Single Phase Transformer 1

UNIT 3

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a static device which
transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another circuit by changing the level of
the voltage without changing the
frequency. The symbol of the transformer is
Fig. 8.1
shown in fig. 8.1.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANSFORMER

Construction of the transformer mainly consists of three parts as shown in fig. 8.2

Fig. 8.2
4.2.1 Magnetic circuit: The basic function of the magnetic circuit is to provide the path for the flow of
flux. The magnetic circuit of the transformer consist a core. The core of the transformer is either
square of rectangular. The core is made by the CRGO.
4.2.2 Electric circuit: The basic function of the electric circuit is to provide the path for the flow of
current. The electric circuit of the transformer consist two winding called primary winding and
secondary winding. The winding of the transformer is made by the copper. Both the winding of
the transformer consist different number of turns. There is no electrical connection between
primary and secondary winding.
4.2.3 Dielectric circuit: The basic functions of the dielectric circuit it to insulate the different parts of
the transformer to each other. The dielectric circuit of the transformer consist paper, board
which is used at the different places of the transformer.

4.3 PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER

The principle of the transformer is the faraday law of Electro Magnetic Induction (EMI).According to
this law “If there is the rate of change in the flux link with the winding then EMF will induced in the
winding”. The value of the induced EMF is given by
d∅
e = −N
dt
 Single Phase Transformer 2

Negative sign is because of the lan’z law. According to lan’z law this emf oppose to the reason by
which it produce.

4.4 WORKING OF THE TRANSFORMER

When an AC supply (V ) is given to the primary winding of the transformer as shown in fig. 8.3.
Then an alternating current (I ) will start to flow in the primary winding, so an alternating flux (∅) is
set up in the core of the transformer. This alternating flux links with both the winding. Then
according to faraday law of Electro Magnetic Induction (EMI) an EMF will induce in both
primary (E ) and secondary (E ) winding. Now if load is connected to the secondary winding then
current will start to flow in the secondary winding (I ) and we get the voltage (V ) to the output
terminal. So without any electrical connection between the primary and secondary winding energy
is transferred from primary winding to secondary winding.

Fig. 8.3
4.5 TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY
The DC supply cannot be use for the transformer because with DC supply the flux produced in the
core of the transformer will not vary with time but remains constant, and then faraday law is not
applicable. EMF will not induce in the secondary winding. The DC supply never connected to the
transformer because it will burn the transformer.

4.6 EMF EQUATION OF THE TRANSFORMER

The parameters of the transformer shown in fig. 8.4 are
V = Supply voltage or primary voltage
V = Output voltage or secondary voltage
I = Supply current or primary current
I = Output current or secondary current
E = Induced EMF in the primary
E = Induced EMF in the secondary
N = Number of turn in the primary
N = Number of turn in the secondary
∅ = Flux in the core
 Single Phase Transformer 3

Fig. 8.4
The AC voltage is given to the primary winding of the transformer, so the current flowing in the
primary is also AC in the nature. Due to this AC current the flux generated in the core of the
transformer is also AC in the nature. This AC flux can be given by the eq.
∅ = ∅ sin ωt
……….(1)
According to faraday law of EMI the induced emf is given by
d∅
e = −N
dt
Substitute the value of flux,
d(∅ sin ωt)
e = −N = −Nω∅ cos ωt = −Nω∅ sin(90° − ωt)
dt
e = Nω∅ sin (ωt − 90°)
This EMF will be maximum when sin (ωt − 90°) = 1
The value of maximum flux is
E = Nω∅
So the eq. of EMF will be

e = E sin (ωt − 90°)

……….(2)
By comparing the eq. (2) and eq. (1) it is clear that the induced emf (both e and e )is lagging
from the flux by an angle 90°.
The RMS value of induced emf is
E Nω∅ N2πf∅
E= = =
√2 √2 √2
E = 4.44Nf∅
The induced emf in the primary winding
E = 4.44N f∅
The induced emf in the secondary winding
E = 4.44N f∅
From the eq. of E and E it is clear that the difference is only no. of turns. The side which has
more no. of turns will get the more emf. According to this transformer are of two types
(1) If N > N Then E > E It is called step down transformer
(2) If N > N Then E > E It is called step up transformer
 Single Phase Transformer 4

4.7 TRANSFORMATION RATIO OF THE TRANSFORMER

Transformation ratio gives the relation between the primary parameter to the secondary parameter.
The transformation ratio (k) is
V E N I
k= = = =
V E N I

4.8 IDEAL AND PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER

For understanding the transformer some assumption are made in transformer these assumption are
(1) No Winding resistance: The primary and secondary winding of the transformer have zero
resistance
(2) No magnetic leakage: There is no leakage in the flux and all the flux set up in the core.
(3) No iron loss: Hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core are zero.
(4) Zero magnetizing current: zero magnetizing current is required for set up the flux in the core.

