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SQL

SQL is a language for managing data in relational databases, allowing for CRUD operations such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting data. It is distinct from MySQL, which is an RDBMS that utilizes SQL for data management. SQL commands are categorized into DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, and TCL, with various constraints and joins available for data integrity and relationships.

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4 views5 pages

SQL

SQL is a language for managing data in relational databases, allowing for CRUD operations such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting data. It is distinct from MySQL, which is an RDBMS that utilizes SQL for data management. SQL commands are categorized into DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, and TCL, with various constraints and joins available for data integrity and relationships.

Uploaded by

swagatsahu8050
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL (Structured Query Language) Overview:

SQL is a language used to manage data stored in relational databases.


SQL allows us to perform CRUD operations:
CREATE: Inserts new data (tuples) into a table.
READ: Retrieves data using SELECT.
UPDATE: Modifies existing data.
DELETE: Deletes specific data or rows from the table.

Example:
-- Create a table
CREATE TABLE students (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(100), age INT);

-- Insert data
INSERT INTO students (id, name, age) VALUES (1, 'John', 20);

-- Read data
SELECT * FROM students;

-- Update data
UPDATE students SET age = 21 WHERE id = 1;

-- Delete data
DELETE FROM students WHERE id = 1;

SQL vs MySQL:
SQL is the query language used to interact with databases.

MySQL is a type of RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) that uses SQL to
store and manage data.

MySQL uses a client-server model where the client (could be a frontend or command
line) interacts with the MySQL server to manage databases.

Example:
SQL is the language:
SELECT * FROM users; -- This is SQL syntax
MySQL is the RDBMS where the SQL query is run.

RDBMS (Relational Database Management System):


RDBMS is software that helps manage databases based on a relational model (tables
with rows and columns).
Examples: MySQL, MS SQL, Oracle, IBM DB2.

Example:
-- Using MySQL to create and manage tables
CREATE TABLE employees (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), department
VARCHAR(50));
SQL Data Types:
SQL uses different data types to define the type of data stored in columns.
Common Data Types:
INT: Integer numbers.
VARCHAR(size): Variable-length string (up to a defined size).
DATE: Stores date values in YYYY-MM-DD format.
FLOAT/DOUBLE: For decimal numbers with precision.

Example:
CREATE TABLE products (
id INT,
name VARCHAR(100),
price DOUBLE,
created_at DATE
);

Types of SQL Commands:


SQL commands are divided into various categories:

1. DDL (Data Definition Language):


Used to define and modify the structure of database objects (tables, databases).

Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE.


-- Create a table
CREATE TABLE orders (id INT PRIMARY KEY, product_name VARCHAR(100));

-- Modify table structure


ALTER TABLE orders ADD column order_date DATE;

-- Drop the table


DROP TABLE orders;

2. DML (Data Manipulation Language):


Deals with data modification in the database.
Examples: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
-- Insert data
INSERT INTO employees (id, name, department) VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'IT');

-- Update data
UPDATE employees SET name = 'Alicia' WHERE id = 1;

-- Delete data
DELETE FROM employees WHERE id = 1;

3. DQL/DRL (Data Query Language):


Retrieves data from the database.
Example: SELECT.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'IT';

4. DCL (Data Control Language):


Controls access to data.

Examples: GRANT, REVOKE.

-- Grant access to a user


GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON employees TO 'username';

-- Revoke access
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON employees FROM 'username';

5. TCL (Transaction Control Language):


Manages transactions in the database.

Examples: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.


START TRANSACTION;

-- Perform some operations


INSERT INTO employees VALUES (2, 'Bob', 'HR');

-- Commit the changes


COMMIT;

SQL Constraints:
Constraints are used to enforce rules at the table level.
Common Constraints:
Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each row.
Foreign Key: Links data between two tables.
UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.
CHECK: Ensures a condition is met for each row.
DEFAULT: Provides a default value for a column if no value is specified.

Example:
CREATE TABLE orders (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id INT,
amount DOUBLE CHECK (amount > 0),
FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(id)
);
SQL Joins:
Joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column.

Types of Joins:
INNER JOIN: Returns rows with matching values in both tables.
LEFT JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right
table.
RIGHT JOIN: Returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left
table.
FULL JOIN: Returns rows when there is a match in either the left or right table.
CROSS JOIN: Returns the Cartesian product of both tables (every combination).

Example:
-- Inner Join
SELECT employees.name, departments.department_name
FROM employees
INNER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id = departments.id;

-- Left Join
SELECT customers.name, orders.amount
FROM customers
LEFT JOIN orders ON customers.id = orders.customer_id;

Pattern Searching (LIKE, Wildcards):


LIKE and wildcards are used for pattern matching in SQL.
%: Represents zero or more characters.
_: Represents a single character.

Example:
-- Select names starting with 'J'
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE 'J%';

-- Select names with 5 characters


SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE '_____';

Grouping and Aggregation:


GROUP BY is used to group rows that share the same values in specified columns.
Aggregation functions like COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX() are often used with
GROUP BY.
Example:
-- Group employees by department and count them
SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department;
SQL Data Retrieval (SELECT):
Retrieves data from the table.
Key Clauses:
WHERE: Filters rows based on a condition.
ORDER BY: Sorts result in ascending or descending order.
DISTINCT: Returns unique values.
Example:
-- Select distinct departments
SELECT DISTINCT(department) FROM employees;

-- Select employees, sorted by name


SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY name ASC;

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