)3 i.e., one of the angles must be equal to 120°.
4 -1-5 -1- C= ;r 9. We have 2 sin^C = 2 -i- cos 24 -f cos 25
sin”4 -1- sin^5 -t- sin^C = 2
cos\p~ 7) -1- cos^(y- Of) + cos\a- p)
= cos”4 -1- cos^ 5 -1- cos^ C Now in AABC,
sin^4 -1- sin^5 -f sin^C = 2 -i- 2 cos 4 bos 5 cos C
_ 3-l-(cos24-t-cos25-l-cos2C)
cos 4 cos 5 cos C = 0
2
Therefore, AABC must be right angled triangle.
_ 3-i-(-l-4cos4cos5cosC)
2 Exercise 3.9
= 1-2 cos 4 cos 5 cos C
1. Letjr = rcos 5andy = /-sin 5
= 1 -f 2 cos(P~ a) cos(y- a) cos(of- /3) 1
£ =
5. (a) A + B + C = (k/2) =>A+B = (k/2) - C 4 sin^ 5 -I- sin 0 cos 0 -f cos” 9
tan (4 -1- 5) = tan (k!2 - C) 2
tan 4 +tan 5
= cotC 5 4- sin 25 - 3 cos 25
...(i)
1 - tan 4 tan 5
Now, 5 - VTo < 5 -I- sin 25- 3 cos 25< 5 -i- VTo
Now convert all the terms in cot and simplify.
2
I Hence, the maximum value of expression] is and the
(b) Replace cot C by in Eq. (i) and simplify. 2
5-Vio
tanC
minimum value is
54-Vio ■
 Solutions S.41

2. Let a = V2 cos 0,6 = V2 sin 0 9

or = V2 cos )3 = V2 sin0 ●●● y^-F
1 ^
S = 2 - 2 [sin (0 + nIA) + sin + jdA)] + 2[cos (0-0)] 4 x' + -V
V X~)
Maximum value occiu-s when 0=(j>= 5tc/A. 1
Now +— > 2
5„,,=2-2[-l-l] + 2 = 8 x“

3. Let X = /● cos 0 and y = r sin 0.

x^ + 2/ + 2;<y=l
/●^ cos^0 + i"P sin^0 +1"? sin 0 cos 0 = 1 * .9
Thus, maximum value of v is — .
1 8
r^ =
cos^ 0 + 2sin^ 0 + sin 20 2. Let p = tan or tan P,q = tan j3 tan yand r = tan or tan y
1
Now, (yfp +yjq +yfr)~ = p + g + r + 2.J^ + 2yJ^ + 2y[rp
sin^0 + l + sin20
Also, using G.M. < A.M., we have
2
2^^<p + q, 2V^<q + r, 2^<r+p
I-cos20 + 2 + 2sin20
(^ + + 'frf </7 + ^ + r + /7 + ^ + 9 + /- + r+p
2
+ Vr < V3 ● "^p + q + r
3-cos20 + 2sin 20
n

Now, -Vs ^-cos20 + 2sin20<>/5 Now for or + )3 + y = Y, we have

3-V5<3-cos20 + 2sin20<3 + V5 p + ^ + r = tanortan)3 + tan)3tany + tanortany= 1
2 + Vr < VJ

3-V5
max.
3. We know that in acute angled triangle ABC,
tan A tan 0 tan C > 3V3 ...(1)
●/

4. We have — - ^ =1 Now using A.M. > G.M., we have

12j [5)
tan^ A + tan^ B + tan^ C 1/3
PutX = 12 sec 0andy = 5 tan 0 > [tan^y4 . tan^0 . tan^C]
3
144 1
25 = 12cos 0+ Ssin 0
^ ^ m
X y
tan^^ + tan^0 + tan^ C > 3(27) (using (1))
tan^.4 + tan^0 + tan^C > 9
12cos 0+ Ssin 0e T-Vl?^, Vl2^ + 5^ or [-13, 13]
4. (a) We have already proved that in AABC,
g
sin"^ + sin^0 + sin^ C < — ...(1)
e [-13, 13] 4
X y
Now, using, A.M. > G.M., we have
5. We have (x + 3)^ + (y - 2f = 5^ sin^/i +sin^0 +sin^C
Let X =-3 + 5 cos 0andy = 2 + 5 sin 0 3
> ^sin^ A sin^0 sin^C
2x+y = -6 + 2 + 10 cos 0 + 5 sin 0 Therefore, from Eq. (1),
= -4 + 5(2cos 0 + sin 0)
Now, (2cos 0+ sin 0) £ [-Vs, VS] ,47^ sin" A +sin^ B + sin^ C
2x +y = -4 + 5(2cos 0 + sin 0) e [-SVs, -4, sVs -4] 3 3

Exercise 3.10 3 -
— > (sin A sin 5 sin C) ^
4
1. (a) In A ABC, we know that
or sin A sin 0 sin C <
3V3
cos A + cos 0 + cos C < — ...(1)
2 8

2—
A 2—
0 2—
^ (b) We have already proved that in A40C,
cos + cos + cos
2 2 2 V3
l + COSyf 1 + COS0 1+COsC
sim4 sin0 sinC < 3 ...(2)
8
2 2 2
Now, sin2y4 + sin20 + sin2C = 4sim4 sin0 sinC
3 cos44 + cos0 + cosC ^3 3
= -+ < -+- (using Eq. (1))
2 2 2 4
(using Eq. (2))
8
2A 20
cos — + cos — + cos
2 2 2 4 3V3
sinZ4 + sin20 + sin2C <
2
2 A 2—
B 2 C f 2 1)
(b) cos — + cos + cos — 5. We know that in triangle ABC,
2 F. V X J
cos /I + cos 0 + cos C < 3/2

●●●
(2 1 "1^9 A B C
Now, cos + cos 0 + cos C = l + 4sin—sin—sin—
\ X y H 2 2 2
S.42 Trigonometry
b
.I A . B . C ^2,
+4sin—sin—sin— < — 6.(1)
a
—

2 2 2 2 sin(0-a) sin(0-j6)
. A . B . C 1 c d
So. sin—sin —sm— < — ...(1)
2 2 2 8
cos(0-a) cos(0-^)
Using A.M > G.M.. we get
sin(6-a)cos(0-a)
A B C
cosec + cosec — + cosec —
2 A B C)
vI/3 ac + bd _ k\k2 +sin(6) - ^)cos{6 - ^)
— > cosec—cosec—cosec—
3 2 2 2)
ad + he AjAtj sin(0-«)cos(0-
1/3
+sin(0- [})cos{6-a)
A B C sin 2(6 -a) + sin 2(0 - jS)
cosec—I- coscc—h cosec— > 3
7 2 2 . A . B . C 2sin(20-(a + /3))
sin sin sin —
2 7 2 > 2sin(20 - (a + )3))cos(or - /8)
A B C
= cos(a- p)
coscc —h cosec —i- cosec ->3(8)
1/3
[Using (1)] 2sin(20-(a + ^))
2 2
A B C A B ( C A B
cosec—I- cosec—i- coscc— > 6 7.(1) 2 sin — coscc — sin cos—cos— coS/4
2 2 2 2 2 [ 2 7
2)

^ . A B ( cos A+B A B] -cos/I^

II
~ 2sin — cosec—x cos—cos—
Exercises 2 2 -I
2 2

Single Correct Answer Type ^A B

= 2sin—cosec—
_ . A . B]
-sin—sin — - cosA
2 2 2 7
- /
3
1. (1) cos(^ - 0) = —
5 ^ . ■’A
= - 2 sin“ — -cos^ = -l
7
or 5 cos^ cos5 + 5 sin/1 sin5 = 3
From the second relation, we have
8. (1) /(.r) = 3 cos.v + 5 sin(.Y- 7t/6)
sin/1 sin5 = 2 cos/1 cos5 -(h)
1
1 2 = —COS,V+7X sm.v
cos A cosB= — and sin/Jsin0 = — 7 7
5 5
n2
1 573 1 5^
Then, + </(a:)< +
2.(1) A =
72 71"
2 sin90° 2) 2
^l2 2

1
or -7i9 < fix) < 7i9
S= 72 sin 44° + cos44°
7J 7^ 9.(2) We have
= V2 sin (45° + 44°) X y
= >i2 sin 89° < V2 sin 90° COS0
cos 6-
2k
cos 0+
27r]
:.A>B 3 ) 3 )
Therefore, each ratio is equal to
tanl00° + tanl25°
3.(4) tan(100°+125°) = X + + r X+V +2
l-tanI00°tanl25°
2;r' 0
tan 100° +tan 125° COS0 + COS 0-— +COS 0 +
taii225° = 3 3 )
1-tan 100° tan 125°
or .V + V + z = 0
tanl00° + tanl25°
i.e.. 1
l-tanl00°lanl25° sin(l°- 0°) sin(2°-l°) sin(3°-2°)
10. (2) + ●●●
i.e.. tan 100° +tan 125° +tan 100° tan 125°= I sinl°Lcos0°cosl° cos I ° cos 2° cos2°cos3°

4.(4) cot(«+/?) = 0 ^cos(a+^) = 0 sin(45°-44°)

cos44°cos45°
sin(a+ 2P) = sin (a+ /3) cos/3 + sin pcos (a -
= ± cos P (V siii(a+/J)=±l) 1

5. (2) 3 sin/1 cos5 = sin0 cosA sin 7-j-^[tan 1° + (tan 2° - tan I °) + (tan 3° - tan 2°)
3 + (tan 4° - tan 3°) + ● ● ● + (tan 45° - tan 44°)]
COS/1 SlOiS = —
4 1 1

sinl°
sin(>l + 5) = 1 X

K K 11.(4) (a-/?) = (0-/J)-(0~a)

C = B=—~A
2 2 cos(a- p) = cos (0 - jS) cos (0 - a) +
K sin(0- P) sin(0- a)
3 tan/1 = tan A 7 7
2 V X , -V' y-
3 = cot^.4
— X — + Jl—7
h a a' b^
 Solutions S.43

—-cos(a-jS)
-.2 /
y ,8.(4) £i!l£ = i,£2!£ = l
sinj 2 cosy 2
ab a~
0^) tanx 1
2.2
X y 2xy
or + cos^(a-/3)- ab
cos(a - p) tany 3
tanjc + tany _ 4tanx
x-y
2..2 => tan(jr+y) =
l-tanjftany l-3tan^x
a^b^
2
x^ Also siny = 2 sin.v, cosy = —cosjc
or cos(a-)8) =sin^(a-)3)
b^ I ab
4cos^jc
;r^ or sin^y + cos^y = 4 sin^A- + = 1
12. (4) min (2 + sinx - cosx) = min 2 + V2 sin x = 2-^2 9

or 36 tan‘A: + 4 = 9 sec^x = 9(1 + tan^x)

k-A ti-B n-C or 27 tan^x = 5
13. (1) Let a = r=
4 ’ 4 ’ 4 ^/5
or tanx =

a+P+r=-
7t
3^/3
4VJ
£tanatanj8 = 1
3J3 4^/5x27 /77
tan(x+y) =
Ztan^ a = 1 = Xtanatan^ 1- 15 "12x373
27
tana = tan^ = tany
14.(1) (1+tan/l)(l+tan5) = 2
19. (2) cot^x = cot(x - y) cot(x - z)
tany4 + tan5 = 1 - tanA tan5 or cot^x = cotxcoty + lV cotxcotz + r
^ coty-cotx /V
cotz-cotx
n
tan(y4 + 5) = 1, i.e., A + B= —
or cot^x coty cotz - cot^x coty - cot^x cotz + cot'*x
or a + 4a = — , i.e., a = — = cot^x coty cotz + cotx coty + cotx cotz + 1
4 20
or cot^x (coty + cotz) + cotx (coty + cotz) + 1 - cotlc = 0
15.(1) cos 17“ = cos (45°-28°) or cotx(coty + cotz) (1 + cot^x) + (1 - cot^x) (1 + cotlv) = 0
= cos 45° cos 28° + sin 45° sin 28°
or [cotx (coty + cotz) + (1 - cot^x)] = 0
cos 28° +sin 28° e
COt^ X -1 1
ll 72 or = —(coty + cotz)
2cotx

(5k 20. (2) Let tan A = 2k, tan B = Ak and tan C=5k
cot a

16.(1) f(p) = f ^-a

4 Now, tan ^4 + tan 5 + tan C = tan ^4 ● tan 5 ● tan C,
\ ^ (5k 12A:=60)t^
1 + cot a
V 4 1
k=
1 75
(5k 3
^ and tan C = Vs
1 + tan a tan/l = ,tan5 =
4 75 75
1 1 + tana
sin44 = 3
P=,sm5 =
● X, 4 ,sinC = 75
1 +
1- tana 2 7i4 7^ 76
1 + tan a
Hence, sin A ● sin 5 ● sin C =
cot a 1 7
As /(a) = , we have
1 + cota 1 + tana 21. (2) sin 27° - sin 63° = - 2 cos45° sin 18°

m m=-
1
= -^^ (~5T-i)_ Ts-i ^ 73-75
4 2-Jl 2

K K
17. (3) A-B = — or tan(44 -B) = tan — 22. (2) tan tan
4 4
[ 2 j [ 2 J
2 sin (e,+92^.
tan^ - tan5
or = 1
1 + tani4 tan5 { 2 )[ 2 )
or taOi4 - tan5- tan44 tan5 = 1 2 cos (d^] cos

or tany4 - tan5 - tani4 tan5 +1=2 [ 2 j ^ 2 )■

or (1 + tan/l) (1-tan5) = 2 ^y = 2 cos 6^ - cos 0,L = Z1
Hence, (y + 1 )^^' = (2 + 1)^ ^ ‘ = (3)^ = 27. cos 0, + cos 02 3
S.44 Trigonometry

21 28. (2) (cos a + cos - (sin a + sin /3)^ = 0

23. (1) We have sin a + sin = - ...(i)
65 or
(cos^ a + cos^ p +2 cos a cos p)\ -
cos a + cos )3 = -
21
...(ii)
(sin" a + s^n"/J + 2 sin a sin )8) = 0
65 or
cos 2a + cos 2f5 = - 2(cos a cos - sin a sin p)
Squaring Eq. (i), we get ==-2 cos(a+ P).
\-2
( 21 COS 80° cos 20°
sin^a + sin^P + 2 sin a sin j8 = — ...(iii) 3 +
sin 80° sin 20°
29.(2)
Squaring Eq. (ii), we get cos80° cos20°
\2
^ 27 sin 80° sin 20°.
cos"a + cos^P + 2 cos of cos j3 = — ...(iv)
\ 65^ _ [2sitt80° sin20° +(cos80° cos20° + sin80°sin20°)]
Adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get sin 20° cos 80° + cos 20° sin 80°
1 21
2 + 2 cos(a-p) = (27f+(21) - cos 100° + cos 60° + cos 60°

(65)"' sin 100°

1 1 -cos 100°
(729 + 441)
{65f sin 100

1 18 = tan 50°
(1170) = —
(65)^ 65 30. (4) We have 4jc^ - 16x + 15 < 0
3 5

1 +cos(a-)3)= ^65
— <x< —
or 2 2

Therefore, the integral solution of

or 2 cos^ a-P 9 4x^ - 16x + 15 < 0 is 2T = 2
2 65
Thus, tan a = 2. It is given that cos (3 = tan 45° = 1.
or cos
CC-P_ 3
sin(a + p) sin(« - P) = sin^or - sm^P
2 VT30
- (1 - COS^ P)
1 + cot"a
●:K<a
o ,
~P<37t
71 a~P 7>n
=>—< —<—=>cos (cx-P] <0
^ 2 2 2 [ 2 J 1
-0 = 1
1 5
1 + -
K
4
24.(1) a+2a + 4a=7a= —
31.(2) /(n) = 2cosnx
tan a. tan 2a + tan 2a. tan 4a + tana. tan 4a = 1 => /(!)/(«+!)-/(«)
. =4 cosxcos(w + l)x-2 cos/jx
sin 30 + sin 50 + sin 70 + sin 90
25.(3) = 2[2 cos(n + l)x cosx - cos/a]
cos 30 + cos 50 + cos 70 + cos 90
= 2[cos (w + 2)x + cos «x - cos ?ar]
_ (sin 30 + sin 90) + (sin 50 + sin 70) = 2 cos(« + 2)x =/(n + 2)
(cos 30 + cos 90) + (cos 50 + cos 70)
32. (2) sin 0, - sin = a, cos 0, + cos 02 = /?
2 sin 60 cos 30 + 2 sin 60 cos0
2 cos 60 cos 30 + 2 cos 60 cos0
fl2 + ^>2 = 2 + 2cos(0, + 02)
0<a^ + b^<A
2 sin 60 (cos 30 + cos0)
2 cos 60 (cos 30 + COS0) yfl-sina- cosa
33.(3)
= tan60 sma - cosa

1
x + z'i . (x-z >/2->/2 sma + cosa

sinx-smz
2 cos
I 2 ;
sm
\ z J
U
26.(2) 1
cos z-cosx fx+z^ . x-z
V2 sma - - cosa
. 2sin
z
sm
U ■J2
;r^
f Jir + z^ cos a
= cot = cot(>^)
I 2 j
V2 sin a - —
27. (3) For each of the ratios be 1/^,
a+c _ A:cosx + ^cos(x + 20) ^ V2 (1 - COS0)
b+d Acos(x + 0) + icos(x + 30) ■s/2 sin0
_ 2cos(x + 0)cos0 K 2 sin^(0/2)
where 0 = a
2cos(x + 20)cos0
4 2 sin(0/2) cos(0/2)
cos(x + 0) _ A:cos(x + 0) _b 0
cos(x + 20) k cos(x + 20) c = tan — = tan
2 .2 8,
 Solutions S.45

34.(2) a cosx + b sinx = c A+C A-C

2 sin cos

a 1-tan^-
2 -2 ^2
Ibtan- A +C A+C
2 _
= c
2 sin ●cos
2 2
1 + tan^ — 1 + tan^ -
2 2 2 sin 5 = sin + sin C

40.(2) 2 sec20= tan 0 +cot0

(c + a) tan^-^-26tan-^ + c-a = 0 2
or
2 sin^0 + cos^0
X, x^ 2b
tan—+ tan—= cos 20 sin 0 cos 0
2 2 c+a
2 1 .
or
, Xl X-, c-a
and tan—tan—= cos 20 sin 0 cos 0
2 , 2 c+a
or cos 20= sin 20
2b
or 20= 90°-20
tan
c+a _ 26 6
I 2 J 1-^ -o 2a a or e+^=-
7C

c + a

35. (1) Applying b-a = c-b for A.P., we get 41.(2) 4x^-2>/5x+1 =0
2 cosr sin(ji: -y) = 2 cosx sin(y - z)
x =
2^/5±2 _ >/5 ±1
Dividing by 2 cosx cosy cosz, etc., we get 8 4
tanx - tany = tany - tanz Roots are sin 18° and cos 36°.

tan(a + jS-y)_tany 42.(2) 3sin^^ + 2sin^5= 1

36. (1) or 3 sin^/4 = cos2 5
tan (ce - /3 + y) tan )3
Also 3 sin2 - 2 sin2 5 = 0
sin(« + p- y)cos(« - P+Y) _ sinycos)3
sin(a-|j3 + y)cos(a + j8-y) sinjScosy or sin 25 = -sin 2.4
2
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
Now, cos(.(4 + 25) = cos.,4 cos 25 - sin.(4 sin 25
sin2o: _ sin (y + P)
sin 2 (P ~y) sin (y - j8) = cos/l 3 sin^.4 - sin.4 — sin 2/4
2

sin 2 ()3- )) sin (j0+ + sin 2asin (/J-)) = 0 = 3 sin^.4 cos.4 - 3 sin^.4 cosA = 0
sin (2 cos (jS- ^ sin ()3+)) + sin 2a) = 0 n
A + 2B= -
sin (P-y) (sin 2a + sin 2P + sin 2)) = 0 2
sin 2a + sin 2/3 + sin 2y = 0 {zsp*i) 43. (3) Squaring
l+2sin25°cos25°=/
37. (1) sin 0, sin 02 - cos 0, cos 02 = - 1
sin50°=/»^-l
or cos(0, + 02) = 1
0, + 02 = 2n/r,/i e / cos 50°= = 5>/2-/ (vp>0)

or ~tlK 15;r^
2 2 44.(4) tan + 2 tan - cot 7E -
,2 16 , ,2 8, 16;
0 02 01
Thus, tan—cot-^ = tan-‘-cot nn- —
2 2 2 [ ;r ;r ;r
2; = tan cot — + 2 tan
16 16 8
0 0
V
= - tan—cot—= -l
2 2 n K
sin — cos—
n
16 + 2 tan —
16
38. (1) Numerator = 2[(sin 1° + sin 89°) + (sin 2° + sin 88°) + ●●● It . n 8
cos — sm --
+ (sin 44° + sin 46°) + sin 45°] 16 16
Numerator
n . n n
Denominator 2cos — sm — 4 cos—
8
+ 2 8 __ 4=-4
= 2[sin45°{2(cos44° + cos43° + ●●● + cosl°) + 1}] . It K . ft
sm —
= 2sin45° = >/2 sm — cos —
8 8 4

A C
45. (2) Since a<P<y<band sin a = sin/3 = sin y = sin5- A:, we have
39. (1) Given cot y
●cot—= 3
2
P= 7t- oc, y= 2;r+ a, S= 'hit-a
A C
cos— cos— a P .7.5
4 sin —+ 3sin■^- + 2sm-^ + sm—
2 1=3 2 2 2 2
. A . C
sm —sm—
a a a a
2 2
= 4 sin — + 3 cos 2 sin --— cos—
A-C 2 2 2 2
cos

—-— = 2
A+C
(using componendo and dividendo) = 2 sin—+ 2cos-^ = 2>/l + sina =2>/l + A:
cos
2 2
2
S.46 Trigonometry

sin^i4-sin^5 _ 2sin(.4 + g)sin(^-g) 52.(3) 2|sin2a|<2

46.(2)
sin A cos A- sin B cos B sin 2^4-sin 25 1
and |tan/J + cotj3| = =,2 |cosec2)3|>2
^ 2sin(^ + 5)sin(/4-5) |sinjScos)S| I
2sin(y4 - 5)cos(^ + B) 2|sin2a| = |tan)3 + cot)3| = 2 j
= tan(.4 + B) 2k
« =^=^
4
1
47.(4) Put, jS = 0=>tana = -
53. (4) We have sin^ 10° + sin^50° - sin^70°
2f>l
3 3 = [(3 sin 10° - sin 30°) + (3 sin 50° - sin 150°) -
sin 2a =
(3 sin 70°-sin210°)]
l + i"5
9 1 3
= — 3(sinl0° + sin50°-sin70°)'—
1 1 4 " ^ 2
l-3sin2a l-3sin2)8 1 3 3
= — 3(sinl0°-2cos60°-sinl0°)
1 1
4 I 2 8
-1
+1 = +1 =—
l-3sin2a 9 4
1-- \2 (, \ 1 \
"l-cos2x + sin2x
5
54.(2) P(x) = ^ 1 + cqtjc + cot X
U + cos2x + sin2A:^ |^l + tahx + tan^jc^
48. (3) cos^ 10° - cos 10° cos 50° + cos^50° 2 \2
2sm x + 2sinxcosx
^ ( tan^jT + tanAT + l
1 + cos 20° - (cos 60° + cos 40°) 2cos^a: + 2sinxcosArJ (^tan^o: l + tanx + tan^x^
+ (1 +COS 100°)' = tan^ X + cot^ X i
= (tan X - cot x) ^ + 2
1 1
= -
2
[1 + cos20° cos40° + 1 - cos80°] n
2 55.(4) Let 5 =
7

^2 [2^ + cos20°-(2cos60°cos20°)
'
=-
'A
3d=K-4e

sin 30= sin 46 j

49. (2) tan^0 = 2 tan^^ + 1 3 sin 0-4 sin^0 = 4 sin 0cos 6 cos 20
or. 1 + tan^0 = 2(1 + tan^^) 3-4sin^0=4cos 0(2 cos^0- 1)
8 cos^0-4cos 0=4 cos^0-1 !
sec^0=2 sec^0
4 cos 0(2 cos^0- 1) = 4 cos^0- 1
cos^^ = 2 cos^0= 1 + cos 20
cos20=cos^0- 1 =-sin^0 4 cos 0 = 4 cos^ 0-13- tan~ j0
sin^0 +cos 20=0 2cos^0-l l-tan^0

1 180°
50. (4) tan ^ ● tan 5 = — 56.(1) Leta =
. 2 7

tan A cot 5 180° = 7a

— = X(say) 3a = 180°-4a
1

1 sin 3a = sin 4a
tanA = X and tan B =
2X 360° 540°
cosec + cosec
(5-3 cos Z4) (5 - 3 cos 25) 7 7

1 ^ = cosec 2a + cosec 3 a

= 5-^x
(l + A^)
5-^
1+
1 ^
= 16
sin 3a + sin 2a
sin 3a sin 2a
I, 4A^ > sin 4a + sin 2a
sin3asin2a
K K
51. (2) It is true when x = —, v = — 2 sin 3a cos a
2 4
from (i)
sin 3a-sin 2a
y
2 tan —
2 cos a
tany = 1 => 2- = i
2 y 2sina-cosa
1 - tan
2 = cosec a

180°
tan^ -^ + 2 tan y
=1 = cosec
2 2 7
 Solutions S.47

Hand/2
= X X 4±V16-4(7-4) 1
57.(2) tan 0= A, we get as—< —
l-tan^0/2 """■= 2 2(V7+2) =(77 4-2) I 2 S)
6 e
or Atan^ + 2tan A= 0 ^-2
2 2
3
0, 02 tan 3^
tan — tan — = - 1 63.(4)
2 2 tan^

58.(1) tan e = yfn sin3i4cos^ _ ^

sin i4 cos 3^ 1
cos20 =
1 -tan^0 _ 1-M = rational
k+l sin4.4
l + tan^0 1+M = 2cos2.,4 (using comp, and divd.)
k-l s\n2A
59.(1) sin20= cos30
sin 3.4 2k
or 2 sin0cos0 = 4 cos^0-3 COS0 = l + 2cos2.4 =
sin .4 k-l
or 2 sin0=4(l -sin^^-3
cos .4 A:-l
or 4 sin^0+ 2 sin0- 1 = 0 Similarly
’ cos 3.4 2
or sin 0 =
sr-i
4 fn
64. (2) 4cos^ — — +A/4sin'*x + sin^2x
60. (4) We have cosx = tany ^.4 2J.
or cos^x = tanV
= sec^y -1
H
= 4 COS
2 —
^
1,4
—2) +-y/4sin^x(cos^x + sin^x)
= cot^z -1 [■.● cosy = tanz, secy = cotz]
f 7t
tan^x = 2 1 + cos X +21sinxl
2
1 + cos^x = cot^z = [v cosz = tanx] //
1 - tan^ X
as X e
( K, —
3;r^
sin^x = 2 + 2 sinx - 2 sinx
^ 2 ^
= 2
cos^x-sin^x
2 sin'*x - 6 sin^x + 2 = 0
\2
2cosy-l
65.(2) cosx =
sin^x =
3->/5 [sr-i 2-cosy
I 2 j
or
2
, 2 X 2(l-tanV/2) -1
1 - tan^ - l-3tan^ —
or smx =
S-l = 2sinl8° 2 _ 1 + tan^ y / 2 2

2 - 1 - tan^ y / 2
2 ,
1 + tan'^ -
2 X
l + 3tan^^ ■
2 2
cos 70° + 4 sin 70°cos 70° 1 + tan^ y / 2
61.(2) cot 70°+ 4 cos 70° =
sin 70°
tan^ —= 3tan^ —
cos 70°+ 2 sin 140° 2 2

sin 70°
or tan £cot^ = x/5 (vx,ye(0,;r))
cos 70° + 2sin(180°-40°) 2 2
sin 70°
cos 16° cos 44° cos 44° cos 76° cos76°cos16°
sin 20° + sin 40° + sin 40° -1 + -1- -1 + 3
66. (3) sin 76° sin 16°
sin 16° sin 44° sin 44° sin 76°
sin 70°
cos60° cos120° cos60°
2 sin 30° cos 10° + sin 40° +3
sin 70°
sin 16° sin 44° ’ sin 44° sin 76° sin 76° sin 16°

sin 80° +sin 40° \( sin76°-sinl6° ' 1

+3
sin 70° 2 i, sin 16° sin 44°sin 76° J 2sin 76° sin 16°
2 sin 60° cos 20° 1 2 sin 30° cos 46° ^ 1
+3
sin 70° 2l^sinl6°sin44°sin76° J 2sin76°sinl6°
= >/3 1 ( 2sin30°sin44° 1
+3

V7
21 sin 16° sin 44° sin 76° J 2sin 76°sin 16°
62.(2) sinx + cosx = = 3
2

2tan— 1-tan^- (a + b^ 'a-b^ a+b+a-b

2 2 _ 67.(2) We have +

2^ 2
1 + tan 1 + tan^ —
2 2 2a 2

or
(V7+2)taIl^|-4talli + (^/7 -2) = 0
S.48 Trigonometiy

2 2cosjc 2 2

yj(\-tan^x) yj(cos^x-s\n^x) sin 18° sin 54°

2cos;r
^ 2 sin54°-sin 18°
7(cos2.v) sin54°sinl8°

1+VT^ _ 2 2cos 36° sin 18° = 4

sinl8°cos36°
68. (3) tan;^ =
1+vm
Let X = cos 6, then 73. (2) cos^^ sin2ji: = cos^a: cos.ir sin 2x
l + cos2xV 2sin 2xcos.v
= yfl sin(0/2); ^/^+7 = yf2 cos (0/2)
2 /V 2
1 .0
V2 + sin — .
sin —+ sin—
;r . 0
1
>/2 2 4 2 = — (l + cos2x)(sin3x + sinjr)
tanj^ = 4
1 0 ;r 0
>/2 + COS — cos—+ cos—
4 2
1 1
2 = — sin3A: + sinA: + —(2sin3.Ycos2x)
4L 2
n ■ ^ 0^ (tc 0^ 1
U 4) {S 4) + —(2cos2.Ysinx)
2
o ^ ^ e"! (Tt d] 1 1
U 4j U 4) = - sin3x + sinx + -(sin5x + sinx)+-(sin3x-sinx)
1

“ L Zt ^
K 0"\
= tan
U
—+ —
4) If ●
= — sinx + —sin3x + —sin5x
3 . , I . , 1
4 2 2
n

=> 4;;=y + 0 ai = 1/4,02 = 3/8, n = 5

or sin4y = cos0 = x 3tan0-tan^0
74.(3) Since tan30 =
l-3tan^0
69.(2)
cos 25 _ cos(^ + C)
1 cos{A - C) Putting 0= , we get
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
1 - cos 25 cos(.4 - C) - cos(.4 + C) TV
3 tan
9
tan —
9
tan — =
1 + cos 25 cos(A -C) + cos(A + C) 3
l-3tan2-
2sin^5 2sin.4sinC 9
or
2cos^5 2cosy4cosC 2^
/
7T
or 3 l-3tan 3tan —-tan^ —
or tan^5 = tan.4 tan C 'v 9J [ 9 9J
Thus, tany4, tan5, tan C are in G.P.
or tan*^ - - 33 tan^ - + 27 tan^ - = 3
9 9
70.(2) cos(x-y) ^ cos(z + /) = 0 9

cos(x + 7) cos(z-r)

or 1 + tanxtanj; ^ 1-tanztanr =0
1-tanxtany 1 + tanztan/
or 1+tanztan/ + tanxtany + tanxtany tanztanr
+ 1- tan z tan r - tanx tany + tanx tany tanz tan r = 0
or tanx tany tanz tan / = - 1
a = c sin 0, A = c cos 0
2 since siny
71.(1) tan)3 = 2sinasiny cosec(a+= c c V r 1 1 4(1+sin 20)
sin (a + y) — + —
a
l^sin0 COS0 J sin^ 20
or cotp =
sin (a + y) 1 7t
2 sin or siny = 4 — where 0 < 0< —
V sin 20 sin 20 j 2
sin or cosy + cosorsiny
or 2 cot)3 = = cotor+coty c c
\2

sin or sin y = 8, when 20=90°.

or
cot or, cot cot y are in A.P.
U b >'rain
b
72. (3) We have tan 9° - tan27° - tan 63° + tan 81 ° 76. (2) a cosec or - A sec a = —
a

sin or cos or
= (tan9° + tan 81 °) - (tan27° + tan 63°)
1 1
a ; A
cosor - sin or
cos9°cos81° cos27°cos63° Sin or cosor
+b^
1 1
a
sin 9° cos 9° sin 27° cos 27° Now, sin 3 or = gives
 Solutions S.49

?
a~ + b
I “> sin3a cosa -cos3a sina
ABCD is a square of side length = 3>/2 .
sin a cosa

77.(1) We have
tan6® tan42° tan66° tan78°

= tan 6° tan(60° - 18°) tan(60° + 6°) tan(60° + 18°)

_ [tan 6° tan(60° -f 6°) tan 18° tan(60° -18°) tan(60° +18°)]
tan 18°

tan6°tan(60° + 6°)tan(3 xl8°)

tan 18°

tan 6° tan(60° - 6°) tan(6Q° + 6°)

tan 18'

tan 18°
tan 18° :0_2
sin
>12
2 BP 5

78. (4) A= -ah 9

cos9~ 1 - 2sin‘ — =
ah = 60
b = c cos 0; a = c sin0
82. (2) From figure, d 1
1 c'
A = — c' sin 9cos0 = 1 -d
.xcos(e+30°) = J X,
2
= 30
and xsin6= 1 -</ ...(ii)
A ,30* + e
or = 120 cosec 2 6 \ +d d
Dividing VJ cot0 = l-r/ ’ C ^2
or c .,= 120
inui
60°-0
or
^'min = 2^30 squaring Eq, (ii) and putting
79. (3) cos4 = cosfi + cos^ B the value of cot 9, we get
and "^2 sin 4 = sin B - sin^ B ...(ii)
sin A cos 5-^2 cos A sin B x’= ^(4r/--4t/ + 4)
= (sin B - sin° B) cos B - (cos B + cos^ B) sin B
= - sin S cos B
83. (3) Let A = sin ‘o. B = sin~‘A, and C = stn"‘c.
We have A + B + C = k.
sin {A - B)=- sin 2B
2>l2 a \j\-a~ + b>j\-b~ + c>I\-c~
Now squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1
= —(sin24 + sin25 + sin2C)
2 = COS' B + sin" B + cos^ B + sin* B + 2 (cos'* B - sin* B)
1 = (cos"/l + sin"/l)° - 3 cos^4 sin"4 (cos"/l + sin"4) +
2 cos 2B = .^[4sin/lsini?sinC] =2abc
1 = l-(3/4)sin-25 + 2cos 2B
84. (4) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
- 3sin"25 + 8cos 2S = 0
= 2 cos {A + B) cos {A- B)-^ cos 2C
3CO.S-25 + 8cos 25 - 3 = 0
= 2 cos — - C cos( A-B) + cos 2C
cos 2B= — , 2 )
3
= - 2 sin C cos {A- B)+ \ - 2 sin^C
2^/2 = 1 - 2 sin C (cos(/4 - B) + sinC)
sin25= ± .-. sin (A - B)= ±-
3 3
= 1 - 2 sin C {cos(4 -B) + sin [ZkII ~{A + B)]}
80.(2) P^sec-e+5^coscc-e=(2V2)"P^
A = 1 - 2 sinC [cos (4 - 5) - cos(^ +5)]
= 1- 4 sin4 sinS sinC
I

sin"0cos"5 P COS6C0 sin 2)3 2sin)3cos^

85.(1) We have
3-COS2/J 2-2cos2/3 + l + cos2^
s
sin-25 =
V2 _ 2sin)3-cos^
4sin“/3 + 2cos")3
=> 25= ;r/4 or 3;t/4

9=nl^,2nl% _ tan p
1 + 2 tan" j3
81.(3) OP=4
OA = OB=OC=OD = 2 _ 2 tan ^ - tan fi
l + 2tan‘)3
AP = BP=CP = DP= \/3- + 4- = 5
= tan (a-/3)
S.50 Trigonometry

tana-tanji 2tan)3-tanj3
92. (3) cos a: + cos>> - cos(x+>')= —
1 + tanatan^ l + 2tan^j3 2

tana=2tan)3
-2cosfi^l
3
or 2 cos cos +1=-
86. (2) sin^yi - sin^5 + sin^C . 2 , I 2 jv /
2

= sin(^ + B) sin(/4 -B) + sin^C if x+y" fx+y^ fx-y^ 1 ^

or 2cos -2 cos —=7- cos I—— +— =0
= sin C (sin(y4 - j5) + sin Q I 2 j I 2 V 2 ; 2
= sin C (sin(y4 -B) + sin(^4 + B))
= 2 sin^ cos 5 sinC Now cos is always real, then discriminant > 0. Thus,
2 ^
10

--S{ ifx-y] -4>0

^rn rn
87.(4) cos 3 cos— + cosr7t 4 cos
r=0
3
^ r=0 3 I 2 J
10;r^ or cos 2(5zy >1
= — 3 cosO + cos—+ ... + COS
4 3 - +(i-i+...-i+i) I 2 J
f 10;r"l . f ll;r
\\
or cos if^] = 1
3
cos
I 6 j
sin
1 1 I 2 J
4 .
sin—
n "^4 8 or
x-y
= 0 orx=y
6 2

88. (3) Denominator = sin/1 + sin 5 - sinC 93.(1) fl sinx + cos(a:+^+ Z> cos(a:-0) = </
44+5 cos 44-5 ^ . C C a sinx + 2Zi cosa: cos 0 = </
= 2sin -2sin—cos—
2 2 2 2
\d\ ^ + 4b^ cos^ 6
C (A-B\ . C
= 2 cos— cos -sin — d^-a^
2L 2 J 2 ^ cos^ 6
4Z»2
C A-B A +B
= 2 cos— cos -cos
2 2 2 |cos0| >
2\b\
^ C ^ . A . B
= 2cos— 2sin—sin—
2L 2 2. 94. (4) u^ = a^ + b^+ 2yja^cos^d+b^sin^ 6 x -Ja^sin^d+b^cos^6
^ . A . B C
= 4sin —sin—cos— = a^ + b^ + 2
2 2 2

-2sin^0 cos'll+(a'*+Z?**jsin^0 cos^0

ji s c
Also sin44 + sin5 + sinC= 4cos—cos—cos— = a^ + b^ + 2
2 2 2

= (a^ + b^) + 2yja^b^+[a^-b^f sih^ 0 cos^ '0

sin 44 +sin 5 +sinC
cot—cot—
sin 44 +sin 5-sinC 2 2

sin 244 + sin 25 + sin 2C 4 sin 44 sin 5 sinC

= (a^ + b^) + 2)ja^b^ +

89.(1) sin^ 20
sin 44 +sin 5 +sinC . A B C
4cos—cos—cos— 4
2 2 2

.. A . B . C A A
= 8sm—sm—sin —
2 2 2
V sin A = 2 sin—cos—
2 2 Max. = (a^ + b^) +2 ^a^b^ + 4|
90. (3) We have cos^44 + cos^5 - (1 - cos^Q = 0 Min. = (a^ + b^) + 2ab
or cos^A + cos^5 - sin^C = 0 2)2
or cos^44 + cos(5 + C)cos(5-C) = 0 Difference = 2 \ a^b^ + ^«2 - /, -2ab
4
or cos44[cos44 - cos (5 - Q] = 0
or cos44[cos (5 + C) + cos (5 - Q] = 0 — yj4a^b^ + + b‘* — 2a^b^ — 2ab
or 2 cos A cosB cos C = 0
Hence, either 44 or 5 or C is 90°. -2ab

91. (1) In a triangle.

= +b^ - 2ab
tanA + tan5 + tanC = \aoA tan5 tanC
6 = 2tan C = {a-bf
or tanC = 3 95. (4) tanx = n tany, cos(x -y) = cosx cosy +; sinx siny
Also tanA + tan5 = 6-3 = 3 ...(ii) cos(x -y) = cosx cosy (1 + tanx tany)
By Eqs. (i) and (ii), tanA and tan5 are roots of ac2 - 3x + 2 = 0. = cosx cosy (1 + w tanfy)
Thus, sec^ xsec^ y
tanA, tan5 = 2, 1 or 1,2 and tan C = 3
sec2(x-y) =
(1 + wtan2y)2
 Solutions S.51

98. (2) From the third relation we get

_ (1 + tan^ x)(l + tan^y) cos Ocos^ + sin 6sm<j) = sin P sin y
(1 + wtan^y)^
sin^0 sin^^ = (cos 0 cos 0 - sin )3 sin
_ (1 + tan^ y)(l + tan^ y)
(1 + wtan^y)^ j sin P j _ sin y
sin^aji^ sin^a^
= 1 +
(/? -1)^ tan^ y \2
(1 + wtan^y)^ _ ( sin P siny - sin P siny
\2
^ sin^ a
l-i-wtan^y
Now, > wtan^y (v A.M.>G.M.)
(sin^a-sin^P) (sin^a- sin^)) = sin^p sin^y(l - sin^a)^
2
sin'*® (1 - sivi^P sin^^ - sin^a
or
tan^y ^-L (sin^P + sin^y- 2 sin^jS sin^}^ = 0
(l + «tan^y)^ 4w sin^ P + sin^ y - 2 sin^ p sin^ y
sin^a=
(71-1)^ _(n + l)^ 1 - sin^ P sin^ y
sec^(x -y) < 1 + 4m 4w
and cos^a =
1 - sin^ P - sin^ y + sin^ p sin^ y
96.(2) lfa,b>0
1 - sin^ P sin^ y
Using A.M. > G.M., we get
tan^a= sin^ P - sin^ P sin^ y +sin^ - sin^ P sin^ y
a b y/ab cos^ P - sin^ y (1 - sin^ jS)

fix)>
2 _ sin^ p cos^ y + cos^ P sin^ y
cos (k--X cos
K
—+x
cos^ P cos^ y
\6 ; V6 = tan^P + tan^y
2 tan^a - tan^/3 - tan^y = 0
2 ^ *2
cos ^ Sin X tan
6 yr)
2 99.(1) S„=5^- r = l2
r-l
cos
( e
3 1-cos2j:
V4 2 ■

sin
2

II cos^ = rI= 1 2‘ r-l

COS
f 0 1
\4'^~T
^ ay
Now for 0< < cos2x< 1 2sin2 V
3 2 U'"
1 COS2x ^ yjl =I r-l ' 0 ]
r = 12 2 sin
yr)\r.
cos cos
0<
2 y-l

( 0 \
=> /Mi 4>/3 1 - cos
u
r-l

Since ‘/’ is continuous range of

r 4
is -r=-,“’ ●
' ■S7 -1
sin
'_0_'
v-^ /
cos
r 0 "i
r-l

Lv3

-tf 2'-2
1 1

r-l f 0 ^
97. (4) Let y = cosX' sin X + yjsin^ x + sin^ ‘ ' is r = l Sin sm
-1
u yy

2 1
y^ (1 + tan^ x) - 2y tan x = r 0
sin 20 2 « -1
sm
2” ~ *
/ j\
y^ tan^ x - 2y tan x + y^ - —4J ^ 0 0 1
«-l 1
For real tan x, ●S'„ = — lim —-
sin 20 n^~ . f 0 ] sin0 0
disc. > 0 sin
W - I
U
>0
V 4J 100. (2) X sin a + y sin 2a+ z sin 3a = sin 4a
X sin a +y X 2 sin a cos a + z x sin a (3 - 4 sin^ a)
os/sf = 2 X 2 sin a cos a cos 2a
/5 X + 2y cos a + z (3 + 4 cos^ a-4)
Maximum value ofy =-^ = 4 cos a (2 cos^ a - 1) [as sin a 0]
S.52 Trigonometry

8 cos^ a-Az cos^ a-{2y¥ 4) cos a + (z - jc) = 0 (k\

(3) sin — +cos^ — = 1-2 sin^i — cos^ (—
UJ
/

cos^ a - Z
— COS
2
a - cosa +
z - X
=0
\^/ V8 y
\ 4 J ^ ^ > I
/
K
= 1 - - sin^
Which shows that cos a is root of the equation 2 VA)
y+2
p- v2y
4
z -
t + ^ =0 1
= l-- = -sQ
3
I 4 j < 8 ^ A A

Similarly, from second and third equations, we can slow that 2k 2Ak
cos b and cos c are the roots of the given equation. (4) 2cos^^ 2 cos^
9
2 cos
9

1
Multiple Correct Answers Type = 8 (cos20° COS40® cos80°)^ = -8. e Q
1. (1),(2)
4. (1),(2),(4)
2 sin a cos a = 2 cos^jS
sin2a= 1 +cos2jS (sin^jr + cos^a:)^ - 3 sin^A: cos^x x (sinlxj + cos^x) > -
cos2)3 = -(l-sin2a) or 1 - 3 sin^AT cos^AC > —
5 ^
fn 8
1-cos —2a 3 2 2
or — > 3 sin AT cos AC
8

^ ● 2 (n" 1 - 2 sin^Zr > 0

= -2sin a
>.4 cos4ac> 0

fn
= - 2 cos^ 4X6
14
—+ ce
[ 2'2j
n
2. (1),(2),(3) 4x 6 2nn - —, 2n7t + — ,
1 - cos 2d
2’ 2)'
(1) tan0 = . Hence, option (1) is correct. ne Z, generalizing now verify.
sin 26

2tan0
5. (1),(3)
(2) sin20 = We have
1 + tan^0

cos 20 =
1- tan^ 6 fix) = x^ - 2^(sin>/3-sin>/2) x - (cos>/3 - cos>/2)
1 + tan^ 0
2 tan 0
D =A
(sin >/3 - sin >/2 j + (cos >/3 - cos >/2 j
tan 20 =
1 - tan^ 0
= 8>/2 sin cos
(n-
—+
>/2+^/31
2
Hence, option (2) is correct. ^4 2

(3) tan30 =
sin 30
As >0 and —
K ,%/2+>/3
. Hence, option (3) is correct. sm
2 2
<7t
cos 30 2

(4) sin0= 1/3, which is rational but cos 30= cos 0(4 cos^0-3), £>,< 0
which is irrational. Hence,y(x) > 0 V x e i?.
Hence, option (4) is incorrect. 6. (1),(2),(3)
3. (1),(2),(3),(4) (1) tan a tan2a tan 3oc = tan 3a- tan 2a- tan a
always holds good, (v tan 2a = tan (3 a-a))
. ^5K^ K It
(1) sin sm — sm — cos — sin 4a + sin 2a
V. 12 ^ [l2j U2j [l2) (2) R.H.S.=
sin 2a sin 4a
1 . 1

2 [e,
— sm
_ 2sin3acosg 2sin4a cosa
sin 2a sin 4a sin 2a sin 4a

(2) cosec sec =

(tc)
- cosec — sec 'e 1
.10. . 5 , uoj .5.
sm a
= cosec a (using tc/7 = a)
1
Hence, (2) is correct.
-sin 18° cos36°
Ai
Also cos2a = cos^ = -cos 7t~ —
2;r ( 57t^
16 7
I : 7j
(yJS-l) i-JS+l)
= -cos =-cos5a
= -4e Q I 7
 Solutions S.53

sin 3a K

(3) cos a+cos3a + cos5a = — cos 3a ●●● a + p+r=-

sin a

. 6;r Hence, (2) is true.

sm —
sin 6a 7 tana + tan

2 sin a 7t Also tan(a + j3) =

2sin — l-tanatanj3
7
tana + tan 5
or cot7 = i
sm n l-tanatanjS
V _ 1
K 2
or tanatanj3 + tan^tany + tany tana= 1
2sin —
7
10. (1),(2),(3)
. 8;r . K 0^
sin 8a
sin — sm —
7 _
We have/„(0) = cot (3n -1)-
7___ 1
(4) 8 cos a cos 2a cos4a = — . n . It
sma
sm—
7
sm —
7 = cot 8x—X—
(a 1 3;r^ ^ 3;r
= cot —
I, 4 I6j 8
7. (1),(3)
= cot fl4x—X—1 =cot —8 =>/2+ I
(1)
cos^a- sin^a
sin a cos a
= 2 cot2a l28j 4 28j

(2)
1+/ 1-r
where
fi●'H60J
f—1 = cotf20x-x^l
I 4 60 j
=cot 12
=(2 + V3)
1-/ l+t'
11. (1),(3),(4)
/ = tan a =
(1 + 0^-(1-0^ sinjc cos 20° + cosx sin 20° = 2 sinx cos 40°
1-/2
or sin 20° cos;c = sinx(2 cos 40° - cos 20°)
4/ 2x2 tana sin 20°
= 2 tan 2a or tanx =
1-/2 l-tan2a 2cos40°-cos20°
Hence, (2) is incorrect. sin 20°

(3)
1 + / 1-/ _ (1 + /)2 + (1 -/)2 cos 40° + cos 40° - cos 20°
1-/ 1+/ 1-/2 sin 20°

cos40° + 2sin30° sin(-10°)

_ 2(1+ /2) (where / = tan a)
1-/2 sin 20° sin 20°

2 sin50° - sin 10° 2cos30° sin 20°

= 2 sec 2a
cos 2a 1
orx = 30°
Hence, (3) is correct. V3
1 2
(4) tana+cota= = 2 cosec 2a 12. (1),(2),(3)
cos a sin a sin 2a
cos2(a + p) + cos\a - j3) - cos 2a cos 2j3
Hence, (4) is incorrect. = cos2(a+)3)+ l-sin2(a-i3)-cos2acos 2/3
8. (1),(4)
= 1 + cos 2a cos 2/3 - cos ,2a cos 2/3
= 1
_ (1 + tan2x)2
y= = 1 + tan2x
1 + tan2x 13. (1),(3)
= 1 +(2-V3)2 cot^a + cot2a + cot a = 1
= 8-4^/3 = 4(2-^/3) tan^a - tan2a - tana -1=0
\2 tan a (tan2a- 1) = 1 + tan2a
(I
1
= 4 / ■ 2 '\

s/2j tana = -
1 + tan g

\2
^ 1 - tan2 a
cos 2a ● tan a = - 1
= 4 4 1 2tana
2J2 J Now cos 2a - tan 2a = -
tana l-tan2a
= 16 sm — l-tan2a + 2tan2g"
12
9. (2), (4) tana(l-tan2a) ^
15 1 + tan2 g
tan(a + /3) = —
8
tana(l-tan2
17
and cosec y= — 1
8
tana cos2a
8
=» tan 7= — = 1
15
S.54 Trigonometry
14. (2), (4)
2p = cos{A-B-C + D)-cos{A-B + C-D) P{k)= -sin^f—
4
lq = cos{B-C-A+D)-cos{B-C-^A-D)
=> 2r = cos{C-A-B + D)-cos{C-A+B-D) ^ P(3)=ll
4 4
=l
16
=> 2p + 2q + 2r = 0
p + q + r = Qwii6.p^ + q^ + P = 3pqr . o/A\ 1.2^ 1.2^ 1, C
k\ 2->/2
=» ^(4) = -sm'" — = -sin^ — = - 1 - cos—
4 2A: 4 8 8 16
15. (1),(2) V

P(5)=isi„=i = i(2sm=i|=i(l-cos36”)
cos ^ - sin a cot Psinx = cos a
1 - tan^ (x/2) - sina cot
2 tan (jc/2)
= cos a
1 + tan^ (x/2) 1 + tan^ (x/2) = = 3-x/5
8 4 32
tan
^ (1 + cosa) + 2sin acot )8 tan -j - (1 - cos a) = 0 1.2^ if- . 2 if, ;r^
tan^— + ^ acot p X 1 - cos a => P(6)=j-4
tan = 0
2 1 + cosa 2 1+ cos a
if,
=> taiP — + 2 tan
2 — cot P tan Y - tan^ — = 0
2
*l 2 J 16

^tan 2 —
X +, 2^ a I f cot —
p P^ 18. (1),(2),(4)
tan —. — - tan —
2 2 21, 2 2) 3 sin)3=sin (2a + p), (Given)
*tan ^ .tan 2 —
« tan (a+)3)-2 tan a
= 0
2 2 = tan (a+/3) - tan a- tan a
X
tan — + cot —tan —
P a
\ /
X P a^ ^ sin(a+P) sing -tan a
tan tan —tan — =0
2 2 2 / V 2 2 2j cos(a + P) cosa
/ \
fa^ sin(g+p-a)
tan
X
= - tan cot fP] -tang
K2) \2) UJ cosa cos(g+/3)
/ \
(a\ sinP
(p]
X sing
or tan = tan tan
K2) V2) [2) cos(g+jS)cosa cosa

16. (1),(2),(3) ^ sinp-sinacos(a + p)

cos(a + p)cosa
fix) = absinx + b\ll - cP cos x + c, where |a| < 1,6 < 0 ^ 2 sin - [sin(2g + P)-sin p]
/(j:) = yja^b^ +b^ -b^a^ sin (x + g)+ c 2cos(a + P)cosa

byjl-a^ _ -[sin(2g + P)~ 3sinP] = 0

= bsin(x+a) + c, where tana = 2cos(g + )3)cosa
ab a

ab a 19. (1),(2),(3),(4)
= b cos (x- g) + c, where tang =
byll-a^ yjl-a^
x= yja^ cos^a+ b^ sin^ a + sin^ a+ b^ cos^ a
f-(X)nax fix)mia C + b — (c — b) — 2b
/(x) = cifx+ g=0 P = a^ + b^ +
or x = -g
-1
2 yj(a^ cos^ a + b^ sin^ a) (a- sin^ a + b^ cos^ a)
or x = -eos a
= a^ + b^ + 2k,
17. (1),(2),(3),(4)