The transformer which consist the above assumption are called ideal transformer.

4.9 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD CONDITION

The transformer under no load condition is shown in fig. 8.5

Fig. 8.5

The different parameters are

V = Supply voltage or primary voltage
V = Output voltage or secondary voltage
I = Supply current or primary current
I = Output current or secondary current
I = Magnetizing component of no load current
I# = Active component of no load current
I$ = No load current
E = Induced emf in the primary
E = Induced emf in the secondary
N = Number of turn in the primary
N = Number of turn in the secondary
∅ = Flux in the core
∅ = Phase angle of the primary winding
 Single Phase Transformer 5

∅ = Phase angle of the secondary winding

No load current (%& ): It is the current which is flowing in the primary winding of the transformer under
no load condition. It is the phasor addition of I and I# .

Magnetizing component of current (%' ): It is the reactive component of the no load current. This
component is responsible to produce the flux in the core of the transformer so it is in same phase with
the flux.

Active component of current (%( ): It is the loss component of the no load current. This component is
responsible to supply the losses in the transformer so it is leading from the flux be an angle 90°.

From the phasor diagram shown in fig. 8.6

I$ = )I + I#

Steps to draw the phasor diagram

(1) Draw ∅: The flux (∅) is same in the primary and secondary winding so take ∅ is the reference for
drawing the phasor diagram
(2) Draw I : It is in same phase with the flux.
(3) Draw I# : It is leading from the flux by an angle 90°.
(4) Draw I$ : It is the resultant of the I and I# .
(5) Draw E : It is lagging from the flux by an angle 90°.
(6) Draw E : It is lagging from the flux by an angle 90°.
(7) Draw V : It is equal and opposite to the E .
(8) Draw V : It is equal and in same phase with to the E .

The phasor diagram of the transformer under no load condition is shown in fig. 8.6

Fig. 8.6
4.10 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSFORMER ON LOADED CONDITION
 Single Phase Transformer 6

The transformer under loaded condition is shown in fig. 8.7

Fig. 8.7
The different parameters are
V = Supply voltage or primary voltage
V = Output voltage or secondary voltage
I = Supply current or primary current
I = Output current or secondary current
I = Magnetizing component of no load current
I# = Active component of no load current
I$ = No load current
I + = Current in the primary winding due to the secondary winding current (I )
E = Induced emf in the primary
E = Induced emf in the secondary
N = Number of turn in the primary
N = Number of turn in the secondary
∅ = Flux in the core
∅ = Phase angle of the primary winding
∅ = Phase angle of the secondary winding

I + = When I current is flowing in secondary winding then due to this current a current kI is flowing in
the primary winding it is called I + .

Steps to draw the phasor diagram

(9) Draw ∅: The flux (∅) is same in the primary and secondary winding so take ∅ is the reference for
drawing the phasor diagram
(10)Draw I : It is in same phase with the flux.
(11)Draw I# : It is leading from the flux by an angle 90°.
(12)Draw I$ : It is the resultant of the I and I# .
(13)Draw E : It is lagging from the flux by an angle 90°.
(14)Draw E : It is lagging from the flux by an angle 90°.
(15)Draw V : It is equal and opposite to the E .
(16)Draw V : It is equal and in same phase with to the E .
(17)Draw I : It will depend on the load. The load are of three types
(i) For R-L load: I is lagging from the V by an angle ∅ as shown in fig. 8.8 (a).
 Single Phase Transformer 7

(ii) For R-C load: I is leading from the V by an angle ∅ as shown in fig. 8.8 (b).
(iii) For R load: I is in same phase with V as shown in fig. 8.8 (c).
(18) Draw I : It is just opposite to the I .
+

(19) Draw I : It is the resultant of the I$ and I + .

