21ECC302T- ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

UNIT -1 – week 2

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UNIT – 1 TOPICS ANALOG MODULATION TECHNIQUES

WEEK- 1 Need for Modulation, Types of Modulation-Amplitude Modulation and its

WEEK-2 Generation of AM waves Linear Method (Collector Modulator) - Non

WEEK-3 Frequency modulation, Types of FM - Narrow Band FM, Wide Band FM,
Phase modulation, Generation of PM to FM and FM to PM, Generation of
Narrowband FM, Direct method: Varactor diode modulator,
Demodulation of FM: Foster Seely discriminator

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 Modulation vs Modulators
Modulation Modulators

Modulation is the process of varying a specific A modulator is a physical device, circuit, or software
property of a high-frequency carrier wave (such as algorithm that performs the modulation process. It
amplitude, frequency, or phase) according to the combines the carrier wave and the message signal
information signal (message signal). This is done to to produce a modulated signal that can be
make the transmission of the message signal more transmitted over a communication channel.
efficient and robust over long distances.
Common types of modulation include Amplitude For instance, a Square Law Modulator is a circuit
Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), used to produce AM signals, while software-defined
and Phase Modulation (PM). radio systems can use digital algorithms to modulate
For example, in Amplitude Modulation (AM), the signals. The modulator is the practical tool that
carrier wave's amplitude is adjusted to match the enables the theoretical process of modulation.
variations of the message signal. Modulation is a
fundamental concept in communication systems.
modulation refers to the process or technique of the modulator is the hardware or software
altering a carrier wave to encode information. component that physically implements this process.

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Linear & Non Linear Modulators

Modulation can be broadly categorized

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Techniques for AM Generation

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 Types of Linear Modulators
• Linear modulators can be defined that the devices used in these
modulator are operated in the linear region of its transfer
characteristics. Thus the relation between the amplitude of the
modulating signal and the resulting depth of modulation is
linear.
• Types:
– Square Law Modulator
– Transistor Modulator
– Switching Modulator
– Ring Modulator
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 Collector modulator
A Collector Modulator is a type of Amplitude Modulation (AM) circuit where the modulation of the carrier signal
occurs by varying the voltage at the collector terminal of a transistor. This type of modulator is used primarily for high-
level modulation where the modulation occurs after the carrier signal is amplified.
Components:
Transistor: A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is commonly used.
Carrier Signal: Applied to the base of the transistor.
Modulating Signal: Applied to the collector of the transistor.
Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage for the transistor.
Load Resistor: Connected to the collector for output signal generation.
Working Principle:
The transistor is initially biased to operate in the active region.
The modulating signal is applied to the collector, influencing the current through the transistor.
As the modulating signal varies, it causes fluctuations in the collector current, which in turn modulates the
amplitude of the carrier signal.
The output is taken from the collector and contains both the carrier and the sidebands corresponding to the
modulation.

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 Collector modulator (Contd)
• Very popular method for AM generation. The circuit diagram for collector
modulation is shown in Fig.
• Here, the transistor Q1 makes an RF class C amplifier. The carrier signal is
applied to the base of Q1. VCC makes collector supply used for biasing
purpose. Also, the transistor Q2 makes a class B amplifier which is used to
amplify the audio or modulating signal.
• The modulating or baseband signal appears across the modulation
transformer after amplification. The amplified modulating signal appears in
series with collector supply VCC. The function of capacitor C is to offer low
impedance path to high frequency carrier signal and, therefore, the carrier
signal is prevented from flowing through the modulation transformer.

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 Collector modulator (Contd)

Working Principle : https://www.eeeguide.com/collector-modulation-circuit/

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 Non linear modulator
• Non linear modulator or small signal modulator can be defined that the
devices used in these modulator are operated in non linear region of its
characteristics. These modulators make use of non-linear V-I
characteristics of the devices and are in general suited for use at low
voltages.
• Non-linear modulators are classified as follows
– Square law modulator
– Product modulator
– Balanced modulator

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Balanced modulator
• a pair of symmetric non-linear
elements are used.
• They cancel out the unwanted
components
• In simple non-linear circuit, the
undesirable harmonics are eliminated
by a band pass filter. In balances
modulator the undesirable harmonics
are automatically balanced out, so the
filter is not required.

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 Balanced Modulator
- a pair of symmetric non-linear elements
are used.
– They cancel out the unwanted components

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 Detection of AM Wave
• Demodulation or detection is the process of recovering
the original message signal from the received modulated
signal

• Types of AM Detectors:
• 1. Square Law detector 2. Envelope detector 3. Rectifier
detector 13
Envelope Detector

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 Envelope Detector (Contd)
The envelope detector consists of a diode and low
pass filter.
- Here, the diode is the main detecting
element.
- Hence, the envelope detector is also called as
the diode detector.
The low pass filter contains a parallel combination of
the resistor and the capacitor.

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 Operation of Envelope Detector
• The process of demodulation is used to recover the original modulating wave
from the incoming modulated wave.
• The operation of envelope detector:
– On a positive half-cycle of the input signal, the diode is forward-biased
and the capacitor C charges up rapidly to the peak value of the input
signal.
– When the input signal falls below this value, the diode becomes reverse
biased and the capacitor C discharges slowly through the load resistor RL.
The discharging process continues until the next positive half-cycle.
– When the input signal becomes greater than the voltage across the
capacitor, the diode conducts again and the process is repeated.

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Waveform of Modulator & Demodulator
A. AM signal

B. Current pulses
through diode

C. Demodulating signal

D. Modulating signal

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 Comparison of AM System
S. Description AM with DSB-SC AM SSB-SC AM VSB AM
N Carrier
o
1. Bandwidth 2fm 2fm fm fm<BW<2fm
2. Power
saving for 33.33% 66.66% 83% 75%
sinusoidal
3. Power
saving for
33.33% 50% 75% 75%
non-
sinusoidal
4. Generation
Not difficult Not difficult Difficult Difficult
method
6. Application Television &
AM
Carrier Wireless high speed
broadcast
Telephony mobile data
application
transmission
7. Sidebands 2 2 1 1
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