P(k)= 1 + cos— 1 + cosf-- —

n
\\ f
,1 + cos (n n
w where k = |[(a^ +/>^) - (a^ sin^ a+ bf cos^ a)] x
I, 1,2 4k Ak)y yj\
—+—
{2 4k y j (a^ sin^ a + b^ cos^ g)
( It
W x = fl^ + 6^ + 2 yj(a^ +b^) p- p^
1 + cos JC
4k yj where p = a^ sin^a + b^ cos^a
\/ b^
K n K K \ = — (1 -cos2g)+ — (1+cos 2g)
1 + cos—r 1 + sin— 1 —sin— 1-cos—
\ 4k y\ 4k J\ 4k J\ 4k)
11 - COS 2
\ /

1 - sin^ — = ^W' + b^- (a^ - b^) cos 2g

4k / V 4k) Also, x^ = a^ + b^ +
2yj(a^ cos^ a+ b^ sin^ a) (a"
. . 2 ^ 2 ^
4sm
4k
cos
4k
sin^ a + b^ cos^ a)
4
= a^ + b^ + 2 yj(a^+b^) p-p^
 Solutions S.55

where, p = a^ cos^a + sin^a Linked Comprehension Type

or p= + (fl" - 6^) cos 2a] 1. (1) sin a = .4 sin(a+p)=A (sinacosj3 +sinjScosa)

=> sina(l cosj3)=y4 sinjScosa
20. (1),(2),(4) tana =
i4sinj8 ...(ii)
{\-AcosP)
Let tan (6/2) = a and tan (0/2) = P, so that a-P = 2b.
1 - tan^ (g/2) 1- sinjS _ (1-i4cosjS)tana
Also, cos 6 = 2.(2) tan/3 =
cos/3 AcosP
H-tan^(0/2) 1 + a^
and sin 6 = ^tan (6/2) ^ 2a _ (1-^cos/3)sing [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
1'+ tan^ {6/2) 1+ A cos a cosp

2p tana + tanjS
Similarly, cos 0 = Y and sin 0 = 3.(3) tan(a+/3) =
\+P^ l + P^ l-tanatanj3
Therefore, we have from the given relations AsinP ^ smP
l-g2 ( 2a _ I-AcosP cosjS
(x-a) T+y = a
AsinPsinP
1 + a l + a\ 1-
{l-AcosP)cosp
=» xo? -2ya + 2a-x = 0
_ AsinPcosp + sinP-AsiapcosP
Similarly xpP- 2yp + 2a-x = 0
cosp- .4cos^ p - /4sin^ p
We see that a and /3 are roots of the equation
x^-2yz + 2a-x = 0, - sin/3
So that a+ P = 2y/x and a/3 = (2o -x)/x. cosP-A
Now, from {a+ p)^ = {a-p)- + Aap, we get tana + tan/3
Also, tan(a+/3) =
\2
4(2a - X) l-tanatan/3
=X2bf +
sing ^ sina(l-^cos/3)
X

^ y = 2ax -(l-b^)x^ cosa AcosacosP

[from Eq. (ii)]
Also, from a + P= 2y/x and a - /3 = 2/>, we get 1-
sin^ a{l- AcosP)
a=y/x + b and/3=y/x-6 Acos^ a cosp
=> tan -2 = -;c 0 + 6:r)andtan ^2 = -(y-6x)
X
_ [A sin acosp+sina-A sin a cos /3] cos a
.4 cos^ a cos /3 - sin^ a + .4 sin^ a cos P
21. (2), (3) sing cosa
We have, Acosp-sia^a
2 1 1 _ 2cosxcosy
4.(4), 5.(1), 6.(2)
cos;c coslx-y) cos(^:+y) cos^x-sin^y >■

We have tan 6 +— = 3 tan30

cos^ X - sin^y = cos^ x cosy \
cos^ x{ 1 - cos y) = sin^ y 1 +tan0 3 tan0 -tan^ 6
ly or = 3x
cos^x ● 2 sin^ — = 4sin^ —cos l-tan0 1-3tan^ 6
2 2 2
/ 1 \

=3 ^
7 2 y 1+/
cos X = 2 cos — (putting r = tan 0)
2 1-t

7
cos X sec — = 2
7 y or 3t*-6t^ + St-l=0
2
Hence,
cos X ● sec—= ±>/2 5, = sum of roots = t^+12 ++ U = Q
2
S2 = sum of product of roots taken two at a time = - 2
22. (2), (4) — sum of product of roots taken three at time = - 8/3
E = 60 sin a+p cos a ^4 = product of all roots = - 1/3
Maximum value of E = yj3600 + p^ 1 1 1 1 Z' \hh -8/3
=8
t1 hhhU -1/3
h h U
Minimum value of E = —y/3600 + p^
7.(1), 8.(2), 9.(4).
^3600 + / +yj3600 + p^ =122 (given)
1
sina+sin/3= — ...(i)
2^/3600+^=122 4

=> p^=l2l 2 sin

'a + P^ 'a-P\ 1 ...(ii)
I 2 J , 2 j 4
cos

=❖ p = ±\\
S.56 Trigonometry

1 13.(1), 14. (2), 15. (4)

=> cos a + cosB= — ...(iii)
^ 3 73-1
cos A cos B cos C =

2 cos
(a+P) cos 8
...(iv)
2 2 ) 3 sin A sin 5 sin C =
3 + 73
8
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iv), we have
3^-^/3
tan 'a+P] 3 tan A tan B tan C =
S-l
...(1)
.2)4
tan + tan 5 + tan C = tan /I tan B tan C
2 tan [a + p\ _ 3 + 73
2 ; ...(2)
sin{a + p) = 73-1
1 + tan ifcc + P] Now A+ B + C= 7t
I 2 j cos(A+B + Q = -l

2x1 cos .,4 cos 5 cos C [1 - Z tan/I tajn 5] =-1

4 _ 24 73-1
3 25 [1 -Ztan^ tan 5] =-l
8
1+
Z tan ^ tan 5 = 5 + 4^3 ...(3)
7 24 From (1), (2) and (3), we get
cos(a + )3) = —and tan(a + fi) = — tan A, tan B tan C are roots of
25 7

10.(1), 11.(3), 12.(2). x^-HS+4^)x- = 0

nn
[^/3-IJ V3-I
Let e= — (so that 70= n;r), n € Z or
(2 + 73)V3 x^+ (5 + 4V3) .V - (2 + >/3) VJ = 0
40+ 36= njt
or
- (3 + 2^/3) + (5 + 4V3) .V - (3 + 2V3) = 0
or
tan40= tan(n;r- 30) = - tan 30 or
(x-1)(a:-V3)(x-(2 + %'3)) = 0,
or
4 tan0 -4tan^0 3 tan0 -tan^ 0 tan ^ = 1, tan 5 = VJ, tan C = 2 -<1V3
1-6 tan^ 0 + tan'* 0 1-3 tan- 0 16.(2) 17.(3)

4z - 4z^ 32 We have sin

'a-P^ .(a-y'
+ sin + skn
'2a]3
or
[where tan 0 = z (say)] . 2 , .2)2
1 -6z^ +z^ 1 -3z2
or
(4-4z^) (1 - 3z^) =-(3 -z^) (1 - 622+2^^) :J (E:M±y]tJ.]+sJ i^r(y+P))-y'
sin
2 2
or 2^-212^ + 352^-7 = 0 ...(i)
This is a cubic equation in 2^, i.e., in tan^0. +sm
. f3;r-303 + 7)^ 3
The roots of this equation are therefore { 2 )2
tan^ Tt/7, tan^ 2k/7, and tan^ 3;r/7. From Eq. (i), cos -cos

Sum of the roots =

-(-21)
= 21
V 2 J 2 J 2
1 (3 \ rB-Y^ f '3 ^ 3
2cos —(P + y) cos ——- + l-2cos^
T 7T 2 2n: U ){ 4 )
tan" — + tan +tan^ — =21 ...(ii)
7 7 7 (3 ^ (3 (R-v\
4cos^ -iP + y) -4cos -03 + 7) cos -—- + 1=0
Putting My in place of 2 in Eq. (i), we get U ; {4 ^ 4 j ...(1)
-77® + 35y''-2l/ + 1 = 0
1
(3 ^
or
7/-357^ + 21/ -1 = 0 ...(iii) Above equation is quadratic in cos — (j3 + 7)
This is a cubic equation in 7^, i.e., in cot^ 0. V4 I y
(3 ^
The roots of this equation are therefore cot^ w'7, cot^ 2id7, Since cos v4—(P + y) ^ is a real number|
and cot^ 3i^7.
Discriminant D > 0
Sum of the roots of Eq. (iii) = =5
16cos^ (P-y\ -16>0
I 4
j. ^ .i2k 23ff
=> cor—+cot^—+cot^— =5 ...(iv)
7 7 7
cos
liP-y^ >1
By multiplying Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
( tan 2^ 2 2lt +tan'‘—
2 3TC
\ /
2 2T 2 2;r 371^
2 on cos
2(P-y^ = 1
—+tan cor—+cot +cor—
7 7 7 A 7 ^ 4 ^
7 7 J
= 21 x5 = 105 => P=y ...(2)
 Solutions S.57

From equation (J) for = y, we get Matrix Match Type

2 cos = 0 1. a -> q; b -> r; c s; d ^ p

U j j 1 TC
cos 0 - sin 0 = where0< 0< —

2cm^(fi + r) =
5 2
1
4
Squaring both sides of Eq. (i), we get
cos
1 - sin20= —
25

4(P+r)=60°
4 or sin 20= —
24

25
P+Y= 80° 7
a= 100° or cos 20= —
25
)3 = 40°,y=40°
Also, (cos 0 + sin 0)^ = (cos 0- sin 0)^ + 4 cos 0 sin 0
18.(1), 19. (4), 20. (2) 1 , . 1 48 49
= — +2 sin20= — + — = —
OL = r cos (a-30) 25 25 25 25
CL = rsin (a-30)
...(ii)
y cos 0+ sin 0= J
or
(cos0 + sin0) _ _7
2 10

Also solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get cos 0 = 4/5.

2. a -> r; b p; c -> q; d ^ s

at X
cosa+ cos/3= 1/2
L A
2 cos
(a + P^ cos 1
-(●)
I 2 j .2)2
sina+ sinj8= 1/3
2 sin (a-p]_ 1 ...(ii)
I 2 , 2 J 3
cos

Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get

sin^ p cos^ 0
So, ■ = 1
I 2 J 3
tan
r sin (a f 30) rcos (a - 30)
sin^ 0 _ cos^0 'a + P"
I 2 ,
= r cos
sin (a - 30) cos {a - 30)
Now cos''0- sin'*0 Squaring and adding the given results, we have
= cos 0(rcos(a-30))-sin 0(rsin(a-30))
cos 26= r cos (a- 20)
2 + 2cos(a-p)= ^
36

cos 20 = r (cos a cos 20 + sin a sin 20) 59

or cos (a-p)= -
72
(1 - r cos a) cos 20 = r sin a sin 20

Now, 2 cos^ fa-P] - 1 = cos (a-p)

1 - r cos a
= tan 20 ...(1)
r sm a . 2 ^
cos^0sin 0+ sin^0cos 0 59 13
2cos^
I 2
or
= r [cos (a-36) sin 0+ sin (a- 30) cos 0] 72 72

sin 0COS 0=rsin (a-20)

'a-P]
2 J
or cos
sin20=2r [sin acos20-cos a sin 20] 12

(1 + 2r cos a) sin 20 = 2r sin a cos 20

'a-P' =
●J
131
or tan
1 + 2r cos a . 2 , 13
= cot 20 ...(2)
2r sin a
3. a s; b s; c q; d p
From (1) and (2), we get
a. {cos (2^ + 0) + cos (20 + 0)} = 2cos(^ -B) cos (.4 + 5 + 0)
1 - r cosa 2r sin a
Maximum value is 2cos(.4 - 5) when
r sm a 1 + 2r cosa
cos {A+ B + 0)= \
1 - r cos a + 2r cos a - 2r^ cos^a = 2/^ sin^a b. {cos2 A + cos 2 5} = 2cos(.4 +5) cos (.<4 —5)
Maximum value is 2cos(.4 - 5) when
2r^ -1
r
= cos a
cos(.4 +5) = 1
S.58 Trigonometry

c. For>^ = sec a:, x e (0, kH), tangent drawn to it at any point 3 - cos 46-»i 4 sin 20
lies completely below the graph ofy = secx; thus, b. On adding, we get a =
2
= (l+sin26)^
sec2v4 + sec25
> 2 sec(^ + B) On subtracting, we get = (1 - sin26)^
2
a6 = cos'’2 6^1
or sec 24 + sec 2B>2 sec(A + B)
c. 3cos6 = a^-8a:+19
Hence, the minimum value is 2 sec(^4 + B).
=> 3cos0= (,x-4)^ + 3
d. yj{tan9 + cot6-2cos2(^+5)} Now L.H.S. = 3cos 6< 3

or L.H.S. has the greatest value 3.

= y(Vtan 6 - Vcot 6 + 2 -2 cos 2 +B) But R.H.S. = (x-4)^ + 3>3
or R.H.S. has the least value 3.

= ^(>/tan6-Vcot6| +4sin^(/4 + B) Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

when 3cos 6= (at - 4)^ + 3 = 3
Minimum value occurs when yJtanO = yjcotd and
cos6= 1 andA:-4 = 0

minimum value is yj4sin^(A + B) = 2s\n{A + B) d = 2n;r and a: = 4, where /r g Z

4. a s; b -> r; c p; d ^ q d. Let A = tan 0

a. cos 20° + cos80°-V3cos50“ a: = 2 sin20andy = 2cos2 0

= 2cos 30® cos 50° - VJ cos 50° £■ = a:^ - Afy+y = 4 - 4 sin20cos20 = 4 - 2 sin40
= V3cos 50°-V3cos 50° = 0 B G [2, 6] => a + =8

4;r 6. a -> q; b p; c -> s; d r

b. cos 0° + cos — + cos + cos — + cos +
7 7 7 7 a. 9+16 + 24sin(yi+B) = 37 (on squaring and adding)
5;c 6;r 24 sin(4 + B) = 12
cos + COS
7 7 1 1
sin (^ + B) = — sinC =—
=
11+ K
cos—+ COS +
( cos 2;r 5;r")
+ COS —
2 2

7 7 j I, 7 7 J C= 30° or 150°
/
3;r 4;r^ C=30° I
+ cos + COS
7 7; b. (sin.4 + sinB)^ - sin^C = 3 sin4 sirjiB
/

(^\\
7JJ I'
K 2k
/
2k or sin A - sin C + sin B = sin 4 sinB
7C + COS + COS K-
7 7 7 JJ
or
sin(i4 + Q sin(.4 - Q + sin‘Bj= sin.4 sinB
3;r 3;r
or
sinB[sin(y4-Q + sin(4 + Q] = sin.4 sinB
+ cos + COS K- or
2 sin/4 cosC = sin^(as sinB ^ 0)
7 \ 7Jj or cos C= 1/2
=1+0+0+0=1
or C=60°
c. cos20° + cos40° + cos60° - 4 cos 10° cos20° cos 30°
= 2cos30° cos 10° + 2cos^30° - 1 c. 2 sinA: cosat[4 cos‘*x - 4 sin'*x] = 1
-4 cos 10° cos 20° cos 30°
or
(sin2x) [2(cos^a: + sin^A:)][2 cos^x - 2 sin^x] = 1
= 2cos30°(cos 10° + cos30°)- 1 or (sin2x)2 X 2 cos2x = 1
-4 cos 10° cos 20° cos 30° or 2sin4x=l
= 2cos30° (2cosl0°cos20°) - 1
- 4 cos 10° cos 20° cos 30° = - 1
or sin4x = — or 4x = 30° or x = 7.5°
2
d. cos 20° cos 100° + cos 100° cos 140° - cos 140° cos 200° d. Obviously, AEOD is a cyclic quadrilateral, we have
1 ZCOZ)= 120°+ 45°= 165°
= — (cos 120° + cos 80° + cos 240° + cos 40° - cos 340°
^ -cos 60°)
1 . 1 1 1
= — (— + cos 80° - — + cos 40°-cos 340° )
2 2 2 2^
= — (-— + cos80° + cos40° - cos20°)
2 2
1 3
= — (- — + 2cos60° cos 20° - cos 20°)
2 2
x^/3
2^2^ 4
7. a -> r; b -> q; c s; d p
5. a -+ p; b -> p; c ^ q; d s
4 +sec 20° _ sin 20°
a. X = sin 6, y = cos 0
a. We have (4dos20° + l)
cosec20° cos20°
P = (3sin 0- 4sin^0)^ + (3cos 0- 4cos^0)^ 2 sin 40° +sin 20°
= sin^30+cos^30= 1 cos20'°
 Solutions S.59

_ sin 40“ +(sin 40° +sin 20°) K . 2n . ( 2n\ . (

= 16 sin — sin; — sm n- sm It
cos20° 5 5 \ 5 )
sin 40° + 2 sin 30° cos 10° , - ● 2 ^ . 2 2;r
= 16 sm — . sm —
cos20° 5 5

sin 40° +sin 80° T % 3;r1^

= 4 cos cos—
cos 20° 5 5
2 sin 60° cos 20° -|2
K K
COS20° = 4 cos—+ sin—
5 10
= 2x
s
=4 '4s+\ ^ yfS-lJ
4 4
= 5
2cos^jc + 8sin^x
b. Lety(jc) = ,M>0
2sm2x 9.(3)
cotJC + 4tanj: a. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1
2 - 1 - 4cos cos 5 cos C = - 1

_ (Vcotx -2-v/tanx)^ +2
cos A cos 5 cos C = 0
2 cos A = 0 or cos = 0 or cos C = 0

X^)Ln = 2 Thus, triangle is irght angled,

8sin40° sin50° tanl0° _ 4(2sin50° sin40°)sin 10° b. tan /I > 0, tan 5 > 0 and tan .,4 tan 5 < 1
c.
cos 80° sin 10° cos 10° ^ tan.^ + tan5 <0
tanC= 3 ——
tanj4tan5-l
_ 4(cos 10° - cos 90°) sin 10° =4 ZO90°
sinl0°cosl0°
c. cos^y4 + cos^5 + cos^C = 3 cos A cos B cos C
d. L.H.S = 2sin6v4 ^ 2sin3(2.4) (cos A + cos B + cos C)(cos^A + cos^B + cos^C - cos A
sin2y4 sin 2/4 cos B - cos B cos C - cos A cos C) = 0
^ 2[3sin2/4-4sin^2/4] cos A + cos B + cos C = 0
sin 2/4 or cos^/4 +cos^5 + cos^C - cos A cos B - cos B cos C —
= 2(3-4sin^Z4) cos A cos C = 0

= 2(3-2(1-cos 4/4)) 1 + 4 sin(/4/2)sin(5/2)sin(C/2) = 0

= 2 + 4 cos 4/4 or cos A = cos B = cos C
a = 2,b = 4 sin(/4/2)sin(5/2)sin(C/2)=-1/4 (which is not possible
d^/b=\ as sin(/4/2), sin(5/2),sin(C/2)> 0)
or cos A = cos B = cos C
8.(1)
a. 37° = 45°-8° Thus, triangle is equilateral,
l-tan8° d. cot /4 > 0, cot 5 > 0 and cot A cotB< 1
tan 37° =
l + tan8° tan /4 > 0, tan 5 > 0 and tan /4 tan 5 > 1
2 tan C > 0
1+tan 37° =
l + tan8° ZC< 90°

2
Numerical Value Type
Similarly, 1 + tan 23° =
1 +tan 22°
1-sin 20 +cos 20
(l + tan8°)(l + tan37°) l.(0.5) /(0) =
= 1 2 cos20
(l + tan22°)(l + tan23°)
_ (cos0 - sin0)^ + (cos^ 0 - sin^ 0)
cot/4 + cot5^ cos/4 COS0
2(cos0 - sin0)(cos0 + sin0)
^tan/4 + tan5^ sin/4 sin 5
COS0

= 2
^cos/4cos0sinC cos 0 +sin 0

sin/4sinj0sinC 1

= 2(cot A cot 0 cot C Z tan C) l + tan0

=2 cot/4 cot0 cot C(tanA tan 0 tan C)
1 1
= 2
/(ll°)/(34°) =
(l + tanll°) (l + tan34°)
c. Icos (cos 3jc + 3 cos x)| = | cos (4 cos^x) | > 0
1 1
minimum value is 0

. nr . 2;e . 3;r . 4n:

(1 +tan 11°) (l + tan(45°-ll°))
d. 16 sm — sm — sm — sm —
5 5 5 5
S.60 Trigonometry

1 1 7. (8) Since coSi4 + cos5 = 0

^7 A+B = ;r
(l + tanll°)
1 +
B = n-A
^ l + tanll“^
1 sin^ + sin(;r-i4) = 1
X
(l + tanll“)
(l + tanll°) 2 siny4 = —
2
1
^ = 30° and5= 150“ or^ = 150° and5= 30“
2
12cos60“ + 4cos300“ = 8
2. (625) f{x) = 2(7 cosjr + 24 sinx) (7 sinx - 24 cos;c)
2 tan/3 2 tana
Let r cos 0=7; r sin 0=24 8.(4) 5x = 3x
l + tan^)3 1 + tan^ a
/^ = 625; tan0= —
7 Stanfi _ 3 tana
or
...(i)
= 2r cos (jc - 0) X r sin(x - 0) 1 + tan^ P 1 + tan^a
= r^(sin2 (jc- 0)) Substituting tan = 3 tan a, we have
Ax) max.
= 252 5x3tang _ 3 tana
f A^ 1 + 9 tan^ a 1 + tan^ a
3.(1) tan - + tan '£ b

V2> .2, a or 5 + 5 tan^a= 1+9tan^a

c
or 4 tan^a = 4
tan X tan
.2, V2) a or tana= l,i.e., tan/3=3
A +B tan a + tan /3 = 4
+ 5 = 90“ or = 45“
K n
2
9.(4) Let 0= — or 80=-
b 16 2

tan
( A-\-B\ = 1 =
:>^ = tan 0 + tan 5 0 + tan 9 0 + tan 13 0
I 2 ; i-£ 7 = (tan 0-cot0) + (tan50-cot^0)
a
[As tan 130= tan(80+ 50) = - cot50 and
or !-£=-* tan90 = tan(80 + 0) = - cot 0]
a a
= (tan0-cot0) + (cot30 - tan:3^
or a + b = c

a +b ^ sin^0-cos^0 ^ cos^30-isin^ 30
or = 1 sin 0 cos 0 sin 30 cos 30
c

cos 60 cos 20
4. (1) Let x + 5 = 14 cos 0and;; - 12 = 14 sin0 7=2
sin 60 sin 20
x^+y^ = (14 cos 0- 5)^ + (14 sin 0+ 12)^
= 196 + 25+ 144+ 28(12 sin 0-5 cos 0) _ 2 sin 20 cos 60 - cos 20 sin 6j0
sin 60 sin 20
= 365+ 28(12 sin0-5 cos 0)

yjx^+y^ = ^365-28x13 = -2
sin 40
= -4
n
V 60 = --20
mm
cos 20 sin 20 2
= ^365-364 =1
Hence, absolute value is 4.

5. (294) cotjc + cot;; = 49 10. (2) cos 290“ = sin20“; sin 250“ = - sin 70“ = - cos 20“
1 1
1 1
= 49
or
tanx tan;;
sin 20“ V3cos20“

tan;; + tanx
_ >/3cos20“-sin20“
or = 49 ■v/3 sin 20“ cos 20“
tan a: tan;;
^ 2[sin 60“ cos 20“ - sin 20“ co460“]
tan jr + tan;; _ 42 6
>/3 sin 20“ cos 20° j
or tanx tan^ =
49 49 7
4sin40“ 4n/3
42 42
tan(A' +y) = = 294 V3sin40“ 3
l-(6/7) 1/7 Hence, the greatest integer less than or efqual to is 2.
6. (7) From the given equations, we have 11. (4) sinV + cos^x = (sin^x + cos^j:) (sin'’^: + cos'*x - sin^j: cos^;c)
(2 cosct + 9 cosd)^ = (6 cosb + 7 cosc)^
= 1-3 sin^x cos^jf = 1 - j(sin2jc)^
and (2 sina - 9 sintsT)^ = (6 sinZ>- 7 sinc)^ 4
Adding, we have 36 cos (a + d) = S4 cos(b + c) 4

or
cos(g + d) _ 1 ^ 4-3(sin2j:)^
cos(6 + c) 3 4
=> 7max =4
4-3(1)
 Solutions S.61

12. (3) 008^(45° + x) + (sinjc - cosjc)^

i2 17.(7) 2sin—sin—sin— = —
cosx smx 2 2 2 16
+ (sinx-cosjc)^ f cos A-B A + B^ sin—
. C 1
-cos = —

3
2 2 j 2 16
= —2 (l-sin2x) . c n , C^i =. —
1
or sin sin—

3 2 U 2j 16
Hence, Maximum value = —(l
2
- (-1)) = 3 . iC 1 sin—+
. C —1 =0.
or sin
2 2 2 16
1 1 1
13.(6) ^2
sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° or
f1 sm —
. C = 0
>.4 2)
1 1 1
. C 1
cos80° cos40° cos20° or sm— = —
2 4
cos 40° cos 20° + cos 80° cos 20° - cos 40° cos 80°
or cos C = 1 - 2 sin^ \ ^
cos 20° cos 40° cos 80° 2 8 8

= 8[cos20°(cos40° + cos 80°) - cos40° cos 80° ] 18. (3) tan jc = 2/, tan y = tan z = 5t
= 8[2cos20° cos 60° cos 20° - cos 40° cos80°] Also x+y + z = 71
= 4[2cos^20° - 2cos40° cos80°] tan X + tan;^ + tan z = tan X tan^ tan z
1
= 4[1 + cos 40° - (cos 120° + cos 40°)] . =
3
= 4x1 = 6 tan^ X + tan^j' + tan^ z = (4 + 9 + 25) = 38/^,
2
K=3
14. (0) In A ABC, tan.4 + tan5 + tan C = tan^l tan5 tan C

or
X+X+ 1 + 1 -x = x(l +x)(l -x)
2+x = x-x^
19. (0.5) 4 sin^x cos 3x + 4 cos^x sin ^^ 3
or ;c3=_2=>x = -2‘^3 or (3 sinx - sin 3x) cos 3x + (3 cosx + cos 3x) sin 3x = —
tstnA = X < 0 y4 is obtuse
3 ^
or 3[sinxcos3x +cosx sin 3x]= —
1/3
tanfi = X + 1 = 1 - 2 <0
or sin4x= —
Hence, A and B are obtuse, which is not possible in a triangle. 2
Hence, no such triangle can exist. l-4sin70° sin 10°
'sin2x^ 20.(2) cosec 10°-4 sin 70° =
sin 10°
15.(12) Given login = -l
I 2 j
_ l-2(cos60°-cos80°)
sin2x 1
or sin 10°
2 10
fl
1
1-2 --sinl0°
or sin2x= — V2 /

5- \ sin 10°
n

l-l + 2sinl0°
= 2
Also log,n(sinx + cosx) = sin 10°
2

( n\ 21. (1) tan X + tan 2x + tan 3x = tan x tan 2x tan 3x

or log,o(sinx + cosx)^ = log,o —
X + 2x + 3x = ttK, ne Z
n X = nitl6, /I e Z
or 1 + sin2x= —
10 |sin 3x + cos 3x| = 1
1 n
or 1 + — = n
\ /
3k \ (
5n\
5 10 22.(2) 16 COS0-COS — COS0 - cos — cos 6 - cos —
8 / V 8 / V 8 }
6 n
or ln\
5 10 cos B - cos
/j = 12
8 )
n
\ ( ln\
= 16 cos 6-cos— COS0-COS X

2sin4° cos3° + 2sin4° cosl° 8 y \ 8

16.(4)
^ ^ 5;r^
\ /
cosl°cos2°sin4° 3;r
cos 0 - cos COS0 - cos—
% 8
_ 2sin 4°[cos 3° + cos 1°] /V

\ /
cos l°cos 2° sin 4° K
= 16 cos 6 -cos— COS0 + cos X

4 cos 2°cosl°
8 / V 8j
=4
cos 1° cos 2° cos 0 - cos
^ —
lit a
COS0 + cos —
3;r^
8 / V 8>1
S.62 Trigonometry

2K
\ /
Now, cot^A co^B = 3
= 16 cos^e -cos cos^0 -cos cos^A cos^B = 3 sin^i4 sin^ B
8
=> (1 - sin^y4) (1 - sin^5) = 3 sin^.4 sin^5
= 16 cos^0-cos^ -1 ' cos^fi -sm sin^^ + sin^5 + 2 sin^^ sin^5 = 1
sj . 8j
From (1), we get |
;r^ (2 - cosZ4) (2 - COS25) =1+2 = 3
= 16 cos'* 6 - cos^ d +sin^ — cos^ —
8 8J
27.(6) x = cot
ll;r f 3tc^
= cot 7T + — =cot— = v2-l
3;r ; rr ,
n 8 8 8
= 16 cos'* 0 - cos^ e +-
8J
=> (x+lf = 2
n a^ + 2jc-1=0
= 16 -cos^ 0 sin^ 0 +-
V 8) Now,/x) = x‘* + 4x^ + 2x^-4x+7
^-sin ^20 1 = x^(x^ + 2x-l) + 2x^ + 3x^ -4x+7
= 16 + - = 0 + 2j^ + 3)^-4x + 1
4 8
= 2x(:^ + 2x- l)-jf^-2x + 7
fl-2sin2 201 = -;^-2x + 7
= 16
8 = -(jc^ + 2x-l) + 6 = 6
28. (1) sin^ 12“ + sin^ 21“ + sin^ 39“ + sin^ 48“ - sin^ 9“ - sin^ 18“
16cos 40
8 = sin^ 12“ + sin^ 21“ + (sin^ 39“ j- sin^ 9“)
' +(sin^48“-sin^ 18“)
23.(1) In6 = ln3 + In2 =1 - (cos^ 12“ - sin^ 21“) + sin 48“ sin30“
+ sin 66“ sin 30“
If 7= a+j9, then 1
= 1 - cos 33“ cos 9“ + — X 2 sin 5 7*? cos 9“
tan y- tan a- tan = tan y - tan a ● tan j3 2
tan(ln 6) ● tan(ln 2) ● tan(ln 3) = 1
= 1 - cos 33“ cos9“ + cos 33° cos 9“ = 1
tan(ln 6) - tan(ln 2) - tan(ln 3)
2 sin 20
29.(1) /(n0) =
24. (2) Given cot (0 - a), 3 cot 0, cot (0 + a) are in A.P. cos 20 - cos 4n0

6 cot 0 = cot (0- a) + cot (0 + a) 2sin20

6 COS0 sin 20
2 sin (2n +1)0 sin(2/i - 1)0
sin 0 sin (0 + a) sin (0 - a)
^ sin ((2n +1)0 - (2n - 1)0)
6 cos 0 {sin^0- sin^a} = 2 sin^0cos 0 sin (2/1 +1)0 sin (2n -1)0
3 (sin^0- sin^a) = sin^0
_ sin (2/1 +1)0 cos (2n -1)0 - cos (2f/ +1)0 sin(2/» -1)0
2 sin^0=3 sin^a
sin (2/j +1)0 sin (2/i p 1)0
2 sin^ 0 = cot (2/1 -1) 0- cot (2/1 +1)0
= 1
3 sin^a J[€f) +J{2G) +/30) + ... +J[n6) \
= cot 0-cot (2/1 + 1) 0
2sinj: tanx 2sinA: tanx
25.(1) 2 ’ A _ sin(2/t + l)0cos0-cos(2/t + l)0sin0
sin 3a: tan 3a: sin a: ● (3 - 4sin Af) (3 tan x-tan a:) sin (2/1 +1) 0 sin 0
(l-3tan^x). sin 2/20
2 (l-3tan^x) sin (2/2 +1) 0 sin 0
3-4sin2x (3-tan^x)
30. (6) According to the given question, we have to express L.H.S. in
^ 3sin^x ^ the form !
1-
2 J-sin^x^ Cq + Cjcosx + C2 cos2x + ● ● ● + C„ COS/2X
2— :_2 Now,
3-4sin X sm X
3- 3sinx-sin3x
J-sin^x^ sin^xsin3x = sinBx
4

2 (l-4sin^x) 3sinxsin3x-sin^3x
3-4sin^x (3-4sin^x) 4

_ 3(cos 2x - cos 4x) r (1 - cos 6x)

_ (3-4sin^x) = 1 8
(3-4sin^x) Hence, n = 6.
26. (3) (2 - cos 2A) (2 - cos 25) sec(oi' - 2fi) + sec(o; + 2)3)
31. (1) sec a =
= (1 +2sin2^)(l+2sin25) 2

= 1+2 (sin^.4 + sin^5) + 4sin^y4 sin^5 ...(1) 2 _ cos(q: + 2)8) + cosja -12/3)
cos a cos(cf - 2jS)cos(a + 2fi)
 Solutions S.63

cos 2a + cos 4)8 = cos a (2 cos a ● cos 2p)

● j ●sin ^0+
2k 4;r
= 3 sin0 sin 0 +—
2 cos^a- 1 + 2 cos^2)3- 1 = 2 cos^acos 2)3 I V 3 3
cos^a (1 - cos 2)3) + (cos 2)3+1) (cos 2)3- 1) = 0
(1 - cos 2^(cos^a-cos 2)3- 1) = 0
cos^ a = cos 2)3+ 1 (as )3 56 /i;r)
/(0)= Y sin 30.
. K . Ik .
cos^ a = 2 cos^)3 sin—+ sin— =0
1 - sin^ a= 2(1 - sin^ /3) ●'UsJ -^lisj 4 6 6

2 sin^ p-sia^ a= 1
36. (0.5) Let - = 22°, - = 33°, ^
A B
32. (-3) = 35°
^
tan 6=K
a A-^B + C= 180°
0
3tan—-tan^ — t A ■) B jC
3
1 = /C
l-3tan^ —
0 InAABC, cos Y + “2 + COS —2
3 ^ . A . B . C
= 2 + 2sm—-sin— sin—
30 20 0 2 2 2
tan 3K tan 3tan — + AT=0
3 3 3 1 + sin 22°sin33°sin 35° 1
Hence,
r, ■ ● A B C cos^ 22° + cos^ 33° + cos^ 35° 2

Roots of this equation are ^Y‘

37.(3) A+B = k!3
Sum ofroots taken two at a time = ^ tan—tan—
\ /
3 3
=-3.
tan(.^ + 0) = V3
. K ^ K tanyi + tan0
33.(3) sin— 4 + sec— = V3
9A 9j l-tany4tan0

1
= sin 20° 4 + tan.^ + —
cos20°J tanii = ^ (Where y = tan A tan B)
4 sin 20° cos 20° + sin 20°
\-y

cos 20° tan^ A + V3(y - 1) tan ^ +y = 0

2 sin 40° +sin 20° For real values of tan A,
cos 20° 3(y-lf-4y = 0
sin 40° + (sin 40° + sin 20°)
=> 3^-l0y + 3>0
cos 20° (y-3) (3y-l)>0
sin 40° + 2 sin 30° cos 10°
y< i ory>3
cos 20°

sin 40° +cos 10°

But A, B>0 andA + B = 7cl3

cos20°
A,B<kI3
cos 50° +cos 10° tan .4 tan 0 < 3 so, y > 3 is not a possibility.
1
cos 20° Therefore, >> < - i.e., max. value of y is 1/3.
2cos30°cos20°
cos 20° 38.(2) We have
sin^ 0 cos^0
= k (let)
\2 sin(20 + a) cos(20 + a)
sin 33°
34. (32) Given expression is +
sin‘*0 cos'*0
l,sinll°sin(60°-ll°)sin(60 + ll°) =k
/ \2 sin0sin(20 + a) cos0cos(20 + a)
cos33°
cos‘*0-sin^0=k[cos 0cos (20+a)-sin 0sin (20+a)]
l^cosl l°cos(60°-l l°)cos(60°+l 1°) j
cos 20= k cos (30+a) ...(1)
2 2
Also,
sin 33° cos33°
+ sin^0cos0 sin0cos^0
1 1 =k
-sin 33° -cos33°
U sin(20 + a)cos0 sin0cos(20 + a)
= 16+16 = 32
sin^0cos 0+ sin 0cos^0
= k (sin (20 + a) cos 0 + sin 0 cos (20 + a))
2K^
35. (0) sin 0 + sin 0 + — + sin 0 + —1 = 0 sin 0 cos 0 (sin^ 0 + cos^ ^ = k sin (30 + a)
V 3 j 3 } sin 20 = 2k sin (30 + a) ...(2)
sin^0+sin^ 0 + 2;r^ + sin^ 0 +
f
4k
From (1) and (2), we get
3 ) 3 ) tan 20= 2 tan (30+ a)
S.64 Trigonometry

Archives
II ^
2 cos
2

I
x-y
2 )
I
9

JEE Advanced I
x-y
cos
Single Correct Answer Type 2 ) 2
/ _\
K
13 sm n

6 J (r) cos -X cos 2j: + sin x sin Zx sec x

1.(3) 2^ *=i sm -
7T
+ sm
71
+
kjt
4
K
= cos X sin 2x see X + cos —+ x cos 2.V
14 6 4 6
14
K kn Tt K K
sm — + — — + cos X -cos —hx cos Zy
6 J y4 6
V4 ^4
/r (A- - l);r K kn
= (cos X sin 2x sec x - sin x sin Zv sec x)
sm - + . sm - H
1.4 6 U 6 J
sin X cos 2x = (cos x - sin x) sin Zv sec x
13 /
K (A - 1) ;r n ki:
42
cot — + ^ -cot — + —
^4 6 4 6 'J
=> 'U sin X cos Zv = (cos x sin x) 2 sinx
k=i
1 1
t: K 13;r cos X + sm X
= 2 cot cot
{4} 6 ) TC
X =
= 2[I-(2-^/3)] 4

= 2(V3-1) sec X = sec

4
Multiple Correct Answers Type Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in their
I. (1),(2) respective chapters.
t: TT K
For 06 0, — u
4) {4'2, Numerical Value Type
1
Let cos40= —
3
1.(2) 3
4 cos" 0 + 1 + - sin 20 2[l + cos20] + l + sin20
2 2
1 + cos40 2
cos20= ± = +
\ 2 "V3
3
2 cos20 + sin 20+ 3
f 1 \ 2 2cos^0 Now, 2
f T = 1 +
2-sec"0 2cos^0-l cos 20
3V 3 3^^
-. 2^+ - <2cos20 + -sin20<. 2'+ -
r 1 \ 3 3 L2 2 2J
./' T — or 1 +
2 2 5 3 5
or — <2 cos 20 + — sin 20 < —
2 2 2
2. (1),(3)
3 11
cos j0 (2 + cos a) = 1 + 2 cos a — < 2 cos 20 + — sin 20 + 3 < —
2 2 2
COSJ0 _ l + 2cosa
1 2 1
2 + cosa — < <2
11
1-cos/J l-cosa 2cos20+ sin20 + 3
2
1 + cos^ 3(l + cosa) Hence, the maximum value is 2.

tan 1 1
2 2 2. (7)
. 7t . 3t: . 2k
sm sm — sm —
a
tan — = ±n/3 tan — n n n
2 2 . 3;r . K
sin sm —
n IL —
Matrix Match Type or
. K . 3k . 2;c
1.(2) sm — sm — sm
n n n

(q) cos X + cos y + cos z = 0 and sin x + sin + sin z = 0 K 2;r "I . 2;r
2sin - cos sm
cos X + cos y = - cos z ...(I) n n n
or = 1
and sin x + sin _y = - sin z -(2) . ;r . 3;r
sm — sm —
Squaring and adding we get, n n

1 + 1+2 (cos X cos y + sin x sin y) - 1 .4k .3k

or sin — “ sm —

2 + 2 cos (x->’) = 1 n It

2 cos (x -;0 --1 4k

— + — =K
3k

1 It It
cos (x-y) = -
2 11 = 1.
 Chapter 4

Concept Application Exercises 6. sin'^.t + cos'*.Y - 2sin";i£’ + — sin^2 .r = 0

4

Exercise 4.1 (sin^ + COS"-v)"-2 sin".r cos"x-2 sin^.Y

+ 3 . ■)
— ● 4 sin X ■ cos a: = 0 2 n
4
1. sin" 0- cos 0= —
4 1 - 2 sin".Y + sin^Y cos" a: = 0
or cos^ 0- cos 0 = sin'*.t + sin^.t- I = 0
4
or 4 cos"0 + 4 COS0 - 3 = 0
75-1
sin".v =
2
oi- (2 COS0 + 3)(2 COS0- 1) = 0
75-1
2 ’ -1 (rejected)
1
cos0= — sin X = ±
●V 2
or

0 = k/3.
5;r
— in the given interval
75-1 and two values of
There are two values of x for sin x =
V 2
2. cos’.v= 1 - sin‘'x= (1 - sin".t)(l + sin".v) 7J-1
X for sinx = -.
or cos’ X = cos" X (2 - cos" x) 2

or cos" X (cos'^ X + cos" x - 2) = 0 So there are four solutions.

or cos X = 0
7. We have
X = ±;r/2 in the given interval
2sinx + Ssin^r + 8sin^x+ ... = 1 ...(1)
or cos^ X + COS" X - 2 = 0,
2sin"x + Ssiir'x + ... * sinx ...(2)
which holds only when cos x = 1; hence x = 0.
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
Thus, there are total three solutions: 0, ±;r/2.
2sin X + 3(sin’x + sin^x +...)= 1 - sinx
3. (1-2 COS0)- + (tan 0 + 73)' = 0 3sin^x
2sin X + = I -sinx
(1 -2cos0)" = O 1 - sinx
and (tan0+73)" = O 2sin X - 2sin'x + 3sin"x = 1 - 2sin x + sin^x
cos 6 - — and tan 0=-73 sin X = —
1
2
4
Hence, 0 is in the fourth quadrant, and
So. there will be two solutions.
e=iK
;r _ 5;r
8. We have,
T
3
Hence, the general solution is cos X + cos y
5k 2
0= 2«;r + —, n e Z.
3
2cos
x +y cos
x-y ' _3
4. sin 30-sin 0= 4 cos" 0-2
2 J 2 )2
2 sin 0COS 20=2 cos 20 K x-y 3
2 cos—cos
cos 20= 0 or sin0 = 1 3 I 2 ) 2

K K X-
20= (2/7+1)—,«sZ or 0 = (4/7 + 1)— ,17 SZ cos — = —, which is not possible.
. 2)2
or 0= (2/7 +1)—,//E Z, or 0 = (4/7 +1)—,/; eZ Hence, the system of equations has no solution.
4’ 2
9. cosec" 0-cot’0= cos 0
5. I f sin X > 0, then we have cos 0= 1
2sin".v + sinx- 1 =0
sin 0 = 0. which is not possible as cosec 0and cot 0are not
1
sm X = — defined for this value of sin 0.
2'
10. sinxtanx-sinx + tanx-I = 0
_ ;r 5;r
tan X (sin x + 1) - (sin x + 1) = 0
6 6
(sinx + 1 )(tan x - 1) = 0
If sin X < 0, then we have
sin X = -1
2sin" X - sin X - 1 = 0
or tan X = 1
1
sin X' = — For sinx = -l, tan x is not defined (as cosx= 0).
2
tan X = 1
K
X = - -H —
6
4' 4
S.66 Trigonometry
11. We have or (sin 0+ 1)(2 sin^ 0-2 sin 0+ 1) = 0
4 or sin0 = -l
sin^ 0 = 1- where sin 0?^ 1
sin^ 0 -1 sin^ 0 -1 ’ The other factor gives imaginary roots
sin^ 0= 1, sin 09i 1
sin0 = -l
0 = /OT+ (-!)' (--]
. 2,
Thus, there are three values of 0 one each in intervals [0, 2;r], K n-l K
[2;r, 4k] and [4k, 6k]. = nK-(-ir- = nK + (-])
2

12. log|,.„,|(l+cosj:) = 2 6. R.H.S. = 1

1 + cos a: = sin^ x tan X + tan 3x = 0
=> 1 + cos a: = (1 - cos Ac) (1 + cos x) sin 4a: = 0
1 + cos AT = 0 or 1 - cos a: = 1 nK
COSAC = -l or cos a: = 0
x = — ,neZ
4
sin AT = 0 or |sin ac| = 1 X = 7c/4, 3«/4, K
Both of these are not possible as base of logarithm cannot be
either 0 or 1. Exercise 4.3
]
Exercise 4.2
1. cos 0=1/3 or cos 0=cos"‘(cos l/3)j
1. 2sin0+ 1 = 0 -I
6=2nK± cos
sin 0 =
1
= sin
f-K^
2 I 6 j 2. The given equation can be written as
cos 40cos 0-sin 40 sin 0= 0
9=nK+(-iy ,n€ Z
I 6 j cos 50=0 I
K
= nK+(- 1)
« +1
neZ n
o
50= // + — K,ne Z
2)
2. sin^ nO- sin^(/i -1)0= sin^ 0
0= K, 0<9<K,ne Z
or sin(n0- (n - 1)0) sin(M0+ (n - 1) 0) = sin^ 0 10
or sin 0 sin((2/i - 1)^ = sin^ 0
^ 3^ ^ 7^ 9k
or sin 0 = 0 or sin((2/j - 1)0) = sin 0 ~ To’To ’ IF’"m
d=kK, or (2/1- 1) 6 = mK+ (- 1)'"0; k,meZ
Thus, there are only five solutions in the given range.
0= kK, or (2/1 - 1) 6 = mK+ 0, when m is even
and (2/1 -1)0= nxK- 0, when m is odd
^ cos (at/2) cos AC 1

d = kK,ox 9= ntKl{2n - 2), when m is even and sin(A:/2) 2 sin (a: / 2) cos (a: / 2) sin [x/2)
0 = mid2n, when m is odd
2 cos^(a:/2) - cos(a:) = 2 cos(a:/2)
0= kK, or 9 = p7t!{n - 1), and 9={2q+ \)Kl2n, 1 + cos a: - cos AC = 2 cos(x/2)
where k,p, nq e Z cos(ac/2) = 1/2 = cos(;i/3)
3. (cos0+cos70) + (cos30+cos50) = O ac/2 = 2hk± kIZ, ne Z
or 2 cos 40 (cos 30 + COS0) = 0 x = 4nK±27c/3, ne Z
or 4 cos 40 COS 20 cos 0 = 0
4. cot 0+ tan 0= 2 cosec 0
1
or
4x^ (sin 2^0) =0 cos^ 0 + sin^ 0 2
2"sin0 or
sin 0 cos 0 sin0
sin 80=0 or 9 = n7d%,neZ or sin 0=2 sin 0cos 0
4. tan^ 0-2 sin 0=0 or 1 = 2 cos 0 I [v sin 09^0]
cos 0=1/2
3 ^
or
or -2sin0 = O,cos 0^itO
cos^0 0= 2nK± kI3, ne Z
or 3 sin^ 0-2 sin 0(1 - sin^ 0) = 0 5. sin 60= sin 40-sin 20
or 3 sin" 0-2 sin 0(1 -sin^ 0) = O or
sin 60+sin 20= sin 40 j
or sin 0(2 sin^ 0+3 sin 0-2) = 0 or 2 sin 40 cos 20 = sin 40
or sin 0(2 sin 0- 1) (sin 0+ 2) = 0 or sin 40=0 or cos 20= 1/2 |
or sin 0 = 0, 1 - 2 (rejected) 40= nK or 29=2mK± 7c/3; m,ne Z
or 9=mtI4 or 0= mK± n/6; m,ne Z
9=nK, nK + (-1)" —, n e Z
6. cos 0+cos 20+cos 30= 0

5. I^ = sin0cos20 or (cos 0+cos 30) + cos 20= 0

or 2 cos 0COS20+cos20= 0
or 1 - sin 0(1 -2 sin^ 0)=O
or 2 sin^ 0-sin 0+1=0 or cos 20(2cos 0+ 1) = 0
 Solutions S.67

cos 20= 0 or 2 cos e+ 1 = 0

or
From tan 0 = tan ( 5;r^ , we get
20= {In + \)itl2 or cos 0 = - 1/2,« e Z
or 0= (2« + l)ro^4 or 0 = 2«;r± 2n/3, V « 6 Z
5;r
7. Vl + sin 2x - cos 3x = 0 6=mn , me Z
12
or Vl + sin 2x = cos 2>x
3. tan^ jc + tan a: - V3 tan X =0
or 1 + sin 2x = 2 cos^ 3jc
1 + sin 2jc = 1 + cos 6x
or (tan X - V3) (tan x + 1) = 0
or tan X = ^3 or tan X = - 1
or COS 2x =cos6x tan X = VJ = tan (;r/3)
x = nK+ n/3, ne Z
7t
or 2x = 2nn±6x and tan X = - 1 = tan (- tt/4)
2
x = mK- idA, m^Z
nn It nK 7t
x=
2 8
or x =
4
1
16 4. 3(cos^ 0- sin^0) = 2^3 sin 0 cos 0
or 3 cos 20= V3 sin 20
We get smallest value when /i = 0 thenx = ;i/16.
or tan20=V3 = tan {ni3)
8. cos/70=-cosqr0 = cos (;r-^0) ld=nn->r n!3
pd = 2n7t±{7t-q&) or 0=nro'2 + n/6,/le Z
(p±q)0=(2«±l);r
5. tan 0+tan(0+;r/3) + tan(0+2n/3) = 3
(2n±l);r
0 = ,neZ
(P + 9) or tan 0 + tan 0 +tan (;r/3) ^ tan0+tan (2;r/3) _ ^
rn
1-tan 0 tan (;r/3) 1-tan 0 tan (2zr/3)
0= , where r =-3,-1, 1, 3, ...
or tan 0 + tan 0 + >/3 ^ tan 0--n/3
0=...
-37T -K n 3tc 1 - VJ tan 0 1 + >/3 tan 0
’ p±q' p±q' p±q' p±q'"‘
3 tan0- tan^0
2;r or 3x
The above series is an A.P. of common difference 1 - 3tan^0
p±q
or tan 30 = 1 = tan {nIA), ne Z
9. sin3x + (sin 5x + sin x) = 0
36 = n7t+ 7t/4, ne Z
sin 3x + (2 sin 3x cos 2x) = 0
or 0=(4/i + l)n/12,Vne Z
sin 3x = 0
1 2n 6. Since sin x = 0 does not satisfy the equation, dividing the equation
or cos 2x = — = cos — ,neZ
2
by sin^ x, we get
cot X cosec^ X = 2
x = njtl3
or cot^ X + cot X - 2 = 0
2k
or x = 2nn± or (cot X - 1) (cot^ X + cot X + 2) = 0
3 or cotx= 1
Then x = 0,kI3, 2k!3, x = n7C+ 7c/4, ne Z
Hence, there are three solutions. 7. 7 cos^ X + sin X cos X - 3 = 0
Dividing by cos^ x, we get
Exercise 4.4
7 + tan X -3 sec^ x = 0
1. We have tan a0= tan 60 or 7 + tan X - 3 (1 + tan^ x) = 0
aO=nK+ bO,ne Z or 3 tan^ X - tan X - 4 = 0
{a-b) 6 = nK or (tan X + 1) (3 tan X - 4) = 0
nKl{a - 6) = 0 4
or tan X = -1 and tan x = —
Thus, the values of 0 form an A.P. with common difference 3
K/{a-b). 3k
x = nK + ,neZ
2. tan^ 0+2^3 tan 0= 1 4
or (tan 0 + V3)^ = 4 1^4^
or tan0 = 2-.V3or-2-V3 and x = ^;r+tan” — ,keZ
or tan 0 = tail 15°, - tan 75°
K
8. tan
' piC ' IL-TL
\2 4)
= cot = tan
[ I2J
= tan —, tan
12 V 4 ^
K pK K qK
= nK + —
From tan 0 = tan »^e get 2 4
4

K P 1 9
e=nK+—, ne Z or
4
12
S.68 Trigonometry

or
p + q _ 2k +1 For (1), we have two values of x in interval {k, Ik).
4 2 For (2), we have two values of x in ead of the intervals (0, k),
or
p + q = 2{2n+l),ne Z {Ik, 3 k).
So, there are total six solutions.
9. sec0-l=(>/2-l)tan0
'l-cosg^_ (V2-l)sing Exercise 4.6

^ cos 0 COS0 1. cot 0+cosec 0= Vs

or
2 sin^ (0/2) = (yl2-l)2sm (0/2) cos (0/2) COS0 1
or + = Vs
or
sin (0/2) = 0, tan (0/2) = (V2 - 1) = tan (k/S) sin0 sin0
0
0/2 = nK or = nK + — ,ne Z
K
or cos 0+1 = Vs sin 0
2 8 or Vs sin 0-COS 0= 1 ...(i)
K
6=2nK or 0=2w;r+ — f K^
4 or 2 cos 0+— =-l
3;
Exercise 4.5
1
or COS 0+—
1. (tan^0-1)2 = 0 3) 2
or tan^ 0=1
or COS (a0+— = COS
2;r
0=riK± idA, TIB Z S S

2. sec^ 0 + tan^ 0 = — K
0 + — =2 K^±
2k
3 — ,neZ
3 3

or tan^ 0= —=tan2 f— G=2nK ±

2k k
S UJ or
~^,neZ
K
d=riK± ne Z K
6 0= 2tik+ kb Z

3. 4 + 2 sin^x= 5 or
6=2nK- K= (2n - 1) K, n b Z
or
● 2 1 . 2 ^ But 0 cannot be equal to (2n - 1 );r as it rnakes sin 0=0.
sm x.= — =sm —
2 4 K
K Hence, 9=2nK+ —,nB Z.
3
X~YIK ±—, tibZ
4
:_2
2. sin 0+cos 0 = V2 cos.4
cos2at -Sin jr
4. 2 + 1=3-2
(1/V2)sin0+(1/V2)cos0 = cos^
2I - 2sin^
:_2
- sm jr
+ 1 = 3.2 or cos(0-ro'4) = coS/4
:_2
Let 2~
Sin X Q-KlA = 2nK-±A
= /