The phasor diagram of the practical transformer under different loaded condition is shown in fig. 8.8

Fig. 8.8 (a) Fig 8.8 (b) Fig. 8.8 (c)

4.11 RULE FOR SHIFTING THE IMPEDANCE OF THE TRANSFORMER

We know
V I
k= and k =
V I
By multiplying both, we get
V I Z
k = × =
V I Z
……….(1)
Where
V V
Z = and Z =
I I
According to eq. (1)
Z
Z = , for transfering the secondary impedance(Z )to primary we have to divide Z by k .
k
Z = k Z , for transfering the primary impedance(Z )to secondary we have to miltiply Z by k .
 Single Phase Transformer 8

Note: The same rule is applicable for resistance and reactance.

4.12 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE TRANSFORMER

Equivalent circuit of the transformer is very useful for different calculation of the transformer.
The equivalent circuit of the transformer is shown in fig. 8.9.

Fig. 8.9
Where
R = The resistance of the primary winding
X = The reactance of the primary winding
R = The resistance of the secondary winding
X = The reactance of the secondary winding
k = Transformation ratio
This equivalent circuit consist two winding for simplification we can convert these two winding
into one winding. According to these equivalent circuit are of two types
4.12.1 Equivalent circuit referred to primary: In this case parameter of the secondary side is shifted to
the primary side as shown in fig. 8.10.We know when the parameter of the secondary is shifted
to primary they will be divided by k .
a

Fig. 8.10
Where
R+ = It is resistance of the primary winding due to the secondary winding resistance R .
X + = It is reactance of the primary winding due to the secondary winding reactance X .
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary (R $ ): It is the total resistance of
the primary when secondary referred to primary
R $ = R + R+
R
R$ = R +
k
Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to primary (X $ ): It is the total reactance of
the primary when secondary referred to primary
 Single Phase Transformer 9

X$ = X + X+
X
X$ = X +
k
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary (Z$ ): It is the total impedance of
the primary when secondary referred to primary

Z$ = )R $ + X $
4.12.2 Equivalent circuit referred to secondary: In this case parameter of the primary side is shifted to
the secondary side as shown in fig.8.11. We know when the parameter of the primary is shifted
to secondary they will be multiply by k .

Fig. 8.11
Where
R+ = It is resistance of the secondary winding due to the primary winding resistance R .
X + = It is reactance of the secondary winding due to the primary winding reactance X .
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary (R $ ): It is the total resistance of
the secondary when primary referred to secondary
R $ = R+ + R
R$ = k R + R
Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to secondary (X $ ): It is the total reactance of
the secondary when primary referred to secondary
X$ = X+ + X
X$ = k X + X
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to secondary (Z$ ): It is the total impedance
of the secondary when primary referred to secondary

Z$ = )R $ + X $

4.13 LOSSES IN THE TRANSFORMER

Transformer losses are of two types
4.13.1 Core loss (Iron loss): The losses in the core of the transformer are called core loss. The core is
generally made by the iron so it is also called iron loss. It is denoted by (P< ). Core loss are of two
types
(i) Hysteresis loss: The primary winding of the transformer is supply by alternating current
then the flux in the core is also alternating in the nature. This alternating flux
 Single Phase Transformer 10

magnetizes and demagnetizes the core in each cycle. Due to this there is the loss of
energy by which core is heated. This energy loss is called the hysteresis loss. It is
denoted by P= .
P= = K = B .@ fV watt
Where
K = = Hysteresis loss constant
B = Maximum flux density
f = Frequency
V = Volume of the core
(ii) Eddy current loss: When the primary winding of the transformer is supplied with
alternating current, which is wound on the core, then according to faraday law a current
is induced in the core. It is a circulating current on the surface of the core called eddy
current. Due to this current the loss of energy by which core is heated. This energy loss
is called the eddy current loss. It is denoted by PA .
PA = K A B f t watt
Where
K A = Eddy current loss constant
B = Maximum flux density
f = Frequency
t = Thickness of the core
Total core loss = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
P< = P= + PA
Note: Core loss is also called constant loss
4.13.2 Winding loss (Copper loss): The losses in the winding of the transformer are called winding loss.
The winding is generally made by the copper so it is also called copper loss. It is denoted by
(PB ). Due to current (I) and resistance (R) of the winding the power loss I R happen in the
winding is called copper loss. The transformer consist of two winding primary and secondary, so
total copper loss
PB = copper loss in the primary winding + copper loss in the secondary winding

PB = I R + I R

Total copper loss when transformer referred to primary

PB = I R $

Total copper loss when transformer referred to secondary

PB = I R $

Total loss = Iron loss + Copper loss

P = P< + PB
 Single Phase Transformer 11

4.14 VOLTAGE REGULATION

It is defined as the ratio of change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load to the
secondary no load voltage.
If V is the secondary voltage at full load and E is the secondary voltage at no load then percentage
voltage regulation is given by
CD E FD
× 100
CD
Voltage Regulation =

