Explanation of Python Code (NumPy Example)

Explanation

# NumPy

## 1.What is NumPy ,and why is it essential for numerical computations in python?

* NumPy is a powerful Python library used for numerical computing, it provides a powerful n-dimensional array

object (ndarray) that is more efficient than native python lists for numerical tasks.

##### Why its essential:

* Faster operations using vectorization.

* A wide range of mathematical function.

* Supports broadcasting , slicing and reshaping.

* Basis for many other libraries

Explanation

## 2.Create a 3x3 NumPy array filled with random integers between 1 and 10.Calculate the sum, mean,and standard

deviationof the array.

Code and Function Meanings

import numpy as np

# Create a 3x3 array with random integers feom 1 to 10

matrix = np.random.randint(1, 11, size=(3, 3))

print("Original 3x3 Matrix")

print(matrix)

# Calculate statistics

total = np.sum(matrix)

average = np.mean(matrix)
 Explanation of Python Code (NumPy Example)

std_dev = np.std(matrix)

print("Sum:", total)

print("Mean:", average)

print("Standard Deviation:", std_dev)

Function Meanings:

- np.random: Generates random numbers.

- np.sum: Returns the sum of array elements.

- np.mean: Computes the average of array elements.

- np.std: Calculates standard deviation.

Explanation

## 3.Reshape the array into a 1x9 vector and display it.

Code and Function Meanings

import numpy as np

#Create a 3x3 matrix filled with random integers between 1 and 10

original_matrix = np.random.randint(1, 11, size=(3, 3))

#Display the original matrix

print("Original _Matrix (3x3):")

print(original_matrix)

#Reshape the matrix into a 1-row, 9-column matrix(1x9)

reshaped_matrix = original_matrix.reshape(1, 9)

#Display the reshaped matrix

print("Reshaped Matrix.reshape(1x9):")

print(reshaped_matrix)

Function Meanings:

- np.random: Generates random numbers.

Explanation

# Scipy

## 1.Discuss the main modules and their applications in scientific computing.

### i.scipy.integrate

* Used to calculate areas under curves and solve differential equations-helpful in physics and engineering for

modeling motion and population growth

### ii.scipy.optimize

* Solves optimization problems like finding minimum or maximum values-commonly used in machine

learning,economics and engineering design to improve performance or reduce cost.

### iii.scipy.linalg

* Handles advanced linear algebra tasks such as solving systems of equations-useful in simulations, data analysis,

and engineering computatios like circuit design.

### iv.scipy.stats

* Performs stastistical analysis, including probability distributions and tests-used in data science and research to

draw conclusions from data.

Explanation

# 2.Use scipy.optimize to find the minimum value of the function f(x)=x2+5x+6

Code and Function Meanings

from scipy.optimize import minimize

# Define the function to minimize

def func(x):

return x**2 + 5*x + 6

# Use minimize starting from x = 0

result = minimize(func, x0=[0])

print("Minimum value occurs at x =", result.x[0])

print("Minimum value of the function is:", result.fun)

Explanation

# 3.Plot the function using Matplolib to visualize the result

Code and Function Meanings

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create x values and compute y values

x_values = np.linspace(-10, 2, 100)

y_values = func(x_values)

# Plot the function

plt.plot(x_values, y_values, label='f(x)=x**2 + 5*x + 6', color='green')

plt.scatter(result.x, func(result.x), color='red', label='Minimum Point')

plt.title("Function Plot with Minimum")

plt.xlabel("x")

plt.ylabel("f(x)")
 Explanation of Python Code (NumPy Example)

plt.legend()

plt.grid(True)

plt.show

Function Meanings:

- np.linspace: Creates evenly spaced numbers over a range.

Explanation

# Pandas

## 1.What are the two primary data structures in Pandas , and how do they differ?

* Series: 1D labeled array.

* DataFrame: 2D labeled data structure,like a table.

### Difference:

* Series is for single-column data, while DataFrame holds multiple columns and rows.