Now, given equation reduces to

or 6 = 2nK+ n/4±.^, V/j e Z
2/2 + 1 = Sr 3. (^/ cos 0) + sin 0/ cos 0=1 (v cos 09^0)
/= 1 and/= 1/2 or cos 0-sin 0 = V2
If / = 1 then sin2 x = 0 (1/V2)cos0-(1/V2)sin0= 1
x = nK,nB I cos (0+ 7t/A) = 1 = cos 0
1 ' e+{K/4) = 2nK
If / = — then sin x = 1
2
K
6=2nK-{7c/4), tibZ
x = n7t± — ;nB 1.
4. We know that a cos 0 + 6 sin 0 = c has solution only when

5. We have I c I < yja^ +Z?2.

Then for the given equation, we must have
cot2(sin X + 3) = 1 = cot2 —
4 \2k+
sinx + 3 = /i;r± —
K
~^<2k+ kV^
4
- 8 < 2A: + 1 < 8 (for integral solutions)
1
Now, 2 < sin X + 3 < 4 * = -4,-S,-2,- 1,0, 1,2,3
sin X + 3 = ;r
K
Thus, eight values of k will satisfy the given inequality.
4
K
Exercise 4.7
or sinx + 3 = ;r+ —
4
1. We have cos x + cos 2x + — + cos (nx) = f;
3k
smx= 3 ...(1) Now, cos X + cos 2x + — + cos (nx) < n
4
So, cos X = cos 2x = ● ● ● = cos nx = I
5k
sinx= 3 x =0
or
4
...(2)
 Solutions S.69

2. The given equation is 5. 12sin.v+5cos.v = 2v- 8v + 21

1 + sin" ax ~ cosx ...(i) 12 , 5

or (1 - cos -v) + sin" ax = 0

Vl2-+5^" U3 —sm.YH—cos.v
13
= 20’^-4v+4)+ 13
or 2 sin^ (x/2) + sin" ax=0 13 cos(.Y - a) = 2(.v - 2)" + 13
Since both the terms on the L.H.S. arc non-negative, their sum where cos a = 5/13.
will be zero only if each one is zero. Thus. Now L.M.S. < 13 and R.H.S. > 13
sin (.y/2) = 0 and sin ax = 0 13 cos{a‘ - or) = 2(_v - 2)“ + 13= 13
x/2 = nn and ax - mn, V n, m g Z cos(.Y - or) = 1 and .i’ = 2
.V = luK and .y = mizl'd V /?, m e Z .V- or= 2n;rand v = 2

2nn= mjda ■=!> Ian = ni ...(ii) .Y = 2n;r+ cos

-1 f —5 '1 and V = 2, where g Z
Since m and n are integer and a is irrational, Eq. (ii) is po.ssible 13)
only if n? = 0 and n = 0. 6. sin 2y + cos 4.v = 2
Hence, .y = 0 is the only solution. It is possible only when sin 2y = 1 and cos 4.y = 1
3. sin^Y= 1 + tan^Y
lY = 2n;r+— and 4.y = 2/«;t
Now. 1 +tan*A> 1 and sin"* .v< 1 2

L.H.S = R.H.S. n mn
.Y = n/f+ — andA = , where /«, /? g Z
Hence, for the given equation to be satatisfied. 4 2

sin"* X = 1 and 1 + tan*^ .y = 1 Then, solution is given by

=> sin'.Y = 1 and tan** .y = 0 K
nn + —,»€/ jn&Z =0
which isneverpossible.sincesin.Yandian.Y vanish simultaneously. I 4
Therefore, the given equation has no solution.
7. tan {P cot a) = cot {P tan a)
A .t
K
4. sin A cos — 2 sin A + 1 + sin 2 cos A cos A = 0
4 4 or tan (P cot a) = tan P tan a
u
n
A A
P cot A = — - P tan .Y
or sin A cos —K sin — cos a - 2 (sin'A + cos" a) + cos a = 0 or
2
4 4
n
5a or P (tan A + cot .y) = — where P > 0
or sin —■ + cos A = 2 ...(i)
4
Now, tan a + cot a > 2
Now Eq. (i) will hold if
n 7Z
5y or 2P<P (tan A + cot a) = — or P< —
sin — =1 and cos a = 1 4
4
8. LHS>2: RHS<2
5a K
2/inr-r- —, «G Zand A = 2/«;r,/« G Z Equality is possible.
4 2
ThcnforRHS,A= 1
(8n + 2);r For LHS, tan“;r(l + v)= 1
A . H G Z ...(ii)
5
tan";rv’ = 1
and x=2ni7t,ni^Z ...(iii)
Least value of v is — .
Comparing the values of a, we get 4
(8« + 2) ;r
= 2hi;t 9. cos^Y < cos'.Y and sin^v < sinlv
5
So, COS^A sin^Y = I is possible only when cos^a = cos'a and
or 8« + 2 = lOnj . i
sm'A = sin"A. which is possible only at a = 0, nil, and 2;r.
5m - 1
or n =
4 Exercise 4.8

Value of «i Value of n 1. Lcl/(.Y) = sinAandg(.Y)=A^+A+ 1 = A+— +—. which could

2) 4
be graphicaly represented as follows:
5 6
(-1/2, 3/4)
9

g{x) = + X+ 1

4/t-3 Sk-A

Therefore, the general solution of the given equation can be

obtained by substituting either m = 4/: - 3 in Eq. (iii) or n = 5p-A
in Eq. (ii).
Therefore, the general solution of Eq. (i) is As these two graphs do not intersect at any point, the given
A= (8/: - 6)^, ks Z. equation has no solution.
S.70 Trigonometry

2. We have sin x= log^ jc Clearly, tan 1 > Ian {kIA) or tan 1 > 1.
To find the number of roots of above equation, we draw the So, y = tan x and y = [x] do not intersect for x e (0. t:/2).
graphs ofy = sin.r and v =log[(>.v and count the number of points Further from the figure, graphs intersect when [.t] = 4.
of intersection.
tan X = 4 or X = tan"*4.
Now. sinar s [-1, I].
Further, we know that y = log^^x- always increases. Exercise 4.9

So. V = log[(^v will never intersect* sin x, when log 10 x> 1 or

1. sin" 6> cos" 6
.t> 10.
cos 20< 0
Graphs of both functions are as shown in the following figure.
y (;r/2)<2e<{3;E^2)
or (k/4)< 9<{3n/4)
y = sin X
y= log 10* Taking general values, i.e., adding 2/j;r, we get
;(10.1)
o
-► X 2iik+ 7tl2 < 26<2n7t+ 3tc!2, n e Z
n!2 n 3nl2y2K 3 7ni: K 9nl2
or n7t+ 7ti4 < 9<h7t+ 3nl4

2. We know that tan .v is periodic with period k. So. check the

From the figure, we can see that graphs intersect at three points. n K
solution on the interval
3. We have 2x = I - cos.x)
2x
or cosx = 1
3;r

Draw the graphs of_v = cos x and y = 1 .^y = 2

1-- (tan-"' 2, 2)
» t X
-n!2 i -7^4 7C/4 k!2

-1

T( T
X = -n/2
X = kI2

From the above figure number of solutions = 5

It is clear from figure
n
4. Graphs ofy = tanx andy = [x] are drawn as shown in the following tan X < 2 when < x < tan
I
2
figure. 2

General solution is
y

6-- UK- — <x< 7i;r+tan"'2,€ Z

2
y = tan X
5--
xe 7i;r-—, 7i;r+tan~'2 .n^Z
I 2 J
4 ■o

3. sin 2x> V2 sin^x+(2 cos" X

2 sin X cos x > ^ sin" x + (2 - V2) cos^ x
3--
tan" X - V2 tan X + (V2 - 1) < 0
(tanx - I) (tanx - 1)) < 0
2-- o
(V2 - I) < tan X < 1
7dZ<x <7tJ4
1-- ■o

n K
X e im + —, nJi + — where n e Z.
8
+
■\^7d2
+ I I X
-1 O 2 4 3»2 5 6
4. tan^x - tan"x + 3 - 3tan x > 0
-1-- tan"x(tanx- 1) -3(tanx- 1) > 0
(tan X - I) (tan^x - 3) > 0
-2-- (tan X - 1) (tan x + VI) (tan x - V3) > 0
(y- 1) (>’ + VI) (y-VI) > 0, where tanx =.v
-3-- Sign-scheme of above inequality is as follows:
(-) (+) (-) (+)
+
-VI 1 VI
 Solutions S.71

~^<y< 1 or>'> V3 Exercises

-^3 < tan .Y < I or tan -y > Vs
For - nil <x< T^l, wc have - ;r/3 < .v < ;i/4 or 7dl><x<nll single Correct Answer Type
General solution is
1.(1) sin0*l/2and cos6 = -'/3/2
n n\ ( n , t Q lies in the second quadrant.
X€ nn-i-—.nn + — u nn ,nn+— whereneZ.
3 9
-- / 3 4) sin0= sin5;i/6; cos0= cos5;c/6;
0=2»n:+(5;z/6),/le Z
5. We have 2 cos" .y + sin x < 2
2. (3) Since tan e<0 and cos 0>O, 01ies in the fourth quadrant. Then
2(1 - sin'.v) + sin x < 2 Q=lnlA.
-2 sin" X + sin x < 0 Hence, the general value of Q is Inn + InlA, n e Z.
2 sin'x - sinx> 0
3. (I) -y'* - Zy" sin“ — .Y + 1 = 0
sinx(2 sinx- 1) >0 9

sin X (sin x - 1/2) > 0 ;rx

x"* + 1 = 2x" sin"
sinx < 0 or sin x > 1/2 2
/
Draw the graph ofj' = sin x and v= 1/2. .y'’ + I = Zy' 1 - cos"
;rx

9
/

2-- (x‘ -1)" + Zy' cos" — 0

y = sin X
1- 1 (x' -1) = 0 and 2x^ cos^ — = 0
^=2
x =± 1
♦ X
0 ;z/6 a/2 5a/6 3a/2 In 4. (3) 2sin" Q - cos2 6 = 0
2sin" 6 - 1 + 2sin" 0*0
-1-- 1
sin0 = ±—
2

2cos" 0- 3sin 0=0

From the figure.
sinx> 1/2 2sin" 0 + 3sin 0-2 = 0

n/2 <x < 5;tf'6 1

sin 0 = — or -2
and sin x < 0 2

n<x< 3n/2 1
sin0 = — (common values)
Hence the required solution isx e {Tilly 5ti/6] u [;t. 3nll].
n
0 =- ^ (.-. 0e [0.27r])
2x 6’ 6
6. Graphs of y = cos x and _v 1 —^ are drawn as shown in the
following figure. ( ■ X
5.(3) (cos" X - sin" x) 2sin —-1 = 0
V 2 J
X 1
cos Zy = 0 or sin — =
2 2

Number of solutions = 8 + 2 10

6. (3) (4 cos" Zy + 4 cos Zy + 1) + (tan" x - I'Jl tan .y + 3) = 0

(2 cos 2x + 1 )■ + (tan x - '^)" = 0
cos2x = —- andtanx = V3
2

2cos"x-l=— andtanx = V3
2

cosx = ±— and tan x = V3

2

n 4n
X =

From the figure. T’T

Number of solutions of equation = 2
2x
cosx> 1- forx € (0, Till) u (;r.««) 7.(1) 3 + 3 cos 0= 2 - 2 cos" 0
n
2cos" 0+3 cos 0+1=0

=> (2 cos 0+l)(cos 0+1) = 0

S.72 Trigonometry

1 15. (1) a, b, c are roots of equation.

cos 0 = - 1 or cos 0 = -
2 X sin 0 + ^ sin 20 + z sin 30= sin! 40
If cos 0 = - 1 then 0= ;r, 3;r, 5n, Ik, 9k, ...
2k Ak ^k 10;r 14;r
a:= sin4 sin0 +0 ;^cos(2 0sincos0cos
20
0) + z (3 ^in 0-4 sin^ 0)
If cos 0 = - 1/2 then 0 = I

cos^ 0 - —cos^ 0 - -^^^COS0 + ^=0

Solutions in increasing order are 2 4 8
iK 4;r 8;r ^ 10;r 14;r
<K< — < — <3;r< < 16.(1) sin 20-2 cos 0 + 4 sin 0=4
3 3 3 3
=> (2 sin 0 cos 0 + 4 sin 0) = (2 cos p + 4)
... + = 6k sin 0 (cos 0+2) = (cos 0+2) |
’’3 3 sin 0= 1
K 5k 9k
P 0= -
8. (3) 6=kK,k = — ,p,qe l,q^0 2 ’ T’ T
q

cosA:;ris a rational. Hence, Ikx

17.(2) We have tan = -yl3 ,x^0
A' = 0, 1, 1/2, 1/3.2/3 x^ + x + \
There are five values of cos 0 for which cos 0 is rational. 2kx K
= nK- — ,ne Z
9. (1) X e [0,2;r] and y e [0,2;r], and sin.v + sinj' = 2 + AT + 1 3

This is possible only when sin.v = 1 and siny = 1. Thus, A-+ - =

1 7-3«

x = kI2 znAy = Kll .r 3n-l

Hence, x+y = k. /I = 0, ± 1 (as L.H.S. < -2 or > 2)

10. (2) 1 -sin^AT+

2
sinAc- —
4
-1=0
18. (2) We have log COS Of
^y/3
—sin a:
1 ^
- logcos ,,(tan a:) = 2
2
.2 -n/3 +1 >/3
or sin a: -
2
sinAf +
4
= 0
r>/3
log eos.v
COSAC =2
2
or 4 sin^AC - 2^^ sinAf - 2 sinAC + VI = 0
On solving, we get sinAr = 1/2, VI/2 VI 2
COS .r = cos AC
x = k/6,5kI6-,kI3,2kI3 2

11. (1) From the given relation

COS AT COSX-
^/3'| = 0
cos0= (2 sin0cos0) sin0, sin0?i 0 2
1
K
sin 0 = or cos 0 = 0 X = — x = — '\s rejected
6
K 2>K K
0= - (V 0G [0,K]) 19.(2) sin'^x - cos^x sinx + 2 sin^x + sinx = 0
4’T’ 7
or sinx [sin^x - cos^x + 2 sinx + 1] = 0
Then the sum of roots is 7>jcl2.
or sinx [sin^x -1 + sin^x + 2 sinx + 1] = 0
12. (3) The given equation is or sinx [sin^x + sin^x + 2 sinx] = 0
(cosAT - 1) (12cos'a: + Scosa: + 9) = 0 or sin^x = 0 or sin^x + sinx + 2 = 0
cosx = 1 only as the other factor gives imaginary roots (not possible for real x)
X = 2nK, ne Z or sinx = 0

Hence, it has infinite solutions as ns Z. Hence, the solutions are x = 0, ;r, 2;r, 3;r.
13.(4) sin X + cos Af - 2V2 sin AC cos AT = 0 1
sin X + cos X = 2^ sin x cos x 20. (2) y = sinx - cosx = >7 sinx - cbs X
V2
1 + sin 2x = 2sin^ 2x
;r^
/

2sin‘ 2x - sin 2x - 1 = 0 = VI sin X -

4j
(2sin2x+ l)(sin2x- 1) = 0
sin 2x = -1/2 or sin 2x = 1
-V2<y<V2
2x= Uk/6,k/2 Range ofy is [-VI, VI]
x= 1\k/12,k/4
21. (1) sin (Vl + sin 20) = sin 0 + cos0
tan 5x - tan 4x sin(sin 0+ cos 0) = sin 0+ cos0
14.(1) = 1
1 + tan 5x tan 4x The equation of the form sin x = x
x = 0
tan (5x - 4x) = 1
1 + sin 20= 0
tan X = 1
sin 20 = -l
K
x = nK^ — ,ns Z K
4 6= nK- — ,nsZ
4
 Solutions S.73

22. (3) We have 4 sin 61 sin20sin40= 3 sin0-4 sin^0 15

1 + sin 20= — sin^ 20
or sin0 [4sin20sin40-3+ 4sin^0] = 0 4
or sin0 [2(cos20-cos60)-3 + 2(l -cos20)] = O 15 sin“20-4sin20-4 = 0
or sin0 (-2 cos60- 1) = 0 2 2
sin 20= —
or sin0 =Oorcos60=-l/2 3’ 5
0= n/ror 60 = 2/i;r± 2ro'3, V n e Z As 0 varies from 0 to k, 20 varies from 0 to 2;r.
= n;ror 0= (3/1 ± 1) n/9, V/j e Z 2
Corresponding to sin 20= —, there are two solutions.
23. (3) The given equation is
2
8 sinx cosx cos 2x cos4x = sin 6x (sinx ^ 0)
Corresponding to sin 20 = - —, there are two solutions.
sin 8x = sin 6x
2 cos7x sinx = 0 28. (1) The given equation is
As sinx9i 0, cos7x = 0 3 (sinx + cosx) - 2 (sinx + cosj:) (1 - sinjc cosj:) = 8
or lx = nn+ 7tl2, ne Z or (sinA: + cos.v) [3-2 + 2 sinx cosx] = 8
i.e., X = tiTtll + ;c^l4; /i e Z or (sinx + cos.v) [sin^x + cos^x + 2 sinx cosx] = 8
COS0 or (sinx + cos.v)^ = 8
24.(2) (sin^0+cos^0+sin0cos0)- -2 = - 1
sinx + cosx = 2
|cosec0| or

or 1 + sin0cos0-|sin0| cos0- 1 =0
or sinx, cosx = 1, which is not possible. Hence, the given
equation has no solution.
or cos 0 (sin 0- |sin0|) = 0
K
29. (2) The given equation is equivalent to
6e 0,- or 0e —,7C 2 sin^ ({Till) cos^x) = 2 sin^ sin2x)
2) U’ j or cos“x = sin2x
n (7t ' or cosx (cosx - 2 sin.v) = 0
But 0— (not in domain); therefore, 0E —,k
4 V2 ^

^/3
1 -2 tanx = 0 as cosx + \)^
25 (3) We have cos y = — or
,tanx 1
=—
2 2

K
y= -7 cos2x = 1 - tan"x _ 2
6 1 + tan^x 5
Let cot (x-_v) = /
.-. t^-/-V3r + V3 = 0 1 - tan'x
30. (4) cos 6x = = cos2x
(t-l)(t-V3) = 0 1 + tan^x
.●. cot(x - j^) = 1 or cot(x -y) = ^ 2sin 2x ● sin 4x = 0

Given that x e (0, ;r) sinx ● cosx. sin4x = 0

7T , K n n ^ ^ (k n'' X = nn, 4x = mjc, m,neZ

If x-y = - thenx= t + T = T =^(^’3^)= T’T mn
6 6 6 3 \3 oJ x = nK,x = — :m,ne Z
4
n , K n 5k E
If x-v = — thenx= —I— = — =^{x,y) = „ ;r 3;r 5;r iK
■^ 4 6 4 12 ,12’ 6, x = 0,—,—,K,— ,2k
4 4 4' ’ 4
\ / - \
K K 5k K
Possible ordered pairs (x,>^) are — , , 31. (1) sin^x cosx + sin^x cos^x + sinx cos^x = 1
3 6 y \ 12 6 y or sinx cosx (sin^x + sinx cosx + coslv) = 1
K sin2x sin2x'l
26.(1) cot sin 2x = V3 or 1 + = 1
{3y/3 2 { 2

K K
or sin2x (2 + sin2x) = 4
sin2x = 11K+ — ,ne Z sin^2x + 2sin2x-4 = 0
3>/3
or
6
-2±^4 + 16 =_ -l±V5
=> sin 2x = 3V3 /j +
S or sin2x =
2
2
This is not possible since -1 < sin2x < 1.
For solution, n = 0
Hence, the given equation has no solution.
sin 2x =
>/3 32. (2) 2 cos 0 [cos 120° + cos 20] = 1
2 / 1 ^
K K
or 2cos0 -- + 2cos^0-l =1
2x= - x= — V 2 /

3 6 or 4 cos^0-3 COS0- 1=0

27. (3) The given equation becomes or cos30= 1 =cos0

sin 0 + cos 0 = Vl5 sin 0cos 0 2nK

or 36=2nKOT 6 = — ,neZ
Squaring, 1 + sin 2 0 = 15 sin^ 0cos^ 0
S.74 Trigonometry
Given the values so that In does not exceed 18. or 1 + 2 cos^0 = 8 sin^fl cos^0
. « = 0,1,2,3,...,9 or 1 + 2 cos^0 = 8 cos^0 (1 - cos‘0)'
or 8 cos^e ^ 6 cos^e + 1 = 0
Hence, the sum = 2£Y ^ ^ 9(9 + 1) = 30;r.
(4cos20-l)(2cos^e-l) = O
3 3 ^ 2 i
or

or cos^6= 1/4 = cos\tc/3)

33. (3) Dividing the given equation by cos^x, as cosx = 0 does not or cos^G = 1/2 = cos^ (71/4)
satisfy the equation, we have or 6 = nK± (niy) oxO = nn± {tiI4), n e Z
tan^x - 5 tanx -6 = 0
Hence, for 0 < 0 < nil, 0= n/3, 6= n/4
or (tanx + 1) (tanx - 6) = 0
or tanx = - 1 or tanx = 6 38.(3) LetZ = 3+2/sing ^ (3 + 2/ sing) (l + 2/ sing)
If tanx = - 1 = tan(-;i/4), then 1-2/sing (l - 2/sing) (l + 2/sing)
x = nn-n!4, n & Z
(3-4 sin“gj -r 8/ sing
and, if tanx = 6 = tan a (say) 1 + 4 sin^g
a = tan“* 6, then
x = /i;r+a=/i;r+tan"'6, V/ie Z 3-4siii^g
Therefore, the real part of Z =
Hence, x = nn- (n/4), nn + tan"*6, ne Z. 1 + 4 siji^g
8sing,
34. (1) sin^ + cos^ = sinx cosx and the imaginary part of Z =
1 + 4 siring
or (sin^x + cos^ x)^ - 2 sin^x cos^x = sinx cosx 8 sing
sin^2x sin2x Z is real, if imaginary part = =0
or 1 - 1 + 4 sin%
2 2
or sing=0 or 6= nn,V n e I
or sin^2x + sin2x-2 = 0
Z is purely imaginary, if real part
or (sin2x + 2) (sin2x - 1) = 0
(3-4sin^g)/(l+4sin^g) = 0
or sin2x= 1
or sin^g = 3/4 = sin^(n/3)
n
0=nn± 71/3, \l ns I
2x = (4/i+ 1) Y , n € Z
or or

39.(4) We have
or x = (4n + 1) — , n sZ (sinx + sin3x) + sin2x = (cosx + cos3 x) + cos2x
4
or 2sin2xcosx + sin2x =2cos2xcosx + cos2x
_ n 5n
(vxs [0,2;r]) or sin2x(2cosx+l) = cos2x(2cosx+1)
~ ~4'~4
or (2 COSX+1) (sin2x-cos2x) = 0
Thus, there are two solutions. I
or cosx = - 1/2 or sin 2x - cos 2x = 0
35. (4) From the given equation, we have
tang + tan4g
X = 2n;r ± (2n/3) or tan 2x = 1 = tj in(n/4)
= -tan7g
1 - tang tan4g => x = 2nnr± (2n/3) orx = (4n + 1) ;i/8, n e Z

or tan(g + 4g) = -tan7g

But here 0 < x £ 2;r. Hence, x = n/8, in/8, 2n/3, 9n/8, 4n/3,
13n/8.
or tan5g=tan(-7g)
50=nn-16
40. (1) Let sin 2x then 1 + / = 17(1 +yf :
y = sin 2x = - 1/2
or g= nn/12, where ns Z, but n 6,18, 30,...
x= 105°, 165°, 285°, 345°
36. (2) From the given equation, we have
tan g + tan2g + tan(g + 2g) = 0 41. (1) tan'^ g+ 2tan^ g = (tan^ g+ 1)^ - 1 = (s^c^ 0f-l= sec'* g- 1
tang + tan2g Putting sec^ g = /, we get
(tang +tan2g) + =0
l-tangtan2g (>/3)' = /2-1
r = 2 is the only solution as / > I
1 I

(tang + tan2g) 1+ = 0 Hence, there will be 2 values of g in given interval.

1 - tang tan2g
42. (3) 2 cos X + cos 2fcc = 3
(tan g + tan2g) (2 - tan g tan2 0) = 0
tang=tan(-2g) 2 l-2sin^— +l-2sin^Ax = 3
or 2 - tan g [(2 tan g)/(l - tan^g)] = 0 2)
g = n;r-2gor 1 - 2 tan^g= 0 2 sin^ — + sin^ cfc = 0 ...(1)
2
g = nn/3 or tan^g = 1/2 = tan^ a (say)
Therefore, 6 = nn± a, where tana= Since sin ^ — and sin^ kx are both noin-negative, Eq. (1) is
2
(for g = nn/6, tan 30 is not defined)
37.(4) We have possible only if sin^ ^ ~ ^ Ax = 0.
1 2
t;— =8, sin g ?£ 0, cos g 0 x = 0, ±2n;±4;r,....
sin^g cos^g sin^g
 Solutions S.75

But for Eq. (1) to have unique solution, the possible value of or sin0=O or sin20= 0
k is irrational. d = tmor26=nn,ne Z
k = ^ is the possible option. But 6 = null is rejected because when n is odd, tan 0 is not
1 1 2
defined and when n is even, i.e., 2r, then 9=r7C.
43.(3) Then 6 = nn,ne 7 is the only solution.
sinx sin2x sin4x
48. (1) (2 sinx - cosecx)^ + (tan;c - cotx)^ = 0
sin2x-sinx _ 2
, 1 2
sin X sin 2x 2 sin 2x cos 2x sin jc = — and tan x = 1
2
2 sin 2x cos 2x - 2 sin x cos 2x = 2 sin x
71
sin 4x - sin 3x + sin x = 2 sin x x=n7C±—,n e Z
4
sin 4x = sin 3x + sin x
2 sin 2x cos 2x = 2 sin 2x cos x 49. (2) We have sin 3 a = 4 sin a (sin^x - sin^a)
2x = 2n7t±x (as sin 2x 0) or 3 sina-4 sin^a=4 sinasin^x-4 sin^a
2nn . or 3 sina=4 sinasin^x
=> x = — ,n€l (as X = IkTi: is not in domain)
If sin a 0, sin^x = 3/4 = (V3/2)^ = sin^(;i/3);
n=l,2,4, 5,.... Therefore x = n7t±7i/3, n s Z

^ ^ ^ 10;r If sin a= 0, i.e., a= nn, equation becomes an identity.

Thus, four solutions are
T’T’T’^ ■
50. (1) 4 sin'bc + cos^ = 1
44. (3) (1 - tan 0) [1 + 2 tan 0/(1 + tan^6)] = 1 + tan 0
=> (2 sin^x)^ + -4 (2 cos^x)^ = 1
or (1 -tan0)(l +tan0)^ = (l +tan0)(l +tan^0)
or (1 + tan 0) [(1 - tan^0) - (1 + tan^0)] = 0 or (1 - cos2x)^ + —4 (1 + cos2x)^ = 1
1

or - 2 tan^0 = 0, (1 + tan 0) = 0
or tan0= 0, or tan0=-1 or 5 cos^ 2x - 6 cos2x + 1 = 0
0 = n;r or nTt- 7t/A, Vne Z, or (cos2x-l)(5 cos2x-l) = 0
1
For 0 e [0,2;r], 0 = 0, ;r, 2;r, 3;t/4, Itc/4 or cos2x= 1 orcos2x = “
45.(1) tan{A-B)=\
2x = 2n;ror2x = 2/i;r± a,
7C
A-B = n,K+ — otA-B= —
7C
3£ 3;r 1
4 4 ’ 4 ’ 4 where a=cos

2
sec(i4 + 0) = 51.(1) (V3-l)sin0+(>/3 + l)cos0=2
n 7T ll;r (V3-1) sin0 +
f>/3 +0 cos 6 =
1
A+B = 2n27C± — or^4 + 0= — or
6 6’T’"‘ 2yf2 . 2^2 ^
For the least positive values of A and B, we have K n n
or sin— sin0+cos— cos0=cos —
Utt K 12 12 4
A+ B = ,A-B= -
6 4
K ^ 7T
19;r 25;r or COS 0 = COS —
0 = ,A = 12; 4
24 24
7C 7C
0 = 2n;r± — ,ne Z
46.(1) Let^ = 0+15°,0=0-15“ 12 4
A+B = 26 andy(-0 = 3O°
tmA 3 or 0=2nn± —+ — ,ne Z
Now 4 12
tan0 1

tani4+tan0 3 + 1 52. (4) The given expression is

or
tan/4-tan0 3-1 cosy sinx - siny cosx + sin y sin x + cos x cos y
sin(x - y) + cos(x - y) = 0
(applying componendo and dividendo rule)
sm{A +B) V2
r 1 1
sin (x - y) + cos (x - y) =0
>/2
or

sin(/4 -0) >/2

sin20= 2jsin30“ = 1
K
or sin X - y + — = 0
26=2n7C+ — or0=n;r+ — neZ
K
4)
I 2 4 7C
47.(1) tan30+tan0 = 2 tan20 + x-y = njc, ne Z
4
or tan30-tah20=tan20-tan0
x-y = n7t , /I € Z
or
sin(30 - 20) sin(20 - 0) 4
cos 30 cos 20 cos 20 cos 0
x = nn— — +y, where ne Z
or sin0(2sin0sin20) = O 4
S.76 Trigonometry

53. (3) We have V3 cos 0- 3 sin 0 = 2 (sin 50- sin 0) K n -I

or (V3/2) cos 0- (1/2) sin 0= sin 50 x= —, —, cos (v o,j8are+ve)
2 3 . 3,
or cos (0+ 7t!6) = sin 50= cos(;z/2 - 50)
0+ 71/6 = 2n;r± {nil - 56), n 6 Z If a = — ,P= — , then we have \ a~P\ = — ■
2 3 6
=> 0= (/i;z/3) + (;z/18)
or 0=(-«7i/2) + (;z/6),Vn€ Z 58. (3) On adding given equations, we get
7 (cos 0+ sin 6) = 10
54. (3) sin'* x + cos‘*jc + sin 2x + a = 0
10
or (sin^jr + cos^x)^ - 2sin^ x cos^x + sin 2x + a = 0 or cos 0+ sin 0= —
sin^2x-2 sin2x-2-2a=0 7

Let sin2x =y. Then the given equation becomes But maximum value of cos 0 + sin
y^-2y- 2(1 + a) = 0, where -1 <;^ < 1, So, no 0 is possible. j
(V - 1 <sin2x< 1)
59.(1) cosxcos6x = -l '
For real y, discriminant > 0
or 2cosxcos6x = -2
3
3+2a>0 or a> — or cos7x + cos5x = -2
2
or cos 7x = -1 and cos 5x = -1
Also - 1 <y < 1 or
-1 < 1- ^3 + 2a < 1 The value of x satisfying these two c( [nations simultaneously
1 and lying between 0 and 2n is n.
3+2a<4 or a< - . Thus - — ^ a < —
2 2 2 Therefore, the general solution is x = 2n7i:+ K,neZ. Thus,
X = (2n + 1) ;r,« € Z
55. (1) cosx = Vl-sin2x = |sinx - cosx|
60. (3) cos(0) cos(7r0) = 1
(a) sinx < cosx
cos(0) = 1 and cos(7T^ = 1 ...(i)
xe
;r'\
0,— u
(STt
—,2k or cos(0) = -1 and cos(;r0) = -I ...(ii)
...(i)
L 4; 4 J If cos(0)= 1 0=2m;r
Then the given equation is and cos(7T0) =l=^d=2k,k€Z
cosx = cosx - sinx
which is possible only when 0=0.
or sinx = 0
Equation (ii) is not possible for any 0 as for cos(0) = -1,
x = 2k [from Eq. (i)]
0should be odd multiple of k, i.e., irrational and for cos(;r0)=-l,
(b) sinx > cosx 0 should be odd integer, i.e., rational.
'k 5^' Both the conditions cannot be satisfied.
.4’ 4 J
=> X€

Therefore, 0 = 0 is the only solution.

cosx = sinx - cosx
61. (2) (sin 0+2) (sin 0+3) (sin 0 + 4) = 6
or tanx = 2
L.H.S. > 6 and R.H.S. = 6
X = tan“'2 (ii)
Therefore, equality only holds if
Hence, there are two solutions.
sin 0 = - 1 or 0 = 3ts'2, 7n/2
1
56. (2) |cotx| = cotx + — Sum = 5;r^A=5
sinx

If cotx > 0

cotx = cotx +
1
= 0
62
■(2) X
r = l
cosrx = 5

Sinx
cosx + cos2x + cos3x + cos4x -● cos5x = 5
1
= 0, which is not possible, which is possible only when cosx = coslx = cos3x = cos4x =
sinx
cos 5x = 1 and is satisfied by x = 0 anc x = 2;r.
If cotx < 0
/ 7 \
1 63.(4) cos3x + sin 2x = -2
- cotx = cotx +
smx
\ 6 >
1
- 2 cotx = cos 3x = -1 and sin 2x - — = -1
smx 6

1
or cosx= -
2
or 3x = (2n + l);rand 2x-—=- —+ 2/M7T ; w, n e Z
6 12
2k Sk
x = 2nK K K

7 T’ T , or x=
3
H— and x= niK H—
3 3
57. (4) cos X = 2 cosx (1-3 cos^x)
or 6 cos^x + cos^x - 2 cosx = 0 K
or x=2kK + —, ke Z.
1 2 3
or cosx = 0, —
2’ 3
 Solutions S.77

64.(2) We have sin'‘^;r-cos

100
’v= 1 68. (1) We have [ 4 sin.t - 1 | < Vs
or sin">'’r=I+cosn- -V5<4sinjc- 1 <Vs
Since L.H.S. < 1 and R.H.S. > I, L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 1.
V^-1 < sin.Y <
Vs +1
7t or
Then, x = nn-^ — , /i e I 4 4
2
n 71
or sin— <sin.v<cos —
K 10 5
65.(3) tan.Y + cot.r+1 = cos .y + —
4J f K K K
or sin < Sin.Y < sin
71 lOj 5
or tan.Y + cot.Y = cos ,y + —
K . 3;r
4) or sin < sin.Y < sin —
I lo; 10
;r^
Now tan.Y + cot.v < - 2 and cos x-\— 1 >-2 K Zk'
4J X €

\ 10'To,
It implies that equality holds when both are -2. Thus,
69. (2) Roots will be of opposite sign if product of roots is negative
7T
cos .Y + —
sin 6< —
4
2

71 70.(1) |2 sin 0-cosec 01 > 1

x + — - {2m + 1 );r. m 6 Z
4 or |2 sin'0- i| >lsin0j
3;r 1 l;r
or |cos2^ > |sin0j
^ x = or
or 2 cos"20> 1 -cos20
4 4
or 2 cos^20 + cos20- 1 >0
Therefore, the sum of the solutions is
or (2cos20- l)(cos20+ 1)>0
3;r 1 l;r _ 7;r 1
4 4 2 cos20> — [as cos 0?!: 0, i.e., cos20?^-l]
2

66. (2) log^, |sinxl =-x (.y - 2) 71.(4) sin5.t= Ibsin^Y

Graphs of>- = log^, [sin.Yj and v = - .v (x - 2) meet exactly two or sin (3.Y + Ir) 16 sin^Y
limes in [0,7t]. or 5 sin.Y - 20 sin^Y + 16 sin^.T= 16 sinlr
or 5 sinx(l -4sin‘A:) = 0
y=2x-)^
sm -Y = 0 or sin".Y= 1/4

7t
x = n7t,x~ n7C± — ,ne Z
6

2cos‘ x-3cos,r+l

72.(2) |2sinA--N/3
Case I: 2 cos“.r - 3 cos .y + 1 = 0
1
COS.Y= —, 1
2
7t
.Y * 0, —
3

r: 0
But at AT = — : L.H.S. = 0
3
t:
67. (2) sin {.t} = cos {.v} x = — (rejected)
tan {x} = 1
.-. ,Y = 0 is a solution
tan(;i/4) = 1 < tan 1
Case 11: 2 sinx- V3 = 1,-1
Graphs of >’ = tan {x} and y = 1 meet exactly six times in
[0,2;r].
^/3^^1 ^/3-l
sin.Y =
2 ' 2

sinx =
V3-1
2-
2

X has 2 values in [0. k\

4
Total number of solutions = 2+1=3

73.(1) Let/(x)=cosx-.v+ -
2
1
/ /(0)= 1 + - >0
2
S.78 Trigonometry
\2
71 1 1-7T 1 I
= 0- - + - = <0
79.(4) }^-y + a = + a
2 2 2
I'-lJ 4

Therefore, one root lies in the interval

7C
0, — . Since - VI < sinx + cosx < VI, the giyen equation will have no
\ 2^ 1
real value x for any v if a -^>VI.
4
74. (3) Let logcosx sinx = t, then the given equation is t +- =2 ( 1 ^
or (/-1)^ = 0 ' i.e., a e >/I + -,oo
^ 4 ;
or t=\

or logcos^f sinx = 1 or sinjc = cosj:

a e (V3,oo)(asVI+ -4 <V3)
tanjc = 1 80. (3) [sinjt: + cosx] = 3 + [- sinx] + [- cosix]
or x = idA The maximum value of the L.H.S. is 1 and the minimum of the
R.H.S. is also 1. Thus,
75. (2) Given j'p + 2x sin(jr^) +1=0
[sinx + cosx] = 3 + [- sinx] + [- cosx] = 1
or [x + sin(A:;;)]2 + [1 - sin^(Ay)] = 0 or [sinx + cosx] = 1, [- sinx] ll, [- cosx] = -1
or jc + sin(Ay) = 0 and sin^(jiiy) = 1
[sin X + cos x] = 1
sin^(j<5^) = 1 gives sin(jiy) = 1 or - 1
1 < sin X + cos X < VI
If sin(xy) = 1 => JC = -1

sin(-y) = I =!> sin^ = - 1 It

X6 0,— ...(i)
Then the ordered pair is (1, L 2j
If sin(A5^)=-l x= I [-sin x] = -I
sinj; = - 1 =» (-I,3;r/2) -I < -sin X < 0

Thus, there are two ordered pairs. 0<sinx< 1 -00

76. (1) Since the system has a non-trivial solution, the determinant of [-cos x] = -I
coefficients is 0. Thus, -I < -cos X < 0

sin30 -1 1 0 < cos X < I ...(iii)

cos20 4 3 = 0
From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii), x 6 0,— ’ 1

2 7 7
V 2 ^

or sin30 (28 - 21) - cos20( - 7 - 7) + 2(- 3 - 4) = 0 81. (3) cos*x + b cos'*x +1=0
/

or sin30+2 cos20-2 = 0
b = - cos'*x + 1 ^ <-2Vxe R
or (3sin0-4sin^ 0) + 2(1 - 2 sin^^ -2 = 0 V cos^’x^
or 4sin^ 0 + 4 sin^ 0-3 sin0=O => e (- oo, -2]
or sin0(2 sin0-I) (2 sin0+3) = 0 82. (2) We have |sin2 x| + |cos2 x| = |siny|
1
or sin 0=0, — on squaring, we get I + |sin 4x| = sin^^
L.H.S.^ I,butR.H.S.< 1
0 = n;r or 0= n;r+(-1)" n/6, V n e Z
So solution is possible only when |sir|y| = 1, Thus,
77.(2) Wehavesin'*x-2cos^x + a^ = 0 K 2>n
cP = 2cos^ X - sin'* x siny = ± 1 , ± —
2
= 2 - 2sin^ X - sin'* x
= 3-(sin2x+l)^ 83. (2) Given that jsinxj^ + |sinx| + 6 = 0
Now 0 < sin^ X < 1 -l±Vl-46
^ |sinx| =
l<sin^x+l<2 2

1 <(sin^x+1)^<4 0<
-l + Vl-46
< 1 => '-2 < 6 < 0
-4<-(sin2x+1)2<-1 2
-l<3-(sin^x+l)^<2
84. (4) + 4a = 0. Let t =
<P<1
/6 [l,e]
-y[i < a < >/I
/ + - + 4a = 0
78. (2) sin^x + a cosx + a^ > 1 + cosx t

Putting X = 0, we get + 1
\ / + - =-4a
or a + a^ > 2 -2 1 t
or a^ + a - 2 > 0 1
Let,/(0 = r + -
or (a + 2)(a-l)>0 t

or a < -2 or a > 1 1

Therefore, we have the largest negative integral value of /(/)=!--

*
>0fort6 [l,e]| I
a = -3. So,y(0 is increasing function for / e [1, e].
 Solutions S.79

AO e 1/(1),/(e)] 90. (1) If solution lies on the line 7 = 3x, then 3 sin 3x + 12 sin^x = a
should have real solution.

or //) e 2, => 3(3 sinx - 4 sin^x) + 12 sin^x = a

e
a
sinx= —
9

-4a e 2,
ef+l Hence, for no solution, a > 9 or a < -9.
e

Multiple Correct Answers Type

-(eMl) -1
ae
1. (1),(2)
. 4e i ’2
We have 4 sin'*x + cos'^x = 1
85. (3) tan^ x - 2 sec^x + a = 0 or 4 sin\ = 1 - cos'^x
or
tan'*x - 2(1 ^ tan^x) + a = 0 = (1 - cos^x) (1 + cos^x)
= sin^x (2 - sin^x)
or tan'*x - 2 tan^x + 1 = 3 - a
or (tan2x-l)2 = 3-a
or sin^x [5 sin^x - 2] = 0
or sinx = 0 or sinx = ± -'Ws
3-a>0 or a<3

I
-1
X = n;r or X =/i;r ± sin , /j e Z
%rx^"
86.(3) |x| + [y| = 2, sin =1
I 3 J 2. (1),(2)
(sin^0+ cos^0) - (1 - sin dcosff) = 0
=, M,|;,|e[0!2], ^=(4n+l)| , /I e Z or

or
(sin0+COS0) (1 -sin0cos6)-(l -sin0cos0) = O
(1 -sin0cos0) (sin0 + cos0- 1) = 0
x^ = 3(4n + l)^ 3 ,
= -,aslx|^2 If sin 0COS 6= 1
2
2 sin 0 cos 0= 2

=> W =
\2
T.13^1 = 4-
I sin20= 2 (not possible)
sin 0 + cos 0 = 1

Thus, there are four ordered pairs. 7T 1

COS 0
87.(1) x^ + 4-2x + 3sin(ax + Z)) = 0 I 4j 72
(x - 1)^ + 3 = -3 sin(ox + b)
9~ — = 2nJt± — ,ne Z
L.H.S. > 3 and R.H.S. < 3 4 4
L.H.S = R.H.S = 3
0 = 2rm or 2nK + —
(x - 1)^ + 3 + 3 sin(ax + 6) = 0 2

x= 1, sin(ox + 6) = -l
3. (1),(3),(4)
sin(a + 6) = -1 We have

a + b = (4rt-l) - , /I e / tan^ 0 = 1 - cos20 = 2 sin^0 or cosec^0 tan^0 = 2

2
or (1 + cot^ 0) tan^0 = 2 or tan^0+ 1 = 2
iK
a +b = or tan^0= 1
(from the given options)
2
or tan0 = ±l
rn n
88. (3) nlogj — =kn,ke I 0=nn± — ,ne Z
\xj 4

(1 Moreover, tan^0= 2 sin^0

logs — =A:orx = 3"* sin^0 = O=^ d=n7T
\x) \
\

4. (1),(3)
The possible values of A: are - 1,0,1,2, 3,...
1
y+ - >2
S=3 + 1 H- —3 + -y
32
+ 4rH
3^
00 = 1 2
y
1--
3 1
y+-
sin(;<y)
89.(1) But sinx + cosx < V2
cos(a5^)

or sin(xy) = xy y + — = 2 and sinx + cosx = ●'S

y
or =0

x = 0orj^ = 0 v=landsm x+— = 1

V 4^
But X = 0 is not possible
>^ = 0 andx= 1, i.e., (1,0). V = 1 and X = —
4
S.80 Trigonometry

5. (1),(2),(3) or 2 sin(jc +_v) = 2 cosjc cos>^

or 2 sin(jr +;0 = cos(jc +>^) + cos(x -y)
2sin^ —cos^jc = l-cos(;rsin2A:) / _\
K
or 2 sin = cos + cos(.v-y)
V4; u;
2sin^ cos^ = 2sin^ ^-1 sin 2x 1 'it
.2) or cos(a:-j) = = cos
>/2 V 4y
K
COS^ X = ± sin2x x-y = 2nK±{jdA),'^ n & Z
K2) a.
Also we havex+y= 7clA ...(ii)
cos X = 0 or cos jr = ± 2 sin X
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
x = (2n+l)—,/je Zortanx = ± — jc = n;r+ (n/4) andjv = -nn, \/ n e Z
2 2
or x = n7t and y = -nn-^ 7tl4, \/ n e Z
6. (1),(3)
sin^ X - 2 sinx -1=0 10. (1),(3)

1 =±^ x+;^ = 2ro'3 or y = {2niy)-x

=4> (sinx - 1)^ = 2 or sinx -

or sinx = 1 - ^ as sinx > 1 sinx = 2 sin

r2;r - X
I 3
There are two solutions in [0,2n\ and two more in [2;r, 4;r].

= 1^1
Thus, /? = 4, 5.
COSX + sinx

7. (1),(2),(3) LI 2 j l2
The given equation is = V3 cosx + sinx
2 (sinx + sinjv) - 2 cos(x ->’)'= 3 cosx = 0
x+;^ x->^ 2 x-y K
2x2 sin cos - 2 2cos -1 =3
2 2 2
x = w;r+ — ,ne Z

or 4 cos^ (izy.] -4sin (^+y]rn-(^~y] +1 = 0 27t

-nK
K K
nn
2 ^ I 2 J L 2 J y =
3 2 6

' x+y^ 2f x+y] -16 Hence, forx e [0,4;r],x = 7t!2, 2>7d2, 57tl2, lnl2
4 sin ± .Il6sin
x-y _ . 2 , L 2 and for>^ e [0, 47t], y = idb, l7t!6, 1 Zrcl6, 19;i/6
or cos
L 2 8 11. (1),(4)

:Jx+y^ tanx - tan^x > 0 j

> 1
/[ 2 J
sm
or tanx (tanx - 1) < 0
or 0 < tanx < I
. x+y
sm = ±1 or 0 < X < n/4
2 I

Since x and are smallest and positive, we have n7t<x<n7t+ 7t!4, ns Z (generalizing)
1 1 1
. x+y £jtZ-iL |sinx| < - <smx< —
sm = 1 and 2 2
2 2 ~2
i.e., x+;^ = ;r ...(i) -7d6<x<id6

- + n7C<x<7cJ6 + nn, ns Z (generalizing)

Also, cos 'fzzV-
. 2 ]~2 Then the common values are nit < x k w;r + or^6.
2n 2n 12. (1),(2),(4)
=> x-y = or- ...(ii)
3 3 cos(x + Tdy) + cosx = a
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
or
1
— cosx - ^^/5 sinx + cosx = a
(x = 5ti/6, y = 7i/6) or (x = TdS, y = 57tl6) 2 V 2
8. (1),(4)
1 - 2x -x^ = tan^ (x +>^) + cot^ (.^+J') or — cosx - sinx = a
V2y y 2;
- (x + 1 )^ = [tan(x ->ry)- cot(x + y)f
Now L.H.S. < 0 and R.H.S. ^ 0
(9 3" 9 3
- (x + 1)^ = [tan(x + ;^) - cot(x + y)f = 0 <a<

X = -1 and tan(x +>^) = cot(x +y)

iU* 4, VU'^4j
x = - 1 and tan^(-l +;^) = 1 -V3<fl<V3
x = - 1 and-1 +y = nK±i7:/4),ns Z Hence, there are three integral values of a = - 1, 0, 1 whose
sum is 0.
9. (2), (3)
From tanx + tan^ = 1, we have Fora= 1, the given equation is (V3/2)|COSx-(l/2) sinx= 1/V3.
Thus,
smx
n 1
COSX cos;^ cos x + —

or sinx cosy + siny cosx = cosx cosy

6/ y[3
 Solutions S.81

7C
-1 f 1 n. (i),(4)
x + ~ = 2rm± a, where a = cos
6
V3-1 ^ >/3+l = 2
;r 2V2 sin A- lyfl cos A
A = 2n;r-"7'±
6
a
. 7T ;r .
sin— cosA + cos— sinA = sin2A
Hence, the solutions for a = 1 in [0,2;r] are 12 12
-1
cos
(1/V3)^ll;i^6, ll;c'6-cos-'(l/V3). n
sin2A = sin a+—
13. (1),(2),(3) 12 j
7T K
The given inequality can be written as 2a = a + — or2A = ;r-A
12 12
+ l <2 ...(i) n K
A= — or3A= —
Since cosec^A > 1 for all real a, we have 12 12

2Cosec‘ ^ > 2 n ll;r

...(ii) A = — or —

Also(y- 1)^ + 1 ^ 1 12 36

...(iii) 18. (1),(3),(4)

cos30= cos3a
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
3a = 2nn± 3a, ne Z
2C‘"“'">/(>^-1)2 + 1 >2 ...(iv)
Putting n = 0, 1, we have
Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (iv), equality holds only when 30= 3aor-3aor 2;r+ 3aor 2;r- 3a
27t 2n
2C0sec^ - = 2 and + l = 1. Thus, 0= aor- aor 0=
3
+ a or
3
a

cosec^A = 1 and (y - 1)^ + 1 = 1 Hence, options (1), (3), (4) are correct
sinA = ± 1 andj'= 1 If /I = -l, then 30 = -2;r± 3a
2n
A =
7C 37t
— , — and v= 1
, , 0= - ±a
2 2 . 3

Hence, the solution of the given inequality is a = ^ sin0=sm

I 3
±a =-sm —±a
3
andj= 1.
K
14. (1),(2),(3) = -sin n- — ±a =-sin — ±a
sin^A - a sinA + 6 = 0 has only one solution in (0, n).
3 13
sinA = 1 gives one solution, and sinA = a gives other Hence, (2) is not correct.
solution such that a> 1 or a < 0
19. (2), (3), (4)
=> (sinA - 1) (sinA - a) = 0 is the same equation as 1 +cos3a = 2 cos2a
sin^A - a sinA + 6 = 0
l + a=aanda=6
or 1 + 4 cos^A - 3 cos A = 2(2 cos’a - 1)
or 4 COS^A - 4 COS^A - 3 COSA + 3 = 0
1 + 6 = a and 6 > 1 or 6 < 0
6 e (-00,0] u [1,00) Let COSA = ;^, we have
and a 6 (-00, 1] u [2,00) 4y3-4/-3;^ + 3=0
15. (1),(2)
or 4/(y-l)-3(y-l) = 0
or (y-l)(4/-3) = 0
Given the quadratic equation is an identity. Therefore,
cosec^0 = 4 and cot 0 = - VJ ^ = 1 or / = j4
1
cosec 0 = 2 or - 2 and tan 0 = -
V3 COSA = 1 or COS^A = —
4
^ 5;r
0= —or
1 l;r
6 6 COSA = I or cos^A = co^k!6
=> x = 2rm or x = nK±(7t/6), n e Z
16. (3), (4)
Abscissa of the vertex is given by 20. (1),(2),(3),(4)
1 3a a
Vertex cos 3a + cos 2a = sin — + sin—, 0 < a < 2;r
A = >1
sin a 2 2
O Sx X X
The graph off (a) = (sin a) x^ - 2x
X = cosec a
or 2 cos—cos—= 2sinACOs—
+ 6 - 2 is shown in figure. 2 2 2

Therefore, the minimum ofy(A) = (sin a)x^ - 2a + 6 - 2 must be A 5a

or cos cos -sinA =0
greater than zero, but minimum is at a = 1, i.e., 2 2
sina-2 + 6-2 > 0
X ^ 5a
6>4-sina, ae (0, k) cos—= 0 or cos— = smA
2 2
6 > 4 as sina> 0 in (0, k)
S.82 Trigonometry

X ^ K 5;c n n ;r'l
— = 2im± — or = Inn ± X ,/ieZ 2 cos 3x + — cos lx =0
2 2 2 12 8^

£2 = (4„±l)^or^
n 5x n K n
- Inn + X, — = Inn hx cos 3xh— =0, or cos 2-v =0 ...(H)
2 2 2 2 2 8

Ann n n n
n n n K
x= (4/j ± l);rorx = — + —, x-An 3x + — = //;r + — or Ir = nn + — ...(iii)
7 3 3 2 2
Since, 0 <x < 2;r.
nn n nn 5n
n 5n 9n 13;r or — + —orx = .neZ
x = —,—,n, 3 2 16
1 1 T’~T

21. (1),(4) 25. (3), (4)

(x + v) and (x-v) satisfy the equation tan'0-4 tan 6 + 1 = 0.
2(2 sin^ j - 3 sin I +1) 2^ “ t - 3 sin x + ]) _ ^ Thus,

Let 2 (2 sin* j-3sin x + 1) = i tan(x +y) + tan(x -_v) = 4

and tan(x + y) tan(x - y) = 1
t + - =9 or r-9/ + 8 = 0
t tan 2.V = tan((x + y) t (x -y))
or tan (x + y) + tan (x - y)
or tan2x =
2 sin"x-3 sinx+ 1 =3 i - tan (x + y) tan (x - y)
or 2 sin'x - 3 sinx +1=0 tanZx =
1 1 or lx = 90®
sinx = — , smx = —, sinx = 1
2 2 n
or X = 45® =
22. (1),(3) 4

It is easier to solve the inequality using graphical method. n

The graphs of y = |cos x| and y = sin x are as shown in the 6

following figure.
26. (1), (2), (3), (4)
y y = |cos x|
●1- 73
smxsiny = and cosxcosy =
4
N
4
M-
0 kIA 42 3;r/4 }■ 3^/2 !2;t 73
Then, cosxcosy+ sinxsiny =
2
y= sin X
-1

=> cos(x-y) =
2
n 2>n
From the figure, |cos x| < sin x for x s n
~A'~A X - y = 2/j;r ± — , n e /
6
23. (1),(2)
and cos x cos y - sin x sin y = 0
cos36+ sin36 + (2 sin26- 3) (sin 6- cos 6) > 0
cos(x + y) = 0
or 4(cos 6 - sin 6)(cos" 6 + sin 6 cos 6 + sin^ 6 n
- sin 6 cos 6) > 0 x + y = kn + —,k g I ...(ii)

or -472 sin 6-— >0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4)
2x = 2nn + kn± — + —
n
6 2
or sin 6 < 0
4)
x = -i2n + k)± — + -
n 2 12 4
(2n - 1) n< 6 < 2nn, n e I
A n n n n

3;r n
x = —(2n + k) + - or X = -(2n + /t) + -
2 3 2 6
2un < 6< 2nn-^ , n g /
4 4

y = —+ —(A'-2n) and y = — + —{k~2n)

24. (1),(2) 6 2 3 2

, , ● ^ ^ ^ 2 5x
1 + (sinx-cos.x) sm — = 2 cos — ...(i) 27. (1),(2),(3)
4 2

COS<7i cos a
n

1 + (sinx - cosx) I + cos 5.x /(x)= COSOJ + = + +

I
cos.x

71 2 2

/ _■
n sm a,i sm ^2 sman
cos 5x + cos X +— = 0 + ...+ smx
4) 1 2 'yn^]
 Solutions S.83

=> cosjc-fisin;c Therefore, roots are 1, sin 9, and cos 6.

