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The document provides an overview of Computer-Based Systems (CBS), defining them as integrated systems of hardware, software, people, data, and procedures aimed at achieving organizational goals. It discusses the system engineering hierarchy, which decomposes systems into manageable parts, and emphasizes the importance of system modeling for clarity, error identification, and stakeholder communication. Additionally, it highlights various types of system models and tools used for effective system design and documentation.

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4 views5 pages

Computer

The document provides an overview of Computer-Based Systems (CBS), defining them as integrated systems of hardware, software, people, data, and procedures aimed at achieving organizational goals. It discusses the system engineering hierarchy, which decomposes systems into manageable parts, and emphasizes the importance of system modeling for clarity, error identification, and stakeholder communication. Additionally, it highlights various types of system models and tools used for effective system design and documentation.

Uploaded by

mahalakshmis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer-Based Systems: The System

Engineering Hierarchy and System


Modeling

🎯 1. Introduction to Computer-Based Systems (CBS)


🔍 Definition:

A Computer-Based System (CBS) is a system that uses computing technology to perform


predefined tasks by integrating hardware, software, human users, and data to meet
organizational goals.

📦 Core Elements of CBS:

Element Description
Hardware Physical devices like CPU, memory, storage, sensors
Software Operating systems, applications, embedded code
People End users, developers, technicians, stakeholders
Data Raw facts processed into information
Procedures Protocols, manuals, user guides, business logic

📌 Real-World Examples:

 Automated Railway Ticketing System


 Online Banking Portal
 Self-Driving Car System
 E-commerce Platforms (Amazon, Flipkart)

⚙️2. Characteristics of CBS


 Interactive – responds to user input
 Integrated – components work together
 Automated – performs tasks with minimal human intervention
 Data-Driven – uses input and stored data for decision-making
 Scalable – can grow in functionality and size

🏗️3. System Engineering: An Overview


🔧 What is System Engineering?

System engineering is a multidisciplinary approach to designing, developing, and


managing complex systems across their life cycles.

📊 Purpose:

 Handle large-scale complexity


 Ensure system reliability
 Balance cost, performance, schedule

🪜 4. System Engineering Hierarchy


System Engineering decomposes a system into smaller manageable parts in a hierarchical
format, promoting clarity and modular design.

📘 Hierarchy Levels in Detail:

🧱 Level 1: System Level

 Represents the entire computer-based system


 Defines overall goals, interfaces, and operations
 Ex: Online Banking System

🧱 Level 2: Subsystem Level

 Logical grouping of related functions


 Ex: UI Subsystem, Transaction Management Subsystem

🧱 Level 3: Component/Module Level

 Software programs or hardware components


 Ex: Login Module, Account Verification Module

🧱 Level 4: Unit Level

 Functions, methods, procedures


 Ex: validateUser(), calculateBalance()

📍Visual Hierarchy Diagram:


yaml
CopyEdit
Computer-Based System (Online Banking)
├── Subsystem: User Interface
│ ├── Component: Login Page
│ └── Component: Dashboard
├── Subsystem: Transaction Processor
│ ├── Component: Fund Transfer
│ └── Component: Bill Payment
└── Subsystem: Backend Services
├── Component: Database Access
└── Component: Notification Service

🔄 5. The System Engineering Lifecycle


Phase Description
1. Requirements Analysis Understand stakeholder needs
2. Feasibility Study Technical, economic, operational feasibility
3. System Design High-level architecture and modeling
4. Implementation Development and integration of components
5. Testing and Verification Ensures correctness and performance
6. Deployment Installing and launching the system
7. Maintenance Bug fixes, upgrades, support

📐 6. System Modeling
System modeling uses graphical and mathematical tools to represent a system's structure,
behavior, and functionality.

✅ Why Model a System?

 Reduce ambiguity in design


 Identify errors early
 Provide documentation
 Facilitate stakeholder communication

🧰 7. Types of System Models

Model Type Description Examples


Structural
Describe organization of system UML Class Diagram, ER Diagram
Models
Behavioral Describe system dynamics and State Machine Diagram, Sequence
Models workflows Diagram
Functional Represent data flow and Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), Activity
Models transformations Diagram
Real-world architecture Deployment Diagram, Network
Physical Models
representation Topology

📘 8. UML (Unified Modeling Language)


🛠️Key Diagrams:

Diagram Type Use


Use Case Diagram Shows user interaction with system
Class Diagram Shows system’s classes and relationships
Sequence Diagram Describes message flow in time sequence
Activity Diagram Models workflow or business process
Deployment Diagram Shows hardware & software mapping

🧪 9. Case Study: Railway Reservation System


🌐 CBS Components:

 Hardware: Servers, ticket kiosks, barcode scanners


 Software: Web portal, mobile app, backend APIs
 People: Passengers, ticket clerks, developers
 Data: Train schedules, bookings, seat inventory

📘 System Hierarchy:
yaml
CopyEdit
System: Railway Reservation
├── Subsystem: Booking
│ └── Component: Ticket Module
├── Subsystem: Payment Gateway
├── Subsystem: Notification Engine
└── Subsystem: Reporting

📐 System Model (DFD):


css
CopyEdit
[User] --> [Login Module] --> [Booking System] --> [Database]

📈 10. Tools for System Modeling


Tool Description
Lucidchart / Draw.io Online diagramming tools
StarUML UML modeling software
Visual Paradigm Professional system design tool
Enterprise Architect Comprehensive modeling suite
Matlab / Simulink For simulation of embedded systems

💡 11. Key Benefits of Hierarchy and Modeling


 Improves clarity and reduces complexity
 Supports team collaboration
 Identifies issues before implementation
 Enhances documentation and maintenance
 Supports system validation and testing

📝 Classroom Exercises
1. Draw a System Hierarchy for an ATM system.
2. Use a UML tool to create a Use Case Diagram for a Library Management System.
3. Discuss in groups: Why is system modeling important in real-world software
projects?

📚 Summary Recap
 A Computer-Based System is an integrated set of hardware, software, people, data,
and procedures.
 System Engineering Hierarchy divides the system into layers from system-level to
unit-level.
 System Modeling provides visual representations to understand and build the system
efficiently.
 Using diagrams like UML, DFD, and Class Diagrams, stakeholders can collaborate
better and avoid rework.

🎯 Assignment Ideas
1. Model a Smart Home System with full hierarchy and one UML diagram.
2. Create a DFD for an Online Food Ordering System.
3. Research and write a report on popular system modeling tools and their advantages.

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