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Lecture 4

This document discusses binary arithmetic, which is fundamental in digital computers, covering the basics of binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It outlines the rules for each operation, including how to handle carries in addition and borrowing in subtraction. The document emphasizes that binary operations are performed similarly to decimal operations, with specific examples provided for clarity.

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Pir Muhammad
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2 views4 pages

Lecture 4

This document discusses binary arithmetic, which is fundamental in digital computers, covering the basics of binary addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It outlines the rules for each operation, including how to handle carries in addition and borrowing in subtraction. The document emphasizes that binary operations are performed similarly to decimal operations, with specific examples provided for clarity.

Uploaded by

Pir Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Electronics Lecture # 4 PHY- 433

Binary Arithmetic

Binary arithmetic is essential in all digital computers and in many other types of digital
systems. To understand digital systems, you must know the basics of binary addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Binary Addition

The four basic rules for adding binary digits (bits) are as follows:

0+0=0 Sum of 0 with a carry of 0

0+1=1 Sum of 1 with a carry of 0

1+0=1 Sum of 1 with a carry of 0

1 + 1 = 10 Sum of 0 with a carry of 1 (In binary 1 + 1 = 10, not 2)

When binary numbers are added, the last condition


creates a sum of 0 in a given column and a carry of 1 over
to the next column to the left, as illustrated in the
addition of 11 + 1:

In the right column, 1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1 to the next


column to the left. In the middle column, 1 + 1 + 0 = 0
with a carry of 1 to the next column to the left. In the left column, 1 + 0 + 0 = 1.

When there is a carry of 1, you have a situation in which three bits are being added (a
bit in each of the two numbers and a carry bit). This situation is illustrated as follow,

Course Instructor Prof. Pir Muhammad Page 1


Digital Electronics Lecture # 4 PHY- 433

Binary Subtraction

The four basic rules for subtracting bits are as follows:

When subtracting numbers, you sometimes have to borrow from the next column to
the left. A borrow is required in binary only when you try to subtract a 1 from a 0. In
this case, when a 1 is borrowed from the next column to the left, a 10 is created in the
column being subtracted.

Course Instructor Prof. Pir Muhammad Page 2


Digital Electronics Lecture # 4 PHY- 433

Binary Multiplication

The four basic rules for multiplying bits are as follows:

Multiplication is performed with binary numbers in the same manner as with decimal
numbers. It involves forming partial products, shifting each successive partial product
left one place, and then adding all the partial products. Example 2–10 illustrates the
procedure; the equivalent decimal multiplications are shown for reference.

Course Instructor Prof. Pir Muhammad Page 3


Digital Electronics Lecture # 4 PHY- 433

Binary Division

Division in binary follows the same procedure as division in decimal.

Course Instructor Prof. Pir Muhammad Page 4

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