Now/(^,)=y(x2) = 0
Hence, xf +xl+x^ = 1 + sin^0+ cos^0= 2
i4cosxi -5sin;C| =0
2. (3) Now if 1 = sin 6, we get 9= idl
^cos^2-5sinjf2 =0
If 1 = cos 9, then 0=0,2;rand if sin 9= cos 9, we get tan 0= 1.
tanj^i = tan^2 Therefore,
^1 =nn+X2=^x^ -X2 = n7C
28. (1),(3),(4) 4’ 4
The equation becomes Therefore, the number of values of 0 in [0,2;r] is 5.
(sin 0 - 2)(sin 0 + A) (2sin 0 + 1) = 0
3. (1) Again the maximum possible difference between the two roots
=> A = ±1,0. is 2.
29. (2), (3) 1 - sin 0 = 2, when 0 = Zidl
If fl = 0 then Xmx = 0=!>x = nnand for any value ofy such that or I - cos0=2, when 0= ;r
cosy = 0 the second equation is satisfied.
4.(1), 5. (3), 6. (4)
So, option (1) is not correct.
We have equation sec x + cosec x = a
If a = 1 then tan x = cot x => tan^x = 1 i.e., tan 2x is not defined.
To analyze the roots of the equation, we draw the graph of
So, option (2) is correct.
function y = sec x + cosec x and check how many times line
Now, from the first equation, tan x = '^,i.e.,a must be positive. y = a intersects this graph.
Period of y = sec x + cosec x is 2;r.
2tanx 2-s/g <1
Now, I cosy 1= So, we draw the graph of the function for x e [0,2;r].
b(l - tan^ x) b(l - a) The graph of function can be easily drawn by drawing the
2yf^<\b(l-a)\ graphs ofy = sec x andy = cosec x and then adding the values
of sec X and cosec x by inspection.
30. (1),(4) For example, in first quadrant, sec x, cosec x > 0.
I \ Also, when x approaches to zero, cosec x approaches to infinity.
1
COS^ X + (1 +tan^2y)(3 + sin3z) = 4 So,/(x) approaches to infinity.
cos^ x^ y
1
Since cos^ x + T— >2, 1 +tan^2y> 1
cos X

and 2 < 3 + sin 3z ^ 4, the only possibility is

1
COS^ X + -_2 = 2, 1 + tan^ 2y = 1, 3 + sin 3z = 2
COS X

Thus, cos X = ±1 => X = itTC,

ntTt
tan2y = 0=^y= — and

sin 3z = - 1
2j2

r = (4*-l)f ;m,n,ke I o

31. (1),(4) 1 ►X
O
)2 T,t ?x/2\ ,271 5rd2
(tan^ X + Stan X + 15) (tan^x+ 8tanx+ 7) = 33
Let tan^x + Stanx=p, wherep>-l6
(p+15)(p + 7) = 33
-2U
+22/7+ 72 = 0
/7 = - 1S (rejected) orp = -4
tan^x + S tanx + 4 = 0
So, tan X + 4 = ± Vl2
tanx = - 4 + Vl2 or - 4 - Vl2

Linked Comprehension Type

Similarly, when x approaches to Till, sec x approaches to
1.(2) x^-(l +cos0+sin0)x^ + (cos0sin0+cos0+sin0)x
- sin 0 cos 0=0 infinity.
Given cubic function is So,/(x) approaches to infinity.
/(x) = (x- 1) (X-COS0) (x-sin0)
At X = 7i/4,/(x) attains its least value which is I'Jl.
S.84 Trigonometry

With similar arguments, we can draw the graph of;^ =/(x) in 13. (1), 14. (4), 15. (2)
intervals {idl, ;r), {k, 'iTcJl) an Ik). The given equations are
We have following graph of 3^ =f{x). X cosV + 3x cosy sin^y = 14 ...(i)
From the figure, we can say that f {x) = a has two distinct and X sinV + 3x cos^y siny = 13 ...(ii)
solutions if line y = a cuts the graph y =/(x) between y = 2^2
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
and y = -2^2, i.e., | a 1 < 2^2.
X (cosV + 3 cosy sin^y + 3 cos^y siny + sinV) = 27
If liney = a, cuts the graph ofy =fix) abovey = 2^ and below
y=-2"^, thenf{x) = a has four distinct solutions. So, | a | > 2^2.
or X (cosy + siny)2 = 27
7.(1), 8. (2), 9. (4)
or x''^^ (cosy + siny) = 3 ...(iii)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we have
The given system is
sinx cos2y = - 1)^ + 1, X (cosV + 3 cosy sin^y - 3 cos^ siny - sinV) = 1
and cosx sin2y = a + 1
or X (cosy - siny)2 = 1 |
Since the L.H.S. of both the equations does not exceed 1, the
or x‘^2 (cosy - siny) = 1 ...(iv)
given system may have solutions only for a’s such that Dividing Eq. (iii) by (iv), we get j
(a^- 1)^ + 1 < 1 and - 1 <a + 1 < 1 -(ii) cosy + siny = 3cosy - 3siny |
(fl^ -1)2+1 <1 or tany = 1/2
or <0 Case I:
or (a2_l)2 =0 siny = I/V5 and cosy = 2/Vs
or a = 1
y = Inn + a, where 0 < a < ;r/2j and sin a = l/Vs
For a = 1, equation cosx sin2y = a + 1 does not hold. i.e., y lies in the first quadrant
Thus, a = -I only and we get From Eqs. (iii), x^^\3/’^) = 3 or x = SVs
sinx cos2y = 1 Case n:
cosx sin 2y = 0 ...(iii) siny = - I/V5 and cosy = -2/V5
sinx cos 2y= 1 y = 2nK-r (k+ a), where 0 < a < Till
=> sinx= l,cos2y = 1 and sina= -l/Vs
or sinx = -1, cos 2y = -1
i.e., y lies in the third quadrant. {
for which cosx sin 2y = 0. Therefore, from Eq. (iii), x’'^^ (_ 3/^/5) = 3 or x = - SVS.
10. (1), 11. (4), 12. (2) Thus, sin^y + 2cos2y = 1/5 + 8/5 = 9/5.
Also there are exactly six values of y e [0, 6;r], three in 1st
(/2-8/+13)c//=
a
Given that xsm ...(i) quadrant and three in 3rd quadrant.
\xj
0
16.(1) (1 +a) COS0COS (20-b) = (1 + a cos|20) cos(0-Z>)
For R.H.S,x?tO cos 0COS (20-6) + a cos 0cos (20-6)
Integrating L.H.S., we get = cos(0 - 6) + a cos 20 cos; (0 - 6).
nx

cos (30-6) + cos (0-6) + a{cbs(30-6) + COS (0-6)}

--4/2+13/
● ■

= xsin
3
Jo
<X, = 2 cos (0-6) + a{cos (30- 6) + cos (0+6)}
COS (3 0 - 6) - cos(0 - 6) = a cos (0 + 6) - fl cos (0 - 6)
(\\ a
or - [x2-12x2 + 39x]=xsin 2sin (20- 6) sin 6= 2a sin 0 sin 6
V3y \x )
sin 0= 0 or sin (20-6) = a sin 6
(1 ^
or sm = - [x2-12x + 39] {vx^O} If sin 0= 0 then d=nn,ns Z=> 5, == e Z}
kX) v3/
Also, 29-b = nK+ (-l)"sin"'(asinb\),neZ
= {(a;-6)'+ 3}
^2 = ^ n;r + (-l)"sin (asin6) + 6,a€z|
-1

\3/

(1 ^
= T (a:-6)2+1 17. (3) sin (20 - 6) = a sin 6 => |a sin 6| < 1
V Jy
18.(2) a = O=>sin(20-6) = O.
But sin(fl/x) < 1, so sin(a/x) = 1, which is possible only for x=6
=» 20-6 = tiK, ne Z
Then we have sin(a/6) = 1
or a/6 = 2n;r + id2oxa = \2nK+ 3/r, a € Z rtK + b ^ ^ nK + b\
0 = -—,„sZ; S2= — ;«eZ
Hence, x = 6, a = 12/i;r + 3/r, n^Z.
For a 6 [0,100], there are exactly three values of a = 3k, 15k, S2 is subset of (0, k)
and 21k, i.e., tiK + b _
0< <K,neZ
[y-cosa| <x 2

lv+l|<6 0<nK+b<2K^-nK<b<-nK+2K
=> ye [-7,5] 6 € i-tiK, 2k- nK), ne Z
 Solutions S.85

19. (I), 20. (3) K K

X = ItlK-*- or -X =2nK + —
b cos X ft + sin X 2 6
2 cos 2x - 1 (cos' X - 3 sin^ x)tan x c. tan“ X - + I) tanx +1=0

(1) 2cos2x-l?i() x^ iiK± — , n € Z or V3 tanx (tanx - 1) - (tanx - 1) = 0

6
or (tanx - 1} (VI tan x - 1) = 0
(2) tanx^^O x^ nji, n s Z K
tan.Y = i X = + — , II € Z
4
(3) cos‘x-3 sin’XTiO x?i /?;r± — , n s Z
6 I
or tanx = X = H7T — , II € Z
Also 2 cos 2y - 1 = 2 (cos' x - sin'x) - (cos' x + sin' x) VI 6
= cos‘x-3 sin'x
d. tan3x - tan2x - tanx = 0
Now, the given equation reduces to or tanx tan Iv tan 3x = 0
ft sinx ='ft + sinx*
X = /i;ror «;r/2 (rejected) or im/3
ft
smx = Therefore, the general solution is «;c/3 as iijt is contained
ft-1
in iitd'3.
Now. - 1 < sin X < I
2, a->q;b-+s;c-»s;d->p,
ft
1 < < I a. Here, x^ + (x + 2)' + 2 sinx = 4.
ft-1
Clearly, x = 0 satisfies the equation
— + I > 0 and — - 1 <0
If 0 < X < ;r, x’ + (x + 2)' + 2 sinx > 4
ft-1 ft-I If ;r < X < 2n'. x^ + (x + 2)^ + 2 sinx >27 + 25-2
2ft-1 So, X == 0 is the only solution.
> 0 and <0
ft-1 ft-1
b. Here. -2 sin(2e^)= -(2'
4' +2"^)>-2
^4 = -2
ft e — eo, — VJ ( I, ) and ft e (-«», 1) (V A.M.>G.M.)
oo

2,
or sin(2e'j > I or sin(2e') = 1
sin X 0, ± - or ft 0,-1, - But equality can hold when
2 3
2‘ = 2"-'' 1, i.e., x= 0.
When ft — then sinx = -l, which is not possible, as tanx is Then sin(2 x = i, which is not true.
not defined for this value of sin x. Hence, there is no solution,

I j c. sinZv + cos4.v = 2
So. ft €
-1,0. j
— oo —

I 2 sinZr = 1, cos4.y= 1

For any other value of ft, sin x takes two values for x € (0,7t). 1 - 2 sin'2x = 1 or 1 - 2 = 1 (absurd)
d. The given solution is |sinx | =x/30.
Matrix Match Type Therefore, the solution of this equation is the point of
intersections of the curves.
1. a-> r, b ^ s, c ^ p, d q.
y = jsin.Y] andy = x/30
a. cos'Zy - sin'x = 0
cos3x cosx = 0
Since there are four points of intersection in 0 < x < 2;r. the
equation has four solutions.
cos 3x = 0 or cos.Y = 0
+ y
7t K
=> 3x = (2/t-1) - orx = (2«-1) — ,neZ

K
or x = (2n- 1) -
6
orx
= (2„-l)|
(2"-Of ■
K
Hence, the general solution is {2n -1)— as IS
6 3. a —> q; b -> s; c —> p; d —> r.
contained in (2n-l)—. a. 5 sin 0+3 (sin 6 cos a-cos 0 sin a)
6
= (5 + 3 cos a) sin 0 - 3 sin a cos 6
b. cosx + VIsinx = VI max {5 sin0+3 sin(0-a)}
den

cos.Y VI . VI = yj{^+3cosa)~ +9sm'a

or sinx =
2 2 2
= V34 +30 cos a
K K
or cos X — =cos — Therefore, the given equation is
3 j 6
34 + 30 cos a = 49
K n
or cosa= 1/2
X = 2hk ± — ,n e Z
3 6
a = 2iiK± 7zI3. II € Z
S.86 Trigonometry

Equation has two solutions if

b. (cos x) sin^ jr-3 sin J + 2 _ j
-! < 1 - a < 1 and -a + 2 > 1
sinlr " 3 sin.v + 2 = 0
or 1-fl <-l and-1 < 2 - a < 1
^ (sin.v-2) (sin.r-1) = 0
=> ae (0, l)u(2,3)
sin.r = 1
Equation has one solution if
But this does not satisfy the equation because 0*^ = 1 is
1 - a = ±1 and 2 - a > 1
absurd,
a = 0
c.
^(sinv) + 2'^'* cos-r = 0 ...(i) or 2 - a = ±1 and 1 - a < - 1
fl = 3
V(sin .v) > 0 and so cosv < 0,
Also sin.v > 0 ^ X lies in the second quadrant 6.(4) Graphs of v = tan x,y = -x, y = O.S.y, y = x and y = Zx are as
Equation (i) can be rewritten as shown in the following figure.
21/4 cosx = -V{sin x) y

On squaring, we get cos'.v = sinx 5--

or ^2 sin".v+sinx-'^ = 0
y= 2X
h
i
or (V2 sinx-1) (sin.v + >^) = 0 4-- /

sinx - V2, therefore sinx = l/>i2 -(ii) 3--

/

I i
X = 3>7d4 and so the general value of x is given by
X = 2nrc+3n/4, n e Z 2--

d. logj tanx = (logs 4) (log4 (3 sinx))

1- //
^ logs ~ (3 sinx) ...(i)
Since log x is real when x > 0, we have
-3n/2 ■n -m n'2 n
3n'2
tanx > 0, sinx > 0
●1"
Therefore, x lies in the first quadrant. Now Eq. (i) gives
tanx = 3 sin.v or cos.v = 1/3
-2-
x = 2/i;7r+cos"’(1/3), « € Z y = -x

4.(1) a. cos ax + cos bx = 2, (a # 0, b 0) -3--

flx = 2/;;rand bx = 2m;r; m, n e Z

-4--
a_ n
(here — must be rational)
b m h _5-- y = -x

or LCM of a and b must exist. Also, x = 0 is one solution

So, equation has at least one solution,
b. cos X + cos (V2)x = 2 From the figure,

X = 2hk and VZv = 2m;r, m, n € Z tan X = -X has least positive root in (tcJ2, n),-
tan X = 0.5x and tan x = x have least positive roots in {n, 2>nI2)\
V2rt = m, which is satisfied by m = « = 0 only.
and tan X = 2x has least positive root in (0, t^Z).
So, equation has only one solution x = 0.
1
LCM of (I, V2) does not exist or is irrational number. Numerical Value Type
l.(>) sinlv + + \ = 3p sinx
c. cos ax + cos bx = 1, (a 5* 0, /? 0)
(sinx + p + 1 )(sin^x + 1 + /?^ sinx-p-p sin.v) = 0
Clearly, equation has infinite solutions,
d. cos X + cos ;rx =-2
Therefore, cither sinx + /?+l=0=>/?=-(l + sinx)
cos X = -1 and cos ;rx = -1
or sinx = 1 =/;

X = {2k + l);rand nx = {2m + \) j,t m, n & Z Hence, only one value of p{p > 0) is possible which is given
by /)= 1.
=> {2k+ \ )n= (2m + 1): which does not hold.
2.(2) logo 5 sin X = 1 - logo s cos x, x e [-2;r, 2;r]
So, equation has no solution.
sin X > 0 and cos x > 0
5. (1) sin^x + {2a - 3) sinx+ {a^ - 3o + 2) = 0
sinxcosx= 1/2
sinx = 1 -a,2-a
sin 2x = 1
Equation has four solutions if
-1 < 1 - a < 1 and -1 < 2 - a < 1 Therefore, there are 2 values of x.
0 < a < 2 and 1 < a < 3
3.(3) 4<L.H.S.< 16
1 <a<2
2<R.H.S. <4
Equation has three solutions if
-a + I = -1 and-a + 2 < 1
Hence, equality can occur only when both sides are 4, which
is possible if x = n, Zn, 5k.
or -0 + 2=1 and -o + 1 > -1
That is, there are three solutions.
o= 1,2
 Solutions S.87

sinx sin3x sin9x 8.(5) cos4jc = 2cos^2;c-1

4.(6) =0
cos3x
1
cos9x:
1
cos27x = 2(2 cos^x-1)2-1
= 2(4 cos'*;c + 1 - 4 cos^a:) - 1
or 2sinxcosx ^ 2sin3xcos3x ^ 2sin9xcos9x =0 = 8 cos'^a: - 8 cos^x + 1
2cos3xcosx 2cos9xcos3x 2cos27xcos9x
C(2 “ ^
or sin(3xrx) ^ sin(9x-3x) ^ sin(27.r-9x) = 0 5cto + a, + fl2 ~ 5
2cos3xcosx 2cos9xcos3x 2cos27xcos9x
9. (1) 1 - sin^jc - sinA: + a = 0
or (tan 3x - tanx) + (tan 9x - tan 3x) + (tan 27x - tan 9x) = 0 sin^x + sinA = (a + 1) ...(i)
or tan27x - tanx = 0 Forx e (0, Till), the range of sin^x + sinx is (0,2).
or tanx = tan 27x 0<(a+ 1)<2
21x = nk + x, ne I a€(-l, 1)
TIK

sin2(x--|)_|(sinjr - cosx)
\2
or X = —, n e 7.
26
10.(0)
n In 3k 4k 5k 6k cos2x cos^x - sin^x
or
^ 26’26’26’26’26’26
-—(sinx-cosx) 1 K
Hence, there are six solutions. _22 1 = —tan X
lx lx
cosx + smx 2 I 4)
5.(1) (V3+l)"+(>/3-l) = (272)
3x
= 2
Given equation reduces to
>.2x
'73-hY' r73-l
n 1
tan a:- — — tan jf- —

= 1 ^>'-2(0.25) 2 ^^+1=0
. 2,^ J ■'I 2,^ J
2

=» (sin75°)2* + (cos75“)2^= 1
tan X

2 4^=1
x= 1
X = Jt!4, which is not possible as cos2x = 0 for this value
6. (4) Since - 2 < sinx - >/3 cosx < 2, we have of X, which is not defining the original equation.
4w-6
-2< <2 11. (4) sin\ - cos2x sinx + 2 sin2x + sinx = 0
4-m
or sinx [sin^x - cos2x + 2 sinx + 1] = 0
or -1<
2m-3
<1
or sinx [sin^x + sin2x + 2 sinx] = 0
4-m or sin2x[sin2x + sinx + 2] = 0
2/m-3 or sinx = 0, where x = 0, ;r, Ik, 3k
If < I, we have
4 — TM Hence, there are four solutions.
(2/m-3)-(4-/m) <0
12.(5) 3cot2x + 8cotx + 3 = 0
4 —m
cotx =
-4±yH
3m-1 3
or >0 ...(0
m-4 Both roots are negative.
K
2/m-3
Also,-l <
4-m

/M + 1
K<Xx+X2<27t
<0 ...(ii) Product of roots = cotX| cotX2 = 1
m—4
(3k \
X, = 1
L-IJ
cot X, cot
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get m e 2 ^
3k
Therefore, the possible integers are -1,0, 1,2.
^1 + ^2 = Y
' ( K^ fn ^^2 = sin2 X iK
7.(2) We have, cos x + — -cos

V V 6; U Similarly, x, + X2 = —
/ /
A
4 sin
● 2
— = 4sin2 — ● cos
2
— 13.(6) 2sin0=/-2/^ + 3
2 ^2> <2> 2sine=(/^-1)2 + 2
● X - . 2^X—+ —
7T 2 X This is possible only when sin 0= 1 and 1 or r = ±1..
sm— =0 or sin = cos
2 v2 6) 2 So, 9=k/2,5kI2,9kI2
Number of values of the pair (r, 0) = 6
X = 2mK, me Z
14. (7) Here (2 sec x + 1) (sec x - 3) = 0 which gives two values
K (x K^
or — + = tiK± — ,ne I of 0 in each of [0, 2;r], (2k, 4k], (4k, 6k] and one value in
2 U 6) 2
K 6;r, 6;r + -— .
x =0 or x = — 2 J
3
S.88 Trigonometry

15.(1) cos acosji:-sinx<sin;^ Vjce/? UK

x =
sin y > greatest value of (cos a cos ;c - sin x)
sin;^> Vcos^a + I n7t
or y= —,xeR
sin>' = 1 and cos a= 0 2

16. (4) sin (sin x + cos jc) = cos (cos x - sin x) K

Thus, for each of = 0, ±— , there are Itwo values of v.
(k 2 ’
or cos (cos JC - sin jc) = cos (sin jc + cos jc)
\2 ) n

For each of = 0, ±— , there are two values of x.

K
or cosx-sin.v = 2/i;r± — - sin jc - cos x So, total number of ordered pairs is 12.
V 2
1 ^
Taking +ve sign, we get 20.(8) JC sin^jc + — = 2 sin JC sin^^
x-j
cosj:-sin.c = 2/i;r+ — -sinjc-cosjc
2
sin^JC+ —:r
JC^
1
2I' sinjc' sin^
K V ^ y
cosx = nK+ —
4 1
/
sinjc
sin^jc +
K
For n = 0, cos jc = — , which is the only possible value
But using A.M. > G.M., we have

■\/l6-;r^|
1 sinjc
sin^jc + —> 2
sinjc =
...(i) JC" JC
4
. 1
Taking - ve sign, we get sm“jc=
JC^
K
smx= —
...(ii) 1
4 or jsin jc| = —
JC
K
From (i) and (ii), we get — as the largest value. 1
4
Draw the graph of= |sin jc| and = as shown in the
Hence, k = 4. following figure.
JC

K K
17. (2) Given — < 3x <n
2 2
4-

n
- < 3x-- < n
2 2; '3
y = |1/x|
-n
or -n< Zx— <
1) 2 2-

xe
-;r -1 f ;r ;r
6 ) l3’2j 1-

Now, 1+ cos X + cos 2x + sin X + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0

2 cos^x + cos X + sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos x = 0 -K o nil n

cos x(2 cos X + 1) + sin 2x(2 cos x + 1) = 0

-1--
(cos X + sin 2x)(2 cos x + 1) = 0
cosx(l + 2 sinx)(2 cosx + 1) = 0
-1
cos X = 0 or sin x == — (as for given interval, cos x > 0) From the figure, we get the four values of x.
K -n . 2 , ● ^ 3;r !
x= — orx = siny= 1 givesy= ●
2 6
Hence, there are 2 solutions.
So, there will be 4 x 2 = 8 ordered pairs;
18. (14) We have sin 2x - Va (1 - 2 sin" x) = 5 21. (13) We have cos 5x x tan 6|x| + sin 5x = 0
Va-3 sin 2r - Va cos 2x = 5 Case I:

This equation has at least one solution if x>0

cos 5x tan 6x + sin 5x = 0
5<
cos 5x sin 6x + sin 5x cos 6x = 0
or ,2fl-3>25
sin llx = 0 ;
a > 14
llx = n;r
So, least value of a is 14.
19. (12) We have sin^(x +y) = sin^(x -y) => x=—,/ieZ^u{0}
x+y = «;r±(x-y)
So, there will be eleven solutions for // =| 0, 1, 2,..., 10.
 Solutions S.89

Case II:
sin (6 + ;r/4)cos 6 -cos(0 + ;r/4)sin Q
.r< 0
sin 0 ● sin {0 + ;r/4)
- cos 5-\' Ian 6.v + sin 5x = 0
sin(0 + ;r/2)cos(0 + ;r/4)
- cos 5;r sin 6a' + cos 6.v sin 5a: = 0
- cos(0 + ;r/2)sin(0 + tt/4)
sin (5.V - 6-v) = 0 = 4^/2
sm (;r/4) sin(0 + ;r/4) ● sin(6 + ;r/2)
sin .V = 0
sin(6 + 3;r/2)cos(0 + 5;r/4)
x = iin,N e 2“
- cos(0 + 3;r/2)sin(e + 5;r/4)
X = -7T, -2k + ...
sin(0 + Zk!2) ● sin(6 + 5;r/4)
So. total number of solutions is 13.

V2 [cot 6- cot {0+ ;r/4) + cot (6+ ;jy4) - cot (0+ kJ2) +
Archives
II ... + cot (0+ SkIA) - cot (0+ 3^*2)] = 4V2
tan 0 + cot 0 = 4
JEE Advanced
tan 0=2±V3
Single Correct Answer Type ^ 5;r
●● (1) (/ogogq/*) (.v) = sin- (sm a-^) 12 12
(i'ogq/) W = sin(sin .r)
sin"(sin a") = sin (sin a") 2. (1),(3),(4)
sin(sin A^)[sin(sin a") - 1 ] = 0 2sin^0
sin(sin.A^) = 0 or 1 2 cos0(l sin <p) = COSIp- 1
sin 0
sin A" = /IK or 2/hk+ kI2, where w. h e /
= 2 sin 0 cos 1
sin A" = 0
2 COS0- 2 cos0sin ^ = 2 sin 0cos(O- 1
.r = n;r a ~±\fnK ,/ie {0, 1, 2, ...}.
2 COS0 + 1 = 2 sin(0+ <p)
2.(4) sinA + 2sin2A-sin3A=3
tan(2nr- 0) > 0
sin A + 4 sin .v cos a - 3 sin a + 4 sin"’ a * 3
tan 0< 0
sin A [-2 + 4 cos a + 4( I - cos" a)] = 3
sin A [2 - (4 cos"A - 4 cos a+ 1) + 1] = 3 V3
and 1 < sin0<-
3 - (2 cos A - 1 )■ = 3 coscc a 2
Now R.H.S.>3
3;r 5;r
ButL.H.S.O 0€
(T'T
Hence, no solution.
1
3. (3) VJ sec A + cosec a = 2(cot a - tan a) 0<cos 0< —
2
V3 1 cos-A sin A
= 2
COSA SlllA
sin A cosA_, — < sin(0+ 0) < 1 (from (i))

■\/3 sin A + cos A = 2(cos"a - sin'A) 5;r

— + 2;r< 0+ 0< — + 2;r
cos A = cos 2a
6 6
3; K 5;r
2k — ,0mav < (p< 2k+ — ^min
K 6 ^ 6
2a = 2/j;t± a ,/ieZ
K 4;r
— <(p< —
K 2/\K k 2 3
x = 2/ik ■ - - . . —

3 3 9
-K K Ik -Sn Linked Comprehension Type
In (-7T, ;r), a =
3 ' 9 ’ 9 ’ 9 1.(3) ,A.t) = (1 -A)^sin^A + A" V A e R
Z.A,- = 0 For statement P:

,/{.y) + Zv = 2(1 +a“) (i)

Multiple Correct Answers Type
(1 - A)-sin^A + .x^+2A=2 + 2A^
I. (3), (4)
=> (1-a)" sin"A = A^ - 1y + 2 = (a - 1)^ + 1
'V
>
(a
cosec 0 + K cosec 0 +
/m'
= 4^2 (I -a)- (sin\r- 1)* 1
Zrf
m-t
I 4 4 ) -(1 - a)" cosIa = 1
=> (1 - a)- cosIa = -1
sin(0 + ;r/4 - 0)
sin 0 ● sin(0 + ;r/4)
So equation (i) will not have real solution.
1
So, P is wrong.
sin((0 + ;r/2)-(0 + ;r/4))
= 4^/2 For statement Q\
sin(;r/4) sin(0 + ;r/4) ● sin(0 + ;r/2)
2( 1 - a)- sin^A + 2a^+ 1 = 1a + Ia" (ii)
sin((0 + 3;r/2) - (0 + 57T/4))
+ ●●● + 2(1 - .a)- sin-A = lA- 1
sin(0 + 3;r/2) ■ sin(0 + 5;r/4)
S.90 Trigonometry

2x-\ 1
2sin^x = fV= ●^x:sinA: = ±I,±-,0, j£-> 0
2

2x-l Therefore, correct matches are:

Let h{x) = - 2 sin^^i:
(\-x)^ I - (P), (Q); II - (Q), (T); III - (R); IV - (m. (R), (S)

Clearly, A(0) =-l, lim h(x) = +°° Numerical Value Type

x-*r

So by rVT, equation (ii) will have solution. 1.(3) We have

So, Q is correct. (y + z) cos 30 = {xyz) sin 30 ...(i)
xyz sin 30 = (2cos 30)z + (2 sin 3i0)y ...(ii)
Matrix Match Type
(xyz) sin 30= 0 + 2z) cos 30+y irin 30 ...(iii)
1. (a)-»(q),(s) (y+ z) cos 30= (2 cos 30)z + (2 iiin 30)y
We have 2sin^0 + sin^20 = 2 = (y + 2z) cos 30 + y sin 30
=» 2 sin^ 0+4 sin^ 0cos^ 0 = 2 y (cos 30-2sin 30) = z cos 30
^ sin^ 0+2sin^ 0(1-sin^ ^= 1 and (sin 30-cos 30) = 0
^ 3 sin^ 0-2 sin'* 0-1=0 Sincey, z 0, sin 30- cos 30= 0 or tan 30= 0
K
1 3e = n7C + — ,ne Z
=> sin0 = ± 1
4
>/2
(An + l);r
n n 0 = ,neZ
=> 0= -, . 12
4 2
n 5n 9n
Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in their respective 0 =—
12’ 12’ 12
chapters.
2.(3) tan0=cot50
2. (4), 3. (3)
cos 60= 0
/(;c) = 0 => 4 cos^20- 3 cos20= 0
^ sin(;rcosx) = 0
s
=» ;rcosjc = n,;r, e / cos20= 0 or± (i)
2
=> COSJC = -1,COSX = 0, cosx= 1
sin20=cos40
n^K
X =
.^2 € I 2 sin^20+ sin20- 1 = 0
2
=> (2sin20-l)(sin20+l) = O
1
sin20 = - 1 or sin20= — ,..(ii)
2
Now,/'(a:) = 0
From (i) and (ii)
-cos(;rcosjc) ;rsinjr = 0 cos20= 0 and sin20 = - 1
^ sinj: = 0 orcos(;rcosjc) = 0 7t
26 = -
^ x = U3;ror;rcosjc = (2/j4+ l)ro'2,/13,/j4€ I 2
=> cos x =-1/2,1/2 n
0=-
=> x = n^n±7d3 4

{K 2k 3n 4;r 5;r 6;r

=> Y = 1
or cos20 = ± , sin20= —
3 ’ 3 ’ 3 ’ 3 ’ 3 ’ 3 2

Also,g(x) = 0 20= -
Ji Sn

cos(2;rsin;c) = 0 6’T
n 5n
2;r sinx= (2n^ ,nee I 0= —
12’ 12

sinjc = 2/r^+l^ 3 _i J_ 3 0=-

n n 5it
4 4’ 4’4’4

=> Z = |j::sinA:=±-,±-,Ar>0
I 4 4
5
3. (8) — cos^2x + cos'*x + sin'*;c + cos^x + sin^j: = 2
4
Andg'(x) = 0
=» -2;rcosxsin(2ffsinjc) = 0
— cos^ 2at + (sin^ x + cos^ jc)^ - 2 sin^ x cos^ x +
=> cosAT = 0orsin(2;rsinx) = 0 (sin^ X + cos^ j:)^ - 3 sin^ x cos^ x(sin^ x + cos^ x) =2

=> x= (2«7 +1) — or 2;r sin x = ng7c; n-j, n^G I —cos^2x +1 - —sin^2x +1 - —sin^2x = 2
2 4 2 4

1 1 cos^ 2x = sin^ 2x
=> sinx = -l,-
t-o,-,.
 Solutions S.91

tan^2jc=l :^tan2x = ±l 5.(1)

n K -K iK
2x = n7C± — ,ne Z Let jvx = 6 e
4 4 T’T
n
X = (4/I± 1)—,/i6 Z So,f(x)>0
8 /
(tt
3 - sin —+ 26 sin 9 > sin (;r + 30)
n ^ 9t^ 11^ j)
8’ 8 ’ 8 ’T’T’“T’ 8 ’T"
(3 - cos 20) sin 0>-sin 30
So, number of solutions = 8.
sin 0[3 - cos 20- 4sin^0 + 3] > 0
4. (0.5) We have >/3a cosac + 26 sinjc = c, x e n ^ sin 0(6 - 2 (1 - cos20) - cos20 > 0
Y’Y sin 0 (4 + cos20) > 0
sin 0 > 0
>/3a izil + 26
It
= c, where/ = tan —
2 0e [0,;r]

V3fl(l-r2) + 46r = c(l + t2) 0 < ;rx - — < ;r

4
(c + VJa) - 46/ + c - V3a = 0 1 5
xe
a P .4’ 4.
Equation has roots tany,tan● )3-a= 1
^
a B 4b
So, tan—+tan—= p=- 6. (0.50)
2 i 2 c + TSn j{&) = (sin0+ cos0)^ + (sin0- COS0)'*
and
^ ^tan—tan—=
P c-yjla
a
?=-
= 1 + sin 20+ (1 — sin 20)“
2 2 c + ^/3a = sin^20-sin20+2

a+^ n = (sin 20-1/2)2+ 7/4

Now,
2 “"6 So, minimum value of/(0) occurs when sin 20= 1/2.
■ ■

. 2 J ^/3
=> tan

;r 5;r
a B 0= —
tan—+tan— 12’ 12
2 2 _ 1
1 5 _ 6 _ 1
1-tan-tan^ ^ a
^'^^“l2'^12“l2“2
2 2

46 1

C + yJSa-C+yJSa . -s/J

a 2 '
 Chapter 5
6. b~ cos 2/4 - a~ cos 2B
Concept Application Exerdses
^h\ \ -2 sin-/4)-a-(l - 2 sin' 5)
Exercise 5.1
= h^ - 2{h‘ sin" A-a~ sin' B) = - a~
('.● a sin 5 = i>sin/4)
1. Let Z/4 = — ^ “ /)■ + f- and IR = a c 2y?sin C sin (/4 + 5)
2 7.

a‘+b^+c^ 2a' 2a^x4

a +b 2^ (sin A +sin B) sin A + sin B

A + B A + B
r'- a
2
2sin - cos
2 ■)

I 1
2sin — (/4 + 5) cos - {A - B)
2. Angies are in A.P.; so, = y
A,
Also, —- ^ ^ or
b c
or
h c
cos [a +B)
c “x/I S V2 >/3 -J_ 1
2' 72 cos-^ [a - B)
b c a
But wc know that 1
sinfi sinC siii/4 cos —/4 cos fi-sin- 4sin B
2 2 ■) 2
K K 5;r I 1
B = C= — A= — cos -/4 cos-S+sin - /4sin B
3 4 12 2 2 7 2

1 - Ian — /4 tan 5
3. Wchave(^/3- l)a = 2/j 2 2
h 1
[dividing numerator and
! +tan- .4 tan B
2 Vb-I 2 7
denominator by cos — A cos— 5}
sin /4 _ sin 5 2 2

2 “73-1 8. Since a = 25 sin/4, b = 2R sin5. and c = 2R sinC, we have

sin 35 _ sin 5 {b~ - c') cot.4 = 45" (sin"5 - sin'O cot,4
= 45' sin(5 + C) sin(5 - C) cot/4
coS/4
3-4sin-5= ^ 45'sin/4 sin(5 - C)
siii/4
73-1
3-4sin-5 = ^/3+ 1 = -45' sin(5 - Q cos(5 -r- C)
(coS/4 = - cos(5 + C))
sin^ B -
2-73
4 = -25" [2 sin(5 - C) cos(5 C)]
= -25' [sin 25 - sin 2C] (i)
sin" 5 =
(73 - 1)^
Similarly, (c" - a') cot5 =-25' [sin2C - sin2/i] (ii)
and (a~ - b') cot C = -25“ [sin 2A - sin 25] (iii)
73-1 Adding Eqs. (i), (ii), and (iii), we get
sin 5 = ±
272 {h‘ - c") cot/4 + (c' -a^) cot5 -i- (ci^-b^) cotC = 0
sin 5 =
y/Z-\ 9. In the triangle ABC,
(as sin 5 is positive)
272 h+c sin 5 +sinC

Thus, 5= 15°,/4=45“andC= 120°, a sin/4

coS/4 cos5 cosC B+C B~C

4. 2sin cos
a h c 2 2
.. A A
cos/4 cos 5 cosC 2sin--.cos-
or 2 c
2RsinA 25sin5 25sinC
or tan /4 = tan 5 = tan C 5-C
cos
2
Hence, triangle is equilateral. . /4
sm
2
Therefore, Area of triangle * a = V3 (as 0 = 2)
4
1
<
5. cos^ A + cos* 5 cos' C = 1 . A
sin —
or 1 - sin^ A + \ - sin^ 5 - 1 + sin' C = I 2

or sin' A + sin' 5 = sin" C o'+ 52 = c' b +c A

< cosec—
Thus, the triangle is right angled at C. a 2
 Solutions S.93

4. Given a + b-10 and c + a = 21

10.
1 +cos(i4-5)cosC _ 1 -cos(y4 -5)cos(^ +5) Now, a^ = b^ + 2bc cos(120°)
1 +cos(^ -C)cos5 1 -cos(^- C)cos(y4 +C) 2(20-a)(21-g)
a^ = {20-af + (2l-af +
1 -sin^fij or 2fl2-123a+1261=0
2

1 -^cos^.4 -sin^cj or 2a^-26a-97a+1261=0

sin^.4 +sin^5
or 2a(a-13)-97(a-13) = 0
or a = 13, 97/2
sin^y4 + sin^C
a= 13 [as a = 97/2 is not possible]
_ a^+b^ [using a = 2/? siny4, etc.] 5.
a^+c^

11. —sin2C + —sin25 + —sin2.,4 + —sin25 = 2

c b a b
2 sin 5 cos C + 2 sin C cos 5 + 2 sin B cos A
+ 2 sin 5 cos 5 = 2
sin(5 + C) + sin(i4 + 5) = 1
sin .4 + sin C = 1
■ „ 1
sm B = — (As 2 sin 5 = sin .4 + sin Q
2 InAABC, cos 8 =
12. a cos i4 = 2R sin A cosA=R sin 2A
a cos A+b cos B + c cos C

= R(sm 2A + sin 2B + sin 2Q

= 4R sin A sin B sin C lnAMNP,x^=l + 1-2 cos 20
Exercise 5.2 ( n 7
= 2(l-cos20 = 2 1-- =-
y 8^ 4
1. Sides are a, 6, yja^ +ab +b^ V7
Then the greatest side c = yfa^ +ab +b^
or x =
2

Let the angle opposite to the greatest side be C. be

6. We have = b^ + c^~ 2bc cos A = a^
cos C =
+ b^ -ia^ + ab+ b^) _ -1 2cos^
2ab 2
be
C= 120° cosyl =
2g2
2. UQre{ABf = (a-ef + (b-df b^+e^-a^ be
(OAf = (a - 0)2 + {b- 0)2 = g2 + />2 2be 2g2
and (OBf = e^ + cF
(a2-62)(a2_^2) = 0
a = b ox a = e

Hence, triangle is isosceles.

7. Let
6 +c _ c+ a _ a+b _
11 12 13
b + e=\lk (i)
Now in MOB, e + a= I2k (ii)
{OAf +{pBf -{ABf a + b=\3k (iii)
cos 6 =
20A.VOB Adding the above three equations, we get
2(a + 6 + c) = 36A:
+b^ +e^ +d^-\{a-ef +Q3-dj-\ or a + b + e = 18/r (iv)
2yla^+b^yle^+d^ From Eqs. (i) and (iv), a = lk
ae + bd From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), b=^6k
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), e = 5k
V(a2+/>2)(c2+rf2)
b^+e^-a^ 36^2+25*2-49*2
cosy4 =
3. Let a = 3x + 4y,b = Ax + 3y, and c = 5x + 5;y 2be 2x6*x5*
Obviously, c is the greatest side; hence, ZC is the greatest angle.
Thus,
12*2 ^ ^
60k^ 5
a2 +/,2
cos C = 25*2+49*2-36*2
2ab cos 5 =
2ca 2x5*x7*
-2xy <0
2(12^2 +25^7 + 12/) 38*2 ^ ^
70*2 35
Since cos C < 0, ZC> ixl2. So, triangle is obtuse angled.
S.94 Trigonometry

A9k^+^6k^-15k^ ■_ {b cos C +CCOS B) + (6 cos ^ jf a cos B)

cosC =
lab 2x7kx6k
b{c + a)
60k^ = 1 =
1
7
b[c + fl) b
cos .4 cos^ cosC
3. ab^ cos A + ba^ cos B + ac^ cos A + ca^ cos C
(1/5) (19/35) (5/7)
j+ bc^ cos 5 + c cos C
or
cos^ _ cos^ _ cosC = ab(b cosA+a cos B) + ac(c cos ^ + a cos Q
(7/35) “ (19/35) “ (25/35) + bc(c cosB + b cos Q
= abc + abc + abc = Zabc
cos A cosB cosC
or
7 19 25 Exercise 5.4

8. Letfl = n, 6 = /j +l,c = /i + 2,« € 1. Given6 + c = 3a ...(i)

Let the smallest angle ZA = 0, then the greatest angle ZC=26. B C ' sjs - b) s(s - c)
cot—cot — =
2 2 is-a){s-c)^jis-a)is-b)
5 25
s-a 2s-2a

a+b+c Aa _ 2
[by Eq. (i)]
b+c-a 2a

- A s (s — a)
2. cos — = J—
2 be

u cos 2^
be —
or - =5(5-a)
In bkABC, by applying the sine law, we get
sin0 sin 20 or
X. cos 2 —
be A + ea cos^ — +ab cos aC
2 2 2
n « + 2

sin0 2 sin 0 cos 0 = 5(35 - (a + 6 + c)) = 5(35 - 25) = = 5^

or
n /I+2 . ^ A 5
3. tan — = —,tan — = —
C 2
1 2cos0 2 6 2 5
or
[assin0;£O] A
n n+2
tan— tan—= C s-b^5 2_\_
ai+2
2 2 5 ~ 6^5~ 3
COS0 = (i) or 3s-3b = s
2n
or 2s = 3b
In AABC, by the cosine law, we get
or a + b + e = 3b

cos 6 =
(n + lf +(n+lf -n^ (ii)
or a + e = 2b

2(w +l) {n +2) Hence, a, b, e are in A.P.

Comparing the value of cos 0 from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get B
/
C'
4. (b+e-a) cot—+ cot—
V 2 2)
{n +1)^ +(« +lf -n^ n +2
2(ai+1) {n +2) 2n
= (25-2fl) sjs-b) ^ 5 (5 -c)

or
(n + if (n + 1) = n(n + if + n(n+lf- ]J(s-a)(s-e) )l (j-a) (s-b) ^
or
n{n + if + {n + if = n(n + 2f+n(n + \f - if s—b+s—e
if + An + A = rf + 2if + n- if
= 2(s-a)yfs
or
^yj(s-a)(s-b)is-d) ^
or if-3n-A = Q \
a
or (n+l)(n-4) = 0 = 2(s-a)>/s
or n =A [asn^t- 1] ^yj(s-a)is-b)is-c)
Therefore, the sides of the triangle are 4,4 + 1,4 + 2, i.e., 4,5,6. 5(5 - a)
= 2a
Exercise 5.3 is-b)(s-e)

1. c cos(A - a) + a cos(C + a) o A
= 2acot—
2
= e(cosA cos a+sinA sin a) + flt(cos Ceos a-sin Csin a)
= cos os(e cos A +a cos C) + e sin A sin a-a sin C sin a _ . 2 A . 2 . 2 C ● TT n
5. sm —, sm — , Sin — are m H.P.
2 2 2
= b cos a + sin oc(e sinA-a sinC) = b cos a
(5 - 6) (5 - e) (s-a)(s-e) (^ - a) (5 - b)
2 cos C + cos ^ ^ cos B be ae ab
e + a b
are in H.P.
 Solutions S.95

a b Q Now = 5 (5 - a) (j - b) {s - c)
— are in H.P.
j-flt’ s-b' s-c 4 rAVAV^'
3JI 3 ,
or

s-a s-b s-c / V

are in A.P.
’ b 8
a c
or l=-^xA^
81
--1,- 1, — 1 are in A.P. 9
a b c
or A =
So, a, b and c must be in H.P.
6. The only possible set of sides can be 3, 3, 2 (as sum of any two
Exercise 5.5 sides must be greater than the third one)
1. = + So, A= yjs{s -a){s- b) (s -c)
Triangle is right angled at vertex C. Hence, = ^4 X 1 X1X 2 = 2^/2 cm^
Area of A = —ab 7. Let the sides hex-d,x,x + d. Then
2 1
Also, A^ = s(s-a){s- b) (s-c)= —a^b^
4
s = — ,(j-a)= - +d.
2 2

or 45 (5 - a) {s- b) is-c) = a^b^ (s-b)= 4, (■y - c) = 42 -d.

2 ’
2. Let a = 3k,b = lk,c = Sk. Then,
1 3x (X—+d "l X f —~d
X '
s = ia + b + c) = 9k Area of triangle =
2 \ 2 v2 ) 2 \2 ^
R _ abc s abcs <2

r 4A A 45(5-a)(5-6)(5-c)
= - 3 --d^
2 4
= ^^3(x^-4d^)
4
SkxlkxSk 7
4x6kx2kxk 2 , . . -Tsx^
The area of equilateral triangle whose penmeter is 3x is
1 9 9 a 9 3 ^/3x^
3. A= -hcsin.^ = —sinv4 = —— = — Given, — x
2 2 2 2R 2R 5 4 4

9
R =
2A
or ^x-
25 16
=—
16
x3ix^-4d^)
4. 5£=12andCF = 9 9x^
or x^- = 4d^
.*. BG = 8 and CG = 6 25

1 or 16x^= 100/
Area of AfiGC = — x8x6xsin0
2
or x =
= 24 sin 0 2
(5d 5d (5d .
AriAABQ = 3Ar{AABC) Therefore, the sides oftriangle measure -—-d, —, “ + «
= 72 sin 6 B
V 2 J 2 \ I

Ar(AABQ max = 72 sq. units or

^ 1±
2 ’ 2 ’ 2 ■
5. Given that a = Hence, the ratio of sides is 3 ; 5 : 7.
For the greatest angle,
i.e., a = A; Z> = A; c = 32+52.72 9+25-49 -1
cos 0 =
2x3x5 30 2

9= 120°

Exercise 5.6
sin A sin B
1. We have
a b
fl sin 5 = h sin A

(a) bs\nA=a=^ a s\nB = a

Since A < 7d2, the AABC is possible,
(b) b%xo.A> a a sin 5 > a => sin B > 1
a + i + c = 2A —+ —+ — Which is impossible. Hence, the possibility (ii) is ruled out.
hB h)
(c) b s\nA> a,A < id2
f \ 1 \\ => fl sin B > fl
or 2s = 2A - + - + T =2A - (which is not possible)
^223) ^ sin B > 1

4 (d) h sin < a => a sin B < a => sin B < 1

or s= —A ...(i) So, value of ZB exists.
3
S.96 Trigonometry

Now, b>a=^B>A. Since A < Till

10 ± ^100- 76
The AABC is possible when B > ittl.
2
(e) Since b = a, wq have B = A. But A> nil
c = 5±V6 i
Therefore, B> nil. But this is not possible for any triangle.
2. Given that a = 10 and b = 9 are the longer sides.
Therefore, c = 5 + Vb and 5 - Vb both aije possible.
5. We have cos A =
Ibc

<?- Ibc cos A + b^- =0

The equation which is quadratic in ‘c’. ,
Cj + cj = 2b cos A and CjCj = b~- ...(i)
CD= =^/5 Cl +cl~ 2c,C2 cos lA I
= (c, + C2)^ - 2cjC2- 2c,C2' cos 1A [using (i)]
BD= V4^-2^ =2^3 = (c, + C2)^- 2C|C2 (1 + COS 2A)
= 4b^ cos^ A - 2{b^~ a^) 2 cos^ A
Now, area of .MBC =
I - 2- (>/5+2>/3) = ~4-3 sin^. = cos^ A

>/s+2>/3 6. We have.
siny4 = <1
6 c^ + b^-a^
cosy4 =
Also a>b,a>c 2 6c

Hence, A can have two values. c^- 2 6c cos .4 + 6^- =0

3. We have —=— =A:and It is given that c, and C2 are the roots of ihis equation.
2 3 Therefore c, + C2 = 2 6 cos >1 and c,C2 = 6^- a^.
2 . 8O 2R (sin C, + sin C-^ = AR sin B cos A
sec A = —
5 sin C, + sin C2 = 2 sin B cos A
Now, sum of the areas of two triangles
cos^^ = - 1 1
8 = — ab sin C,I + — ab sin C,
\2 / ■» \2
2 2 ^
5 '9k^+c^-4k^ 5k^ + c^
1
8 6kc
) { 6kc ) = ^ a6 (sin C, + sin C2)
45l^c^ = SOJt'* + 20l^c^ + 2c'’
2c^-25/^c^ + 50lc^ = 0 = -^ a6 (2 sin B cos A)
= ab sin B cos A
c^ = 25k^ ± yjeiSk^ - 400 A:'’ = 6(6 sin A) cos A
4
(v asin5 = 6sinyl)

25A:2 ±15A:^
4
= \0I^, ^2 = ^ b^smlA.
Exercise 5.7
There are two possible valid values of c^. Hence there exist two
triangle satisfying the given conditions. I. Distance of circumcenter from to side BC is R cos/4 =/
4. Given that the angles of triangle are in A.P.. Similarly, g = RcosB,h = RcosC
Let ZA=x-d,ZB = x,ZC = x + d
Now,Z^ + Z5 + ZC= 180° a ^ 6 ^ c 2Rs\nA ^ 27?sing 2/?sinC
f g h RcosA RcosB RcosC
x-d + x + x + d= 180°
3jc=180° ■ = 2(tan^4 + tan5 + tan C)
x = 60° a b c
Also, — — =8tan.4 tan5tanC
ZB = 60° f g h

Using cosine formula cos B =

a' +c2-6^
, we get
But in triangle, tan.4 + tan5 + tanC= tan|y4 tan5 tanC. Thus,
lac
-£- + A + £ - J.
cos 60° =
lOO + c^-81 g^~h ~4fgh
2 X10 X c 2. Chord AC subtends the same angle at point B and D.
ZADC = B
1 _ 19 +c^ So, in right angled triangle ACD,
2 2xl0c
CD = AC cot B
c^-10c+ 19 = 0 CD = b cot B
 Solutions S.97

Similarly from AABD, B + C\ 7t

2. ZBIC
BD = c cot C (as ZADB = Q

Using the sine rule,

Diameter of required circle =

Radius = 10
Area of ABDC,
1
^BDC — {b cot B)(c cot C)sin(5 + Q

he
= — sin col C cot B
2

abc
cotB cotC
4^
AD =y =
abc
Similarly A^£-^-= 4;?
cot/1 cotC
1
But = 1 or 6 = —
abc X
and cot/1 col5
4^ X 1
y =
Area of hexagon AFBDCE 1 + x^ 1
x +
= ABDC + AAFC + AAFB + AABC X

abc
[coi/1 cot5 + cotff colC + cotC coL4] + A Thus, —, since the minimum value of the denominator
AR 2
= A + A
is2ifx>0.
(as in A/15C, coU cot5 + cot5 cotC + cotC coM = 1}
= 2A 4. In the given figure, ANIM is a cyclic quadrilateral.
3. We have a \ b \ c = 3 : 5 : 7.

Distance of circumcentrc from sides are /?|cos A\, /?]cos S| and

R\cos C|.
So. y?|cos C| is minimum.
3^+5^-7^ 9 + 25-49
cos C =
2x3x5 30 2

So, required minimum distance is R/2.

