The NOT gate (inverter)

Indicates inversion
LOGIC GATES AND inverter truth table
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Input Output
Low (0) High (1)
MANTIK DEVRELERİ
High (1) Low (0)
Yard.Doç.Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE

Boolean Equation Output = Input

X=A

Indicates inversion

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Inverter operation
The AND gate

Figure 3--2 Inverter operation with a pulse input.

Inverter application A B Output

example
Low (0) Low (0) Low (0)

Figure 3--3 Timing diagram for

Low (0) High (1) Low (0) Boolean Equation X = AB
the case in Figure 3-2.
High (1) Low (0) Low (0)
High (1) High (1) High (1)

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 Example The OR gate

A B Output
Low (0) Low (0) Low (0)
Low (0) High (1) High (1)
Boolean Equation X = A+B
High (1) Low (0) High (1)
High (1) High (1) High (1)

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Example Another example

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 The NAND gate Pulsed operation

A B Output
Low (0) Low (0) High (1)
Low (0) High (1) High (1)
High (1) Low (0) High (1) Boolean Equation X = AB

High (1) High (1) Low (0)

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Equivalent operations Application

AB = A + B (De Morgan rule: discussed later)

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 Another application Example

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The NOR gate Pulsed operation

A B Output
Low (0) Low (0) High (1)
Low (0) High (1) Low (0)
High (1) Low (0) Low (0) Boolean Equation X = A+B

High (1) High (1) Low (0)

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 Equivalent operations Application

A+B = A.B (De Morgan rule: discussed later)

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The XOR (exclusive-OR) gate The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate

A B Output A B Output
Low (0) Low (0) Low (0) Boolean Equation Low (0) Low (0) High (1)
Low (0) High (1) High (1) Boolean Equation
X = AB+BA = A B Low (0) High (1) Low (0)
High (1) Low (0) High (1) X=A B+BA=A B
High (1) Low (0) Low (0)
High (1) High (1) Low (0) High (1) High (1) High (1)

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 Example Application

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Boolean Algebra
● 1847’de “Mantığın Matematiksel
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Çözümlemesi” ve 1854’de “Düşünce Yasaları
Üzerine Bir İnceleme” adlı eserleriyle mantığı
matematikle bağdaştırmayı denemiş
mantıksal yargıya varmayı taklit eden gerçek
bir cebir sunmuştur. George Boole
(1815-1864)
● Bu cebirde bir değişken ya doğru ya da
yanlıştır. (True/False)
● Bu cebir günümüzde dijital sistemlerin yani
gelişmiş bilgisayarların ve yazılımlarının
temelini oluşturmaktadır.

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 Özgürlüğe açılan kapı Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules
● Bir adam hapistedir. Bulunduğu hücrede iki kapı ve her iki
kapıda birer gardiyan bulunmaktadır. Kapılardan biri ● Boolean Addition
özgürlüğe açılırken, diğeri gerçek değildir. Gardiyanlardan biri
daima doğru, diğeri ise her zaman yalan söylemektedir. X=A + B (logical OR function)
Mahkumun özgürlüğe açılan gerçek kapıyı öğrenebilmesi için
gardiyanlardan birisine, tek soru sorma hakkı vardır. Mahkum
hangi gardiyana ve ne sormalıdır ki örgürlüğe açılan kapıyı
bulsun
Doğru kapı K ile gösterilsin. Gardiyan yalan söylerse bunu değil olarak
belirtelim.
● Boolean Multiplication
Gardiyanlardan birisine “Diğer gardiyana sorsaydım gerçek kapı olarak
hangisini gösterirdi?” diye sorulursa; X = AB (logical AND function)
sonuç= K’K=KK’ olur.
Sonuç her zaman 0 dir. Yani gardiyanın gösterdiği kapı her durumda yanlış
olacaktır. Diğer kapı seçilmelidir!

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Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules
● Toplamanın Değişme Özelliği (Commutative ● Çarpmanın Değişme Özelliği (Commutative
Law of Addition) Law of Multiplication)
A+B = B+A AB = BA

X= X=
Y Y

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 Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules
● Toplamanın Birleşme Özelliği (Associative ● Çarpmanın Birleşme Özelliği (Associative
Law of Addition) Law of Multiplication)
A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C A(BC) = (AB)C

X= X=
Y Y

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Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules Distribution Law

(A+B)(C+D) = AC + AD + BC + BD
● Dağılma özelliği (Distrubition Law)
A(B+C) = AB+AC

X= X=
Y Y

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 A+0=A A+1=1
In math if you add 0 you have changed nothing in ORing with 1 must give a 1 since if any input
Boolean Algebra ORing with 0 changes nothing is 1 an OR gate will give a 1

A A

X=1
X
X X=A

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A•0=0 A•1 =A

In math if 0 is multiplied with anything you ANDing anything with 1 will yield the anything
get 0. If you AND anything with 0 you get 0

A X=0 A

X=A
X X

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 A+A = A A+A=1

ORing with itself will give the same result Either A or A must be 1 so A + A =1

A A
A A=A A

X=1
X X

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A•A = A A•A =0

ANDing with itself will give the same result In digital Logic 1 =0 and 0 =1, so AA=0 since
one of the inputs must be 0.

A
A
A A=A
A
X=0
X
X

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 A=A A + AB = A
If you not something twice you are back to the beginning

A
A
B
X
X X=A

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A + AB = A + B (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC
If A is 1 the output is 1 If A is 0 the output is B

A B
B C

X
X=Y X
Y
Y

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 De MORGAN
De MORGAN
De Morgan will help to simplify digital circuits
using NORs and ANDs his theorem states

A•B=A+B
This should show That both circuits have the same output
A+B=A•B

if more than 2 variables are used follow the

same pattern
De Morgan was right they are the same

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De MORGAN
Look at A +B +C + D = A • B • C • D

Laws and rules

in Boolean
Algebra

This is the same too

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 Bir lojik devrenin bool fonksiyonunun
elde edilmesi (Boolean Analysis)
Example 2

Example 1

X= AB+(C+D) X = (AB)(CD)
X= AB + C+ D X = ABCD

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Example 4
Example 3

X = (AB+B’)BC
using distributive law
X = ABBC +B’BC
X = ABC + B’BC
X = ABC + 0•C
X = ABCD +A’ X = ABC + O
X = A’ + BCD X = ABC

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 Örnek-1
Basitleştirme (Simplification)
● Verilen bir boolean fonksiyonu daha basit
hale indirgeme işlemine denir.
● Bool cebri kuralları uygulanarak fonksiyon
basitleştirilir.
● Böylece fonksiyon gerçekleştirilirken daha az
lojik kapı kullanılır.

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Örnek -1 Örnek -2
(A + B)(CD) = A + B + CD
= A + B + CD

X and Y are
the same

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 Örnek -2 Örnek -2

X = A + B C + CD + B
= A + B C CD + B
= A + B C (CD + B)
= A B C (C +D +B)
= A B C C + A B C D +A B B C
=ABCD

The
Now to check our work
circuits are
the same

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