Explanation

# 2.Load a sample CSV file (or create a DataFrame manually) containing columns: Name, Age, Salary.

Code and Function Meanings

import pandas as pd

#Sample data

data = {

'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Daisy'],

'Age': [28, 35, 28, 40],

'Salary': [55000, 48000, 60000, 75000]

}
 Explanation of Python Code (NumPy Example)

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

print("DataFrame")

print(df)

Explanation

# 3.Filter rows where Salary > 50000

Code and Function Meanings

import pandas as pd

# Create a sample data as a dictionary

data = {

'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Daisy'],

'Age': [28, 35, 28, 40],

'Salary': [55000, 48000, 60000,75000]

#Convert the dictionary into a Pandas DataFrame

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

#Display the full DataFrame

print("Full Employee Data:")

print(df)

#Filter rows where salary is greater than 50,000

high_salary_df = df[df['Salary'] > 50000]

#Display the filtered DataFrame

print("\nEmployees with Salary > 50000:")

print(high_salary_df)
 Explanation of Python Code (NumPy Example)

Explanation

# 4.Group the data by Age and calculate the average salary for each age group.

Code and Function Meanings

import pandas as pd

#Create the sample employee data

data = {

'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Daisy'],

'Age': [28, 35, 28, 40],

'Salary': [55000, 48000, 60000,75000]

#cCreate a DataFrame

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

#Display Full DataFrame

print("Full Employee Data:")

print(df)

# Group by 'Age' and calculate the average salary

average_salary_by_age = df.groupby('Age')['Salary'].mean()

# Display the result

print("\nAverage_Salary by Age Group:")

print(average_salary_by_age)

Explanation

# 5.Provide an example of how to handle missing values in a DataFrame using dropna() and fillna()
 Explanation of Python Code (NumPy Example)

Code and Function Meanings

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

data = {

'Name': ['David', 'Joel', 'Tamah', 'Zenekai'],

'Age': [25, 30, np.nan, 35],

'Salary': [60000, np.nan, 52000, 70000]

df =pd.DataFrame(data)

print("Original:\n", df)

#Drop rows with any missing values

print("\nAfter dropna():\n", df.dropna())

# Fill missing Age and Salary with their column averages

df_filled = df.copy()

df_filled['Age'] = df_filled['Age'].fillna(df_filled['Age'].mean())

df_filled['Salary'] = df_filled['Salary'].fillna(df_filled['Salary'].mean())

print("\nAfter fillna():\n", df_filled)

Explanation

# Matplotlib

## 1.What are the key features of Matplotlib that make it popular choice for creating plots?

* Flexible and powerful plotting library

* Works well with NumPy and Pandas

* Supports line,bar,pie,scatter,histograms and subplots

* Fully customizable(colors, styles and labels)

* Produces publication-quality visuals

## 2.Generate a line plot showing the population growth of the city of a city over 10 years .Add labels for the

x-axis(Years), Y-axis(population), and a title(City Population Growth).Customize the plot with gridlines, a legend, and a

specific color/style for the line.

Code and Function Meanings

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Population Over 10 Years

years = list(range(2015, 2025))

population = [50000, 52000, 54000, 57000, 60000, 63000, 66000, 69000, 72000, 75000]

plt.plot(years, population,color='blue', linestyle='-', marker='o', label='Population')

plt.title("City Population Growth")

plt.xlabel("Years")

plt.ylabel("Population")

plt.grid(True)

plt.legend()

plt.show()

Explanation

# 2.Create a figure with two subplots: one displaying a bar chart of sales data and the other a pie chart showing market

share percentages.

Code and Function Meanings

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sales and market share data

sales = [100, 150, 500]

products = ['Product A', 'Product B', 'Product C']

market_share = [40, 35, 25]

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 5))

#Bar Chart

axes[0].bar(products, sales, color='orange')

axes[0].set_title("Sales Data")

# Pie Chart

axes[1].pie(market_share, labels=products, autopct='%1.1f%%', colors=['skyblue', 'lightgreen', 'lightcoral'])

axes[1].set_title("Market Share")

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

Code and Function Meanings