4. Given that R = 4 cm.
Also, A! is the diameter of circumcircle MNI.
Sum of perpendicular distances from circumcentre to the sides AI = 2x.Then
of triangle,
A 2x
S - R{cos A + cos B + cos C) cosec — = —
2 r
= 4(cos /I + cos 5 + cos C) < 4(3/2)
r r r
Thus. S cannot exceed 6. x =
7’" = C
Exercise 5.8 2sin — 2sin~ 2sin —
2 2
1. Distancebetweencircumcentcr(0)andincenter(/)is yjR^ -2rR . r
3
r
3
r-R
If incircle of triangle ABC passes through it’s circumcenter, xyz =
. A . B . C r 2
8sin —sin —sin — 9 —
4R'-2rR 2 2 2 R
\2 / - N
/●
+2 — -1 = 0
5. A = A, + A,
R) R
or
I
—
1
sin C = — 6b sin — + — 6a sin —
c C

2 2 2 2 2
/● -2±n/4 + 4
R 2 C C 1 C l c
or ab sin — cos — = — 6/» sin — + — 6a sin —
2 2 2 2 2 2
- =<2-\ as — >0
R R
or 1 1 =1
1 + -=V2 b 9
R
A . B . C
4 sm — sm — sm — V2- I
2 2 2
S.98 Trigonometiy

6. Let the radius of the required circle be r ]● 2. Distance of vertex A from orthocenter H given by is
AH^lRco^A

We have.
a 2 +V? 2+ Vs
R =
2sin/l 2sin30° 1
= {2 + V5)
2x-
2

^//=2(2 + VS)cos30'
= (2 + V5) V3
3. /ID, 5£ and CF are altitudes.

As shown in the figure, angle between the direct common tangents

AB and AC is 60°,

IE ID-ED r-r,
InA££/, sin —=
6 PI PF + FI r + .r

6-0 1

6 + /'i] 2

/●,=2
DE = c cosC, EF - a cos A, FD - b cos B
7. For triangle .45C, we have Given that 47? = acos A + 6cos £ + c cos C
A B C
tan—tan—tan — 47? = 7?(sin lA + sin 2B + sin 2Q
2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C- 1

(s'-7j)(s-c) j{s-a) (s-c) j(s-a) (s-b) This is possible only when ZA = ZB = ZC=7d2
So, triangle is not possible.
V -a

4. Points A, F, G and £ are concyclic,

y/s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) A

F. E

.G

B- C
D

BG. BE^BF .BA

- {BEf=-c^
3 2

1 ,
— X — (2o" + 2c" -i~) = —c"
3 4 2
(Using Apollonius Theorem)
2a^ = b^ + c^

In figure in AADB , BD = ccos B (projection of AB on BQ ,

5.
FE +
FD +
DE acosA bcosB ccosC
b b
In AADC, CD = b cos C (projection of AC on BC)
a c a a

cos A + cos B + cos C

BD _ ccosS _ 27?sinCcos£ _ tanC 3
CD bcosC 2/?sin£cosC tan£ < —
2
AH 27? cos A
Also, Exercise 5.10
HD 2/?cos£cosC

sin .4 1. In A/1£C, we have r, < rj < ry Thus,

tan/4 cos S cos C 1 I
— >_> —

sin(£ + C) r, rj rj
tan ,4 cos £ cos C s-a s-b s-c
> >
sin£cosC + sinCcos£ A A A

tan/I cos £ cos C s-a> s-h> s-c

-a> -b>-c
tan£ + tanC
or a< b < c
tan^
 Solutions S.99

2. Tj, t2, are in H.P. A A

1/r,, 1/^2, l/r3 are in A.R - a) sis — b)

■y -a s-a s-c
are in A.R A s-b+s-a
A ’ A ’ A
s - a, 5 - Z), j - c are in A.R
5 ^5-a)(5-6)j
a, b, c are in A.R
A cjs-c)
s (s-a)is-b) (s-c)
3. Given, (a -b){s-c) = {b- c) (j - a)
a -b _b-c _ Ac(^-c)
s-a s-c
A^
c

(s -6)-(s-a) _ (j -c)-(s-b)
(s-a)(s-b) (s-b)(s-c)
Exercise 5.11
1 1 1 1
s-a s-b s-b s-c
1. A,= sin IT
2
_A ^
s-a s—b s-b s-c SRl sin 72°
2
25
Hence, r,, rj, are in A.R A
A A A2 4
4. 2/? + r-r, = 2/? + (j-fl)tan —-5tan
2
—
2

A 2. In the figure, h =
= 2/? - a tan —
2

A
= 2R-lRsmA tan —
2

= 1R |^l-2sin^— 2)
-■ 2R cos A

„ 1 1 1 s-a s-b s-c s 1

5. —+—+ — = + + = — =-
r, T2 r3 A A A A r
a b c s 1
Also, — + — + — = 10
P\ Pi Pi 2A 2A 2A A" r Area of polygon = 10 K
1 1 1 tan —

■^a.py=-b.p2 = -b.p2
vA = 10 J 10

Now, from point A inside polygon, draw perpendiculars from it

XT 1 1 111^1^1 to the sides of polygon.
Hence, — + — + — = —= —+ — + —
P\ Pi Pi ^ h fi fi
10
Then the area of polygon = ^-^ 2pi = 7t

6. We have already proved that —r, + —r2 + — = -i i=l tan —

10
10
n^2^3 _ A^ s /7|+/72+..+PiO =
r2r3 + r3r,+ r,r2= = 5^ tan —
7U

(s — a)is - b)is - c) A 10

7. We have already proved that - + - 3. Let a be the side of n sided regular polygon A^A2jiyi^ ...A n

n ^2 ’b ^

Now using A.M. > H.M., we get

= 3r
3 “111
r, r2 T3

_A A _A A
8. ^ + >"i~f" _ s-a s I s-b s
2tc
a b a b
Angle subtended by each side at centre =
A(.y-.y-ha) Ajs-s + b) n

a(s-a)s ^ s{s-b)b Also OAi = OA2 = OA3 = ... = OA„ = r (Say)

S.lOO Trigonometry

In AAjOAj, using cosine rule 1 2;r

Area (AAOB) = — 1 x 1 x sin
AiA2^ = f^ + t^-2i^cos — n
2 V « /
1 . 2;r
— sin
2;r'\ 2 \ n J
= 2r I- cos
n

Area of «-sided polygon ~ = — sin — (i)

2
= 4r^sin^- n

Similarly, let O'A'B'ha one of the triangles out of n of «-sided

n

K polygon escribing the circle of unit radius.

A|A2= 2rsin — 1
n
Then in AO'B'A\ cos — *
In
n O'B'
Similarly in AAiOA^.A^A^ = 2rsin n
n
or O'B'- sec
n

and in AA^OA^.A^A^ = 2rsin —

n 1 2n
ATea{AO'B'A')= — {O'B'f sin
1 1 K n J
But given that
AjA2 AfAj AiA, 1 ■,( n' 2n^
— sec* sin
2 V n y WJ /
1 1
n 2n 3n Therefore, the area of n-sided polygon is given by
2 sin 2sin 2sin
n n n . 2n
(0„) = — sec — sin (ii)
2 n n
. . 2n . 3n ^ . n . 3n ^ . n . 2n
2sin— sin — = 2 sin — sin — + 2sin — sin From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n n n n n n
/I . 2n
5n — sin —
K 2n An K 3;r /
cos cos — = cos cos - COS cos n 2 n
n n n n n n OII n 2 n . 2n ■> n
— sec — sin - sec* —
5;r 2n 4n 3n 2 « n n
cos h cos = cos + cos
n n n n
2 ^
or Ln - cos On
7^ 3;r . In n n J
2 cos^— cos ^— = 2cos — cos —
2n 2n 2n 2n O 2n
= — 1 + cos
In ' 3n n 2 \ n J
cos cos cos— =0
2/1 2/1 2n) Oft . ■) 2n
I + , 1 - sin"
2 cos
In . n . n „
— sin — sin — = 0
2 V n

2n /I 2/1

In n n n
OII
'1-
r2/..f
= {2k + ])~ or — = kn or — = kn ,k€ Z 2
2n 2 /I 2/1 n

7 1
n =
or 0 = —(not possible)

II
2A + 1 k
Exercises

or n = — (not possible)
2k
Single Correct Answer Type
n= 7 for A = 0
sin A (a - h cos C)
1.(4)
4. Let OAB be one triangle out of /i of a n-sided polygon inscribed sin C{c- h cos A)
in a circle of radius 1. Then,
_ sin A (hcosC+ccosB - h cos C)
2;r
ZAOB = sin C (ocos5+/jcos A - h cos A)
n
sin A (ccosS)
OA = 05 = I
sin C (c/cos5)
(as c sin A = fl sin C)
1-1-cos A 1-1-cos 5 1-fcosC
2.(2) L.H.S =
a b c

A
2cos^ — ^
2cos iB
—
C
2cos"~
2 2 2
2/?sinA 25sin5 25sinC

\ ( A B C\
— cot— + cot — -i-cot—
2R\ 2 2 2)
 Solutions S.lOl

Now,
l + cos/4 l + cos5 1 + cosC
CD =
60v/2
a b c 17

2 A
^ iB 2C CD _ BD
COS — cos cos Also from same triangle ’ sin 5 sin 45°
2 2 2
/?sin^ RsinB ^sinC 65
BD= —
1 A B C 17
= —^cot—cot—cot —
8/?^ 2 2 2 65 156
AD= 13
17 17
3.(2) Weknowthat/4+5 + C=180°
or ^ + C-5=180°-25 8. (3) {a + b + c) {b c - a) = kbc
or {b + cf -a^ = kbc
Now, 2ac sin or b^ + c^-a^ = {k-2) be
or 2bc C0Si4 = (^-2) be
= 2ac sin(90° -B) = 2ac cos 5
k-2
2ac [a^ + - 6^) = a^ + c^-b^
or cos^ =
2
2ac
Now, A being the angle of a triangle, we have
4. (1) Given that 4^4 + ^4 + ^ = 180° -l<cos.4<l or -2<k-2<2
or ^ = 30° or 0<yt<4

Angles are 120°, 30°, 30° 9.(2)

sin 120° sin 30° sin 30°
= 2R (say)
a b c

a sin 120°
a +b +c sin 120°+sin 30°+sin 30° 2+yj2
5. (4) By sine law in AABC, we have
a b c
= 2R
sin A sin5 sin(;r - A- B) x^+x^-AB^
In MBD, cos 120° =
a b c
2x^
or = 2R
siny4 sin 5 sin(yl + 5) 2jc^ - AB^ -1
(1) If we know a, sin^, sinfi, we can find b, c, and the value 2x^ 2

of angles A, B, and C. 3x^ = AB^

(2) With a, b, c, we can find ZA, ZB, ZC using the cosine law. AB = x^
(3) a, sin5, R are given, so sin.4, Z? and hence sin(/l + B) and a^:b^:c^ = (2xf:x^:(xyl3f
then C can be foimd.
= 4x^:x^:3x^ = 4: 1 :3
(4) If we know a, siny4, R, then we can get the ratio
b c
10. (1) Given c sin5 > a
or only. We cannot determine the sinCsin5> sin.4
sinS sin{>4 + B) and a sin C > 6
values of b, c, sin 5, sinC separately. Therefore, the sinC sini4 > sin5
triangle cannot be determined uniquely in this case.
sin^
6. (4) Sides are in the ratio 1: V3 : 2 sin C-sin > sin5 >
sinC
Leta = k,b = '^k, and c = 2k sin^C> I
sinC = I
cosA =
b^ + -c^ y/3 => A = —
n
K
2bc 2 6 ZC is -
2
c^+a^-b^ 1 71
cosB = = -=^5 = -
2ac 2 3 sin A sin B sin C c b a
11.(2) - +
csinfi c b ab ac be
It
C = 7c- A + B = —
2
A:B:C= 1:2:3
or a
— + sin5 sinC _ c ^ h ^ a
be c b ab ac be

CD BC sin 5 sinC c b
7.(3) InACD5 or
’ sin 5 sin (135°-5) c b ab ac

BCsiaB 6sin5 + csinC c^+b^

CD = or
sin(135°-5) be abc

5V2 5>/2 b^+c^

or a =
l + cot5 6sin5 + csinC
12
S.102 Trigonometry

_ b(2R sin B) + c(2R sin C) a^ = b^-¥c'^ = m-\-U\ = %A\

6sin5 + csinC a = 29
= 2R 2A_ 20x21 20x21
Now, r = =6
ZA= -
K 2j “20 + 21 + 29" 70
2
16. (2) Using cosine rule, we get
12.(3) 26 = fl + c => 2 sin5 = sin^ + sinC
=(x+if +b^ -2{x + l)b cos-
3
or
B
4 sin — cos —
B
= 2 sin
{ A + C\ cos
{ A-C\
2 2 I 2 j I 2 0 = 2x+l+b^-(x+ l)b
. ^B^ 1 1 b^-(x+\)b + 2x+l=0
sm = - cos(/l-Q< - =>5<60° Since b is real, we have
{2J 2 2
(x+l)^-4(2x+ 1)>0
1 x^-6x-3>0
13.(3) A= ja xAD x>3 + ^!\2
2A abc The least integral value of jc is 7.
AD =
a b^ — c
2 (given)
17.(3) fl = 26and/l-5 = 60°
2A 47?.A A-B a-b C
We know that tan cot—
a b^-c^ 2 a+6 2
2Ra = b^-(p- 1 C
or tan30° = -cot—
sin A = sin^ B - sin^ C (Using Sine rule) 3 2

= sin (5 + C) sin (5 - C) C 1
or tan— = -7= orC = 60“
= sin A sin {B-C) 2 -5
sin (5 - C) = 1 Hence,/!+5= 120° or 2/1=180°

ZB-ZC= -
K
=> /4 = 90°,5 = 30°,C=60°
2
18.(1)
K
ZB= - + ZC = 90°+ 23° =113°
2

14. (4) Let the sides of the triangle be a, ar, ar^.

ap- is the longest side (r > 1)
a + ar > at^
2.A
-a r 1+ - r** 1
So, cos C = < —
2aV 2r 2 a

7T 1 1
C> -
3 A=-a6 = -p(4/7) => ab = 4p^
a^ + aV -a 2.2
r Also, a^ + b^ = c^= 16p^
Also, cos B =
2aV2 (a - b)^ = a^ + b^~ 2ab = %p^
1 + r^-r^ Also, (fit + bf = a^ + b^ + 2ab = 24p^
2r^ A-B a-b C I
tan —= rcot— = -= X 1
i1 2 11 ^
2 a+b 2 y/3
-2 r^+^-l
r
A-B
or = 30° or A-B = 60°
2
\2
1^ 1
r— +1 >1/2
2 rj 19.(3) A

B<7d3

Also, a<ar< ar^. B

900
A<B<C
'P
71
A<B< -<C
3 BI3
B D
15. (2) 62sin2C + c^sin25 = 26c
fB) 2B
6^(2sin C cos O + (2 sin B cos B) = 2bc ZBPA = 90°+ — ,ZABP =
3
=> b^ (c cos Q + (6 cos B) = 2Rbc
6 cos C + c cos 5 = 2R AP c c
In A ABP,
=> a = 2R sin(25 / 3) sin[90° + (B / 3)] cos(5 / 3)
A = 90° I [by the sine rule]
 Solutions S.103

csin(2g/3) ^ 2csin(g/3)cos(^/3) +c2

or AP =
cos(5/3) cos(5/3) la^
= 2 c sin(5/3) 2a^-a^
20. (1) a cos(5 -C) + b cos(C -A)-¥c cos(^ - B) 2^2
= 2R sinJ cos(£ -C) + 1R sin5 cos(C - A) + 2R sin C 1

cos(y4 -B) 2
= 2R sin(B + C) cos(B -C) + 2R sin(i4 + C) cos(C - A)
b . . ^ ^ c
+ 2R sin(i4 + B)-cos(A - B) 26. (3) Here, sin 0 - cos 0 = — and sin 5 cos 0= —
a
a
= R[sin2B + sin2C+ sin2C + sin2,4 + sinZ4 + sin25]
= 2R (sin 2(4 + sin 25 + sin2C) or 1 - 2 sin 0 cos 0 = —r
= 85 sin^ sin5 sinC

a b c _ abc 2c b^
= 85 or
2R2r1I~W a
“ _2
a

21.(1) We have
or a^-b^ = 2ac
85^ = a^ + b^ + c^
a^+c^-b^
= 45?(sin^^ + sin^5 + sin^ C) Hence, cos 5 =
2ac
or sin^y4 + sin^5 + sin^ C = 2
1 - cos^^ + 1 - cos^5 + sin^ C = 2 2ac+c^
or
= 1+^
or (cos^^ - sin^ C) + cos^ 5 = 0 2ac 2a

or cos(^ + Q cos(A -Q + cos^5 = 0 27. (1) From the right-angled LCAD, we have
or - cos 5 [cos(i4 - C) - cos 5] = 0
or -cos5[cos(.4 -C) + cos(A + Q] = 0
or - 2 coSi4 cos5 cosC = 0
or cos^4 = 0 or cos5 = 0 or cos C = 0
K K iz
or A = — or5= — orC= —
2 2 2

22.(2) Let OP = x
Circumradius = 5
a/2 2ab
BC
= 25 or a^ + b^-c^-4b^
sin 45°
or a^-c^ = 3b^
or 5 = 4>6
b^+c^-a^
Now PB PC = PM -PN
cos .4 2bc fb^+c^-a^] R
or \5 = (R-x)(R + x) 28.(1) cotA =
sin/4 a abc
or x=^ 25

23. (3) In triangle ABC, cot .4 : cot 5 : cot C

a^-¥b^+c^ = b^ + c^-a^ :c^ + c^-b^ :a^ + b^-c^
= 4(sin^ A + sin^ 5 + sin^ C)
5^ Clearly if coL4 : cot5 : cotC =l:m:n,
f n then a : b : c = "^m + n : V/i + /: ^l + m
= 8(1+coSi4 cos5cosC) < 8 1 + — <9
V 0/
24. (3) 5(6 + c) = = 25 sin^V^ = V19T6 : V6T3O : V30 + 19
6 +c =5:6:7
sin/4 =
2yfbc Therefore, a, b, c are in A.R
Now sin^ < 1 29.(1)
b+c
< 1
2yjbc
or i'Jb-^lcf<0
or b=c
sin.4 = 1
A = 90° and b = c

Hence, the triangle is right isosceles. From A APB, APBC and A5C<4, using sine rule
AP BP CP
R{b^+c^-a^) sinZABP sinZPCB ’ sinZPAC
cot A abc
25.(1) AP CP BP
cot 5 +cot C
R(a^+c^-b^) ^ R(a^+b^-c^)
abc abc
sin ZPCA sin ZPBC sin ZPAB
S.104 Trigonometry

,sin30°- sin x- sin 10® = sin20°- sin (80° x) sin40°

x = 60°
(j-£/)(,v-c) is-b){s-c)
s{s-c) ac he
ZBCA = ZCAB * 50° a +h
ah (s-h){s-c) [s-a){s-c)
So. AABC is an isosceles iriangle. he ac

30.(1) cos/^ + cos5 = 2(1 - cosC) = 4 sin“ —

2 £(£-£) s-a
ah +
s-b
ah
A + B A-B C ah s-h \s-a)
2cos cos = 4siir —
-) 1 2
—a+s~h
A-B C Js{s-c)\~-
cos
2
- 2sin —
2 [^{s-a){s~b)
C A-B C C 2.9 -a-b
2 cos — cos = 4sin — cos — = ^.9(.v - c)
2 2 2 2 ^(.9 - ^/)(.9 - h)
A + B A-B
2 sin cos 2sinC
2 2 S{S - c) C
c = c cot —
sia4 + sin5 = 2sinC (s - a){s - h) 2

a + h = 2c (constant)
V2,a a
So, locus of vertex C is an ellipse with vertices A and B as foci. 34,(2) Here,/? =
2
31. (4) a~ + b' + c~ = 4R~ (sin* A + sin~ B + sin" C)
1 ●,
= 21^ (3 - (cos 2A -r cos 2B + cos 2C)) A
~a
2 a
Now, cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C a

^ (a + a +-j2a'j
.9

2k 4k 8;r
= COS + COS + COS —
7 7 7
R a 2+V2
2;r 4;r 6k = v/2+1
cos + COS + COS 0
1 1 1

.
sin - —
3;r 35.(1) A.CO + A a)B = A.ABC
1 4k
COS 5-r 3r 4-3
. K 1 +
Sin —
2 2 2
7
8r= 12
3;r 3;r A
-2sin —cos -
;■ = 3/2 D r
7 7 4
K
2sin
7
2k 9y/S
, 67T
36.(2) —6c sin ^ 2
-sin —
6c = 18
K 2 Now, we have h-c = 3V3
2sin —
7 6^ + c- - 36 = 27 [using (1)]

a" + 6" + c" = 27?" 3-

r-1 = 1R-
6- + c- = 63

u // Using cosine rule,

<7- = 63-2 X 18 X cos 120° = 81
A B C
32.(1) cot— +cot— +cot — a = 9 cm
2 2 2

37, (1) Since AABC is right angled at C, circum-radius, R = —

^ s{s-a) _ s{s-b) ^ s{s~c) 2
A A A Now, /● = (.9- c) lan(C/2) = (.v - c) tan(;r/4) =s-c
A
Thus, 2 (/● + R) = 2r + 2R = 2s-c = a + h
= — [3.9 - (« + 6 + c)] = — = 38.(1)
A A A r

A B . B -y A
33.(4) cot — + cot— osin —h6sin" —
2 2 2 2

C
cos —
7 . X S
c/sin"—h6sin" —
, . A
. A . B 7 2
sin—sin —
7 2

. B . A
sin sin — K
c , ZCOA = —
cos— a ^+6 2
3
2 . A . B
sin sin — Clearly AAOC is equilateral.
2 7
 Solutions S.105

2k k 1
Also, ZBOD = ZCOD = 41. (1) A = ~{BC) h, where h is the distance of vertex A from side BC
3^“T

^Bc“ yA “_ {BC^ ^ where G is the centroid

K BD I
or tan — = / = r>/3 = ^/^/3 6
3 OB r
2A
39. (2) Area of triangle => h = = constant
BC

Thus, distance of vertex A from the side is fixed. This, in turn,

implies that the distance of centroid from side BC will be fixed;
hence, locus of G will be a line parallel to BC.
42.(1)

kA
Area of AARQ = —-
(k + l) (k + l) 2 (k+if
kA
Similarly, area (ABPR) = Area (APCQ) =
(k+]f
APQR 1 1
Now, Using A = —be sini4, we get
AABC~^
3k VJ-I
or
A-
(* + l) 1 ix2x(>/3-l)siny4 = 2
A 3 1
sin/4 = — or .4 = 30°
or 2k^-5k + 2 = 0 2

B-C b-c A
or k= tan = cot—
2 b+c 2

40.(1)
V3+1 yj3-l
B-C= 120°
Also B + C= 150°=>C= 15°

A
43.(4) r = —= 1=>J = 6
s

A B (5 - a)(s - b){s -c) = s

=> -(a + b + c)s^ + (ab + be + ea)s - abe = s
ZC = 180° - (30° + 45°) = 105° 6^ - 12 X 36 + (ab + be + ea) (6) - 60 = 6
By Sine Rule in AABC, we get ab + be + ea = 47

b ^/3 + 1 1 1 1 47 „ „ ,
a
- + - + - = —= 0.8 (nearly)
a b e 60
sin 30° sin 45° sin 105°

a b >/3 + 1 44.(3)

1/2 l/y/2 J_ 1 1
2 ‘ y[2^ 2' yH
a
^=1
y/2 2
a = ^l2,b = 2
1 :
A = — ab sin C
2
1
= -x>/2 x2xsinl05° A= — sin26=/>^sin6cos0
2
2
65-jc
= ^/2 'yj3±r Now, — =
24 36
(V APMB = APNC)
. 2V2 , or 60x = (24)(65) or x = 26
yfS + 1
sq. units. sin0 = — and cos 0= —
2 13 13
S.106 Trigonometry

b 65 A-B + . C i 1
Now, or cos -cos sm— = —
sind sin 2d 2 2 ) 2 1 16
or b= 65 ^ (65)(13) 13^ or
. Cn
sm— — sm—
● 1
= — =^>sm— = —
.Cl
2cosd (2)(5) 2 2U 2j 16 2 4

From Eq. (i), we get Q 1 l\

or cos C = 1 - 2 sin^ — = 1 - -
2 8 8
A = = (169X15) = 2535
50. (3) In equilateral triangle, circumcentef (O) and incenter (/)
45.(2) We have coincide.

A =
>/3_,
a ,s= —
3a
4 2

_ A a abc a' a

^ s 2^' 4A yj3
and r, = A >/3/4fl^ _>/3 a
s — a a!2 ~ 2
a 73
Hence, r:R:r^= = 1:2:3
273-73' 2 “ Also from the diagram,
7 R + r= h or
46. (2) cos/4 + cos5 + cosC = —
4

. A . B . C 1
1 +4 sm—sm—sm— = — 51.(3)
2 2 2 4

.. A . B . C 3
or 4sm—sm—sm— = —
2 2 2 4

[■: r = 4R sm(A/2) sin(5/2) sin(C/2)]

r 3 R 4
or or
R 4 r 3

47. (2) Let a and 6 be the roots of jc^ - 7a: + 8 = 0.

Then a + b = 7,ab = S.
Also, C = 60°
c^ = a^ + b^- ab
tan 30°= -
= (a + bf - 3ab = 49 - 24 = 25 5
c = 5 5
or

r.R =
abc 8x5 5
'^73
2{a+b+c) ^ 2(7+5) ” 3
48.(1) b = 2,c = ^,ZA = 30°
We have tan —2 = —3 = —^
373
a
= yjb^ + - 2bc cos^ L-±
cos 5 =
26
73 1 + tan^—
= ,4+3-2x273 — =1 2
2

A sin5 =
7^ 1573
r = {s-a) tan — 26 26
2
473
b + c- a A sin C = sin(.^ +B) = sin^f cos B + cos A sin 5 =
tan— 13
2 2
Now = =>a=13
sin .4 smC
73 + 1 tan 15°
2 52.(2)

73 + 1 73-1 ^73-1
2 73 + 1 2

49.(4) R = Sr=S 4i?sin—sin—sin—

\ 2 2 2^
^ . A . B . C
2sm—sm—sm— = —
1
2 2 2 16
 Solutions S.107

Let G be the point of intersection of the medians of triangle IE IF

ABC. Then the area of Ai45C is three times that of AAGC. AI^ =
sin^(/l/2)
2 10
NowinA^GC,UG= = ID IE IF . A . B . C r 1
3 = sm— sm— sin— = — = —
lAIBIC 2 2 2 4/? 10
Applying the sine rule to AAGC, we get
GC AG 10 sin(7T/8) 55. (1) Let R' be the radius of the circumcircle of AABC using the sine
=>GC = rule in triangle BPC. Then
sin(;r/8) sin(;r/4) 3 sin(;r/4)
1
Area of AAGC = — AG GC s\n.ZAGC
2

1 10 10 sin(;r/8) . (k tc]
2 3 3 sin(;r/4) {2 s)
_ 50 sin(;r/8)cos(;r/8)
9 sin(;r/4)

18 9
25 25
Area of AABC = 3 X — = —

sin 120°

a
Also, (in AABQ
sin 60°

a = 2/2 sin 60°

or fl = V3 [/?= 1, given]

From Eq. (i), we get /?, =

2
2
a
In AABC, AD^ = m 1 2_“ 56. (4) Circumdiameter of AHBC
2 4
a
— =2i? = 8
sinZ5//C sin^
AD^ +c^ .2.
lnAABD,AE^= m\ = 2 4

[Apollonius theorem]
/ \2
a

AD^W V2j
\nAADC,AF^= mj = 2 4

ml + ml= AD^ + 2 8

2 1 CP' C?" n. 1 a
2
57. (2) The distance of circumcenter from side AC \sR cos5, and the
= /M| +/M|+ = 2/M, + distance of incenter from side AC is r. Therefore,
' *4 8 ‘ 8
2
a R cosB = r or — = cos5
or m\ +m\ - 2n^ = 8
R

54.(3) 4^ sm
. —
A sm
. —
B sm
. —
C = cosB
2 2 2

cos^ + cosfi + cosC- 1 = cos5

or coSi4 + cosC=l

58. (2) The distance of circumcenter from side AC is R cos5, and

the distance of orthocenter from side AC is 2R cos^4 cos C.
Therefore,
R cosB = 2R cos/4 cos C

-cos(.4 + C) = 2 C0Si4 cos C

In triangles AIF and AIE,
sin^ sin C = 3 cos^f cos C
IF IE
= AI = tan^tanC=3
sin(^/2) sin(^/2)
S.108 Trigonometry

2ab C lab n ab
59.(2) CD cos—= cos—= = 1 cos 5 + cos C = 1 + —
a+h 2 a+b 3 a+h R

lab
A . B . C
cos 5 + cos C = 1 + 4 sin — sin — sm —
= 2 2 2 2
a +h
cos B + cos C = cos A + cos B + cos C

60. (3) From the given information, we get the following figure. cos A = 0

t:
A= ^
2
7 , ■)
a = o' + c"

b^ + c^= 100
Using A.M. > G.M., we get

2
be <50
1
Hence, area of A.45C = L be <25
P

ZCAP =\20° 63.(2)

So, in APAC, using cosine rule, we get

PC^ a~ + a~ - 2(a)" — = 3a^

2 J
In APAC,

2a + sf3. a

Perimeter = 5] =
2
A
Using formula for in radius, —, we get
2

73, a AAP^P2~AABC
2
X tan 15°='^"
2
X (2-73) /.1 h - 2r 2r

h h
In APBC, let be exradius. a

2A
2fl + a + 73a t
1- (wherc A = iiriAABC))
Perimeter, ^2 = 2
a sh

1
73a A^ 2-ah
>1 = (1+73) tanl5° using =.v tan — U 2
2 2 >
a sh
73.
— {1+73)(2 -73) iL=l-"
a s

7^' (2 - 73) (1 + ^^ + 1) = 73,

a a
l b
/■, + /-I = 2 2 Similarly, ^ = l— and,
b s e s

{a + b + e)
61.(1) BD = {s-b),CD = {s-e) ^+^+^=3- =3-2=I
a b c
{s-b){s-c) = 2
or .v(.? - a) (.s - b) (.v - c) = 2 - a) 64.(3) CD DE = AD DB

or A^ = 25(s'-a)
a' 2(^-g)
or (using A = r^)
s s

;2_ 2(5 - o)
or /
s

a
or = constant
s

1
Now, A = —
2
a//„, where //„ is the distance of A from BC. Thus,
A 1 aHa 2s
= 1 or//, = — = constant
s 2 s a

Therefore, locus of A will be a straight line parallel to side BC.

62.(3) /) cot 5+c cot C= 2(r +/?)
cosfi cosC
2R sin B ■ + 2R sin C ● = 2(/- + /?)
sin 5 sinC
 Solutions S.109

But is given, so -wq have to find the maximum value of 69.(4) r-r2 = r3-r,
ab A ^
{a + bf ■ s s-b s-c s-a

-b c-a
ab 1 or
Now
s{s-b) {s-a){s-c)
(a + bf a + —+
- b 2^
b a
or
(■y-g)(5-c) _ a-c
s{s-b) b
But - + -i2
b a
2 B a-c
tan — =
2 b
b a
ab B e £ . Therefore,
<i But —
2 U’4,
{a + bf j 4
Hence, maximum value of CD ■ DE is —4 c^.
65.(1) r, = 2r2 = 3r3
1
A
=2
A
= 3
A -< ^<1
3 b
s-a s-b s-c
or b<3a-3c<3b
1 2
or — = k (say) or b + 3c<3a<3b + 3c
s-a s-b s-c
70. (1) We know that 11^= 4 R sin44/2
or
1
s-a= — ,s-b = — , ands-c = —
2 ^ 3
k k k Now, =9
6
Adding, we get 3^ - (a + + c) = —
k
6 5
or s= — a- —
k k

and b= —
4
or
a 5
or
4R{^-]
\5j = 9orR=-^l 8
k b 4
71. (1) Given r^, K2, are in H.P. Thus,
s-b
\ /
a, 6, c are in A.P.
66.(1) We have 1- 1-^ = 2
and fl + 6 + c = 24 = 2s
y, s-a / \ s-a,
26 + ^» = 24
or 2(b-a)(c-a) = 4(s-a)^ or

6 = 8
or 2(6c -ac-ab + a^) = (2s- 2a)^ or

c= 16-a
or 2(bc-ac-ab +a^) = (b + c-a)^
or a^ = b^ + c^ Also given yjs{s - a){s - b){s - c) = 24
Hence, triangle is right angled. or
7l2(12-g)(12-8)(fl-4) =24
67.(3) ^ = or (12-a)(a-4)=12
ti <3 or 16a+ 60 = 0 g = 6, 10
or rrj = r, r2
A B C . B . C
A A A A
72. (4) We have r^-r = 4R sin — cos— cos
2 2
sm— sm—
2 2
s s-c s-a s-b
\
(s-a)(s-b) A (B + C
or = 1 7 - 1 = 4i? sin — cos
s(s-c) 2 I 2
Q C
tan^— = 1 or tan— = 1 6 = 4/? sin^ —
2 2 2

C
or - =45“orC = 90° 6= 12sin2-
2 2

1 1 1 sin .^lA ^ I
68.(3) A, =-ra,A2=-r6,A3= ^
— rc
2 2

Given that A,, A2, A3 are in A.P. . A 1

sm — = —f=
Therefore, a, 6, c are in A.P. 2 ^/2
Let A be the area of triangle ABC. Also, let x, y and z be the
measures of the altitudes of the triangle. 2 " 4
T,.
Then
2A
x = —, y = -7-, z = —
■ 2A 2A It
g 6 c A= -
2
Hence, x, y, z are in H.P.
S.110 Trigonometry
73. (1) Triangles OQM and ONA are similar.
or cos
r R-r ^n) 2
a R It n
or n =6
^ = 1-1. n 6
a R
n1/3
3
^f^ = l 77.(3) >
(using G.M > H.M.)
a R \r r r ) r r r

r{R + a)
= 1
Ra 3 3s
>

Ra s-a s-b s-c s-a+s-6+s-c s

r =
s s s
R +a

Ra
Circumference = 2;r r r r

74.(1)
78.(2) Circumradiiis of triangle/45C,/? = 5
Circumradius of pedal triangle, = 5/2, and so on.
oo

Now, = /?, + ●● ● OO

/=l

=5.4.4
2
2+"
2“
●OO

=5.^ 1 = 10
A 1--
Let - = ZCAD = e 2
3

Now, by m-n theorem, 79. (3) Let the required radius be R.

(1 . I)cota = 1 cot20- 1 cot0
18 sin 0
or 2cot(5.20) = cot20-cot0
or cot(5.26). cot 0 = cot20- cot(5.26)
or
sin(.g . 30) sin 5

sin(0.20) sin0 sin(5.20) sin20

or sin(0 +A) ^ sin.0

sin 0 sin 20

sin.0
sinC =
2 COS0

A sin0
cos — =
3 2 sin C

75. (1) Let r be^ the radius of the circle and A,* be its area. Then
Ai = 7tr . Since the perimeter of the circle is same as the
perimeter of a regular polygon of n sides, we have 27tr = na,
where a is the length of one side of the regular polygon. Thus, Now, sin — =
2nr 2
a =
n 0
c= 12 sin —
Let /4 2 be the area of the polygon. Then, 2
2„2
nr
A-, = — wa^cot — cot
4 [nj n

2..2

Ai : A2 = Tcr^:
nr
cot '1^ = tan
n 80.(4)
n
\n) n

76. (1) Let a be the radius of the circle, then the ratio of the area of
regular polygons of n sides inscribed to circumscribing the
same circle is given by
1
^sin(2;r/«) ^
S2 na
^ \zn{nln) 4
cos
Clearly, AP = A'F = ^\BP = AF and PC = P'C=5
J 4 So, ZCPF = ZPFC = 60° I
 Solutions S.lll

So, PCF is equilateral and thus, PP'= 5. or ^ + 45° = 60° (A + 45° = 120° is rule
So, ZPAP' = 90° I [V AP = 3, PP' = 5]
out as ZC= 120°)
1 or A = 15° and hence B = 45°
Area of A/4PP'=
^(3) (4) = 6 A is possible
>/3
Multiple Correct Answers Type (4) Given that cos^ cos5 = = sin/< sin5

1. (1),(3),(4)

or
(a^ - lac + c^) + (fl“ - 4a6 + 46^) = 0
{a-cf + {a-2bf = Q
=» COS(y4 -B)= ^
K
a = c and a = 2b or A-B = —
6
Therefore, the triangle is isosceles.
and cos(.(4 +B) = 0
Also, cos 5 = a^+c^-b^ =Z^ = Z n
lac 86^ 8 or A+B = —
2
b^ +c^-a^ 1
=» A = 60°,B = 30°
COSy4 =
2bc 4
Hence, sin/4 + sin5 = . This is possible in a triangle.
2. (1),(3)
a + b > c or 2b -c + b> c or 3b > 2c
5. (1),(2)
b 2
or 2a^b^ + 2b^c^ = a'^ + b‘^ + c^
c 3
Also, (a^ -b^ + cY ^a'^ + b^^ + c^- 2{a^b^ + b^c^~ c^a^)
Also, b + c>a or b + c> 2b-cor 2c >b
(a2-Z,2 + c2)2 = 2cV
or ^<2 a^-b^ + c^ 1
c =cos B
2ca '->/2
3. (2), (4) or 5 = 45° or 135°
Since sin i4 and sin 5 are the roots of cV - c(a + b)x + ab = 0, we
have 6. (1),(3)
a +b ab b^+c^-a^
sin.(4 + sin5 = and sinv4sin5 = ^ From the cosine formula, cos.^ =
c 2bc

a b _a+b , a b ab or b^ - (2c COS.4) b + {c^~ a^) = 0,

'lR^H~ c which is a quadratic equation in b. Therefore,
c = 2R csin.4 <a<c
25 sin C= 25 Therefore, two triangles will be obtained. But this is possible
ZC= 90° when two values of the third side are also obtained. Clearly,
^+5 = 90° two values of sides b will be b^ and bi- Let these be the roots
5 = 90°-.4 of the above equation. Then,

sin^+sin5 =
a+b Sum of roots = Z>| + 62 “ 2c cos.4 and b^ 62 = c^ - c^.
c
7. (1),(2)
1
x^ + c^ = a^ + b^~ lab cos C
7^^ = (a - bf + 2ab{\ - cos C)
4. (3), (4)
4A
(1) tan^4 + tan5 + tan C = tan^ tan5 tan C = 0 (1-cosC)
sinC
Therefore, either /4 or 5 or C = 0. This is not possible in a
triangle. For c to be minimum, a = b.
1
(2) By sine rule, =A,(say) Also, A = —aftsinC
Zt ^ i 2

a + b = 5X,c = lX, i.e.,a + b<c 2A

sinC
This is not possible in a triangle, as the sum of two sides
is greater than the third.
8. (2), (3)
(3) Given that {a + bf' = c^ + ab 2A = ab sin C => a^b^ - 4A^ = a^b^ cos^C
or a^ + b^-c^ + ab = 0
or lab cos C + ab = 0 yja^b^ - 4A^ + 'Jb^c^ - 4A^ + yjc^a^ - 4A^
1 = ab cosC + be cos A + ca cos B
or cosC = - — or ZC= 120°
2 a^+b^+c^
(using cosine rule)
Also ^ (sin A + cosA) = '^ (given) 2
9. (1),(4)
or
sin(y4 +45°) = ^ Sides are in A.P. and a < min{Z>, c}
Therefore, order of A.P. can be b, c, a or c, b, a.
S.112 Trigonometry
Case I:
Again in ACFB, by the sine rule, wejhave
If 2c = a + b, then CF a a a

cos^ = b^ +c^ - (2c-bf 46-3c

sin 5 sin(;r-0) sin0 C^
sin B+—
2bc 2bc 2b
2)
Case II;
C
If 26 = a + c, then ●.●9 + B + — = 7C
2
coSi4 = 6^ +c^ - _ 6^ +c^ -{2b-cf _ 4c-36
26c 26c crsin B 6 sin^4
2c or CF = [by sine rule]
10. (1),(3) C\
sin B + sin 5 + —
sin^l sin 5 sinC 2) \2)
We have 13. (1),(3)
a 6 c
|5£)-CD| = |(5-6)-(5-c)|
sin 105° _ sin 30*^ sin45°
or = !6-c|
>/3+l ~ 6 c
= 2R |sin B - sin C| ,

or 6=
yH+\ = AR sin
B-C
●cos
\B + C
2
2sinl05°’ 72 sin 105° 2

B-C . A
= 4/? sin sin-i-
2 2

14. (1),(2),(3),(4)
. B 2_ , C 1 A A
tan— = —,tan — = — =>tan-f= ,
2 3 2 2 2 7
B C s-a 1
tan—tan —=
1 1 2 2 s 3
Area of A ABC = — 6c sin .4 = — 6c sin 105°
2 2 2s = 2a = A2
A = rs = 84 cm^
= 1 (73+1)^ sinl05° =
73+1
2 272 sin^l05° 2 A B C
Thus, tan —, tan —, tan — all are less than 1.
Also,
a _ sin 105° _ 73+1 2 2 2

6 sin 30° 72 Hence, all angles of the triangle are acute.

11. (1),(3),(4) 15. (1),(2)

Given that s-a,s-b, and j - c are in A.P. AH=2R cos A, BH = 2R cos B, CH = 2R cos C

a, 6, c are in A.P. P = 2R (cos ^ + cos 5 + cos Q

'' c
_A A ^ = 2R 1 + -
s-a’s-b’s—c
are in H.P.
l r)
= 2(R + r)
r,, /*2, T3 are in H.P. R
6^ +c^ - a 2 We know that in any triangle, r <
Also, coSi4 = 2
26c P<2R + R

b^+c^-(2b-cf __ 4c-36 P<3R

16. (1),(2),(4)
12. (1),(3) A A
r =
s s -a

r, r =
A' _s{s -a) (i- -6) (j-c)
-a) -a)
= is-b)is-c) = (s-bf (v 6 = c)

_ (2s-2bf
4

A = Ai + _ (cr + 6 + c-26)^ (.-.6 = c)

4
2
a 4 R^ sin^/l
= R~ sin^^
4 4
2ab cos—
2 Also if ZB = 6=^ ZA = k-26
or
C
{a +6) sin —2
a+b r, r = R^ sm\n-20) = R^ sin^29 = R^ sin^25
 Solutions S.113

1
s + (.9 -^;)+ (.S’ - /;) + (.V- c)
=>
4
1.'4
> [5 (i- - a) (5' -h)(s- c)l
45 - 2,9 1.'4
^[A-]
4
:> \
M2
.9“
>A or A<
\2) 4

(5 - a) + (.9 -b)+ (.9 - c)

K r Also.
3
If/? is radius of bigger circle, then sin R-r
\n J 1/3
>[is-a){s-b)(s-c)]
n ni-3 .3
t

r sin - + COS S A- A- .9 .9

/ ^V 2n In or > or < Ofy4 <

or R = r 1 + cosec — 3 .9 .9 27 3^3
V n ), .
sin —
K

n 21. (1),(2),(3),(4)

18. (1),(2),(3) In AAFE. AD is angle bisector of ZA. and AD 1EF.

Area of polygon * /i x Area of AOBC D is midpoint of EF and MEF is isosceles triangle.
na
2
K
Therefore, A/IF£ is an isosceles triangle. Now,
cot — (i) To find AD.
4 II

Now. a = 2r tan —
n
Area {AABQ = Area (A ABD) + Area {A ADQ
n

Area of polygon = nr^ tan — [from Eq. (i)]

\ii )

Also, a = 2R sin —
/]

nR- .
sin [from Eq. (i)]
2 , n j

A C D

R: K ;
r
n

19. (3), (4) h +c

Also.^D =AE cos — (From A/1D£)

2

2bc
AE = - H.M. of b and c
b-¥c

Abe sin
A 2
Again EF = 2 DE = 2 4D tan — b + c

AD = c sin5 22. (1),(2),(3)

Let R' be circumradius of AAPQ.
Using sine rule in triangle APO, we get
PQ = 2R' = AD = c sin5
sin A

h sin/1
— . ^ = —
A
PQ = c sin5 sin/1 = c
2R R

Also, PQ = c sin5 sin/1

= 2R sinC sin5 sin/1

20. (1),(2) a = 1, h = 6,c= 5.

We have 2s = a + h + c, A' = s (.9 - «) (.9 - b) (.9 - c)
5=9
Now, A.M. > G.M. .-. Area A = V.v (5 -a){s- b) (s - c) ~ 6V6
S.114 Trigonometry
^ovf,PF=2,PE = x.
Let PD=x
Then
1 1 1
A= —x2x5 + —xa:x7 + —x3x6
2 2 2

6V6 = 5 + —+ 9
2 B D C

X =
12>/6-28 Since, EF || BC, DH is perpendicular to BC also.
7 Similarly EK is perpendicular to AC.
So, orthocenter of ADEF and circumcentre of AABC is the
When P lies outside the triangle
same points.

Linked Comprehension Type

1.(1), 2.(2), 3.(3)
We have.
A . A
'“1 = “ = 2,^2= — = 3,/-3 = ^=6
s-a s-b s-c

Given A = 6,
s-a = 3
s-b = 2 ...(ii)
s-c= I ...(iii)
1 1 1 Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
AreaofALffC= -xx7 + -x3x6--x2x5
2 2 2 2s-a-b = 5 or a + b + c-a-b = 5 or c = 5

”7 Adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), 2s - a - c = 4, or b = 4

6V6=-Jc + 9-5 And adding Eqs. (ii) and (iii), 2s-b-c = 3, or a = 3
Hence the sides of the A are a = 3, i =]= 4, c = 5.
x =
12>/6-8 Since the triangle is right angled, the; greatest angle is 90°.
7 Also, the least angle is opposite to side a, which is

Similarly, in one more case, we get

I2V6+8
7
sin“* j. Therefore,
23. (2), (4) 90° - sin * — = cos -i3
‘—
5 5
Given, sjs-b) ^ s(s - c) _ 2s(s - a) abc 60
A A A
Also,/? = — =2.5
4A 24
s-b+ s-c = 2(s-a)
b + c = 2a r= - = - = l
s 6
So, locus of vertex A is an ellipse.
24. (1),(2) 4.(1) 5.(3) 6.(4)
Let D, E and F be the mid-points of the sides of AABC.
E and F are mid-points of AC and AB, respectively. cos(/l-5)= I
A-B
1-tan^
2 ^4
1 + tan^ A-B 5
2

A-B \
or tan^
2 9

A-B 1
or tan
1 2 “3
So, EF I BC and EF= ^ BC XI , A-B a-b C
Now, tan —rcot—
Thus, AD will also divide EF into equal parts. 2 a-t-b 2
Hance, DH is also median of ADEF.
or 1^6-3 cot — C
Similarly BE, median of AABC, is also median of ADEF. 3 6+3 2

These two lines meet at G. So the centroids of both triangles C n

or cot — =1 or C= —
are same. 2 2

The orthocenter, O of ADEF is the point of intersection of the 1 1

Area of triangle = — a6sinC= — x6x3xl=9
perpendiculars DH and EK drawn from D and E, respectively. 2 2 i
 Solutions S.115

bsmZACO 6 sing
a _ yja^ + OA =
smZAOC siny4
...(ii)
sin^ 1
[V ZOAC = A-e,ZAOC= 18O°-0-ZO/lC=18O“-/l]
or
sm^ From Eqs, (i) and (ii), we have

or sini4 =
2 c sin {B-d) b sin 6
●Js sin B sin A

or c sini4 sin(5 - 6) = 6 sin 0 sin5

7.(1) 8.(2), 9.(2)
= 6 sin 0 sin(i4 + Q
AH =2R cos A
or 2R sinCsiny4(sin5 cosd-cosB sin0)
BH =2R cos B
= 2R sinB sin 0 (sin^4 cos C + cosv4 sin C)
CH=2R cosC
Dividing both sides by 2R sin 0 sin/4 sin0 sin C, we get
HD = 2RcosB cosC
cot 0 - cot5 = cot C + cot^
HE = 2R cos A cosC
or cot0 = cot^ + coti? + cotC ...(iii)
HF = 2RcosA cosB
Squaring both sides, we have
'HoyN AH BH CH=2 (given)
cot^ 0 = co^A + cot^5 + cot^ C
COSy4 ● cos5 ● cos C = — ...(i) + 2(coty4 cot0 + cot 5 cot C + cot C cot A)
8/?^
or cosec^ 0- 1 = (cosec^^ - 1) + (cosec^5 - 1)
Now AH^ + BH^ + CH^ = 1 (given) + (cosec^C- 1) + 2
AR^lcos^A = 7 [since in AABC, cotA cotB + cot0 cotC + cotC cot A = 1]
cosec^ 0= cosec^i4 + cosec^5 + cosec^C
Xcos^y4 =; —^
or
or
4R^ Area of triangle ABC,
Now we know A = A| + A2 + A3
cos^^ + cos^j? + cos^ C = I - 2 cosy4 cos5 cos C
= ^[aOB +bOC +cOA]sm6
4R^
= —tan0[2aO0 cos 6 + 2bOC cos6 + 2cOA cos0]
or 4R^-lR-3 = 0 4

or (R+\)i2R+l){2R-3) = 0 = -4 tan0 +x'^- /) + (6^ + / - + (c^ +z^~ jr^)]

3
or R= -
2
= itan0[a^+6^+c^]
4
Now HD HE HF

= {2R cosB cos Q (2/? cos^ cos C)(2/? cos^4 cos5)

13.(1), 14.(2), 15.(1)
= 8i?^ COS^y4 co^B cos^C
9
= 8/?^ X 64/?® 8/?^
^

10.(4), 11.(2), 12.(1)

From sine rule, —cosec a

sma 2

^ U'^sm{K-2a) 6 sin 2a

^ I(/»+/)+ 26 (cosa))
2(1 +cos a)

Distance of incenter (/) from the side BC is .r

Applying sine rule in txAOB, we have
Distance of circumcenter (O) from the side BC \s
OA AB
|/? COS/11 = \R cos(;r- 2a)l = R cos 2a
siaZABO sinZAOB
Hence, distance between circumcenter and incenter is given by
or OA =
csvciZABO csin {B -0) ...(i) 0/= |r + /? cos2ol (*.* circumcenter lies outside A)
sin ZAOB sin B
6 sin 2a 6cosecacos2a
[V ZABO = 5-0, ZAOB = 180° -6-Z ABO = 180° -5] 2(1 +cos a) 2

Again in AAOC, we have

OA AC , sin 2a cos 2a
= b 1-
sinZACO sinZAOC ^ 2a .. a a
4cos — 4sm—cos—
2 2 2
S.116 Trigonometry

a a EF
cos 2« cos + sin2asin
2
In ADEF, by sine rule. = 2R
=b 2 smiZFDE)
a ■> a
4sin—cos" - A)
2 2 EF=2Rcos
2)
a
6 cos 3 Then, area of ADEF
2)
A + B\ . B + C\ . f A + C\
a = 2R~ sin sin sm
2sinctcos
2 J 2 J ●7

A^ f B^ C]
= 2/?^ cos — cos cos
12 2) -)

Aabc _ 2y?^sin/^sin5sinC
Now
'^DEF 2R- cos cos
B
cos
C)
2) \2 \2)
A^ . B] . C
- 8sin sm sm < 1
\
7
~ / u u
^ABC <A D.FF
22. (I) Using A.M. > G.M. for s - a, s — b, ,v - c, s - d, we have
Points /. D, C, £ are concyclic. Therefore. s-a + s~h-\-s-c + s-d
ZEID=k- C 4

Also, I is circumccnter of ADEF. Hence, 45 - 2.5

or >1
;r-C 4
ZDFE= - ZDIE =
2 or 2s >4
2
t: - A 23. (1) If the length of diagonals are c/, and t/,, then the area of
Similarly, ZFDE =
2 quadrilateral is given by
K - B
ZFED = Area = —
2
r/,rf2 sinft where 0is angle between diagonals
2
9
Area of ADEF = 2r sin(ZD) sin(Z£) sin(ZF) d,d-,- — ~ Qtd,d-,>2
A B C - sin0 ' ^
= 2/^ cos — cos — cos —
2 9 2
Also, + ^2- 2 yjd^d2 ^ 2V2
Also by sine rule, in ADEF,
EF 24. (1) When the perimeter is minimum,
= 2r
sin ZD s~a-s-h = s —c-s-doxci = b~c = d
A
or EF=2rcos Therefore. ABCD is a square. (●●● cyclic quadrilateral)
2
A A A
25. (4) = 1:2:3
19.(1), 20. (4), 21. (2) s-a s —h s~c

abc A A A A
Area o\' AABC = = 2R^?.mA sin£ sinC ...(i) Let
4R s ~ a s -b s -c 6k
B 9 3
ZADE= Z ABE = ^
2
J 1__ J 1__J_
C s-a 6k's ~ b 2k ' s - c 2k
Similarly, ZFDA = ZFCA = —
2
s - a = 6k, s - b = 2k, s - c = 2k
B +C
ZFDE = s=\\k

a = 5k, h = ^k, c = 9A-

A +B
and ZDEF = Hence, ratio of sides is 5 : 8 : 9.
2

26. (1) Area of the triangle, A = A"^.y/llx6x3x2 = 6 -Ju k'

^=-^k
So, /● = —
.5 vn

And, R -
abc _ 5x8x9 k =
15

4A 4 X 6 X VTl
R:r=5:2

27. (3) Since c is the greatest side, C is the greatest angle.

25 + 64-81
cos C =
2ab 2x5x8 10
 Solutions S.117

28. (2) Since C is the excentre of ISABP, we have, Wlien r = 5 then («, ^) = (11,60) (12, 35) (15. 20)
11x60
Greatest area = = 330 sq. unit
2

Matrix Match Type

I. a q, b s, c s, d ^ p.
For solution, see the theory of ambiguous cases.
2. a -> p, q; b r, s; c -> p. q; d -> p, q.

^APQ = ./QPC
ALso, R is the excemre of A/lPC
so. ZAPR = ZRPS

so. ZRPQ = 90°

■> \
a + h~ - c I
29.(4) cosC =
2ah 2

In APQC, wc have
CQ‘ + PC- - PQ~ O is circumccntre, then in AOMB, OM = R cos/I (distance of
cos C
IPC.CQ circumcentre from BC).
Similarly, distances of circumcentre from AC and AB are
PQ-^PC- + C^-PC.CO R cosB and R cosC.
ah c/f?
where, PC = and CQ = Applying sine mle in triangle OBC, we have
h a + c a a R
2R,I =
sin 2/1 2sin AcosA cos A
100 64 SO
so PQ =
V 9 9 9 " 3 or R,1 =
R

2 cos 4
30. (3)
R R
Similarly. /?, = and =
cos 5 cosC

[where /?,, R2, Ry are circumradius of AOBC, AOCA, and

AOAB, respectively]
H is onhocentre, then in AAFH,
AF 6 cos 4
AH = = 2RcosA
cosZFAH cos(90°-5)
Similarly. BH = IRcosB. CH = 2R cos C.
FG X FC = FA-
Also. HF = AF {an ZFAH
= h cos A colB = 2R cos.4 cos B
=> ~{FC-) = FA-
Similarly, HE =2R cos/lcos C and HD = 2R cosB cos C
^ t ^ , t t
2a~ + 2b' - C c~
(Using Apollonious theorem)
3x4 4

2c' = a- + h'.

31. (2) In AADC, we have.

a/2 AD V3
^ sinC = yj2h' +2c'-a~
sin(;r/3) sinC 2a

2.A-1
la 2a"2
2/;- +2c--a- y'J/j
32.(1) Wc have/ID =
4 2
/ is incentre, then in A/D5, B1 =
sin ZIBD
if/j = 1 then AD =
2
r /●
Similarly, C/ = and AI =
33.(2) 34.(3) sin(C/2) sin(/4/2)
Let a, h and c{a<b<c) be the sides of given triangle. Also in A/S/|,
Also, 2r = a-^ h-c
I! i
BI _ r/[sin(.g/2)] _ r

When /● = 4 then, (a. b) = (9,40). (10, 24), (12,16) cos ZBIL (K C sin(5/2)sin(C/2)
cos
Greatest perimeter = 9 + 40 + 41 = 90 units v2 2}
S.118 Trigonometry

r or
1 < cos(^ -B) or cos(v4 - 5) > Ij
Similarly, 7/2 =
sin(.4/2)sin(C/2) or cos(^-B)= 1
or A-B = 0 or A=B -(ii)
r
and
sin(y4/2)sin(5/2) Also from Eq. (i) and (ii),
1 - cos^^
3. a ^ p; b q, s; c p; d p, q. sinC =
sin^.4
a. sin.4, sin5 are roots of cV-c{a + b)x + ab = Q
sinC= 1 or C=90° ...(iii)
sin.(4 + sin5 =
c(a+b)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), ^.ABC is a right-angled isosceles
triangle.
{a + b) _ c{a + b) or 2R = c
2R
...(i) 4. a q, b q, c p, d r.
From sine formula, we have See the theory of different centers.
a b 5.(4)
— = 2R = c [using Eq. (i)]
sin ..4 sin£ sinC
or sin C = 1 or C=90“

b. Using cosine formula, we have

cos 30° =
40^ + i40yl3f-a^
2x40x40>/3
1
or a = 40 a. Area of A4D5 = —ADxBD
2
A- 1
V = —csinBxccosB
.30“ 2
40^3
40 = —sin2.S
4

1
B a b. Area of AADC = — AD x CD
2
Thus, AB = BC = 40, i.e., AABC is isosceles. 1 b^
Also, Z.4 = ZC= 30° = —i>sinCx6cosC= -J—sin2C
2 4
Z5=120°
1
Therefore, AABC is an obtuse-angled triangle. c. AreaofA/4D£= —AExDE
:_2 2 2
sm 3: cos X
c. 81 + 81 = 30
1 K (k
:_2 81 = —ADcos B y47]sin B
or 81*‘" * + i-2
= 30 2 / /
Sin X
81 1
= -AD^ sin2B
Put 81*‘"^ = / 4
81 1
/+ — =30 = —c^sin^Psin25
4

or t = 27,r = 3 1
sit? X d. AreaofAfi£)£= —BExDE
Whenr = 3,81 “ = 3 2
4sin^jt 1 f br
or 3 = 3
= — BD cos Bx AD sin B
or x = 30° 2

4sin^jr 1
When r = 27, 3 = 3' = —ccosBcosBxcsinBcosB
2
AT = 60°
1
Therefore, the triangle is right angled, = —c^cos^5sin25
d. In AABC,
cos A cosB + sinA sinB sinC= 1
1-cos .^cos5
sinC = ...(i)
sin .4 sin J?

[ ZC is an angle of the triangle]

Since 0 < sin C < 1, we have
l-coSi4cos5
0< <1
sin .4 sin 5
In AABD, using Cosine Rule
or 1 - COS.4 cosR < sin/4 sinR 4^ + 9^-BD^
cosv4 =
or 1 < siny4 sinR + cosy4 cosB 2x4x9
 Solutions S.119

In A^5C, Using Cosine Rule A A A

3. (8) Al=v cosec — = — cosec —
g2^92_72 2 s 2
cos-<4 =
2x8x9 1
Also, A = — 6c sin .4
BD^ = 49 2

BD = 1 1
30 = — X 12 X 5 X sin .(4
ABCD is isosceles. 2
ED = CDI2 = 2 sin .4 = 1

BE= yllf-2^ =>/45 A= -

7T

AE = 6 2

Numerical Value Type

fl= 13
/
360°' a + 6 + c
1.(1) Interior angle of regular polygon of side n is 180° - s = = 15
n . 2

Hence, a= 108°; j8= 120°; y= 144°; 5= 150° Hence, AI = 2^2 units

COS a = COS 108° = -sin 18° = -

(Js-A 4.(24) r = —
A
I 4 ; s

sec P=sec 120° = -2 s = 5 ora + 6 + c= 10

cos 7= cos 144° = - cos 36° = -

r>/5+o A =
a6c
or abc = 60
4 4R
cosec 8 = cosec 150° = + 2 Now A^ = s(s - a){s - 6)(j - c)
or 5 = (5-a)(5-6)(5-c)
= 125 - 25(a + 6 + c) + 5(a6 + bc + ca) - abc
ab + bc + ca = 38
or a^ + b^ + c^ = (a + b + cf-2{3S) = 24
2.(4) /4M=Rsin 4 3
5.(84) tanC= — ^ cosC= —
3 5
5;r
Similarly, AN = R sin a = n+ l,b = n + 2,c = n (given)

cosC =
2ab

3 jn + \f+in + 2f-n^
5 2(/i+ !)(« +2)
or n=13

Hence, 0=14, 6=15, c= 13, and 5 = 21

1
A= —o6sinC
2

(4^
= - (14) (15) -
\ZJ \DJ

= 84

6.(13) We have AE = EP = AP=l

AP = PT= 1

Hence, AAPT 'is isosceles

ZEAT =90'^
. K .5k
sin— sin— Hence, AT= V3. Now, ZATX= 150°
AB AF
12
sin^ sini^
12 12

K K
= tan — + cot —
12 12

= (2-V3) + (2 + ^3) = 4 Since TX = 2, by applying the cosine rule in MIX, we get

{AXf = 3 + 4 - 4V3 cos 150° = 7 + 6 = 13
S.120 Trigonometry
7.(21) 11
=> sin^0= -
36

b 27
Now
sin 40 sin0

C or
b _ sin 40
E x+1 27 sin0
Let BD = x,CE = x+ \ and AF = x + l. Then 2 sin 20 cos 20
= 4 cos 0 cos 20
CD = CE = x+\=^s-a sin0
AE=AF=x+2=s-b
= 4 cos 0(1 -2 sin^0)
BF=BD = x = s-c
(1 2 sin
On adding, we get
3s ~(a + b + c) = 3x + 3
22^
s = 3x +3
36 J
Now r = — = - Js(s - a)(s - b){s - c)
s s or6 = 35

or 4 =
(x + 2)x(x + l)
3x + 3 10. (22)

x{x + 2)
or 16 =
3

or X- + 2x = 48
or (x + 8)(x-6) = 0
or x = 6

Hence, x = 21.
8. (211.25) — = k (let)
24
1 1 1
A= - x2I0fl = - X I95b = - X 182c 1
2 2 2 Area of triangle (A) = —ab = 68( 4
2
210a 14 210a 15 or 143Jtx24/fc = 2x6864
b = = — o;c = = — a
195 13 182 13 or 12^2 X 143 = 6864
14 a 15a_(13 + 14-H5)g or !c = A
Hence, 2s = a +
13 13 “ 13 or k= 2
. 21a
or s =
13 a = 286,6 = 48
2 Now c- = 48^ + (286)- = 290^
21ar8a
Also A = c = 290
13 tl3
or

Hence, the radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle is given

by
A
r= - =22.
s

2
11. (4) cos4 + sin4 - =0
cos 5 +sin 5

1 or cos4 cosi5 + sin4 sin5 + cos4 sin5 + sin4 cos5 = 2

But A = - x210a =
2 169 or cos(4 -B) + sin(4 +B) = 2
105x169 15x169 845 or cos(/4 -B)=\ and sin(4 + 5) = 1
or a =
84 12 4 A= B, soa = b and sin2.4 = 1
4=45“
9. (35) Using the sine law, we get
27 _ 48 a+b _ 2a = V2
Hence,
, where 0 = Z4 c ay[2
sin0 sin 30

sin 30 16 12.(8) A + B + C=k

Given C = 24
sin0 9
B = k-3A
16
3 -4 sin^0 = n
9 As0<C<;r=^0<24<;r=>0<4< —
2
b
^ sin 0 =3^
4 16 11 a
By sine rule.
9 9 sin 4 sin B
 Solutions S.121

a 2a a 2a = Semiperimeter of tsAPQ
or or
ba
sin A sin(;r - 3A) 1 3 - 4sin^A ca
— + a +
a
or 3-4 sin^^ = 2 5 =
2

or
●2. 1
sm A = — or sm.4 = —
● ^ 1 ,
or .4 = — or —
^ lOa 5
4 2 6 6 => a = A APQ and AABC are similar]
a+6+c 2
n
But 0<.4 < —
2 Similarly, fi =
n It K
A = — , ZB= — , and ZC = —
6 2 ’ .3 and Y~
a
a^ + b^ + c^ = 4R^ [sin^.4 + sin^5 + sin^ C]
= 4R
.r.2 ■ 1 ^
sin —+ sm —-fsin —
● 1 ^ ● 2 ^ a+B+v= ^
6 2 3

1 3
= 4R^ - + 1 + - =SR^
4 4

a^+b^+c^
or =8
R^

13. (-0.125)
b(b + c) = a^
bc = a^~ b^
sin S sin C = sin^ A - sin^ B
sin 5 sin C = sin (A + B) sin (A - B)
sin B = sin (A - B)
2B = A

Similarly, from c{c + a) = b^, we get 2C = B

Now,>t + B + C=n
Also, [(Z) + c) + (c + a) + (a + 6)]
B
2B + B+ — = n 1 1 1
2 X >9
2k b+c c+a a+b
B =
7
1 1 V> —9
4;r K
or (a + 6 + c)
A = ,C= - ^b + c c +a a + b^ 2
7 7

cos yl . cos 5 . COS C a b c ^3

or + + >-
K 2;r 4;r b +c c +a a+b 2
= cos ●cos ●cos
7 7 7 3 a b c -
or — < + + < 3
1 . 8;r 2 b+c c +a a +b
. sm —
7
2^ sin — Therefore, integral values of
7
b
^-=2
a
1 ( -sm—
. b+c c +a a+b
8 sin — ^ 7;
7
17. (3) The given equation is
1
- =-0.125 4 sin.4 sin5 + 4 sin5 sinC + 4 sinC sin.4 = 9
8
2 cos(/l -B)-2 cos(.4 + B) +2 cos(B - Q
14.(3) a + b-c = 2 - 2 cos(5 + C) + 2 cos(C-Z) -2 cos(C + .4) = 9
and 2ab - c‘ = 4 or 2[cos(/4 -B) + cos(5 -C) + cos(C - A)]
a^ + b^ + c^ + 2ab-2bc-2ca = 4 = 2ab-c^
= 9- 2(cosZ + cos5 + cosC)
{b - cf + (a-cf = 0
a =b = c >9-2x-=6
2
Triangle is equilateral; hence or cos(./4 -B) + cos(B -Q + cos(C - .4) > 3
a =2
A = V3 But cos(/t -B) <1, cos(5 - C) < 1, cos(C — .,4) < 1

15.(6) Given5-a = 5,5-6 = 3,j-c = 2

or cos(.«4 - B) = 1, cos(B- C) = 1, cos(C-.(4) = 1
5 = 10; a = 5,6 = 7, and c = 8 Thus, A=B = C, i.e., triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Now, Length of tangent from A to incircle Hence, A = >/3
S.122 Trigonometry

18.(6) LQi AD = h /

aY rcosec—
\ /
B
rcosec— rcosec—
From the figure, {IA)(IB)(IC) 2A 2A 2J
20. (10)
In ^ABD, /i^ + jc^ = (52)2 (ID)iIE)iIF)
In ^ADC, + (56 - xf = (60)^ I 4R
- = 10
Solving, we get x = 20 and A = 48 . A . B . C r
sin—sm—sin—

Let BE =y. Then fi’om the property of angle bisector, we 2 2 2

have
21. (4) Perimeter of ADEF = a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
AB BE
= R [sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C]
AC EC
= R[4 sin A sin B sin C]
52 y
or
= 4R abc _ abc _ 2A = 4 cm
60 56-y
I
or 60y = 52 X 56 - 52y r

C 22.(12)
or 112y= 52x56
\
or y = 26 h \
DE = BE-BD

= (26-20)

19. (4)

B
In the figure, BL = BM = x
a/3D
CM=CN=y
In AABD, and AN=AL = r (in radius)
r
AD
a
In A/15, sin—= —= -p-
...(I) 2 75 Vio
3sinx sin5
r
In MBE, InAINC, sm- = — = -f^
2 IC S
2a AE
. B 1 . C
3sin(x+y) sin 5 sin— = -p=sin— ...(i)
2 yfl 2
Dividing Eq. (I) by Eq. (2), we get ...(2)
B = _^_C
Also, —
sin(x+y) _ AD 2 4 2
...(3)
2sinx AE
. B \ { cos C . C^
In AADC, sm— = -r=- sm— ...(ii)
2 V2I 2 2)
2a AD
..●(4) From (i) and (ii), we get
3sin(y + z) sinC
C C
cos— = 2sin—
In AAEC, 2 2
a AE
C \ r
...(5) tan— = — = — =^y = 2r
3sinz sinC
2 2 y ^
Dividing Eq. (5) by Eq. (4), we get Now,

sin(y + z) _ AE
/ + r^ = 5
...(6) 5/^ = 5
2sinz AD
r= l,y = 2andar = 3
Multiplying Eq. (3) and Eq. (6), we get .-. ^5 + 5C+C4 =2(r + x+y)= 12

sin(jc+y)sin(y + z) _ ^
sin x-sin z
 Solutions S.123

I
sin B + sin C = 2 sin A
Archives
b + c=2a (Using sine rule)
JEE Advanced Thus sum of two variable sides b and c is constant ‘2a’.

So locus of vertex A is ellipse with vertices B and C as its foci.

Single Correct Answer Type
2. (2), (4)
1. (2) Using cosine rule for ZC, we get

^ ^ (,r+x+l)^+(;r--l)--(2.t+l)-
2 2{x~ + a' + 1)(j:^ -1)
2x^ +2a-1
or n/3 =
,Y“ +A+1 Q s -

or (^/3-2).r+ (V3-2)a + (VJ+ 1) = 0

Let s -a-2k-2,s- b = 2k,s -c = 2k + 2,
or
(2-^/3) + ^/3 A' e /. *A > !
2{^~2) Adding we get,
or A = - (2 + VI), 1 + ^/3 s = bk. So, a = 4A + 2, B = 4A‘, c = Ak-2
or .Y = I + VI as (a > 0). 1 b^+c- - a' I
Now, cos P= — ^
3 2bc 3
2. (4) Since angles of ixABC are in A.P., 2B = A + C
Also./1+B + C=180° 3 [{4A-)2 + (4^ _ 2)- - (4A + 2)^] = 2 x 4A (4A - 2)
.-. B = 60° or 3 [ 16A^ - 4 (4A) X 2] = 8A (4A -- 2)
o c or 48A- - 96A' = 32A- - 16A or 16A' = 80A or A = 5
—sin 2C + — sin 24 = 2 sin 4 cos C + 2 sin C cos 4
c a So, sides are 22, 20, 18.
sl3 3. (1),(3),{4)
2 sin(4 + C) = 2 sin B = 2 X = V3.
2 S — X S - V s — z 35-(a + V + z) .V

3. (3) 4 3 2 9 9

_ 5s _2s _ls
9

£■ ■
Area of incircle = ;rr
■ I 2 = — r =
^
3 3

85-
A- = ;-^52 =
2sin P - 2sinP cosB 3
85-
2sin P + 2sinB cosP 5(5-.Y) (5-V) (5-z) =
3

I - cos B
2sin-^ 9 . P
45 5 25 8

I + cosB
= tan" —
7
9 3 9 3^
2 cos — 5 = 9
9

{s - b) (5 - c)
[8
A = ^ — X 9 = 6y/6 sq. units
5 (5 - a) V3
55 25 7s
((
1 V3
3 f
R =
xyz
_ 9 ‘1'9 - yg
{{s-h){s-c)f j\ 4A 4 X 6^/6 24
A' A^ Ua [8
X Y Z
sin — sin — sin — =
;●
V3 4

Multiple Correct Answers Type 9 9

2 4R ,35yfb 35
4
24
1- (2), (3)
4 . AT+r'\ . rz'i 1 + cos Z 3
cos B + cos C = 4sin^ — sin" = cos"
2 Z ) u 2 5

B+C B-C 1 4
it
2 cos cos = 4s«n — (Using cosine rule)
2 2 2
4. (2), (3), (4)
B-C 4 B +C . 4
2 cos = 4 sin V cos = sin —
2 2 2

4 B-C , . 4 4
2 cos — cos = 4sm—cos —
2 2 2 2

B + C B-C
2 sin cos = 2 sin 4
2 2
S.124 Trigonometry

cosQ=
100 + 300-(Pjg)^ ^ 1 (lxlx>/3'| >/3
2xl0xl0>/3 2[l + l + >/3j 2^
Now, for area of triangle PQR, we have
200V3
- X >/3 X />£ =
300 = 400 - 2 4(1)
P/?= 10
lxlx>/3 2 1
So, triangle is isosceles. PE = X
4
ZQPR = 30° and ZPRQ = 120°
2(Area of AO0/?)
Area of triangle, ^ ^ i^Q) ^ (2^)sin Q OE =
QR
= -xl0xl0>/3 X- = 2SV3
2 2
2x-f-xlx>/3sin30°
3U 1!
Now, 2.5 = 20+ 10>^ /

vr 6

Inradius, r = — 25>/3 _ 5V3 6. (2), (3)

J~10 + 5>/3~2 + >/3 tan — +tan— =
Z
2 2 x+ ;;+ 2
5>/3 2->^
"2+>/3 ''2-^/3 A A 2;^
5(5 - x) s(s - z) 2s
= 10>/3-15
Using sine rule, we get A ( ls-{x-\- z)
PR
= 2R', where R' is circumradius.
sing Ay

or
10
= 2R'
(s -x){s-z) ^
sin 30°
A^ = (jr-x)^(j-z)^
P'=10 j(5->;) = (5-x)(5-z)
Hence, area of circumcircle = n(R')^ = lOO^r (x+y + z)(x + z-y) = (y + z-x){x+y-z)
5.(1), (3), (4) {x + zf-/=/-(z-xf
X^ + 2^=/
K
ZY= -
2
ZY=ZX+ZZ

X A
Now, tan— =
2 s{s - jc)
Using sine rule in triangle PQR, we get 1
—xz
P X
^ = 2(1) tan— =
2
sinP sing 2 (y+ zf - x^
4
V3 I
sinP=—,sing = — X 2X2
2 ^2 tan—= , , -
2 y^ -v z^ 2yz - )C
ZP = 60° or 120° and Zg = 30° or 150° X 2X2
But (ZP +Zg) must be less than 180° but not equal to 90°.
tan— = , (Usingjv^=jir+ 2“)
2 + 2yz
So, ZP = 120° and Zg = 30°.
X X
ZP = 30° tan— =
2 >>+ 2
Using sine rule again, we have
^
smP = 2
7.(1), (2)

^ r = 1 cosP =
2qr 2qr 2qr
Now, length of median

+ 2,= - = iVeTiri = 2^ (Using A.M > G.M).

Now >qr
RS = 2

2pqr cos P > 1 -

2qr
Inradius = 2A ^ 4x(l)
p + q+ r p+q + r So, option (1) is true.
For option (2),
 Solutions S.125

(p + q) cosR>(q-r) cosP + (p-r)cos Q sin X (sin X + sin Y) = 2 sin^ Y

{p cos R + r cos p) + (q cos R + r cos Q)>qcosP+p cos Q
=» a{a + b) = 2b^
ah ab -2b^ = 0
q+p>r (true)
So, option (2) is true. f5T.£-2=o
UJ b
For option (3), |
q +r
<2
yjsinQsinR r--‘
P sinP

- r-
. 9 + r
^hSL (Using sine rule)
Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in their
P P
respective chapters.
q + r<2 (false using A.M. > G.M)
So, option (3) is not true. Numerical Value Type
For option (4),

cosg> —
r
I

r cos Q>p
=> sin RcosQ> sin P (Using sine rule)
=» sin (0 + P) + sin(0 - P) > 2 sin P
sin {Q-R)> sin P does not necessarily follow from a^ + 16-8
cos 30“ =
p<r and p< q. 2xax4
\
So, option (4) is not true. ■Jz _ a^ + 8
~2~ 8a
Matrix Match Type a^-4V3fl + 8 = 0

1. (a) ^ (p), (r), (s) at, +02 = 4"*^, a,ct2 = 8

|a, - fl2 I = 4

—a, X 4sin30° - —oi2 ^ 4 sin 30“

2 * 2
= 4 X — X 4 sin 30“
2

Given 2(a^ - b^) = ^ |A,-A2| = 4

2 (sin^X - sin^ Y) = sin^Z 2.(3)

=> 2 sin(X + Y) sin(X - Y) = sin^ Z

2 sin(;r- 2) sin(X - Y) = sin^ Z
. „ sinZ
...(i)
sin(X - Y) = ^
sin(X-Y) 1
A=
sinZ 2

Now cos(n;rA) = 0
n
cos — =0 2 cos — + 2 cos — = y/3+\
\ 2 J 2k k

n = 1,3, 5 n 7C >/3+l
or cos + COS—=
(b)-^(p) 2k k 2

Let — = 0 . Then,
k

^ e VJ+i
cos 6 + cos— = —-—
2 2

1 + cos 2X - 2 cos 2Y = 2 sin X sin Y or

,
2 cos
2«^e ,1 + cos—=
& V3+1
2 cos^X- 2 cos 2Y = 2 sin Xsin Y 2 2 2

1 - sin^X -1+2 sin^ Y= sin X sin Y >/3+3

or 2t^+t- =0 [where cos(0/2) = /]
sin^X + sinXsin Y= 2 sin^ Y 2
S.126 Trigonometry

t =
-l±yjl + 4(3 + yl3) 4.(2) c=^,a = 3,b = 4
or
4

_-l±(2>/3+l) -2-2>/3 >/3 cot A + cot C _ sin(i4 + C) sin.g

cot5 cos 5 sin^ sinC
4 4 ’2
d e S sin^5
/ = cos-e[-l,l] .*.cos- = —
cos5-siny4sinC

6 n , ^
7=6=^^ = '-
ac

3.(3)
1
A =—otft sin C => sin C = 2A 2X15V3 ^>/3 lac

2 ab 6 x10 “ 2 2Z>2
C = 120°
2_)^ 32
a^ + c^-b^ 9 + 23-^16 16
c = yja^+b^- lab cos C
= >/6^ + 10^-2x6xl0xcosl20° = 14
A
Now r = —
s

225x3
=3
\2
^6 + 10 + 14
2 /

S
 Chapter 6

Exercises
II 2ba~ - a~b +

a^-b^
=p

2>
Single Correct Answer Type
P =
J
1. (2) Let AO and CD be the towers. a -b
A
4. (2) Let AB be the wall, P be the initial position and Q be the final
6 m
position of the foot of the ladder on the ground.
B

14 m

In the figure, PB = QC = / (Length of ladder)

In triangle/15C,
In triangle BAP^ PA = I cos a, AB = I sin a
AC= 6 cosec 30° = 12 m
In triangle CAQ, QA = I cos AC = I sin /3
2. (2) Let OA be the unfinished tower and it is to be raised to point B. Now,y = (sin a- sin (5)
Also, let C be the point of observation.
and X = PO = AQ - AP= I {cos (i-cos a)
In the figure, B y sin a - sin
h + X X
X cos/J-cos a
= tan 60° = V3
120 A

/j+.v=120V3 2sin
a - P cos
fa + p]
1
I 2 )
J

Also, — = tan 45° = 1

h
2 sin
a + P'] sin
. a-p
120 0
2 ;
/j=120m
0
120+.r=l20V3 y
— = cot
a + P'
X 2 .
;c= 120 (^5- 1) m

(a + P
3. (4) Let AB be the tower and PB be the pole. x = y tan
I 2 )
P
5. (4) Let X and y be the heights of the flagstaffs at P and Q,
t respectively.
P

I R

y
and tan 2cr =

2 tana
60y /\A5° 30* ;\60°
1 - tan" a B 30 m A P
Q

Then/IP = .r cot 60°= 4

\a) _p + b V3'
x2
(b a
1 - AQ-y col 30° =yV3,
\aj
BP-X col 45° =x,
Iba p+ b
a^~b- a and BQ=y col 60° = -4-
V3
S.128 Trigonometry

8. (3) Let OP be the flagstaff of height 7j’ standing at the centre O of

AB = BP-AP = x- A
the rectangular field ABCD subtending angles 15® and 45® at
=» 3(W3 = (V3-l)x: E and F, respectively. i
=> x=l5(3 + -j3)
/
1
Similarly, 30 = y >/3 -
\ >/3j
or y=15V3
PQ = BP + BQ= x+ ^
>/3
= 15(3+V3)+ 15.
= (60+15V3) m
6. (1) Let DB be the pole and the snake be at point O.
Then ZBOD = 45° and BD = 20 metres.

Now, the eagle flies horizontally and reaches at point M in

1 second.

In triangle POE, OE = h cot 15® = //(2 + VJ)

In triangle POP, OF=h cot 45° = A

=> EF= ylh^+(2 + ^fh^

= +S I
Then = 30®, where hiN LON Triangles ACB and FEB are similar.
Now, BD = MN = 20 metres So, AC=2EF
From triangle BOD, OD = 20 metres
120 = Ah^{2 + S)
Again from AMON,
30
MN ^ 20
h = = 30>/2->/3
tan 30® =
ON 2Q + DN yl2 + y/3
DN = 20(V3 - 1) = 20 x 0.732 = 14.64 metres 9. (2) On the basis of the given information, following diagram is
obtained. |
Distance BM DN
Speed of eagle = = 14.64 m/s
time 1 1

7. (3) Let OA be the tower of height h. Also, let B and C be the initial
and final positions, respectively, of the man.

tan ^ = tan ((a + J3) - a)

1 1

^36^3
3 6

10. (1) Let AB be the tower of height H and CD be the pole.

In triangle ^(95, OB = ft cot 60® .

In triangle AOC, OC = h cot 30® = VJA.

Now in triangle OBC,
0^ + BC^ = OC^

Y + (240)2 =3/j2 In triangle ABC, d = H cot a i

— = (240)^ In triangle AED, d = {H-h) cot (a -)?)
=> Hcot a= (H-h) cot (a-p) \
h = 60V6 m
 Solutions S.129

In triangle OAB,
H =
hcox [a - P) 5
cot (a - p) - cot a tan a= —
JC
...(1)

11. (3) Let AB be the tower of height h, D be the point x m away from In triangle OAC,
B and C be anotlier point b m above D. 30
A tan 2a = — ...(2)
X

From (1) and (2),

tan 2a= 6 tan a
3-3 tan^ a= 1

tan a=
I
From (1), a: = 5 cot a = 5
I
14. (3) Let BC be the declivity and BA be the tower.
In triangle ABD,
A = JC tan a ...(1)
In triangle BCE,
x = bcoX P ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
h = b tan a cot p Using sine rule in AABC, we get
BC AB
12. (4) Let AB be the pole of height h. Also, let D and C be the initial
and final positions of the man. sin 75° sin 30°
80sin30°
AB =
sin 75°

40x2y/2
AB = = 40(>/6->/2)
V3+1
15. (3) Let PO be the tower and OS be its shadow.

°i
c

In triangle ABC,
x = hcoX 26 ...(1)
In triangle ABD,
S 2.05 m O
h = (2h + x)Xand ...(2)
Put the value of jc from (1) into (2), we get In triangle SOP, using sine rule,
/ 2.05
1= 2+
1 ^ tan 6
...0)
sin 38° sin(ZSPO)
y Xan2ej
ZSPO =180°- 38° - 90° - 10° = 42°
,1 =
_ l-tan^0
2+ tan 6 2.05sin38°
2tan0 So, from (I), / =
sin42°
tan^0-4tan 0+1=0
tan 0=2±>& 16.(2) Let FA/be the tower.
tan 0=2 + "^ (Rejected as otherwise 20= 150°)
tan0=(2-V3)
=> 0=15°

13. (3) Let AB be the pole standing on the building BC and O be the
position of the antenna.
a> X
A
5 m
8
Given ZBAP = oc, ZCBP = 2a and ZMCP = 3 a
.'. ZAPB = ZPBC-ZBAP = 2a-a=a
30 m
25 m
Similarly, ZBPC = a
=> BP = AB

By sine formula in triangle BCP, we have

C
S.130 Trigonometry

BC BP Applying cosine formula in tJOAB, we get

sin (ZBPC) sin (Z5CP) OA^ + AB^-OB^ ■
cos 60° =
20AAB
BC AB

sin a sin(l80°-3a) 1 900+ 4900 j

2 2x30xjc
AB sin 3a _ 3 sin a - 4sin^ a 30^-4000 = 0
BC sm a sin a
x = 80
= 3-4 sin^ a /45 = 80km
= 3-2(l-cos2a) Speed of ship = 10 km/hr
= 1 + 2 cos 2a Time = 8 hr

17. (2) Let A be the position of the harbour and O be the fort, OA = 30, 18. (2) Observe the following figure.
OB = 10. 'LqXAB = x.
N 8

W- Q. E

W
p
A d C 2d D

A B
Using m-n theorem in triangle ABD, jive have
(d + 2d) cot P= d cot y-2d col (90 + a)
3d cot P = d cot y + 2d tan a
' => 3 cot /3 = cot y+ 2 tan a
2 tan a = 3 cot p-coty
 Chapter 7

Concept Application Exercises II tan

-1 I-;c

[\ + x)
E [tan ' 0, tan"' 1] or 0,

Exercise 7.1 6. We have

sin *(cos ' .r) < 1

1. (a) Let 0be the principal value of cosec"'(-l).
0e [-n/2, ff/2]-{0} andcosec"'(-l) = & —^ < sin '{cos ‘;c) < 1
-I
71 t: K 71 -1 < cos”' X < sin 1
d = because € {0}
2 2 T'T 0 < cos"' x< sin 1
7t cos (sin 1) < .X < 1 ...(i)
and cosec = - 1
I 2 Also, cos"’(cos"'jc) < 1
Therefore, principal value of cosec '(-1) is - y . 0 < cos”' (cos”' a:) < !
cos 1 < cos”' -T< 1
(b) Let 6 be the principal value of cot
-1
cos 1 <-x- < cos (cosl) ...(ii)
I Now, 1 > sin 1
1 cos 1 < cos (sin 1)
9 € (0. k) and cot 6 =
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we have
K 2k 2k cos (sin I) < X < cos (cos 1)
6= K —, because —e (0, k)
3 3 3 ' ' 7. We have sin" '.r > tan”' x
K K 1 Given inequality is meaningful ifx € [-1, 1].
and cot k — = - cot — =
3 41 Now, let’s draw the graphs of>'= sin” 'x and>' = tan"' x.
y
1 2;r
Therefore, principal value of cot
-I kI2-- y - sin"'' X
^/3 J 3 ■
1
y = tan ' x
2. cos x<2
X
or 0 < cos ' .V < 2 -A -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
or cosO >x > cos2 (v cos ' X is decreasing function)
.r € (cos2, I]
3. We havey(.r) = sin”' (1 - x) + cos”' V.y - 2 -7d2--

We must have - 1 < (1 - x) < 1

- 2 < - X < 0
From the graph, we can see that sin” 'x > tan ' x forx s (0, 1].
0<x<2andx-2>0 8. We have/(x) = cos”'x + cot”'x
0 < X < 2 and x > 2 Clearly, domain of the function is [-1, 1].
X =2 Now. both cos”'x and cof'x are decreasing functions,
Thus, expression is defined only for x = 2. /(x) is also decreasingfunction
y(2) = sin”' (-l) + cos”'(0) Range of the function is [/(I), f(-l)]
= i-K/2) + iK/2) Now,/(-l) = cos”‘(-l) + cot”'(-l) = K+ 3;i/4 = Ik!A
= 0 /(I) = cos”'(l) + cot”'( 1) = 0 + ;r/4 = ;zy4
Hence, range is [itlA, 771/4].
4. We have /(x) = cos ' yjx~ + 3x +1 + cos ' Vx:” +3x 3;r-
We must have 0 < x* + 3x + 1 < 1 and 0 < x^ + 3x < 1 9. (sin ' x)“ + (sin ' yf + (sin ^ zf= —
x^ + 3x = 0 -1 ● -1 . _i , 7T
sm x = sm ■y = sin z= ±—
X = 0. - 3 2
For minimum value of x + y + z, x = y = z = - 1
-I l-X^l , 0<x<I Hence, (j + y + ^)min = " 3
5. /(.t) = tan
1+xJ
-! (~\\
1-x 2 10. Let 0= cos
Now -1 9 )
1 + x 1 +x
-1
cos 6 =
Given 0<x< 1, 9
2
le [0, 1] e
1 + x 2 cos'— =1
2 9
S.132 Trigonometry

cos 0^2
—
(d) sin" '(sin 8) = sin“ (sin (3;r- 8)) = 3;r- 8
2 3
(e) tan" '(tan 10) = tan" '(tan(10 - 3;r));= 10 - 2n
0^2
l-2sin2-^ (f) sec" '(sec 9) = sec" '(sec(9 - In)) = 9 - In
4 3
(g) cot" '(cot 6) = cot" '(cot (6 - ;r)) = 6 -
2sin'i = 1
- 1 _1 * ■
4 3 (h) cosec ‘(cosec 7) = cosec '(cosec (^-2;r))
j
= 1 -In
.
sin
0
— =
1 n
as — <0<;r=> — < — < — 2. /(300) = sin"'(sin(log2300))
4 V6 2 8 4 4J log2256 = 8 and log2512 = 9
● f^
sm —cos —
1
(Iog2300)e(8,9) ;
U I9 y/ ^>/6 sin"'(sin(log2300)) = sin"'(sin(3;rp log2300))
11. Let x = cos 0
= 2>n- log2300
Since a: < 0, we have 0 g [;r/2, n]
3. /(x) = (sin"' (sin - sin"'(sin
Now, tan
-1
= tan
-1 Vl-cos^0 1 \2 1
X COS0 = sin '(sin;c)--
V 4
= tan"' (tan 9)^0 [\- 0g (-n/2, rd2)]
= tan"' tan (;r+ (0- n)) For maximum value off(x), sin"' (sin x) = —^ .
2
= tan"' (tan {0- n))
\2
= 0-n
●● ./max.” '_£_i 1 n
- = -in ^2)
-1 -1
. 2 2) 4 4
COS x= ;r + tan
X
4. We have sin ' (sin 5) > x^ - 4x
12. Let X = sin 0, where
3;r 5;r
1 1 Since, — < 5 <—
<x< 2 2
V2 V2
n n
sin"' (sin 5) = 5 - 2;r
-~<0<-
4 4
5 -2;r>x^-4x
x^-4x + 4<9-2;r
sm
. _,fx + Vl-x^ = sm
sin0 + cos0'
(x-2)^<9-2;r
72 72 /

/
-^9-2n<x-2<^9-2n
n
:_-l
= sm sin 0^— . 2-V9^<x<2 + V9^
4
5. /(x) = sin" (sin x) + cos"'(cos x)
= 0+-
n
V0 + — e n ( 0,—n = X + X = 2x, X G [0, 7d2]
4 4 I ’2,
n
\
= ;r-x+x = ;r. X G [i^2, 7i\
= sin"'x+ — = ;r-x + 2;r-x = 3;r-2x, xg [;r, 3ro'2]
4

Exercise 7.2
= x-2;r+2;r-x = 0. XG [3^2,2;r]
Graph of the function is as shown in the following figure.
\3n ( 2n y
1. (a) tan = tan tan<3;r+ -
L 5
n-
-1
= tan tan
. 5 >
27T X/2--
5

... _i 13;r -id2 O

(b) sec sec-^ = sec sec 4;r + — 7d2 n 3rd2 2n
3;
-I n
= sec sec— -7d2-
3

n From the graph, range is [0, n].

3 Also, area bounded by;> -fix) andx-axis is,

. . 33n: . 2;r^ . If3;r ,

(c) sm sm—j- = sm sin In 5
. . 2n 2n = sq. units j
= sm sm — = —
5 5
 Solutions S-133

6. Let us draw the graphs of both the functions for.v e [0, 2k]. 5. Let ax = tan B

I y
tan
-1 VT + aT1
X -1
= tan
-I Vl + tan‘6 -!
n--
y = cos ^ (cos x) ax tan 9

-1 sec 9 -1
k!2-- = tan
tan 9 ,

-1 l-cos9
tan

0 k/2 2n!2 2n
sin 9 ^
-kI2 K

y = tan"’’ (tan xj -1 ( e\ e
= tan tan—

-jd2- 2) 2
tan ax

●>

In the above figure, graph of v = /(x) and y = g(x) coincide for .v 6. Let X = cos 9, where 9 g [0. k)
e [0, ;i^2)u{2;r}.
-1 1-x
V = sin 2 tan
Exercise 7.3 \l + x

1. Putting X = a tan" 9 -i 1 - cos 9

sm 2 tan
1 + cos 9
■
sin
-i x^ = sm
● -1

JxTa a/o tan"9+ a -I A 9

= sm 2 tan tan" —
●
sm
-I yfa tan 9 IV ●>

sfa sec 9 9
-1
sin 2 tan tan —
-I X 2
= sin ‘sin9 =9 = tan
a
= sin 0

2. tan(cos"' .v) = sin cot

-1

2)
I
7. tan
^/l 2 'I'l
2
- X
-1 ● -I
tan tan = sin sm
X
yj Let X = sec 9. Then 9 = sec' x
-I 1 -I
_ 2 We have tan = tan

^/sec^ 9 -1
or
X

1
or 4x^ = 5- 5x- = tan
-1

-^/5 ■^sec"9 -1
or X = X = —, L.H.S.<0but R.H.S.>0
3 3 -1 1
= tan

\jlixn~9
3. Here X = cosec(tan"' (cos(cot ‘ (sec(sin’' o)))))
-i 1
( ( - tan (VX>1)
-I -I tan 9
cos cot

u
- cosec tan ■)
- a~
y I) = tan"' cot 9

= tan -1 tan ^ o'

9
-1
tan 12
In/2
=cosec
2
- a
y ) K ^ K -I
9 = sec X

>/3
0
A
2
- a~ (i)

4. We have to prove that 1

i -I
sin cot”' tan cos‘'x = sin cosec ‘ col tan”'x =x 8. Putx = cos 29so that 9= —cos ' X
2

Now, sin cot ' tan cos ‘ x = sin cot ' tan tan
-1 VL7 and 29g [0, ;r] or 9e
K
0,— .
X ’ 2
Then, we have

= sm cot
I a/i-x“ = sin sin ' x = X -1 yl\+x-,J\-~x
X
L.H.S = tan
^\+x+^i-x ^
1
Also, sin cosec ' cot tan ' x = sin cosec -1 + cos 29 - yj\ - cos 29 ^
X = tan

= sin (sin ' x) =x yj\ + cos 29 + - cos 29

S.134 Trigonometry

= tan
-1 >/2cos^0 -sjl sin^0 12. tan
-I
= -;r+cot
-I
y
yjl COS^d + yjl sin^ d ^ => y<0
-1 >/2 cos 0 - >/2 sin 6 n
-i\
jc^ - 3jc + 2 < 0
v8.^0,-JJ
= tan
cos 0 + sin 6^ (a:-1)(a:-2)<0
xe (1,2)
cos 0-sin©"
= tan
cos 0 + sin 0 ^ Exercise 7.4

-1 1 - tan ©
= tan 2n
^1 + tan©^ 1. sin“ x + sin"\y =
3
In
-1 (Jt -©
n -K
n
cos
-1
jc H
n
cos
1
y=
= tan tan ●--©e
14 L 4 T’4jj 2 2 3

-I -1 2n n
n
© — -L cos ‘ jr = R.H.S. => cos jc + cos \y = ;r
3 3
4 4 2

2. cor' j: + tan ' 3 = —

2
-I 1+ a:
9. /(;c) = cos ,a:^0 n
cot"'or = --tan ‘3
2

n cot jf = cot" 3
Putting j: = tan ©, where © s 0 , we get
I 2^
/
2n
-1 1 + tan © 3. 2 cos"'a: + sin"'X =
f(x)= cos 3
yjTs^~0 ^ 2;r
cos"' X + (cos"' X + sin"' at)
r 1
\
-I
3
= cos (cos © +sin ©)
U cos
_i ^ ;r
a: + — = —
2;r
/● 2 3
-1 ;r
cos ©
= cos

4/> cos
-I n
a: = — JC =
>/3
6 2
-n
Now, © e
4 l~T’ 4 . 4. Case I: 0 < jc < 1

-1
LHS = sin"' (cos (sin"' jc)) + cos"' (sin (cos"' jc))
=> Ax)=-0
4j"4
tan JC
= sin"'(cos (cos '(yjl-x^ ))) + cos7'(sin (sin"' (yjl-x^ )))

-1 13;r^ + cot -1
= sin"' (yjl-x^) + COS -1

10. tan -tan -cot = n/2

\ 8 V 8
Case II: -1 < JC < 0

= -tan ' tan + ;r-cot

-1 ( yi9xr^V Put JC = -y, where > 0.
\ 8 I I 8 LHS = sin"' (cos (sin"'(->^))) + cos"'(sin (cos"' (->')))
fl3n -2n +n-
(I9n -2n = sin“'(cos (-sin"';;)) + cos"' (sin (;r- cos"' y))
V 8 8 = sin“'(cos (sin"' (y)) + cos"'(sin (cps"'(y))
3;r 5n = n/2 (From Case I)
= —+— = n
8 8
5. Given equations are
f 2n
11. tan-I cos
n sin"'jc + sin"'^ = (i)
3
< V 2j -1 n
-1
cos jc-cos y= —
= tan ;r-cos
-I f2^ n 3
KV 2 (n \ (n n
Sin JC - sin y (ii)
= tan-{
n
cos
-1 (2 \2 / V2 ; 3
2 17 Let sin" x = A

= tan-{sin
-1
{- sin"' y = B
Then Eqs. (i) and (ii) become

= tan tan
-1 r 2 ^ 2 2n
/!+©= — (iii)
,3>/5j 3>/5 3
 Solutions S.135

K n^ / -i -1
A-B = - (iv) — >yjsec X cosec x
3 4

Solving Eqs. (iii) ard (iv), we get sec X cosec

1
x< —
7C It 16

"=6’"=2 I .

Thus maximum value of sec x cosec x is —.

. _1 K . ^ 16
sin x = —; sin \y = — 12. We must have
6’ 2
4 sin^0+ sin 6= 6 sin 6— 1
1
x = — ard 3/= 1 4 sin^0-5 sin 0+1=0
2
(4sin0-l)(sin0-l) = O
6. (tan ' x)^ + (cot ' x)^ = 8
1
sin0 = — orsin0= 1
4
fK ^ 5;t2 sin 0 = 1 is not possible as otherwise
(tan ‘ X + cot"‘ x)^ - 2 tan"' x —- tan ' x 8 6 sin 0- 1 =4sin^0+ sin 0=5
^.2
5;r^ 1
—-2x—tan ‘x + 2(tra 'x)^ = sin 0 = —
4 2 8 4
For 10 solutions, 0e [0,9;r] or [0,10;r].
2(tra ' x)^-;rtan ' x- 8
=0
Thus, the least value of n is 9.

tan" X = - 7t ^ . Exercise 7.5

4 ’ T
/ 3 1 3 1
-1 Tt -I 1. sin"'- +tan"' — = tan"'—+ tan
tan X =- tan X 6 5 7 4 7
4 \
2’2
x = -l
_,r 3/4 + 1/7 '
tl-3/4xl/7.
= tan

I
7. sec" X > kH - sec" x
I
-1 ^25^ K
= tan — =tan"‘l = -
sec" 'x > /r/4 4
KIS)
,ec
f;r ;r^ f;r
x+ 3^
2. Since — x > 1, then the expression is equal to
xe (- 00 y x-y
1
8. tan"'x > cot"'x X ^ x+ y
tan" ^x> 7c/2- tan 'x y x-y -1 / , X K 3n
;r+tan
-1
= ;r+tan * (- 1)= ;r- —= —
, X x +y 4 4
tan" 'x > 7t/A
y x-y
x>l

1 1
9. Let/(x)=x^ + 6xf+ CX+1 3. tan
-1 1
+ sin
-1
- cos
-1

So, /(O) = 1 > 0, V2 >/5 >/l0

f(-l) = b^c<0 (given b<c) = tra
-1 1
+ tan
-I 1
- tan"' 3
So, -Ka<0, V2 2

-1 1 -1 1
-1 Jt = tan tan" 3-tan
tan *(a) + tan 2
2
1
10. tan"' (cot a) - cot (tan a) -1 1 -1
3--
2
= tan tan
-i ( 1 ^ (k V2 3
= tan tan ‘(tana) 1+-
I,tana^ \2 2
\
( 1
n ( 1 ^ -1
-tan '1
+ tra '(tana)
-1 = tan
+ tan
2 ItanaJ /
V2
\

(asf
--1L -1
<a<0
1~ 2 = tan
-1 ^/2
= -7t
I
1+
11. Forx> l,cosec"'x>0 I2
Using A.M. > G.M., we have = tan
-.1-^
sec"' X + cosec"'x l + >/2
2
^yjsec 'x cosec 'x -1 r. 1-V2
\

= -7C+ cot <0

(m
^4 sec
-I
X cosec
-1
x
/ l + >/2
2
S.136 Trigonometry

4. tan
-1 a:-1
+ tan
-1 jr +1 n 8. 2 tan ' (cos jc) = tan“‘ (2 cosec ;c)
/ _ \
a: + 2 a: + 2 4 2 cos a:
-I
tan = tan" (2 cosec jc)
JC-1 ^ JC+1 - cos^a:^
a: + 2 a: + 2 2x
tan
-1 n
vitan 'jc = tan ‘
'a:-1 Vat + T 4 \-x^
l-
2cos jr
^x + 2 ^ x + 2^ = 2 cosec X
1 - cos^ X
2x (x + 2) K
= tan—
x^ + 4 + 4x-x^ + l 4 2 cos X _ 2
sin^ X sin x
2x(x + 2) cos X = sin X
= 1
4x + 5 tanx = 1

2x^ + 4x = 4x + 5 K

I
4
x =±
-1 1-x 1 -I
9. tan = — tan X, X>0
But for X = - L.H.S. is negative. 1,1 + xj 2
Hence, x = V5/2 . Ifxe (0, 1)

5. Given equation is tan

-1 X
+ tan
-I 3;r
tan
-1 'IZJL = tan ' l-tan"'x
\ l-x^ J ) 4 J + x^
Clearly X ±1 Therefore, given equation reduces to
X 1 1
tan *1 - tan ‘x= — tan 'x
tan
-I X -1 1 -V 2
+ tan = tan
1-x^
A. j \X X
n 3^ _1
1-
x^ (1 - x^) 4 2 ^
-I x'* +1 - x^ n
— =tan
-I
X
= tan
6
(x^ - x'’ - 1) X
1
= tan
-1 { n
V X)
Forxe (I, <»)
tan
-1 _r = 3;r

I. X> 4 tan
-1 '\z± ;r+ tan ' 1 - tan ' X = —- tan ' x
4
x= 1, butxvi 1
So the given equation has no solution. Therefore, given equation reduces to
5;r -I 1 -1
6. 2 sin"' — = 2 tan"' — -tan x =—tan x
5 4 4 2

2 - r3; or
5;r
-—= tan" X, which is not possible.
-1 .4> -I 2(3)(4) 24 6
-1
= tan = tan = tan
3 42-32 7 1
1-
Hence, only one solution is x =
^4y >/3-
-1 'Zc^x-x^^ Alternate Solution:
7. tan
a'-3ax2 -1 1-x 1 -I
tan = — tan X .(i)
Putx = atan 0or — = tan 0or 0 = tan"'—
^1 + xJ 2
(\
1-x \
a a
-1 -1
We have 2tan = tan X
J + x,
tan
-1 -1 3a^gtang-flf^tan^0'
[«^-3ax^
= tan f \ ^
1-x
^ - 3a ● tan^ 0 2
-I -1
tan
3g^tang-g^ tan^g^ \2
= tan X
fl-X
-1
= tan
g^ - 3g^ tan^ 6 1-

3tan0-tan^g
= tan
-I
tan
-1 2(1-x^) = tan"' X
^ l-3tan^0 ^ 4x
= tan"' (tan 30) = 30 1-x2 = 2x^
-I
= 3 tan 3x^=1
a
 Solutions S.137

1 Exercise 7.6
a:= ±

1. COS (l] + cos (A - 7T

Bur for x= -
1
, L.H.S. of (1) is > 0, and R.H.S. is < 0 UJ UJ 6
V3
-1 xy ;c^ K
cos 1 1
6 4 9 6
10. xy= 1 + - + ^ >1
z z

xy
tan"* X + tan"^ y + tan"* z
6 2 4 9
/ \
-1 x+y
J2L + £ = i
= ;r + tan + tan z
1-Ay
4 2>/3 9 4
-1 jyz-z -1
= ;r + tan + tan z
;r
1-Ay 2.
I
cos" x +cos
-1 AT
— +
2 2 3
-1 -1
= ;r + tan + tan z 1 AT
-I -1
1-Ay cos x + cos -x + -
2 2 3

= 7T + tan"* (-z) + tan"* z = n 1 -I 1 -I K

COS x+ cos ■ — cos X = —
2 3
11. We have aj3 = -1 and a> p.
1
tan"* a>tan"' P Above holds when cos — > cos x.
2
a-P
a-tan"' /3=tan
-1 -1
tan
1
l + ap x>-
2
-I K
= tan oo = —
2 1
X e T, 1
2
12. Let t„ denotes the nth term of the series. Then -1 at -1 ^ -I L -I
3. sec
/„ = cot"* 2n^
-sec — = sec o - sec a
a b
1 1 1
= tan
-I
-1 « -I b = cos
-I
— - cos
-I
COS cos
2n^ X X b a

= tan
,1 (2n + l)-(2n-l) -1 ^ . -I 1 -1 b -1 1
cos — + cos — = cos cos
1 + (4/j2-1) X a X b

= tan"' (2/1 + 1) - tan"* (2/i - 1) ...(i) 1 1 -I 1 b^ 1

-1
Putting /2 = 1,2, 3,, etc. in (i), we get
X V x^f f~x^f~b^
=> cos = cos
X
= tan"' 3 - tan"* 1
= tan"* 5 T- tan"' 3 1 1 1 1 I
1
X x^ ^ x^ X i J? b^ x}
_

= tan"* 7 - tan"' 5

t„ = tan"* (2/1 + 1) - tan"* (2n - 1)

1
J__
1
X
Adding, we get
x^'^x^'T b^ x^^x^
I 1 b^
S„ = tan"*(2/i + 1) - tan"' 1
as /j -» oo, tan"*(2/i + 1) n/2 x^ b^ x^

Hence, the required sum is — .

1 1 ^a^-b^
4 b^ x^

fi n \
x^ = a^b^
2'-*
13. ]^tan =I
-1
tan
-1 x = ±ab

r=l r=l J + 2".2'-*^ But x = -ab does not satisfy the given equation.
Hence, x = ah is the required solution.
^ 2--2-* ^
n

-1
tan bx
^ . _i ox
J + 2".2''"*^
-1 ;_-l
4. sin — + sin — = Sin X
/●=!
c c

6V 2„2 '
= J]^[tan"*(2'-)-tan"'(2'-*)]
r=l
sin
:_-l ax
ll-
bx
+ —. 1-
cV
ax
= sm X

= tan"* (2")-tan"' (1) ax bx aV

1- + —. 1- = X

= tan"*(2")-- c c i
4
S.138 Trigonometry

i2 2
a
'1-
0 X
-+-,1
h , olx-
^ = 1 (as.v?iO)
Exerrises
c c c'

2 (
a
+— 1
aVl Single Correct Answer Type
■> ‘ ●>
c
c- ) c~y c'
1.(3) cos ‘(cos(2cof'(V2-!))) = cos''(cos (2 (67.5°)))
= cos'‘ (cos (135°))
T 1
lah a'x~ b\x^-
1- 1-
r- V 3;t
●>

c c'
= 135° =
4
l2 2
a'+6" 2a'h~x' lab a~x' b X 2.(1) We have
= I
4
V
“i
c' c
2->/3 4n
c

VJ))
-I -1
sin cot sm + cos + sec
“y 1
crx'’ b~x~ abx^ 4 4
1-
V
●> “t
c' c' c'
■ -1
cot
●--1
+ cos
-1 V3 -I
= sin sin + cos
- fl'.r" \/c" -b~x~ = abx~ , 2V2 ^ 2 sil n

— c~ («“ + Ir) + a~b~x‘* = a~b^x = sin"' [cot(15° + 30° + 45°)]

- c\c-)x‘ = 0 = sin-' (cot(90°)) = sin '(0) = 0
.Y = ±l -1 n K
3.(3) cot — > —
K 6
5. cos(0- a) = a and sin(0- = h
6 = a + cos ^a = P + sin”'6 {■: 0<e-a,9-p<iti2) or
It
— < cot —
n
[as cot .V is a decreasing function]
6
a-15= sin''/j - cos”'a 7t

sin(a- j3) = sin(sin”'6 - cos"'a) or ^<73

7t
sin (a- (5) = ah - Vl-6' yl\-a^ or n < V3;r
sin(a-fi)-ab=- yjl-b' or n < 5.46

or maximum value of n is 5
sin"(a- P) - lab sin(a-P)= i - {a' + b~)
cos“(a - p) + lab sin(« - p) = a^ + h' 4.(1) cosec (cosec”'.v) = A-V.r e 7?-(-l. 1)
fC n

6. 2 tan ' lx = sin

4x 2{2x) Also range of cosec”'(cosec.-c) e —,0 u 0,-
= sm 2 J I 2
1 +4x^ \+(2x)'
So combining these two, we get
K n n K
- — <2tan"' 2.y< — X6 -.-1 u 1,-
2 2 L 2 . 2
n n
5. (3) Let tan ' 2 = a
1
< tan"' 2.V < — or tan a = 2
4 4
-1 <2a< 1 and cot ' 3 = /3 or cot = 3

1
sec* (tan”' 2) + cosec"(cor'‘ 3)
<A<-
2 2 = sec" a + cosec' p
= I + tan' a + 1 + cot" p
2>
1 —JC"
7. tan
-1
+ cos
-I I-.V
= 2 + (2)^ + (3)^ = 15
2.V
-1 (Vl2-2)x-
■) > 6- (4) /(.y) = tan
a--'+2a:^+3
71
tan -if 2a + COS
-1 1-.y"
2 J-x^ fl + .Y^
= tan
-1 2(V3-1)
— - 2 tan"' .Y + 2 tan"' jc (asxe (0, D)
9 .Y' +
-Y"
4 +2
7T
'y

2
As .Y' + —>2n/3 [using A.M. > G.M.]
A"
8. cos ' (1y' - 1) = 2;r - 2cos ‘ x (as .Y < 0)

cos"' (2.V'- 1) - 2 sin"' x = 2it-2 cos"' x - 2sin"' a y^+4- + 2>2 + 2>/3

X

= 2n-2 (cos"' x+ sin"' x) -i 2(v/3-l)

●●● Uix)) = tan
2{^ + l)
K max.

= 2;r- 2 — = n
2
K

9. sin{2sin '(0.8)}= sin{sin '(2x0.8-»yi -(0.8)^)} 12

= sin(sin"' 0.96) = 0.96 7. (3) We have cos 'a + cos '(Zy) = - k, which is not possible as
cos 'a and cos”'Zy never take negative values.
 Solutions S.139

-I -I
12. (3) fix) = sin ’.t + tan'' x + sec '.v;
8. (3) Since ^.r-3x+2 > 0 clearly, domain of/(.v) is.v = ±1.
1 K
0 < tan -3.V+2 < —
0 Thus, the range is i/'(l)./(-l)}. i.c., “

and y[^ -x~ ~3 > 0 =>0 < cos ‘ yj4x-x~ -3 <

13.(4) lini cos(tan ’ (sin (tan '.v)))
Adding, we have 0 < L.H.S. < n |.V|—

Therefore, the given equation has no solution. = cos (tan '(sin(tan

-I
■)))

9.(3) sin '{x- 1) -[ n

= cos tan sin
- 1 <.v - 1 < 1
n
0<;c<2

cos'‘(a'- 3) = cos(tan '(!)) = cos —

K4J
-1<a-3<1
1
2<a<4

.v = 2 sfl
2
sin '(2 ~ 1) + cos '(2 - 3) + tan
-!
So, = COS ' 'A + 7T 14.(1) \+x->2\x\
2-4

or sin"' 1 + cos"'(-l) + tan"'(-l) = cos ' A + ;r or

l + .v-
K
— + K = cos A + ;r 2.V
2 4
or 1 < T<1
1 + A-‘
11 n 1
cos A = — or A = 2.V 'l £ £
\ + x-] ^
-]
4 V2 tan
4’ 4

10. (3) Here 1 cosa | = sin '(sin.r) 15.(4) [cof'.r] + 2[tan ‘.v] = 0
y =
[cot"' a] = 0, [tan"' a] = 0
or [cot“‘ a] = 2, [tan"' a] = -1
2 Now[COr‘A]=0 => A€(COtl,oo)
[tan"' a] = 0 => A e (0, tan 1)
1
Hence, A € (cot 2, tan I)
Therefore,
for [cot ' a] = [tan"' a] = 0, a e (cot 1, tan 1)
[cot"'a] = 2 A e (cot3, cot2]
L J
[tan"'a] = -1 => A e [-tan 1, 0)
Hence, a € [- tan 1, cot 2],
-2- 16.(2) Given sin"'A + tan'A = 2A+ 1
Both sin"' and tan"' are increasing functions. So _/(a) is
From the graph, the number of solutions is 2. increasing function.

nx n
The range of the function sin"'a + tan"'a is [/’(~1)..AU]
11. (2) 3 cos 'a-;ta- — = 0or cos ' .v = -I -3;r 3;r
2 3 6 or
4 ’ 4 _
y
Therefore, the integral values of A are - 1 and 0.
17. (2) sincos"'(cos(tan ' a)) = p
For A 6 R, tan ' a e (-;c/2, ti/2), we have
cos(tan"' a) 6 (0,1]
cos"'cos(tan"'A) 6 [0, k/2)
sin(cos"' (cos(tan' '.r))) e [0, 1)
18.(2) 0<a’+a+1 < 1 and0<A-+A< 1
A = -1.0
For A = -l

- ] -1 ^ 3;r
L.H.S. = 2 sin 1 + cos 0 = —
2
A = - 1 is a solution.

For A =0, L.H.S. 2 sin ' I + cos'' 0 = —

2

From the graph, there is only one solution. Therefore, a = 0 is a solution and sum of the solutions = - 1.
S»140 Trigonometry
19.(1) [tan(sin“'jc)]2> 1
tan(sin a:) < -1 or tan(sin ‘x) > 1 sin * cos(2) = Y -cos ‘ cos 2 = y - 2
/t' . -.1 n n . _i a
— < Sin jc < — or — < sin \r < — 'll ^ ^ 2^r 7T ^
4 2 2 4 Required value = + ^+ 2
7 3 7 2

( >12^)
1 1 ^
xe ,1 orxe -1,-
>12) _(-18+35);r
42
^
n r 1 ■ ^
= 1Z^_2
^rW')
xe -1,-
V 42

20. (3) sin ' a: = 2 sin

-1
a 25.(4) sin '(cos(cos '(cosa:) + sin~'(sinAf)))
= sin“‘(cos(Ar + ;r- at)) [as a: e {nil, n)]
Now ^sin"' x< —
2 2
= sin"*(cos;r) = sin”*(-l) = -
n K
2
< 2sin“ a ^ —
2 2 26.(3) Forae -—,-n ,tana<0
V 2 ^
n K
— < sin" a < —
4 4 tan“'(cot a) - cot“'(tan a)
K
1 1
^a< = tan" (cotCf)- (tana)
>l2 V2

= tan"‘(cota) + tan"'(tana)-Y = -
1 = -n
|a|<
V2
Also for points in the second quadrant, we have
21. (4) sin X is defined if-1 < a: ^ 1 and sin ' (1 - ac) is defined if sin"'(sin a) + cos"'(cos a) = ;r
-1 ^ 1 -a:< 1 =>0<;r<2
cos X sin[(;r^ 2)- x]
Therefore, sin"' x + n sin"' (1 - x) is defined if 0 < x <
-1 -1
1 when 27.(1) tan tan

0<x< l,also0^ 1 -x^ 1. So,

1 + sin X 1 + cos [(jr / 2) - x]
0 < sin"' X < — and 0 < sin ' (1 -x) < — 2 sin [(;r/4) - (x/2)]
2 ^ ^ 2
= tan
cos [(;r/4) - (x/2)]
L.H.S.>0andR.H.S.<0,
2 cos- [(;r/4) - {xll)]
Which equally holds if L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 0
But L.H.S. = 0 if sin"' x and n sin"'(l -x) are simultaneously -1 n X
= tan tan
zero, which is not possible. T~ 2 J~T" 2
22. (2) We have
\ 2^4 2^i
cos
-1 izil < —
K

3
4 ^ 2^4’
2^ K X 3n
7t -1 1-X It
— < — < —

[l + x^JS
<COS
3 4 2 4
K 3it
-1 n — <x< —
0 < COS < -
2 2
l + x^ 3
28.(4) f(x)+f{-x) = l
2 l + x^ Now (sin"'(sin8)) = 3;r - 8 = y
1+x2<2(1-x2)<2(1+x2) And (taii"'(tan8)) = (8 - 3;r) = -y |
Hence,/(y)+/(->') = 2
0<x^< - Given/(y) = a, we have/(-y) = 2 - <z.
3
1 1 29. (4) Let sin"' x=6
=> <x<
V3 V3 7t
X = sin A —<6<
3n
’ 2 2
23.(1) sin"'(sinl2) + cos"'(cosl2)
= sin"'(sin(12 - 4jt))+ cos"'(cos(4;r- 12)) Now, cos 'x = cos"' (sin 0)
= 12-4;r+4;r-12 = 0 -1 (3n
= cos -cos 6
/
Jj
. 22n:'l = sin 'sin 3;r + — =
/
;r^ n \

24. (1) sm sm
V 2 j 2} 1
= 7T-COS ‘
-1 [ COS [3n Q.
COS
-1
cos
(5k\
=cos" COS
I
2;r
7C It I 12
3 ) 3) 3
-1 -I 2;r^ iK
= n- V2—~d ,asO<^-0<;r
2
tan tan = tan tan k-
.2J V 2; 7
 Solutions S.141

n n 1
= 9- — = sin ‘jc- — = a^
2 2
1-cos cos
-1 I
Hence, sin"' x + cos"' jc = 2 sin 'x
2
1
/

2x^-1
/
-I
30. (1) 2 cos ' X = cot 1 + cos
-1 a

2x7TV^
cos

4^,
PutX = cos6: L.H.S. = 20;O<0<;r 1 1
and -l<x<l (i) 1 a
1- 1+
-1 cos 20
R.H.S. = cot = cot"'(cot20) = 20
^2cos0|sin0|^
if O<20<;r (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0 < 0< Tctl. Thus, ^^J(X^ + P^ -P yja^ + P^ +a^
xe (0,1)
= y]a^+p^ p^
31. (2) tan(sin"' (cos(si i"' x))) tan(cos"‘ (sin(cos ' x)))
= tan(sin" |(cos(cos"', yjl-x^))) = yja^+p^ a -a

tan{cos '(sin(sm ■Vi^))}

= tan(sin"' yjl-x^ ) tan(cos"' yjl-x^ ) = yja^+p^ (a+p)yla^ + p^
= ia + p){a^ + P^)
= tan(cos"'x) tan(sin"'x)
= tan(cos"'x) tan(ro'2 - cos“'x) (k 1 -1
35.(3) tan —+—cos~'x +tan cos X

= tan(cos“'x) cot(cos"'x) = 1 V4 2 V4 2
fl f\
32. (3) Let tan"'(x) = 6 or x = tan0 1 + tan —cos 'x 1-tan —cos 'x
'.2
1 4+ n
COS0 = X = x n
1-tan —cos 'x 1 + tan — cos"'x

-l±yl5 n
x2(l+x^)=l x^ =
2
1 + tan —cos 'x + 1-tan —cos 'x
_ V 12 \ >.2 yj

So, x^ =
V5-1 X^ _ yfS-l 1-tan^
fl
—cos
-1
X
2 2 4 /

-.r>/5-o n
Now, cos = cos
-1 }( sm—
■ =cos
-I
cos 1 + tan^ —cos
-1
X

4 I lOj 5 r 5 = 2
12
\
fl
1-tan^ —cos X

-1 yjl + x^ -1 12 /

33.(4) tan = 40 ix^O)

X 2 2

cos(cos *x)
Vl + x^-1
X

= tan4“
X

36. (2) sin ' x + sin ^y= ^2

yjl + x^ = 1 +Xtan4"
1 + x^ = 2x tan 4® + 1 + x^ tan^ 4° . -1 ^ ● -1
sm x = — -sm y
2 tan 4®
x = 0orx = = tan8“
1-tanM® sm x= sm

Since x 0, we have x = tan 8°.

x2+/=l
l + x^ + / _ 1 + (x^ + y^f - 2xV‘
2(1 p^ 2^1 -lP^ x^ - x^y^ + y^ 1-xV
34.(3) —cbsec^ —t^"'— +—s&r —tan
2 y2 P) 2 \2 aj _ l + l-2xV = 2
1 1 1-xV
= a^ f
r
a
W
1 + cos tan
-I P] 37. (3) 2 tan"' (cosec tan"* x - tan cot"'x)
1-cos tan
{P y/ a)
= 2 tan
-1
cosec cosec
-1 ●v/l^ - tan
-1
tan
-1
(
n
X \x)
S.142 Trigonometry

= 2 tan
-i l+x^ 1
= 2 tan
-I yjl + x^ -1 41. (3) sin"‘(sin ^ ^ ^ ~ sin"^(sin 6)
JC X X

sin"' (sin 0) > —

-1 sec 0 -1 4
= 2 tan [putting JC = tan 6]
tan0 1
sin 6>
2sm^^
e l2
-I 1 - cos 0 -1 2 K 3;r
= 2 tan = 2 tan -<0< —
sin 0 . . 0 0 4 4
2 sm — cos —
2 2

0 0 42. (3) |sin"'jc| + |cos"' jc| = -

= 2 tan ' tan — = 2 x — = 0= tan ' jc 2
2 2

38. (1) Let sin"' a = A, sin"' = 5, and sin"' c=C I sin ‘ JC I + cos"' ^ (●.● cos"' jcis always
non-negative)
sini4 = a, sin5 = 6, sinC = c => |sin"' JC I = sin"' jc
and A->rB + C= Tt
sin"' JC > 0
sin 14 + sin 25 + sin2C
0 < sin"' JC < —
= 4 sini4 sin5 sinC ...(i) 2
sin24 COS.4 + sin5 cos5 + sinC cosC 0^jc< 1

= 2 sin.4 sin5 sinC 43. (1) a7C^= (sin"' jc)^ - (cos" 'jc) ^
sin .4 1^1 - sin^ A +sin5 ^1 - sin^ 5 aTt^ = (sin"' JC - cos" 'jc)(sin~ ‘ jc t cos" 'jc)
= (sin"' JC - cos" 'jc)(ro'2)
+ sinC - sin^ C =2 sin^ sin5sinC (ii)
2a7t = (sin"' jc - cos" 'jc)
^ 2a7t = (2sin"' jc -tc/2)
a
^(l - + A^(l -b^) + c J(1 - cf = 2abc Now, - ;r< 2sin"' JC < ;r
Alternatively: - 37t/2 < 2sin" ^ x- 7tl2<7tl2
1 1 -37d2<2an<nl2
Leta = ,b = ,c= 1.
. V2 72 or -3/4<a<l/4

Then ayjl-a^ +byjl-b^ +C'Jl-c^ 44.(2) sin"'I Jc-2 I + cos"'(l -1 3-jc|) = —

1
or
k-2|=l-|3-;t| ^
or
|x-2| + |3-;t| = |(;t-2) + (3-x)|
or (jc-2)(3-jc)>0
1 1
= 2- ●1 or 2<jc<3
>/2'>/2 \

-1
39. (4) a sin"'x-b cos"'jc = c 45.(2) cos = — + (sin"'jc + cos 'jc)
[ 2x ) 2
We have b sin"'x + b cos"'jc = —
2
=> cos
_,fl + jc2^ = 7C
2x
Adding (a + 0) sin ' jc = — +c
2
fl+jcM = cos;r=- 1
fbjc^ +c
or
2jc
sin 'x ^\2)
bK-v2c
=> or x^+ 1 +2jc = 0
a+b 2{a + b)
or x = -l
cos
-1
x = —
K bn: + 2c _ Ka-2c
2
2{a + b) ~ 2{a + b) n
x>0
1 2
46.(4) /(x) = tan"'x + tan"'-^
=> a sin 'x + i!»cos"'x = nab + c{a -b) X -n
a +6 x<0
2

40. (3) log|/2 sin ' x > log|/2 cos"' x

cos"' X > sin"' X, 0 < X < 1 g(x)= sin"'x-i-cos"'x = -j Vxe[-I, l]
Therefore, common domain is x e (0, 1].
cos"'x> —-cos"'x, 0<x<l 47. (2) The given equation is
2
n ox^ + sin"'((x - 1)^ + I) + cos"'((x -1)^ + 1) = 0.
cos 'x>—,0<x<l
4 Now,- 1 < (x- 1)2 + 1 ^ 1 =>x= 1
1 n
0<x< So, we have a+ — = 0 or a=-
72 2 2
 Solutions S.143

' 5 5 K K
48. (3) Put sin"' — =A or — =sin^
3
<tan Zx<—
3
X X

● -1 —
12 =5
^ 12 = sin5
. „ In 4;r
sin or — <;r + tan"‘3x<
X X 3 3
n
A+B= - In An
a €
2
T’T
n
sin/4 = sin B = cos5 = ^1 - sin^ B
53. (1) Let yjtaxTa = tanx. then
5 144 169
'1- or = 1 u = cot"' (tanx) - tan"' (tanx)
X x^ x^
=
n x-x=
n ^2x
or x^= 169 or x=13
2 2
[ ●.● X = -13 does not satisfy the given equation]
n
3n or 2x= u
49.(4) cos"' y[p + cos"' -y/l - /? + cos ' y[\ 9 =-T
4
2

n u

yfp+COS~^yjl-iyfp)^ ^F?=^
-1 -1 or
or cos + COS 4 2
4

' 1L- —
yfp + sin'-'4^ + COS
-1 -1

J"2j
or cos or tanx = tan
4
n n 3n 'n
or
- + COS Vl-^=— ^tana = tan .4”2.
-1 3;r n
or cos 'J\-q= —
4 2

54.(3) sin"' a/i-x^ + COS -sin 'x

-1 -i
-I
x = cot
or cos X

-1
or = cot
= COS J
or
2 X

1
or
Vw = >/2 tan
-1
= -sin ' yj\-x^
X
1
xe [-1,0)u{l}
"=i !
or

50. (3) From the given equation sin^ 0 - 2 sin 0 + 3 = ^’ +1, -1 (l2] -cos (^ + l] -I
55.(4) cos
we get I
lV3j . 2>/3 .
(sin 0-1)2 + 2= 5“*='^’ + ! ( 1 ^
L.H.S. < 6, R.1^.S.
-1 -1
>6 = tan

Possible solution is sin 0 = - 1 when L.H.S. = R.H.S. 11+>/6

=> cos2 0=0 ( 1
= tan
-1
- tan '-v/3-tan '^2
cos^ 0-sin0= 1 <V2 j -

51. (1)
n -1
cos ● cos
'2(x2+5|x| + 3)-2' tan
-1 1
+ tan"'>/2 -tan '>/3
2 x2+5|x| + 3 V2

=cotcot
-1 r 2 — 2 H—
n
£_£ = —
l,9|x| J 2 2 3 6

n 2 2 n
--2 + -^ -2 + - 1
2 :-2 + 51x| + 3
x^ 91x| 2 2tan2 0 — tan0
(\ -1 3
56. (1) 0 = tan"' (2 tan^0) - tan
-I
-tan0 =tan
=> |x12-4|x1 + 3 = 0 2
1 +—tan^0
|x| = 1, 3 or x = ± 1, ± 3 3

52. (3) a - cot"' 3x = 2tan"'3x + cos"'x>/3 + sin"'xV3 6tan2 0-tan0

tan 0 =
Clearly, given equation is meaningful when - 1 < x V3 < 1 3 + 2tan^0
Given equation becomes 6tan0-l
1 = or tan 0 = 0
a = tan~'3x + (tan"'3x + cot"' 3x) + (cos"'x + sin"'x V3) 3 + 2tan^0
= tan"'3x + nil + nil
2 tan^0-6 tan 0+4 = 0 ortan 0= 0
= ;r+tan"'3x
(tan 0-1)2 (tan 0+ 2) = 0 or tan 0= 0
Now - 1 < xV3 < 1
tan 0 = 1, tan 0 = -2, tan 0 = 0
- >/3<3x<>/3
S.144 Trigonomettv

57.(2) 3; = tan '-^ + tan“*fe,(0<6<l)and0<j>;<-^

-i 1 -1 1 -I 2
61.(2) tan + tan = tan
l + 2x 1 + 4.V

tan"' b = y- tan"' ^ or tan

-I
1
1 + 2x 1 + 4x
1

= tan
-1 2
Thus, maximum value of b occurs when>' is maximum. 1 1
1-
_l , 7T _| 1 l + 2x l + 4x
tan = tan
4 2
2 + 6x 2
or
1
tan"'6 = tan"'1 - tan ' 6x + 8x^ x^
2
or 6x^-14/-12x = 0
1
1--
2 or x(x-3)(3x + 2) = 0
tan"'/> = tan '
1 or x = 3orx = -2/3 (as X 0)
1+-
2 But for X = -2/3, L.H.S. < 0 and R.H.S. > 0
-i 1 Hence, the only solution is x = 3.
tan 6 = tan
3
1
62.(2) cot"'x + cot"'>^+cor'z=
bmax
3 Jt -\ 7C -\ 7t _| K
or tan x+ tan tan z =
2 2 2 2
58. (4) X = 1,= 1 is not a solution of the given equation. -1 -I -1
or tan X + tan"\y + tan" z = n
Suppose (x,>')5t(l, 1)
or tan"'X + tan"' y = n- tan”'z
jr J_
or
tan(tan"' x + tan"'>^) = tan(;r- t^n"' z)
Then x+y _
or

xy
or x+y + z = xyz
=» x{z-y) = -i\+yz)
63.(2) We have
x = -
0 + j^)
z-y T<1
= _

zr xr x^ + y^ + z
If>^ = /j+ l,z = /i thenx = «^ + «+ 1.
All such numbers are solutions of the given equation tan -1 ^ + tan ~^(e] <xr,
+ tan
-1 xz

59. (4) According to the question,

:.-i 2 + sin -1 3
sm + sin"' a=K
iT = tan
zr xr
+ tan
-1 xz

a yr)
tan"' 2 + tan"' 3 + tan ' = K

<Vl-a^
zr xr y

-1 2+3 -1 a / \
K+ tan + tan = K -1 -1 xz
xzr
l-(2)(3) = tan + tan
\yr)
a K
r^
-1
tan

^yr(x^+z^y
4

a -1 xz -1 xz
= 1 = tan + tan

(x^+r^)
1
a=
V2 / \
K
= tan -1 2!L -I XZ
+ tan
n .xz. \yn 2
60.(3) tan '(l + x) + tan *(l-x) = —2
n
64.(2) tan
-1 xcosg
-cot
-I
' cose ^ I
tan"'(l +x)= Y-tan"‘(l-x)
or
J-xsin0^ ^x-sin0.
= cot"'(l -x) = tan
-1 xcosg
-tan
-I x-sin0^

= tan
-1 (
^1
\ \ .
X,
J-xsin0^

XCOS0 X-sin 01
cc|s0 ^
1 -1 l-xsin0 COS0 !
or l +x = = tan

i-(
\(
1-x XCOS0 x-sin0'
or l-x^= 1 l-xsin0 j\ COS0
or x =0
 Solutions S.145

xcos^ 0 - X + sin 0 + ;c^ sin 6 - xsin^ 0

= (tan~‘ 3 - tan"‘l) + (tan ‘ 7 - tan ‘ 3) +
= tan
-1
(tan"' 13 - tan"' 7) + - + [tan"' (if^ + n+l)
^cos0-xcos0sin0+x^cos0->:cos0sin0^ -tan"'(/j2-/i+l)]
-.vsin^ 0 4- sin 0 + sin 6 - jrsin^ 6 = tan"'(n^ + n + 1) - tan * 1
-1
= tan / 2 'N
n +n
cos 0 - 2 cos 0 sin 0 + cos 0 = tan
2 + n^+n^
-i ^2jc sin^ 0 + sin 0 +-rising ^
= tan 68. (2) Let us find the value of general term of the series
^ cos 0 - 2xcos 0 sin 6+ x^ cos 0 5=7+ 19 + 39 + 67 + - + r„n

-I sin 0(-2 jc sin 0 +1 + )

5= 7+19 + 39+--- + r„_i + 7;
= tan
0 = 7 + 12 + 20 + 28 + ● ● ● (n terms) - T„ (subtracting)
^ cos0(l-2ATsin0 + A:^) ^
(/?-!)
= tan '(tan 0) rw = 7 +
2
[24 + 8(n-2)] = 4«2 + 3
= 0
-1 4 -1 1
rIt = tan = tan
4«2+3 3
(Vcosa j - tan ' (^cos aj = x
-1
65.(1) cot 4

1
1 -1

{yjcos a^ = x
-1 -1 = tan
or tan - tan
n
1+ n^--
47
1
- ^cos a
\
1

or tan
-1 yjcps a = x -1
n + -
27
n —
27
1 = tan
4cosa n
\ /
1+ 1
1+ n + -
yjcos a 27V
n —
27

or tan
-I 1 - cos a _ -1
/
n -I n
lyjcos a = tan n + — -tan n
27 27
1 - cos a Hence,
or tanj: =
2^cos a n /
n 1

2 ^cosa
5n
=i r = l
T. =tan ' n + — -tan -1
r 27 2
or cot X =
1 -cos a
-il
5..n = tan" t»-tan
2
4 cos a _ 1 + cos a
or cosec AT = |l + 1
(l - cos af
n
1 - cos a tan
-1

2 2

1 - cosa _ 2 sin^(a/2) = tan ' 1 + cot"' 3

or sinA: = = tan^ —
1+ cosa 2 cos^(a/2) 2
-1 (n^ +l)jn^-2n + 2)
69.(2) r„ = sec
(n^ - n +1)^
-I -I
66. (3) sin = tan
{n^ + \){n^ -2n + 2)
7 l + 7r(r-l)^ sec^T; =
n
(rt^-M + l)^
^sin (n^ +\f +jn^ +l)-2n(n^ + 1)
-1

sec^ r„ =
r=l
(n^-n + lf
n

l + jn^+\-nf
= ^(tan"’ -Jr - tan“* \/r -1) =tan“'>/M
r=\
sec^ T„ =
(n^-n + lf
1
n \ tan r_n =
2m n^-n + l
67. (1) We have ^ tan
-1

m=1 +m^ + 2^ tanrn =

n-(n-l)
= tan ' n-tan '(n- 1)
n
l + n(n-\)
2m
-1 S=T^ + T2 + Ti+...+ T„
-1
tan

»i=i 1 + \m^ +m + ij - w + ij S = tan"' n

1 3 sin 20
+ w + 1 j - - w + ij
n -i -1
-1
70.(3) -sm = tan X
tan 5 + 4cos20
msl 1 + + w + l)(w^ - m +1) 6tan0
n ● -I 1 + tan^ 0 ;_-l 2jc
sm = sm

= "y [tan"' (/w^ + m + 1) - tan"'(w^ - m + 1)] 5 +4

ri-tan20l 1 + a:^
m=\
^ 1 + tan^ 0 ^
S.146 Trigonometry

6tan0
sin
:_-l :_-l
= sm
lx
74.(3) Xi=2tan
-1 '111
9 + tan^0 \ + x^ J-x,
tan9^
and X2 = sin"' tllL
2
{ 3 j 2x
Sin
;_-I

'tan^y
;_-l
= Sin
l + x^
J+x^)
1+
l 3 = tan
-i

2x
land
x =
l+x
3 Now >1
I-x

71.(1) 2 tan
-I a-b
a+ b
tan —
e
2 -1
' 2f—1
x^ = K+ tan \2
l+x
a —b e 1-
1- tan^^
2
= COS 2^
y l'N 1-x
a-b 9 -I
1+ " tan
1 w
—
= /r+tan

\a + b) 2 l^-2xj
-1 l-x^ = ;r-tan
-1
V 2 tan" X =cos 2x
1+x^ \

X] + X2 = ;r
9
-1
{a + b)-[a-b) tan^ —2 75.(1) Let/(x)=x^ + 6x2 + cx+l.
= cos
9 /(0)=l>0,/-l) = 6-c<0
(a + />) + (a - b) tan^ —2 So, CKE (- 1, 0)
/
0^ 9^
So, 2 tan"' (cosec a) + tan"' (2 sin a sec^a)
a I- tan^ — +6 1 + tan^ — ( ^ ■ \
-1 r 1 ^ + tan -1 2sm a
= cos
-i 2) 2) = 2tan

a 1 + tan
2 0\ +b 1 - tan^ — ^sin a^ J - sih^
2) 2) ' 1 ^
-I
= 2 tan + tan"' (sin a)
2 .sina^
a 1 - tan
11 + 6 n
= 2 (as sin a < 0)
2 e = -K
1 + tan < 2>
-1 2
= cos

76. (2) Let X = sin 0 and lx = sin 0, where x e [0, 1]

2
a + b 0, 0 6 [0,71/2]
9
1+ tan^ — -n n
2) => 9-(t)e
2 ’2 I
a cos 0 + Z>

|x^l - X - lx ll-x^
-1
= cos -1
a + b COS0 Now, sin

sin0 yjl - sin^ 0 - sin 0 - sin^ 0

;_-l
-1 ' 2x ' = sin
72. (4) Since sin = 2 tan"' X forx e (- 1, 1)
J + x^, _● I
= sin (sin0cos0-sin0cos0)
;_-I 2a ' -1 ^ 2b ^ = sin"'sin(0-0) = 0-0
sin + sin = 2tan"'x
^l + a^ y ^\ + b^ j
2 tan"' a+ 2 tan"' b = 2 tan"' x
= sin"' (x) - sin"' (>/x)
or tan"' a + tan"' b = tan"' x 77. (4) We have cos x - cos
-1 y
— = a
2
-i ' a + b^ -1
or tan = tan X .
-1 y
J-ab, or x = cos cos —+a
V 2
a+b
or X =
\-ab = cos cos '— cosoc-sin cos -\y since
\ 2) 2)
73. (1) The given equation is
y
3(2tan"'x) - 4(2tan"*x) + 2(2tan"'x) = 7d2> = — cos a -
2
1-— sina
4
2 tan"'x = n/3
tan"'x = 7d6 or
2x=ycosa-sinayj4-y^
1

l3
or
2x-y cos a = - sin ce ^4 - y^
 Solutions S.147

Squaring, we get or jc = -3/2,-l/3

cos^a- 4xy cos a=4 sin^ a-y^ sin^ a For X = -3/2, cos~*x is not defined as domain of cos~'jc is
or 4x^-4ji7Cosa+y = 4 sin^ a [-1, 1] and forx = -1/3, cosec"'jc is not defined as domain of
cosec"'X \sR- (-1,1). However, cot"' x is defined for both of
78. (2) Since sin"* x + sin"' y + sin"' z = k these values as domain of cot"' x is R.
sin"'x + sin"';' = k- sin"' z
2. (1),(2),(3).
lin ' ^x^jl - y^ + y ^J\-x^'^ = ;r-sin"'(z) Lettan"'(-2) = 0
eei-Tc/2,0)
or tan0 = -2
or 20e(-;r,O)
^ =sin(;r-sin"*(z))
1 - tan^ d _ -3
= sin(sin"'z) = z cos(-20) = cos20 =
l + tan^0 5
or
x2(l-/) =z2+y (1-a^)-2^ yj\-x^ or -26= cos
-1 'zi' -.3
.5 j
= ;r-cos
5
or
-i3 -.4
20 = - ;r+cos = -n+ tan
or x^ +/ + / - 2;cV - 2xV + 2/z^ = 4/^ - 4x^y^^ or
5 3
or / +/ + z^ + 4;cVz2 = 2(x^/ +/z^ + 2^x^) -i3 7T -i3
= -n+ cot = -7C+ tan
K=2 4 2 4

79. (2) Let = sin 0, where

1
<x< 1
7C
tan
-i3 K
+tan
-1 '_3"
2 2 4 2 . 4,
K . n 3. (2), (3), (4).
or — <0^—.Then,
6 2
cos '_14^' = cos
14;r
= cos
4;r

/ (jc) = sin
^1 r>/3 X- -yh-x^
. 5 , 5 5

2 2 1 -1 4;r^ =cos—
2k
Hence, cos—cos cos—
2 5 J 5
= sin
;--I fV3 sin0—COS0
1
2 4. (1),(2),(3).

sinf0--6 \].K
f

;_-l
= sm

V
(1) sin tan"'3+tan"'^3^ =sm—=1
2

n K
(-K k" -1 3^ -1 3^ 3
= 0-- =sin"'Ar- - V0-- (2) cos — - si =cos cos
6 6 6^1 3 ’3J V 2 4j 4j 4

>/63l
/

-1
80.(4) 2
2;t/sin" x
-2(a+2)2
ff/sin" X
+ 8fl<0 (3) sin — sin
4
8 J
ff/sin"' X nlsia X
(2 4)(2 -2a)<0 -1
Let sin = 0. Then,
e fo,ll u[4,oo)
8
Now 2
V 4j 1
sin0 = ^ COS0= -

2'r/sm ’jf e f 0,—ll .Wehave

8 8
for
I 4j 0 1+COS0 3
We have cos — =.
;r/siii 2 V 2 4
(2 -4)<0
0
2'r/sin”‘x -2fl>0 . 0
1 -COS —
1
sin — =
2 _
or 2a<2
;r/sin x
4 2 2V2
1
or 2a <- 1 . -1 1 3
4 Now, log2 sin — sin = l0g2
4 8 2V2 2
1
or 0< a < —
8
-1 ^/5 y/5
flr/sin X (4) cos =0 or COS 0 =
Similarly, for 2 € [4, oo),a > 2, we get 3 3

1-COS0 3-yf5
J
0
So, as 0,- u(2,oo) tan — = , which is irrational.
. °/ 2 1 + COS0 2

5. (1),(2),(3)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
(1) cos(tan"'(tan(4 - ;r)))
1. (2), (3), (4). = cos(4 -k) = cos{k-4) = - cos4 > 0
llx + 3 = 0 (2) sin(cot"'(cot(4 - ;r)))
or (2x + 3)(3jc+ 1) = 0 = sin(4 -k) = - sin4 > 0 (as sin 4 < 0)
S.148 Trigonometry

(3) tan(cos"' (cos(2;r - 5)))

1 -1
= tan(2;r- 5) = - tan5 > 0 (as tan5 < 0) Hence, the maximum value of = 2 and
^4 1 1
(4) cot(sin~‘(sin(;r- 4)) = cot(/r- 4) = - cot4 < 0 w

-1 1
6. (1),(2),(3) minimum value = -2.
1 1
tan~'x,x<0
Letx = -;;,3;>0 Also, there are 16 different determinants as each place value
is either 1 or-1. '
tan“'x = - tan“‘j
-i 1 9. (1),(2),(3),(4)
= -cos .(i)
tan‘‘x, if x>0
Since |tan“ x| =
= -sm
:_-i y
...(H)
[-tan“'x, ifx<0
=> |tan"' x\ = tan“' |x| V x e i?
tan|tan"'x| = tan tan“‘ [x] = lx|
= - cosec
-1
,(iii) Also, |cor'x| = cot”' x; V X e R
y
^ cot |cor'x| = X, V X e
-I 1
= -COt ,(iv) X, if 0 < X < —
K

y 2
1 tan~‘ I tanx| =
From (i), tan *x = - cos
-1 n
if < X< 0
yjl + X^
~x.
2

xe[0,l]
From (ii), tan ’x = - sin"* — =sin~‘-T=^= sin I sin *x| = i^’-X,
yjl + X^ -y/l + X^ xe[-l,0)

From (iii), tan *x = -cosec -I ■y/l + X^ = cosec

-1
10. (I), (3)
-X X
We have

1 '/i^-10n + 21.6'
From (iv), tan *x = -cot * — -1 7t
cot > —
y K 6
/

= -cot
-i 1
;r-cot
-lO = -«: + cot 10/1 +21.6 n
< cot—
-X x) X
n 6
7. (1),(2),(3),(4) (as cotx is decreasing for 0 < x < ;r)
1 or //^-10/1 +21.6 <;r>/3
cos"'x = sec * —X for all x € [-1, 0)
or /j^-10/i + 25 + 21.6-25<;rV3
Let x = -y
cos"*x = cos"‘(-j^) = «:-cos"*7
or (//-5)2<n:V3+3.4

= ;r-sin”' ^Jl-y^ .(i)

or
-ylyj3n+3A <n-5<yfj3n^i^
= ;r-tan
>/l-/ -1
...(ii)
or
5-yjyf^K+ 3.4 <n<5 + yjyj37t^3.4 .(i)
y Since ^k= 5.5, nearly, yJyf3jc + 3.4 ~ ~ 2.9
From (i), cos *x = ;r- sin * yjl-y^ = I-sin ' 2.K/j<7.9

/j = 3,4, 5,6, 7 {as // € AT}

From (ii), cos *x = ;r- tan
-1
11.(3), (4)
y
xy<0

= ;r-tan
-1 ^/i^ x+ - i2,y+ J-y S-2
-X X

1 1
= TT+tan
-1 or x+ - <-2,y+ - >2
X y
X
1
.-1 ^ x+ - ^2
= ;r+cot -n: (as X < 0) X

yjl-x^ -1 fn tt)
ni'iJ
sec x +—
-1 ^
= cot xj
yJl-X^ y+ - <-2
1

y
8. (1),(3),(4)
(sin"' X + sin"' w) (sin“‘ y + sin"' z) = ;r^ sec
-\
y+-
l^i (k 2n
sin"' X + sin"' w = sin"'y + sin"* z=k yj \2 3j
or sin"' x + sin"' w = sin"' y + sin"' z = -n
ze
x=^ = 2 = w=lorx=y = z = w = -l , 6 ’ 6 ,
 Solutions S.149

12. (2) fix) = sin"‘|sinfocl + cos"'(cos Ax) 14. (1),(4)

Let g(x) = sin"' |sinx| + cos"'(cosx) For the given equation 0 < x, y < 1.
. -1 . -1 ^
Also sin x + sm 7"
2x; 0<x< —
2
K
-<x< —
3k sin"'x = cos sin"'>/l-y^
g(.v) =
2
3k
2
x= yjl-y-
4k-2x, — <x<2k
2
x2+/=l
Again, sin2x = cos 2;^
g(x) is periodic with period 2;rand is constant in the continuous f ;r 'I -
cos 2x = cos 2y
interval 2nK +—, 2nK + — (where ne I) and/(x) = g(Ax).
2 .
K
So,/(x) is constant in the interval 2x = 2hk ± 2y, where ne I
2
2nK K 2nK 3k K
+—
(V x,:>;,e [-1,1]) ...(ii)
k *2k’ k 2k x±y=-

K 3k K From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

'2A
X= —+
K
l_£l
or
1L- — 8 2 64
k~ 4
or A=4
and y =
l_iEl _ —
2 64 8
13.(1), (2), (3), (4)
15. (1),(2)
1 >/l - x^ I -1 -1
(1) j = tan (cos" x) and y = cos" X + cos' y + cos z = k
or sin"'x + sin"'+ sin"' z = tc/2

or 7 = tan tan
-I Vl-x^l_>/l-x^ and y =
or cos"'x + cos'*;^ = cos"'(-z)
X X X
xy ~^|\-x^^]\-y- = -2

●●● A>i = [-1, 1] - {0} and = [-1, 1] - {0} or x^ + + 2^ + 2xyz = 1

So functions are identical and hence they have same graph. 16. (1),(3)

(2) y = tan (cot"' x) and y = — The given relation is possible when

a - ^ +—+ ...= 1+Z) + 6"+●
r _in . 1 3 9
y = tan tan — andy= — 2 3
xj X

Also,- l<a - — + — + ^1
1 1
or y = — and y = —
X X and -l<l+6 + 6^"<— ^1
Z),=/?-{0}andD2 = i?-{0} a 1
So, functions are identical and hence they have same 16] < 1 and |n| < 3 and \-b
1+"
graph. 3
3a 1
(3) y = sin (tan"' x) and y = , ^ ^ or

Vl + x^ a+3 \-b
or 3a - 3ab = a + 3
-1 X , X
2a -3ab = 3
y = sin sin — and y = -j=— or

Vl + x^ J -v/T + x^
or
yjl + x^ 2a-3 3
or b= anda =
or D^= R,D2 = R 3a 2-3b

So, functions are identical and hence they have same

17. (1),(2)
graph.
(4) y = cos (tah"*x) and y = sin (cot"'x) (x^+3|x|-4) + cot ‘(4;r + sin 'sinl4) = Y
-1
tan

1 1

tan"' (xH 31X1 -4) + cot"' (4;r +14 - 4;r) = -|

-1
or y = cos (tan"'x) = cos cos
>/r+? ,/h^
/ \ x2 + 31x|-4= 14
1 1
and y = sin (cot 'x) = sin sin
-I
x^ + 6|x1-3|x1-18 = 0
yj\ + x^ j yjl + x^ (lx| + 6)(lx|-3) = 0
Dx=R and D2 = R x =± 3
So, functions are identical and hence they have same So, sin"' sin2x = sin"' sin6 = 6 - 2k
graph. or sin"' sin(-6) = 2k- 6.
S.150 Trigonometry
18. (1),(2)
1
We know that /„ = 3 + 4 + 6 + - + 2/1 = 1 + 2 X-/i(/i +1)
2x
if |jf| < 1, then 2 tan“‘ x = sin“' = /j- + /I + 1

Let T; =cor'(/^ + /-+1)

' lx ^ \ /
ifjr> 1, then 2 tan ‘jc=;r-sin“' = tan
-1 1 -I r+l-r
\ + x\
= tan
l^r^+r+lj l^l+r(r+l)^
lx
ifAf < -1, then 2 tan ‘jt = -jt-sin"' = tan'‘(/|4- l)-tan"' r
Thus, the sum of the first n terms of the given series is
Hence, the required values are x < -1 or jc > 1.
19. (1),(2)
Put a: = tan 6
^ tan '(r + l)-tan"'r
r=l
= tan"'(/i + l)-tan ‘(1)

a = tan"*(tan 40) = tan

-I /i+l-l
n l+l(/i+l)
= 40-;rforAre I,—
V k)
n
= 40 for a: e (-k,k) = tan
_-i

n yn+1)
Also, ^ = 2(;r-2^forA:e 1,—
. k)
= 40 for Are (-k,k) -1 1
= tan
20. (1),(2),(3) 2
1+-
Let tan"' x = a and tan"' x^ = fi n

tan a = AT and tan j8 =

\
x + x^ 2x = lim tan
-1 n

4 ’
1 - tan a tan ^ l-X^* l-x^
n-^oo
i4
n y
2x _ 2 tan a
Also = tan2a = tan(2 tan"'x) 10 -i5
1 - x^ 1 - tan^ a 5io = tan ' —
12
= tan
6
" fn
\\

= tan 2 —-cof'x
= tan"' — = sin"' -
4 5
= tan(;r- cot"' x - cot"' x)
= tan (cot~'(-x) - cot"' (x)) ^20 = tan *^
11
= cot 'l.l
21. (1),(2)
-1 36 36 36
23. (1),(3)
ct = sin ^ sm a= — ^ tan ce = —
85 85 77 Given equation is x^ + 2x sin(cos"'>') +1= 0.
^4^1 4 3 Since x is real, D>0. Therefore,
P = cos"' — ^ cosP= — => tan = —
\5y 5 4 4 (sin(cos"'>'))^ - 4 > 0
and tan y= —
8 or (sin(cos"'y))^ > 1
15
or sin(cos"';/) = ± 1
.. tan(a+p+y)= tana + tan/3 + tany-tan«tan/3tany
cos = Y => ;; = 0
or
1 - tan Of tan ^ - tan/? tan y - tan y tan a
^ + 1 + A_^1 A Putting value of j/ in the original equation, we have
= 77 4 15 77'4'15 x^ + 2x+1 =0=>a: = -1. I
, f36 3 8 3 8 36 Hence, the equation has only one solution.
l77 4 15 4 15 77 j
tan (a + + )) = 00 24. (2), (3)
K
a + p+Y= - 1 < < oo
' 1 cos
-I
X

cot Of + cot )3 + cot y= cot Of cot P cot y a

tan Of tan /3 + tan tan y+ tan of tan y= 1 2 < 2«>s-'2c <oo

22. (1),(2),(4) Hence, 2 should lie between or on the roots of
Let denote the /-th term of the series 3, 7, 13, 21,... and n
/2- fl + — /- = 0, where/=
5=3 + 7+ 13+21+- + f71 I 2)
5= 3 + 7+13 + - + /rt- + t.
=> /1(2)<0 => a^ + 2a-3>0
0 = 3+ 4 + 6 + 8 + - + 2/i-/, a 6 (-00,-3] u [1, oo)
 Solutions S.151

Linked Comprehension Type Sincee Z, so p = 0, 1 or 2.

Substituting the value of from Eq. (i) in Eq. (ii), we get
1.(4), 2. (2), 3. (3) Z' 2 ^
a — a
sin ‘x6 — — 4
j 16
cos € [0, n] 16a^ - 4p ;r^ a + ;r* = 0 ...(iii)
Since a e /?, we have D > 0
-1 ze L0,—
/
K
sec i.e., 16p2 ;r* - 64^* > 0
1[ 2; or p^>A or p>2 or p = l
— I —I —I ^ ^ 5;r
sin x + cos v + sec z<— + ;r + ;r = —
2
Substituting p = 2 in Eq. (iii), we get
2
16a^ - a + fr* = 0

Also,/^- yl2jit +3k= ^ + f “f+ or

;r2 -1
;r^
a = — = cos X or x = cos —
fn] 5n 5k
or
4 4

I V2J 2 2
From Eq. (ii), we get — b^ =
The given inequation exists if equality holds, i.e.. 16

5k K
L.H.S. = R.H.S. = —
2
or b = ± — = sin V or y = ± 1
2
K
x = \,y = — l,z = - 1 and/ =
\2 10.(3), 11.(1), 12. (4)
r r5;r^^ K Let cos"' X = 0 or X = cos 0, where 6 e [0, K]
-1
COS '(cos5r^)= cos cos — -1
(4x^ - 3x) = cos"'(4cos^ 6 - 3cos 6)
I u 2 cos

(cos 30) = cos "'(cos a)

-1
= cos
cos"'(min{x,y, z}) = cos ‘(-1) = k
where a=36e [0,3;r]
4.(2), 5.(1), 6. (2)
Refer to the graph ofy = cos"'(cos a), a e [0, 3;r].
Given ax + 6(sec(tan"‘x)) = c and ay + 6(sec(tan 'y)) = c
Let tan"'x = a and tan"'y = ft, then the given relations are
K
a tan a +16 sec a = c and a tan)3 + 6 sec)3 = c
From these tWo relations, we can conclude that equation n d-
/

fl tan 0 + sec0 = c has roots a and (5.

❖
\
2
O’
atan0+!6 sec0=c
X'
or b sec0 = |c-a tan0 O n 2n 3x

or b^sec^B =c^-2actan0 + a^ tan^0 y'

or It + b^ tan^0 = - 2 actan0 + cP" tan^0 From the graph,
or {(p -hP)idxPO —2ac tan0 + P—lP = 0 cos
-1
(4x^ - 3x) = cos "'(cos a)
2 ac Q<a<K
a.
Therefore, sum of the roots, tan a + tan /? = x + y = a^-b^
2k-a, k<ci<2k
c^- a-2k, 2n<a<3K
and the product of roots, tan a tan J3 = xy a
=—^
-b i

2ac
3cos"'x, 0<3cos" x< ;r

x+y _ a^-b^ 2ac 2;r-3cos"'x, ?r < 3cos"'x < 2;r

and
-b^ 2;r <3cos"'x < 3;r
1-4a^-b^ 3cos"'x-2;r,

3cos"'x, 0<cos ‘x<(;r/3)

7.(2), 8. (4), 9. (3)
Let cos"' X =f fl => fl e [0, ;r] 2;r-3cos"'x, (;r/3)^cos"'x<(2;r/3)
and sin"'y = 6 => 6 g [-;t/2, ;r/2] 3cos"'x - 2;r, (2;r / 3) < cos"'x < k
We have a+ b^= 3cos" X, (l/2)<x<l
i ^
. .2 4^* 2;r-3cos"'x, (-l/2)<x<(l/2)
and ab = -rr ...(ii)
16 3cos"'x-2n:, -l<x<-(l/2)

Since b^ g [0, tPIA'\, we get a + b^ & [0, ;r+ jPIA'\ 3cos"'x-2;r, -l<x<(-l/2)
PTt" 2;r-3cos"'x, (-l/2)^x<(l/2)
So, from Eq. (i) we get 0 ^ <;r + —
4
3cos"‘x, (l/2)<x^l
i.e., 0 <p < — + 1
K
S.152 Trigonometry

n Matrix Match Type

For Are -1,-- ,cos ‘(4a:^-3x) = 3 cos"'x-2;r
2} 1. aq; b-4 s; c-> p; d-> r
a = -27Tand6 = 3 ^ a + bn= k ● -1 4 -1 4
a. sin — = tan
1 1 5 3
-1
Forxe
2’2
, cos (4AT^-3A:) = 2n:-3 cos
-1
X

2tan"‘ -=tan ' — =cot ' -

3 4 3
ct = 2;randZ> = -3
K
and tan~'Ar +cor'Ar = —
sin
. _i .
sin—
a
=sin
I ( sin● — 2
V b) I -3j 12
-I -1 3 63
b. tan ■ — +tan ‘ — +tan
= Sin
I r V3i 7t 5 4 16

l 2J 3
= 7t+ tan
-I 48+15
+ tan
-1 63
( 1 1 20-36 16
For Are 1 , cos "‘(4a:^ - 3jt) = 3 cos"‘at
-1 63 -I 63
= 7t- tan ‘ — +tan — = 7t
fit = 0 and 6 = 3 16 16

lim6cos(y) = lim3cos(v) =3 -i -1 (2x-X]

y-*a y-^0 c. A = tan and B = tan
2A - AT V AV3 J
13. (3) a-20- 6tc, b = 10;r- 30, c = sin ' sin(4;r- 10) = 10 - 3;r tan^ -tan B
So, a + 6 + c = 7t Now, tan(^-5) =
1+tantan 5
7C
sin"' sin AT > Iat - ;r| => AT e at>/3 _ 2at-A
2
2A-AT Ak/3
So, largest integer at = 3.
1 +
x^ 2|r-A
14.(2) 5 sec"'AT + 10 sin"'y= 10;r 2A -AT Av/3
-I TT
sec" AT = ffand sin y=i:
2 3ArA+(2.Y-A)(at-2A)
A- = -l,;;= 1 yjs A (2A-Ac) +AT (2jc-A)
K
So, tan"'(-l) + cos"'(0) =
4 2
=
4 1 \2x^ -2iax+2X^'
y/3 2x--2Xx+2X-
15.(2), 16.(1)
1 n
= tan —

We have/(x) = sin'at, having range "J.● 7T

73 6

Consider the fiinction 6(at) = {k- sin"' a:), where ●●●

sin "' a: e — £
1 1 1
2i
2’ 2 d. tan ' — +2tan"' - = tan ' — + tan"' 3
7 3 7 1
Clearly, functions/(at) and h{x) are identical. 1--
9
Advantage with function y = h(x) is that we are well versed
-I 1 i-i3
= tan"‘ — + tan
with sin"' x if (sin"' at) e — £ 7 4
2’ 2. ■
1 3
6(sin 10) = ;r- sin"'(sin 10) -17
h —
4
= tan
= 7C- sin"'(sin(3;r- 10)) 1---
1 3

= ;r-(37r-10) 7 4
= 10-27T = tan 1
3;r 7C
Now,/(at) < —
4 4

3tc
Kx)C^
4 2. (4) a. Graph of y = sin '(sin at) and y =jAr/4 intersect at three
points. So, number of solutions is 3l
. _i 3;r
AT-sin 'at< — y
4 71-

7T
sin ' AT > — a/2- y = sin”^ (sin x)
4

^ ^ ● -I ^ ^
— < sin ' A- < —
4
-5jH2 y.in -3a/2 -it Ol^ 5a/2
2
1 ●^a/2-
<AT< 1
72 -n-
 Solutions S.153

b. Graph of >> = cos '(cos x) and y = x/4 intersect at four -1 2x_ £

2^1 2’2.
c. tan
points. So, number of solutions is 4. l-x
y
Zid2 => 2tan"‘x-;re '_K_ £
K-
y = cos“\cos x) I 2’ 2)
/2 2tan ‘x:e —,7t
U )
-2x-3n/2-; Ox/2 K 3«/2 2n 5x/2 7x/2 4;r 9x/2 5;r11n/2 6«
-jd2
tan
-I
xs '£ £
J’ 2.
c. Graph of y = tan '(tan x) and y = x/4 intersect at three => xe (1,«»)
points. So, number of solutions is 3.

2Wl-Jc^)e £ £
-1
y d. sin
n- 2’ 2
y = tan"'' (tan x) n K
7d2"
/r-2sin" X6 —-
2’ 2

-5jH2 y^Tt -3/d2 O n 5a/2 ^ . -i ^

2sm xe —,K
<^7d2" 2

-K- sin 'x6 £ £

4’ 2
d. Graph ofy 4 cot ' (cot x) and y=x/4 intersect at two points. 1
So, number of solutions is 2. xs ,1
i
7C^
4. (3) a. (sin"' xf + (sin ' yf= —
7t^
=> (sin ' xf = (sin ^ yf= —
4

● -1 ^ ● -1 M ^
sm * X = ± — , sm y = ± y
X = ± 1 and y = ± 1
x3+y3=_2, 0,2
b. (cos"' x)^ + (cos"'y)^ = 2i^
(cos"' x)^ = (cos"'y)^ =
x=y = -l
;r-3sin" xe x^+/ = -l
;r''
c. (sin ‘ x)^ (cos"'y)^ = —
● -1 ^ 3;r
3sm *x€ —
2 2 2

=» (sin"'x)^=— and (cos"'y)^ =

●
sin
-1
xe £ £
~6'2
(sin"' x) = ±-^ and (cos"'y) = n
xe —,1
2 => x = ±landy = -l
x-y = 0,2
-1 2x n n
b. sin
IT? ^["2’ 2 d. |sin"' X - sin"' yl = ?r
● -1 ^ j ● -1 ^
n K sm ‘ X = — and sm ‘ y = —
K-2tarT'xs — 2 2
2’ 2
x = -l andy = 1
\
n
Tl
2tan" xe —,ic It . . -1 /r
\_2 )■ or sin"' X = — andsm y= ---
2 ^ 2
tan ‘xe £ £ x=landy = -l
,4’2j => x-y = -2,2
xe [l,oo)
S.154 Trigonometry
5. a -> s; b ^ p; c -> q; d r
or
a* fix) = sin~'x +cos“'jc + cof'jc = 42 + COt"'x ,XG [- 1, 1] 1 +— 1+—
x'’
3 3

For xe [-1, 1], cof'xe — 3 3x^

4 4
3 + X j orx = 0
or
3 + x^
n -1 3;r 5;r
—+ cot X e
2 4 ’T or 9 + 3x‘* = 9x^ + 3x'* orx = 0
or = 1 => jc = 0, 1 or - 1
b. / (x) = cot"' X + tan"'x + cosec"'x
Therefore, the number of values is equal to 3.
= -j + cosec "'x, where xe (-«»,- 1] u [!,«>) 5. (7) y(x) = ^3 cos '(4x)-;r is defined
Now cosec 'x e , 0 u 0, — Ifcos"'4x> — =>4x< — orx< — .(i)
[2 j r 2. 3 2 8

^. -I L fK
Also, -1 < 4x < 1 or — < X £ —
-1 1
U —, 7T ...(ii)
2 l'2j U J 4 4

c. /(x) = cor' X + tan"'x + cos“'x Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have domain: x e — -
4 8
= Y + cos“‘x, where xe [-1, 1] 4a + 64Z> = 7

n
—+ COS
-I
X e
7t 3n ' 6. (9) 1 + sin(cos"' x) + sin^(cos"' x) + ●●● oo
= 2
2 2’T. 1
= 2

d. fix) = sec"' X + cosec"' x + sin"' x, where x e {-1,1}

l-sin(cos 'x)
1
= y + sin"' X, where x e {- 1, 1} or — = 1 - sin (cos ' x)
Hence,/(x)e {0, ;r}. or sin(cos"'
Numerical Value Type or cos
-1 K
x = —
6
K

1.(5) (cot'x)(tan'x)+ \ 2-^‘^J cot“‘x-3tan"‘x-3 \ 2- —2) >0

or x = or 12x^ =9
2
-I -i ( K
— +2cot"'x-6-3 tan"'x >0 3^
-tan ' X- 3>1 -1 6
=> cot X tan X- -1 f
2J I 2J 7. (9) tan x + —
X) X)
= tan
X
-(cor'x)^ + 5 cot"' X - 6 > 0
f (
(cot"'x - 3) (2 - cot"'x) > 0 x + — 3\J X-
3^1
(cor'x - 3) (cot"'x - 2) < 0 or tan
-1 XJ ^ X)
= tan
-I 6
2<cot"'x<3 3V 3^ X
1+ x +— X
cot3 <x<cot2 [as cot 'x is a decreasing function] x)\
Hence,xe (cot3, cot2)
cot" ‘a + cot" *6 = cot" '(cot3) + cot" '(cot2) = 5 x^ - -^ = 0 or x'* = 9
x^
2. (2) Since sin ' is defined for [-1, 1], so we have
fl = 0 8-(4) /(x) = sin"'x + 2tan"'x+ (x + 2)^-3
Domain of/(x) is [-1,1].
X = sin * 1 + cos"' 1 - tan"' 1 = —
4 Also/(x) is an increasing function in the domain. Therefore,
sec^x = 2
3.(6) Let tan"'M = of or tana=w P =/™ W =/(-!) =-| +2 4;
tan"' v = p or tan jS = v
tan“'w=7 or tan7=w
and 9=/».«W=/(l)=-| + 2 .4, + 9-3 =;r+6.

tan(«+;g+5^= =H=,
1-^2 l-(-lO) 11 Therefore, the range off(x) is [-n- 2, ^ + 6].
Hence, ip + q) = 4.
a+)3+y = tan"'(l)=—
4
9. (9) sec^M, sec'*v, secV e [1, «>)
=> 3cosec^(tan"'« + tan"'v +tan 'w) = 6 sec^(w) + sec'*(v) + sec^(iv) e [3, <»)
-I 2 x^
^ x^
X 1 4 X«
X 7t
n (sec^w + sec^'v + sec^w) e [3;r, <»)
4. (3) sin X^ +
But cos"'x + cos"'^ + cos"'z e [0, 3;r] j
X - — +— + cos
3 9 3 9 2
So equation is possible of L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 3;r
x^ x«
x^ +— = X
4 X
+ cos"'x = cos"'^ = cos"'z = 7t
3 9 3 9
x=7=z=-l
 Solutions S.155

and sec^M = secV = sec^w = 1 x = 0 or l+35x^ = 2+12x^

M = ;r, V = 2;r, w = Stt 1 I
=> j: = 0 or x= or-

36;r 36;r >/23 yf23

... ;^000+y002.j.^004.^ M +v + w
= 1 + 1 + 1 +
Stc
= 9

15. (0) Now, sin (cos"‘ (tan (sec"‘ x)))

10. (8) We have g(jc) = sin"'(cosx) y “ cos"‘(cosx) = sin (cos~‘ (tan (tan"' yjx^ - 1 ))
7T ?£
Both the curves bound the regions of same area in — = sin (cos ' (yjx^-\))
4’ 4 ’
'9k \5k
and iso on. = sin (sin"' (^2- x^ ))
T’~r

Forxe 1] u [1, V2] andx>- 1, we have

n
2-x^=l+x
x^ + x-l=0
-1±n/5
n x = = 0.615,-1.615
2
2

O K I K In 2k
None of which satisfies the condition x e - 1] u [1, V2].
4 4

n 16.(1) sin"'(x^ + x+l) + cos"'(Ax+1)= y

2 :9(x) x^ + x+ 1 = Ax+ 1
=> x^ + (l-A)x = 0
Required area = Area of shaded square x = 0 orx = A- 1

Also, sin"'(x^+x+ 1) will exist if-1 <x^ + x+ 1 < 1.

=

8 b => x^ + x<0=>-l <x<0

a = 9 and b = 8
For exactly two solution, we have
-1 <A- KO
11. (-3) We must have x(x + 3) > 0 => 0<A<1
x>0or x<-3 ...(i)
.●. a = 0 and b = 1
Also,- 1 <x^ + 3x+ 1 < 1
x(x + 3)<0 -3<x<0 ...(ii) 45 K
17.(8) Let a = sin then cos = — a
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x = {0, - 3}. 2

Also, for these values x^ + 3x + 1 > -1 Hence the expression becomes

Hence, the required sum is -3.
K

12. (1) Given expression is defined only for x = 1 and - 1. Therefore, sin.^2 a- — + a = sin(4a-;r)
2 /

/(I) = 1 andX-1) = (1 + ;r) (1 + ;r) = (1 + nf = -sin 4a

Hence, the least value is 1. = -4 sin a cos a (1 - 2 sin^ a)

13. (25) cos"'(x) + cos"'(2x) + cos"'(3x) = K ^>/5V2Y-n
or cos"'(2x) + cos"'(3x) = K-cos"'(x) = cos"'(-x) = (-4)l A3A 9 j
or cos
-'[(2x)(3x) - ^l-4x^ ^]l-9x^ ] = cos"'(-x) 8n/5
81
or
6x^- yj\-4x^ yll-9x^ =-X
18. (3) cos (2sin"' (cot (tan"'(sec(6cosec ’x))))) = -1
or (6x2+x)^ = (1-4x^)(1-9x2)
x^ + 12x^ - 1 - 13x^
or

12x^+14x^-l=0
sin"' (cot (tan"'(sec (6cosec"'x)))) = =*= y
or
cot (tan"' (sec (6 cosec"'x))) = ± 1
a= 12;b|= 14;c = 0
a+ Z>+ 0 = 12+14-1=25 tan"' (sec(6 cosec"'x)) = 4
^4
14. (1) tan"‘(3x) + tanl'(5x) = tan"'(7x) + tan"'(2x) sec (6 cosec"'x) = ± 1
or tan"'(3x)i- tan"'(2x) = tan"'(7x) - tan"'(5x) 6 cosec"'x = ± 3;r, ± 2;r, ± k
\

-1 '3x-2x' -1 lx-5x -I K K n
or tan = tan cosec 'x = ±—,±—,± —
^l + 6x\ J + 35xA 2 3 6

X 2x
or 1, (vx>0)
l + 6x^ l + 35x^
S.156 Trigonometry

Archives
II Hence, (l+y;,'(0)). sec-(/;,(0))
J + /r,
(1+ «-) = !
JEE Advanced
10 ]0
Single Correct Answer Type
' 23
So,
^(i + ./;’(0))scc-(./;(0)) = 2^i =10
y = i
1.(2) cot 'y cot~‘ (»- + ;;+ 1)
n

(3) lim tan(/,',(.v)) = lim = 0

( 23
X X
1 + .v(h+x)
// + !-«
I
-1
= cot tan

n = I I +/; (« + l). (4) sec- (f„{x)) = jini (I + lan^ (,/„(j:))) 1

( 23 3.(1), (2), (3)

= cot
^(tan ‘(» + 1)- tan ' n) A' + l . A-+ 2
n ~
^2sin — n sin K
k = 0 « + 2 Wi + 2
/(«) =
23 A +1 ^
= cot(tan '24-tan 'l)=>cot tan
-I

25 n X^sin-
<1-0 n + 2
K

25
n
^A- +3 K
23 I cos
-I cos

= k-O
n + 2 <lsU l»+2
Multiple Correct Answers Type ^ 2A- + 2
I. (2), (3), (4)
z >- cos —
/? + 2
— n
<i = yV
6 6 K
a = 3 sin ' — >3 sin ' — = 3 sin '
11 12 2 2 cos
«+3
n sm
. n—+ l K ]
4 -I 4 (/? + 1) cos '
n ^ n +2 2 j
and ^ = 3cos ' — >3cos = n
/? + 2 K
9
sm
K
n + 2
So, o: > — and j3>7t
COS7T Sin
.('« + - ! K
3;r
(« +1) -
J
a + p> — 7t
2
sm

l,« + 2
2. U),(2),(4)
n t: K
1
y;,w=X
cos n + sin K -
tan n n + 2 n + 2
y=i [\ + (x + J) (x+J-l) (n +1) cos
sm
n
n + 2
{x + J)~ix + j-l)
I
-I
tan \
K
;=!
1 + (a- + j) (x+ j - 1) cos ;r sm n-

(n + 1)-
n + 2j
n
K

^[tan '(.v + y)-tan '(A + 7-I)]

sm

l,« + 2
y=i

f„{x) = tan ' (.r + n) - tan ' (a)

K K
{n+ 1) cos + cos
n + 2 W»^2
(1) /,(0) = tan-'(n) /I + 1 + 1

tan-(/^,(0)) = tan"(tan ’n) = n'

K
5 5 (n + 2) cos
5x6x11 ^n + 2 /
2^tan^(//0)) = 2^/:
n
= 55 _
= cos
6 n+2 n + 2
/ = i y = i

1 n K V3
(2) /„'(A)= (1) /(4) = cos =cos

l + (A+n)^ 1 + A^
4+2 l6 2

1 n K
(2) 0;= tan (cos '/(6))= tan cos
-I

/;(0)= - 1 cos = tan—

1+n- ^J)
n
1 2 tan
l+/„(0) = K
1 + n^ tan — =

^ 1 - tan^
K

8
Also, sec^ (4(0)) = sec^ (tan"' (n)) = 1 + n^.
2a
=> 1 =
1-cr*
 Solutions S.157

=> a^ + 2a-l=b n
/(O) = 1 > 0 and vertex has abscissa n +l
>0.
(3) sin (7cos-'/(5)) Hence, both the roots are positive.
f W
f Tt'(
So, (/I + l)x^ - 2nx + 1 < 0 for some values of x.
n
= sin 7cos"' cos— = sin 7x— =sinji = 0
\ V) V 77
So, (4) is false.
K
(4) lim /(/»)= lim cos = cos(O) = 1
i l,n+2J
Matrix Match Type
4.(1), (2) l.(b) -(p),(r)
n
X
S„{x)= tan *(x + 3)-tan '(x-3) = sin '(3/5)
k = J+k{k+ l)x^^
-1 (x + 3)-(x-3)_ -I 3
tan = tan
n
' (k+\)x-kx^ 1 + (x2-9) 4

* =i ^\+{kx){k+\)^ 6 3
n x^-8 4
= X ' - tan’* x2-8 = 8
k-\

or X = ±4
= tan"'(n+ l)x-tan“' x
-I nx Clearly, both values satisfy the equation.
S'„(x)= tan Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in their
1+ (n+l)x^
lOx respectivechapters.
-1
5,o(x) = tan
1+ llx^
2.(2) (p)
cos(tan~* y) + y sin(tan~‘ y)
cot(sin~‘ y) + tan(sin"* y)
= cot
_,fl+ llx^' ,forx>0
lOx 1 /
K -1 '\+Ux^'
tan 1
2
. lOx , -y I 3^
So, (1) is true, >/iV yyj^-y^
lim cot(5’„(x))
jr -»®o

lim
'l+ (n + l)x^' —I 1
1 cos(tan~ V) + ysin(tan~ y)
/*—>«« nx +/
cos(sin"'y) + tan(sin"'j') ^
'1
- + 1 x^
= -\(yHi-y^)) + y^
- +
n \n
linl = x
y
n -> «» X

= !-/ + / = !
So, (2) is true.
(S) cot(sin"‘ yjl-x^) = sin(tan"'(x>/6))
*3W=7 X xS ^
cot cof = sin sin"'
7^7 J
3x K
tan
1 + 4x^ 4
X x-n/6
3x
= 1 or4x^-3x+l=0
“ l+4x^ i yjl-X^ yj6x^ + l
This equation has non-real roots. 6x^+ 1 =6-6x^
So, option (3) is not true. 12x^ = 5

Now, consider tan(5„(x)) < —, for all n > 1 and x > 0.

1
ti=i n
nx ^ 1
"l+(n+l)x^”2 Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in their
respective chapters.
(/!+ l)x^-2nx+ 1 > 0, for all M ^ 1 andx>0 f 1 ^ ( 1 ^ = tan -i 2
-1 -I
Now, D = Ar?~ 4(/i + 1) 3. (1) (s) tan + tan
l4x + lj
= {2n-\f-5
< 0 for n = 1 -1 ' 3x + l ' -1 2
tan = tan
^4x^ + 3x^ x^-
D > 0 for n ^ 2.
3x2-7x-6 = 0

%
S.158 Trigonometty

x =
-I- 1-x
^2
2-X
;c^ X

1 + j:
X

2 +X
2
Butforx= - — , L.H.S. is negative and R.H.S. is positive. 1 1
A ^ X
jc = 0 or -
1-x 1 + jc 2-x 2+ X
Hence, the only solution is = 3.
Note: Solutions of the remaining parts are given in their x = 0or
X + - 1+X 2x + x^ -2 + x
respective chapters. l-x^ 4- x^

Numerical Value Type x = 0or(x^ + 2x- 1)(4 -x^) = {:^ + 3x- 2)(1 -x^)
4x^ + 8x - 4 - x'* - 2x^ + x^ = x^ + 3x - 2 - x‘‘ - 3x^ + 2x^
!● (3) /: [0,4;r] [0, k],J{x) = cos"‘ (cos x)
x^ + 2x^ + 5x-2 = 0
10-
For number of roots of equation cos"* (cos x) = —, draw Let /(x) = x^ + 2x^ + 5x - 2
10
the graph of^ = cos ' (cos x) f'(x) = 3x^ + 4x + 5 > 0 I
10-x So,/(x) is increasing function and it intersects x-axis only once.
and y= and find the points of intersection.
10 /(0)=-2and/(l/2) = 9/8.
■ So, one root offs(x) = 0 lies in (0, 1/2).
So, there are two values of x.
1
(cosx)
3. (0.00)

(In kn^ (In

10
-I 1
sec sec —+■— sec
3;r 10 j ^* = 0 U2 12 /

y=i-A10 /

= sec
-I
1

sec
In
— + —
kn'] cosec (In kn\
— + —
From the graph number of solutions is 3. ^*=0 12 12 ^ :12 2)
\

2. (2) Given equation is

1

42:
/ v"' -1 2
= sec

I-
-SiJJ*
,/ + l
sm (In
sin — + kn
f = i V 6

-1 1 <0

4s (-!)*♦'sinf
cos -I 1
= sec
■^*=0
o.

-KiJ-K-D-Ic-r
^ 10
... X.
1 + 1
1
^ r-n*+'
-I
= sec
= sec"'(l) = 0
/ = i *=o( U

X X

x^ 2 X 2)
-X —4— =
1-x 1 +x
1-i^
2 2

(Each series is infinite G.P.)

 Logarithm and
1
APPENDIX
Antilogarithm Tables

TABLE A-1.1 Logarithms

7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0253 0294 0334 0374 4 12 17 21 25 29 33 37

10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212

0682 0719 0755 4 11 15 19 23 26 30 34

11 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645

1038 1072 1106 3 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 31

12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004

1367 1399 1430 3 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29

13 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335

1673 1703 1732 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644

1931 1959 1987 2014 3 6 8 II 14 17 20 22 25

15 1761 1790 181^ 1847 1875 1903

2201 2227 2253 2279 3 5 10 13 16 18 21 24

16 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175

2504 2529 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480

2718 2742 2765 9 4 7 9 12 14 16 19 21

18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695

2923 2945 2967 2989 2 7 9 11 13 16 18 20

19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900

3160 3118 3201 2 4 6 11 13 15 17 19

20 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139

3345 3365 3385 3404 2 4 6 10 12 14 16 18

21 3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324

3560 3579 3598 2 4 6 10 12 14 15 17

22 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541

3766 3784 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
23 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 .3729 3747

3945 3962 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
24 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927

4099 4116 4133 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 15

25 3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082

4265 4281 4298 2 3 7 8 10 11 13 15

26 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 3

4425 4440 4456 2 3 5 6 9 11 13 14

27 4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409

4594 4609 2 3 5 6 9 11 12 14
28 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579

4742 4757 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
29 4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728

4886 4900 3 4 6 7 9 10 II 13
30 4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871

5024 5038 1 3 4 6 7 10 11 12
31 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011

5172 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12
32 5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159

5289 5302 1 3 4 5 6 9 10 12
33 5185 5198 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276

5428 1 3 4 5 6 9 10 11
34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416

5514 5527 5539 5551 2 4 5 6 7 9 10

35 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502

5658 5670 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
36 5563 5575 5587 5599 5611 5623 5635 5647

5786 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10
37 5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775

5866 5877 5888 5899 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

38 5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855

5999 6010 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 10
39 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988

6107 6117 2 3 4 5 6 9 10
40 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6069

(Contd.)
(P)uoo)

S t' P £ £ Z Z I 6i06 PLQ6 6906 e906 8906 eso6 LP06 ZP06 9806 1806 08
g P P 8 8 Z Z I I 9806 0806 9106 6006 W06 8668 8668 Z.868 8868 9Z.68 6i
9 P P £ £ 8 8 I I IZ.68 9968 0968 t?968 6PS% £P6% 8868 8868 Z.868 1868 U
9 P £ 8 8 8 I I 9168 0168 t^068 6688 8688 Z.888 8888 9Z.88 IZ.88 9988 LL
9 9 P £ £ Z Z 6988 t^988 8t^88 8t^88 Z.888 1888 9888 0888 1^188 8088 9L
9 9 P £ £ Z Z I 8088 Z.6Z.8 16Z.8 98Z.8 6Z.Z.8 PLL% 89Z.8 89Z.8 99Z.8 19Z.8 9Z.
9 9 P P 8 8 8 1 I 9W8 68Z.8 88Z8 Z.8Z.8 88Z.8 91Z.8 0IZ8 I^OZ.8 8698 8698 PL
9 9 P P £ Z 8 I 9898 1898 9i98 6998 8998 Z.998 1998 9^98 6898 8898 £L
9 9 8 8 8 I Z898 1898. 9198 6098 8098 Z.698 1698 9898 6Z.98 8Z.98 ZL
9 9 P P £ Z 8 I Z.998 1998 9998 6^98 £P9S Z.898 1898 9898 6198 8198 IZ.
9 9 P P 8 8 8 1 I 9098 0098 P6P2 ms ZSPS 9LPS OLPS £9PS L5PS I9t^8 OZ.
9 9 P P £ 8 8 1 1 9m 681^8 88t'8 98t^8 08^8 pm Z.Ot'8 101^8 9688 8888 69
9 9 t’ 8 8 8 I 1 8888 9Z.88 0Z.88 8988 Z988 1988 M^88 8888 1888 9888 89
9 9 9 P 8 8 8 1 I 6188 8188 9088 6688 8688 Z.888 0888 PLZS Z.988 1988 Z.9
9 9 9 t’ 8 8 8 I 1 t?988 8t’88 \PZS 9888 8888 8888 9188 6088 8088 9618 99
9 9 9 8 8 8 1 I 6818 8818 9Z.18 6918 8918 9918 61^18 81^18 9818 6818 99
9 9 9 P £ £ 8 I 8818 9118 6018 8018 9608 6808 8808 9Z.08 6908 8908 P9
9 9 9 P 8 8 8 I 1 9908 8t’08 im 9808 8808 1808 1^108 Z.008 0008 £661 89
9 9 9 P 8 8 8 I Z.86Z. 086Z. £L6L 996L 696Z. 896Z. 9P6L 886Z. I86i PZ6L 89
9 9 9 P P 8 8 I L\6L 016Z. 806Z. 968Z. 688Z. 888Z. 9Z.8Z, 898Z. 098Z. 898Z. 19
9 9 9 P P £ 8 I 9PSL 6£SL 888Z. 988i 8I8Z. 018Z. 808Z. 96LL 6SLL ZSLL 09
L 9 9 P 8 8 I 1 WZZ. L9LL Q9LL Z9LL 9PLL 88Z.Z. I8Z.Z. £ZLL 9\LL 60Z.Z. 69
L 9 9 8 8 1 I0Z.Z 989Z. 6Z.9Z. ZL9L P99L Z.99Z. 6179Z. 81^9^ 1^89^ 89
L 9 9 9 P 8 8 8 1 Z.89Z. 6I9Z. 8I9Z t^09Z. Z69Z. 689Z. 889Z. t’Z.gZ. 999Z. 699Z. Z9
L 9 9 9 1^ 8 8 8 I 199Z. 8t’9Z. 989Z. 889Z. 089i 8I9Z. 909Z. Z.6t-Z 06t^Z. 8817Z. 99
L 9 9 9 8 8 8 I t'Z.t^Z. 991^4 69K 19t?Z. £PPL 9£PL LZPL 6\PL Z\PL POPL 99
L 9 9 9 P £ 8 8 I 968Z 888Z. 0884 ZL£L P9£L 998Z. 8fr8Z. OKZ. 888Z. t^88Z. t?9
Z. 9 9 9 P 8 8 8 918Z. 808Z. 0084 8684 t^884 9484 4984 6984 1984 8t’84 89
4 4 9 9 8 8 8 1 9884 9884 8184 0184 8084 8614 9814 4414 8914 0914 89
8 4 9 9 t’ 8 8 c I 8914 81^14 9814 9814 8114 0114 1014 8604 1^804 9404 19
4 9 9 P 8 8 8 1 4904 6904 0904 ZPOL 8804 PZQL 9104 4004 8669 0669 09
4 9 9 P 8 8 1869 8469 1^969 9969 9t^69 4869 8869 0869 1169 8069
4 9 9 8 8 1 8689 m9 9489 9989 4989 81^89 6889 0889 1889 8189 St'
4 9 9 9 P 8 8 8089 t'649 9849 9449 4949 8949 61^49 6849 0849 1849 4t’
8 4 4 9 9 t' 8 8 8149 8049 8699 ^899 9499 9999 9999 91^99 4899 8899 9t'
6 4 9 9 t' 8 8 1 8199 6099 6699 0699 0899 1499 1999 1999 81^99 8899 gt'
6 8 4 9 9 t' 8 8 8899 8199 8099 861^9 t'81'9 t'4t'9 t'9t'9 t'gt'9 t'H'9 S£P9 PP
6 8 4 9 9 t^ 8 8 98W 91W 90t'9 9689 9889 9489 9989 9989 9t'89 9889 8t7
6 8 4 9 9 t’ 8 8 I 9889 t'109 W89 1^689 1^889 PLZ9 8989 8989 81^89 8889 ZP
6 8 4 9 9 t' 8 8 8889 8189 1089 1619 0819 0419 0919 6t'l9 8819 8819 It'
6 8 4 9 S P 8 8 I 6 8 4 9 9 t' 8 8 1 0

( pjt/oo) siumije6oi rt-V 3iaVl

^)siuouo6ux z’v
 Logarithm and AntiLogarithm Tables A.3

TABLE A-1.1 Logarithms (Contd.)

6 7 8 9 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 I 2 3 4 5

9112 9117 9122 9128 9133 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

81 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106

9175 9180 9186 1 1 2 9 3 3 4 4 5

82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170

9222 9227 9232 9238 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

83 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217

9279 9284 9289 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274

9330 9335 9340 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325

9380 9385 9390 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375

9430 9435 9440 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

87 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425

9479 9484 9489 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

88 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474

9533 9538 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528

9581 9586 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
90 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576

9624 9628 9633 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

91 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619

9675 9680 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
92 9638 9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 9666 9671

9722 9727 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
93 9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717

9768 9773 0 1 1 2 0 3 3 4 4
94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763

9814 9818 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
95 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809

9854 9859 9863 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

96 9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850

9903 9908 0 1 2 9 3 3 4 4
97 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899

9943 9948 9952 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

98 9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939

9991 9996 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4
99 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987
i'Pluoo)

9 S P P £ c Z \ P99Z 699Z £99Z LP9Z IP9Z 9Z9Z 6Z9Z ZZ9Z 8IS3 Z19Z Ot^'
9 9 P Z Z z z I I 909Z 005t 96PZ 6SPZ Z^PZ LLPZ ZLPZ 99PZ 09PZ 99PZ 6Z-
9 P P Z Z z z I 6PPZ ZPPZ SZPZ ZZPZ LZPZ \ZPZ 9\PZ 0\PZ POPZ 66ZZ 8£-
9 P P Z z Z z I Z6ZZ 88£2 Z2ZZ LLZZ \LZZ 99ZZ 09ZZ 99ZZ 09ZZ PPZZ LZ'
9 P P Z z Z I bZZZ zzzz %zzz zzzz
t L\ZZ ZIZZ LOZZ I0£t 96ZZ \6ZZ 9£'
P P z z z z I I 9^ZZ 08cc 9LZZ OLZZ 99ZZ 69ZZ P9ZZ 6PZZ PPZZ 6ZZZ ?£●
5 P P Z z c z I I PZZZ %zzz zzzz sirs z\zz 80cS £orr 86IS £6It 88IS PZ'
P P Z z z z I I 0 £8ir %L\Z ZL\Z 891S £9ir 89ic Z9\Z 2P\Z ZP\Z 8£lc ££●
P P Z z z z I ! 0 ££ir 8Sir zziz 8iir eiir 60ir t^oir 660S P60Z 6803 r£-
p p z z z c I I 0 t^sor 0803 9303 0303 £903 1903 9£03 I £03 9P0Z ZPOZ !£●
P P Z z z c 1 I 0 3£03 3£03 8303 £303 8103 1^103 6003 POOZ 0003 £661 0£’
P P Z z 3 3 I 0 1661 9861 3861 3361 3361 8961 £961 6£61 P96\ 0£61 63‘
P P £ £ 3 3 I I 0 £t^61 11761 9£6I 3£61 8361 ■ £361 6161 l7l6I 0161 £061 83'
P Z Z z c 3 I I 0 1061 3681 3681 8881 17881 6381 £381 1381 9981 3981 33-
l7 £ £ £ 3 3 I 0 8£81 17£8I 61781 £1781 11781 3£81 3£81 8381 17381 0381 93‘
P Z Z 3 3 3 I I 0 9181 1181 3081 £081 6631 £631 1631 9831 3831 8331 £3'
l7 £ £ 3 3 3 1 1 0 17331 0331 9931 3931 8£31 17£31 0£31 91731 31731 8£31 l73'
17 £ £ 3 3 3 1 I 0 PZL\ 0£3l 9331 3331 8131 17131 0131 9031 3031 8691 £3’
£ £ £ 3 3 3 I 1 0 17691 0691 3891 £891 6391 £391 1391 3991 £991 0991 33'
£ £ £ 3 c 3 1 I 0 9£91 3£91 81791 PP91 \P9] 3£91 ££91 6391 9391 3391 13'
£ £ £ 3 3 I 1 0 8191 17191 1191 3091 £091 0091 96£l 36£l 68£1 £8£l 03’
£ £ £ 3 3 I I 0 I8£l 83£1 PL9\ 03£I 39£1 £9£1 09£1 9££1 3££1 6l7£l 61'
£ £ 3 3 1 1 I 0 £17£1 3l7£l 8££1 £££1 I££l
c
83£1 l73£l 13£l 31£1 l7l£l 8T

£ £ 3 3 c 1 I 0 01£I 30£1 £0£1 00£l 96171 £6l7l 68171 98171 £8H 63171 LV
Z Z 3 3 3 1 I 0 93171 33171 6917 1 99171 39H 6£l7l ££l7l 3£t7l 617171 £l7l7l 91'
£ £ 3 3 3 I I 0 cl’t’l 6£l7l ££l7l 3£l7l 63171 93171 3317! 61171 91171 £1171 91
Z £ 3 3 3 I I 1 0 60171 9017 1 £0171 OOH 96£1 £6£1 06£1 38£1 l78£I 08£1 l7l-
£ £ 3 3 3 1 I I 0 33£1 l73£l 13£l 89£I £9£l I9£I 8££1 £££1 3££1 6KI ZV
Z 3 3 c 3 1 I 1 0 9H1 £17£I OKI LZZl K£1 0£C1 33£I K£1 13£l 8I£1 ZV
z 3 3 3 c I I 0 £l£l 31£1 60£1 90£1 £0£1 00£1 3631 17631 1631 8831 ir
£ 3 3 3 I 1 I 1 0 £831 3831 6331 9331 K3I 1331 8931 £931 3931 6£31 or
£ 3 3 3 I I 1 1 0 9£3l ££31 0£3l 3K1 £1731 3K1 6£31 9£31 ££31 0£3l 60'
£ 3 3 3 I I 0 3331 £331 3331 6131 9131 £131 1131 8031 £031 3031 80’
3 3 3 3 I I I 0 6611 3611 P6U 1611 6811 9811 £811 0811 8311 £311 30'
3 3 3 3 I 1 0 3311 6911 3911 P9U 1911 6£l I 9£ll ££ll l£ll 81711 90’

3 3 3 3 1 1 I 0 9HI £l7ll 01711 8£11 ££1I 3£ll 0£11 3311 £311 3311 £0‘
3 3 3 3 1 I 0 6111 3111 I’ll! 3111 6011 3011 roil 3011 6601 9601 ro'

3 3 3 1 1 0 0 KOI 1601 6801 9801 KOI 1801 6301 930! KOI 3301 £0'
3 3 3 I 0 0 6901 3901 P901 3901 6£01 3£0I KOI 3£0I 0£01 31701 30'
3 3 3 I 1 0 0 £roi ZPO\ oroi 8£0I ££01 ££01 0£01 8301 9301 £301 10'
3 3 3 1 I 1 I 0 0 1301 6101 9101 KOI 3101 6001 300! £001 3001 0001 00’
6 8 3 9 c P Z I I 6 8 3 9 £ P Z Z I 0

saiyjueBoinuv Z'V-V319VJ.
 Logarithm and AntiLogarithm Tables A.5

TABLE A-1.2 Antilogarithms (Contd.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9

2612 2618 2624 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

.41 2570 2576 2582 2588 2594 2600 2606

2673 2679 2685 2 2 3 4 4 5 6

.42 2630 2636 2642 2649 2655 2661 2667

2748 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
.43 2692 2698 2704 2710 2716 2723 2729 2735 2742

2812 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
.44 2754 2761 2767 2773 2780 2786 2793 2799 2805

2877 1 9 3 3 4 5 5 6
.45 2818 2825 2831 2838 2844 2851 2858 2864 2871

2944 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
.46 2884 289! 2897 2904 2911 2917 2924 2931 2938

3013 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6
.47 2951 2958 2965 2972 2979 2985 2992 2999 3006

3083 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
.48 3020 3027 3034 3041 3048 3055 3062 3069 3076

3141 3148 3155 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6

.49 3090 3097 3105 3112 3119 3126 3133

3221 3228 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
.50 3162 3170 3177 3184 3192 3199 3206 3214

3304 2 2 3 4 5 5 7
.51 3236 3243 3251 3258 3266 3273 3281 3289 3296

3373 3381 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7
.52 3311 3319 3327 3334 3342 3350 3357 3365

3451 3459 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
.53 3388 3396 3404 3412 3420 3428 3436 3443

3524 3532 3540 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7

.54 3467 3475 3483 3491 3499 3508 3516

3622 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7
.55 3548 3556 3565 3573 3581 3589 3597 3606 3614

3690 3698 3707 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7

.56 3631 3639 3648 3656 3664 3673 3681

3776 3784 3793 1 3 3 4 5 6 7

.57 3715 3724 3733 3741 3750 3758 3767

3873 3882 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
.58 3802 3811 3819 3828 3837 3846 3855 3864

3954 3963 3972 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7

.59 3890 3899 3908 3917 3926 3936 3945

4046 4055 4064 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7

.60 3981 3990 3999 4009 4018 4027 4036

4159 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
.61 4074 4083 4093 4102 4111 4121 4130 4140 4150

4246 4256 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
.62 4169 4178 4188 4198 4207 4217 4227 4236

4355 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
.63 4266 4276 4285 4295 4305 4315 4325 4335 4345

4436 4446 4557 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

.64 4365 4375 4385 4395 4406 4416 4426

4550 4560 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
.65 4467 4477 4487 4498 4508 4519 4529 4539

4656 4667 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10
.66 4571 4581 4592 4603 4613 4624 4634 4645

4775 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
.67 4677 4688 4699 4710 4721 4732 4742 4753 4764

4875 4887 2 3 4 6 7 9 10
.68 4786 4797 4808 4819 4831 4842 4853 4864

5000 2 3 5 6 7 9 10
.69 4898 4909 4920 4932 4943 4955 4966 4977 4989

5117 2 4 5 6 7 9 11
.70 5012 5023 5035 5047 5058 5070 5082 5093 5105

5224 5236 1 2 4 5 6 7 10 11
.71 5129 5140 5152 5164 5176 5188 5200 5212

5346 5358 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10
.72 5248 5260 5272 5284 5297 5309 5321 5333

5483 1 3 4 5 6 9 10 11
.73 5370 5383 5395 5408 5420 5433 5445 5458 5470

5598 5610 3 4 5 6 9 10 12
.74 5495 5508 5521 5534 5546 5559 5572 5585

5741 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 12
.75 5623 5636 5649 5662 5675 5689 5702 5715 5728

5875 1 3 4 5 7 9 11 12
5754 5768 5781 5794 5808 5821 5834 5848 5861
.76
6012 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12
5888 5902 5916 5929 5943 5957 5970 5984 5998
.77
6138 6152 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13
.78 6026 6039 6053 6067 6081 6095 6109 6124

6281 6295 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 13
.79 6166 6180 6194 6209 6223 6237 6252 6266

6427 6442 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13
.80 6310 6324 6339 6353 6368 6383 6397 6412

(Contd.)
A.6 Trigonometry

TABLEA-1.2 Antilogarithms (ConW.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.81 6457 6471 6486 6501 6516 6531 6546 6561 6577 6592 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14
.82 6607 6622 6637 6653 6668 6683 6699 6714 6730 6745 2 3 5 6 9 12 14
.83 6761 6776 6792 6808 6823 6839 6855 6871 6887 6902 2 3 5 6 9 11 13 14
.84 6918 6934 6950 6966 6982 6998 7015 7031 7047 7063 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 15
.85 7079 7096 7112 7129 7145 7161 7178 7194 7211 7228 2 3 5 7 10 12 13 15
.86 7244 7261 7278 7295 7311 7328 7345 7362 7379 7396 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 13 15
.87 7413 7430 7447 7464 7482 7499 7516 7534 7551 7568 2 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16
.88 7586 7603 7621 7638 7656 7674 7691 7709 7727 7745 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 14 16
.89 7762 7780 7798 7816 7834 7852 7870 7889 7907 7925 2 4 5 9 II 13 14 16
.90 7943 7962 7980 7998 8017 8035 8054 8072 8091 8110 2 4 6 9 11 13 15 17
.91 8128 8147 8166 8185 8204 8222 8241 8260 8279 8299 2 4 6 8 9 II 13 15 17
.92 8318 8337 8356 8375 8395 8414 8433 8453 8472 8492 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 17
.93 8511 8531 8551 8570 8590 8610 8630 8650 8670 8690 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
.94 8710 8730 8750 8770 8790 8810 8831 8851 8872 8892 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
.95 8913 8933 8954 8974 8995 9016 9036 9057 9078 9099 2 4 6 8 12 15 17 19
.96 9120 9141 9162 9183 9204 9226 9247 9268 9290 9311 2 4 6 8 II 13 15 17 19
.97 9333 9354 9376 9397 9419 9441 9462 9484 9506 9528 2 4 7 9 II 13 15 17 20
.98 9550 9572 9594 9616 9638 9661 9683 9705 9727 9750 2 4 7 9 II 13 16 18 20
.99 9772 9795 9817 9840 9863 9886 9908 9931 9954 9977 2 5 7 9 11 14 16 18 20
 \ Chapterwise Solved
\ JEE Main 2024 Questions
APPENDIX (AIM 0 Sets of Session 1)

Chapter 1 (1) C (2) ;r-C

Logarithm and Its Properties n
(3) 2;r-C (4) --C
Numerical Value Type
[Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles
1. Let /(x) = 2^ - X e /?. If m and n arc respectively the and Transformation Formulas]
number of points at which the curves y = f(x) and y =f'(x)
intersect the x-axis, then the value of ni + n is . Numerical Value Type

[Logarithm] 6. Let the set of all a € i? such that the equation cos 2x + a sin.r
= 2a -7 has a solution be [p, q] and r = tan 9° - tan 27°
Chapter 2 and 3 1
Trigonometric Functions, + tan 81 °, then pqr is equal to .
cot 63°
Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
[Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles]
Single Correct Answer Type
Chapter 4
71 71 Trigonometric Equations
2. If O', — <a< — is the solution of 4 cos 0 + 5 sin 0= 1,
2 2
Single Correct Answer Type
then the value of tan a is

^/^() - 10 Vio -10 7. If 2tan"0- 5sec 0= 1 has exactly 7 solutions in the interval
(1) (2)
6 12
T k
0. — for the least value of A^, then 7 —;Y is equal
2 ’ ±12^
(3)
10 - Vio (4)
10 - n/To to
12 6
1
[Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles] (1) (2''^ - 14) (2)
^14
(2^^ - 15)
3. The sum of the solutions x g R of the equation 2'^
3cos2x + cos^ 2x 15
= x^ - x“ + 6 is (3) 1- (4) (2'^-15)
6
cos
●-6
X —sin X 2‘^ 213

(1) 0 (2) ! [Solutions of Trigonometric Equations]

(3) -1 (4) 3 8. If 2 sin^x + sin 2x cos x + 4 sin x - 4 = 0 has exactly
[Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles] nn
3 solutions in the interval 0, — , n e N, then the roots
4. For a, pe (0, ;r/2), let 3 sin (a + )3) = 2 sin (a - /?) and a L 2
real number k be such that tan a = k tan p. Then, the value of the equation x" + ux + (/r - 3) = 0 belong to
of k is equal to (I) (0,~) (2) i-oo,0)
(1) -2/3 (2) -5
(3) 2/3 (4) 5 (3) yfli 2^ (4) 2
2 ’ 2
[Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles
[Solutions of Trigonometric Equations]
and Transformation Formulas]

1 X
9. The number of solutions of the equation 4 sin"x - 4 cos^x
5. If tan A = , tan 5 = and + 9-4 cos X = 0; x g [ -2;r, 2;r] is
yjx{x~ + X + 1) yjx- +X+ 1 (1) 0 (2) 3
(3) 1 (4) 2
tan C = (x‘^ + x“^ + x“')‘^^ 0<A,B,C< then A + B i&
[Solutions of Trigonometric Equations]
equal to
Note: Solutions arc available on “Cengage Digital" app (Android/iOS/Windows).
A.8 Trigonometry

Chapter 5 m
12. Let x = — (m, n are co-prime natural numbers) be a solution
Properties and Solutions of Triangle n

Single Correct Answer Type

ofthe equation cos (2sin Vr)= — and let a,/3(a>/J) be the
roots of the equation mx~ - nx - ni + n = 0. Then the point
10. For a,/J, 7?* 0 if sin 'a + sin ')3+sin 'y= Kand{a + P+ Yf (a, p) lies on the line
(a-y+ (i) = 3a)3, then /equals (1) 3x + 2>- = 2
^-1 (2) 5.v-8>' = -9
(1) (2) V3 (3) 3jf-2j' = -2
2^/2
(4) 5a- + 8v = 9
(3) (4)
^/3 [Properties of ITF and Simplification of ITF]
2

[Different Rules of Triangles]

13. If fl = sin"' (sin (5)) and b = cos"' (cos (5)), then cT + h~ is
equal to
Chapter 7 (1) 4;r^ + 25 (2) 25
Inverse Trigonometric Functions (3) 8;r-40;r+50 (4) 4;r-20;r+50
Single Correct Answer Type [Domain, Range and Graph of Inverse Trigonometric Functions]
11. Considering only the principal values of inverse trigonometric
functions, the number of positive real values of a- satisfying
tan '(at) + tan ' (Zy) = — IS
4

(1) more than 2 (2) 1

(3) 2 (4) 0
[Sum of Angles in the Form of Inverse of Tan]

Answers Key
1. (5) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (48) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (4)
11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (3)

Note: Solutions arc available on "Cengagc Digital" app (Android/iOSAVindows).

 JEE Advanced 2022
APPENDIX
Solved Questions

Multiple Correct Answers Type (III) (in 6n

(R) has four elements
.r €
T’T
Properties and Solutions of Triangle

1. Let PQRS be a quadrilateral in a plane, where QR = \,

ZPQR = ZORS = 70^ ZPQS - 15“ and ZPRS = 40“.
2 cos(2.y) = ^/3|
If ZRPS = 0°, PQ=a and PS = then the interval(s) that (IV) (S) has five elements
X € iL l£
contain(s) the value of 4a/3 sin 0“ is/are 4 ’ 4

(1) (0,V2) (2) (1,2) sin.Y - cos.Y = 1

(3) (V2,3) (4) (2>/2,3V2)

(T) has six elements
2. Let G be a circle of radius R>0. Let Gj, G2, ... , G„ be n
circles of equal radius /● > 0. Suppose each of the n circles The correct option is:
G|, G2, .... G„ touches the circle G externally. Also, for (1) (I) ^ (P); (II) ^ (S); (III) ^ (P); (IV) ^ (S)
/= 1, 2, 1, the circle G, touches G, +, externally, (2) (I) (P); (II) ^ (P); (HI) ^ (T); (IV) ^ (R)
and G„ touches G, externally. Then, which of the following (3) (I) ^ (Q); (II) ^ (P); (III) (T); (IV) ^ (S)
statements is/are TRUE? (4) (I) ^ (Q); (II) ^ (S); (III) ^ (P); (IV) ^ (R)
{1) If » = 4, then (^/2 - 1) r < /? Numerical Value Type
(2) If n = 5, then r< R
Logarithm and Its Properties
(3) lf/) = 8. then (^/2
4. The product of all positive real values of x satisfying the
(4) If/? = 12, then V2 (^/3 + 1) r > ?? equation x
(16(log,j:)'-68Iog,,r) =5 -16 :
IS

Matrix Match Type Trigonometric Ratios and Transformation Formulas

Trigonometric Equations 5. Let aand 0be real numbers such that -—< p<0<a<—.
4 4

3. Consider the following lists; 1 2

List I List II If sin(a + (3)=- and cos(a- /J) = then the greatest

(I) 2;r 2n (P) has two elements integer less than or equal to
X 6
3 ’ 3 /

sin a
.

cosi3— cosa sinfl^ .

+ + — IS .
cos^ sin a sin^ cos a
cos X + sin X = I

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(II) 57T 5n (Q) has diree elements
X e 6. Considering only the principal values of the inverse
18’ 18 ’ trigonometric functions, the value of
n/3 tan 3x = 1 3 -1 2 1 . -I lyfin- + tan
-I 2^.
— cos 7 + — sm IS
2 \2 + n- 4 2 + ;r‘ n
A.10 Trigonometry

Answers Key
Multiple Correct Answers Type
1. (1,2) 2. (3,4)

Matrix Match Type

3. (2)

Numerical Value Type

4. (1) . 5. (1) 6. (2.35)
 JEE Advanced 2022 Solved Questions A.ll

Hints and Solutions

1.(1, 2) R + r n n

ZPRQ = 70° - 40° = 30° For w = 5, n = 5. =cosec — <cosec —

r 5 6
ZRQS==10°- I5°»55° =>/? + r<2r=>/->7?
ZQSR =180°- 55° - 70° = 55 R+ r K K
For, «=8, =cosec—>cosec
So. triangle QRS is isosceles. r 4

So, QR = RS= \
=> 7? + r > >/2 r
Also. ZQPR = 180=
R+ r K
For, /7 = 12,
r
=cosec—
12
=^/2(^/3 + l)
;?+/● = V2 (n/3 + 1)7-
^/2 (%/3 + 1) r>7?

-2;r 2^r : cosx + sinx = 1

(I) X e
“’T
cos j: + sin X = 1

Squaring, we get
1 +sin2.r= 1
Using Sine Rule in APRQ. we get or sin 2 x = 0

a
n
a = .,.(1) => X = 0. —
sin30° sin80° 2 sin 80° ' 2

Using Sine Rule in APRS, we get -5k —

5k : \/3
r ,tan 3x
^ = ,1
(II) X €
18 ’ 18
^ sin 0 = sin 40' ...(2)
sin40° sin0 K
tan 3x= ^3x=nK-\—,neZ
2sin40° 2sin40°
73 6

4or/3sin0 = = sec 40° = sec 40° K

sin 80° 2 sin 40° cos 40° => x=(6«+l)—,neZ
18
Now, sec 30° < sec 40° < sec 45° K -5k
=> X =—
18’ 18
sec 40° < n/2
(111) X € : 2cos(2x)= Vs

73 K
=^>cos2x = = cos —
2 6

K
=» 2x=2n;r ± —, n e Z
6

K
=> x=«;r± —, o € Z
12
K K K
=>X=± —,K± —,-K± —
12’ 12’ 12

Ik
(IV) X e : sinx - cosx = I
4 ’ 4

Squaring, we get
1 - sin 2x = 1 or sin 2x = 0
K
=>X= -K,—,K
2 ’ '2
From the figure
. K r
Sin —= -16
n r+R 4 (1)

For « = 4, ^ + /‘ = 72ror(72-l)r = R Taking log on both sides with base 5, we get

A.12 Trigonometry

(16(log5X)^ - 68(log5X))logsX = -16 64cos'*(«- ^sin^(«+ P)

Putting logs ^ we get (cos 2(a-p)~ cos 2( a+ j8))‘
16/-68/+16 = 0
64cos‘*(«- )3)sin‘(«+ jS)|
or4/-17/ + 4 = 0 (2cos\a-p)-l-l+2sin\a+\p)f
If roots are;^,,3^2>>^3 and >^4, then
16 1 1
yi+y2+y3+y4 = 0 = 64x—X
81 9 r^ 4 , , 2V
2x—1-1+-
=> logs ^1 logs ^2 logs ^3 log5^4 = 0 9 9)
=> 2^33^4 = 1
64x16 ^^16
81x9 ‘64 9
5.(1)
=>[£] = !
1 2 6. (2.35)
sm{a+ P) = -,cos(a-p) = -
;r

\2
We have, —cos
-1 2 1 . -I ^>/2 -I >/2
since ^cosa ^ cosP ^sinj3 2 2 + ;rV
r + —sin
4 ^ ;r
\2
+tan
;r
l^cosjS sinjS since cosaj 1 +
IV2J
f cos(oe - P) ^ cos(oe -j3)V 3
= — tan
-1 ;r 1 r
;r - 2tan
-I
+ tan
-:V2
^cos/3sinj3 sinoecosa^ 2 s/2j n

\2
2x
= 4cos^(a - p) ' 1 ^1 V sin"'
1
= 2tan"'AT, if x>l
^ sin 2/3 sin2ce^
n: n
'2sin(«+ j^cos(ce-/9)V
-1
= tan —f= + — + tan
= 4cos^(ce-/?) V2 4 ;r
^ sin2cesin2/3
K n 2)7c
+ — = 2.35
2 4 4
 JEE Advanced 2023
APPENDIX
Solved Questions

Single Correct Answer Type 2. Let a be the area of the triangle ABC. Then the value of
{6Aaf is
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3. The inradius of the triangle ABC is .
1. For any v e R, let cor'(v) e (0, n) and tan"' O’) ^
( n Vi Inverse Trigonometric Functions
— . Then the sum of all the solutions of the equation
2' 2j 7t 7t

-1 6y - -1 9-v“ 2ti 4. Let tan '(.v)e , for jc s M. Then the number of real
tan +cot — for 0 < I y < 3,
6v 3
l9-r j solutions of the equation ^l + cos(2.v) = yjl tan"* (tan x)
is equal to 3n k\ ( K k'] [k 3n
in the set —,— u — u — is equal
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1) 2^/3-3 (2) 3-2V3
to

(3) 4^/3-6 (4) 6-4V3

Numerical Value Type III

Properties and Solutions of Triangle
Paragraph for Q. 2 and Q. 3:
Consider an obtuse angled triangle ABC in which the difference
between the largest and the smallest angle is ^ and whose sides
are in arithmetic progression. Suppose that the vertices of this
triangle lie on a circle of radius 1.

Answers Key
Single Correct Answer Type
1. (3)

Numerical Value Type

2. (10008) 3. (0.25) 4.(3)
A.14 Trigonometry i

Hints and Solutions

i

x-d . x-¥ d \ _ . X
-1 {JlS -1 ^9-/1 2;r sin^ = , cosy4 = ,cos2A= —
1.(3) We have, tan
U-/J , 6;/ J 3 ’
+ cot 2 2 ■ 2

0<M<3 ...(1) Now, cos^A - sin^i4 = 42

CaseI;-3<;^<0 \2
)

'x+d \2 (x-d X

-1 6y -1 ' 6y ] 2;r
. 2 J {2)2
U-/
tan + ;r + tan
l9-/J 3
=» dx= —

, ( 6y "I ^ £
2
2 tan
U-/J 3 d=-
1
2
-1
Also, sin^^ + cos^j4 = 1
U-/J 6
tan

6y
9-/
1 fx-d]^
. 2 ) .
+
m-'
=> :^ + (f = 2
y^-6yj3y-9 = 0
6>/3 ±12 >/7
y = = 3y/3±6 4
x =
2
2

y=3^-6 (v-3<;;<0)
So,5C = ^.^c= 2 2
>/7
2
Case II; 0 <x< 3
ABBC-AC
-1 6y 2k Area of triangle, a=
2 tan 4R
9-/“T /

6;;
9-7'
= >/3 _l 2 A 2 J(2^
4

^/3/ + 6;;-9^/3 =0 6>/7 3^

-6 ±12 32 ~ 16
2V3 (64a)^= (12>/7)^ =1008
=❖ y = yf3 (v0<>;<3) Also,
Area, a = r-j (where r is inradius and s is semi-perimeter)
So, sum of roots = 3-J3 - 6 + 73 = 473 -6
3>/7 3>/7
2. (1008), 3. (0.25) = r
16 4
K
B-A = — ; Circumradius,R=\. 1
2’ r=- = 0.25
4

4. (3) Given equation is

yjl + cos(2x) = 72 tan~'(tanA:)

or cosjr| = 72tan '(tanjc) 1
or |cos x\ = tan"’ (tan jr)
To find the number of solutions, we draw the graphs of
y = |cos x\ zndy = tan"’ (tan x) jas follows:

K
B = A+-
2
K
imdC=K-A-B= 2A
2 U
Using sine rule, we get
x-d x + d
— =2R = 2
sin/4 sin £ sinC

x-d_x+d — =2R = 2
From the figure, number of points of intersection is 3.
sin A cos A cos 2/4 Therefore, we have three solutions.