4.15 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. It is denoted by ƞ.
output power
ƞ=
input power
Output power = V I cos ∅
Input power = output power + losses
Input power = output power + iron loss + copper loss
Input power = V I cos ∅ + P< + PB
So
V I cos ∅
ƞ=
V I cos ∅ + P< + PB
We know

PB = I R $

So efficiency
V I cos ∅
ƞ% = × 100
V I cos ∅ + P< + I R $
Condition for maximum efficiency:
The maximum efficiency obtained when
dƞ
=0
dI
d V I cos ∅
L M=0
dI V I cos ∅ + P< + I R $
(V I cos ∅ + P< + I R $ )(V cos ∅ ) − (V I cos ∅ )(V cos ∅ + 2I R $ )
=0
(V I cos ∅ + P< + I R $ )
(V cos ∅ )(V I cos ∅ + P< + I R $ − V I cos ∅ − 2I R $ ) = 0
P< + I R $ − 2I R $ = 0
P< − I R $ = 0
P< = PB
Iron loss = Copper loss
Maximum efficiency can be obtained when iron losses and copper losses are equal.
 Single Phase Transformer 12

4.16 AUTO TRANSFORMER

An auto transformer is a special type of transformer in which a part of winding is common to

both primary and secondary. The operating principle and general construction of the
autotransformer is similar to the two winding transformer.
In a two winding transformer the primary and secondary winding are isolated, but in auto
transformer the primary and secondary winding are not isolated. In auto transformer the
primary and secondary winding are connected to each other.
The auto transformer is of two types
(1) Step up auto transformer: Shown in fig. 8.12 (a).
(2) Step down auto transformer: Shown in fig. 8.12 (b).

Auto transformer is shown in fig.

Fig. 8.12 (a) Fig. 8.12 (b)

Advantage of auto transformer: the advantage of auto transformer from the two winding
transformer are as follow.
(1) The auto transformer required less copper material.
(2) The auto transformer is smaller in size.
(3) The auto transformer is cheaper.
(4) Due to less copper material, copper losses are reduced.
(5) The efficiency of the auto transformer is higher.

Limitation of the auto transformer:

(1) No electrical separation between primary and secondary which is risky in the case of high
voltage.
(2) The short circuit current in auto transformer is very high.

Application of the auto transformer:

(1) It is use as a variac (variable AC) in the laboratory.

(2) It can be use as a regulating transformer.
 Single Phase Transformer 13

4.17 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

The winding of the three phase transformers may be connected either in star or in delta. The
primary as well as secondary of the three phase transformer are connected either in star or in delta,
So there are four ways of connecting the winding of a 3 phase transformer are, Y-Y, ∆-∆, Y-∆, ∆-Y.

(1) Y-Y (Star-Star) connection: It is used

for small current, high voltage
transformer.

VO √3VQ N
Voltage ratio = = =
VO √3VQ N

IO IQ N
Current ratio = = =
IO IQ N

(2) ∆-∆ (Delta-Delta) connection: It is

used for high current, low voltage
transformer.

VO VQ N
Voltage ratio = = =
VO VQ N

IO √3IQ N
Current ratio = = =
IO √3IQ N

(3) Y-∆ (Star-Delta) connection: It is

used where the voltage is to be
stepped down for example at the
end of a transmission line.

VO VQ 1 N
Voltage ratio = = =
VO √3VQ √3 N

IO √3IQ N
Current ratio = = = √3
IO IQ N
 Single Phase Transformer 14

(4) ∆-Y (Delta- Star) connection: It is

used where the voltage is to be
stepped up for example at the
beginning of the transmission line.
This arrangement is very popular in
distribution system because it can
be used to serve both the three
phase equipment and the single
phase lighting load.

VO √3VQ N
Voltage ratio = = = √3
VO VQ N

IO IQ 1 N
Current ratio = = =
IO √3IQ √3 N

4.18 FORMULA USE TO SOLVE NUMERICAL OF THE TRANSFORMER

Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary (R $ )
R
R$ = R +
k
Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred t`o primary (X $ )
X
X$ = X +
k
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary (Z$ )

Z$ = )R $ + X $
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary (R $ )
R$ = k R + R
Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to secondary (X $ )
X$ = k X + X
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to secondary (Z$ )

Z$ = )R $ + X $

Total copper loss PB = I R $

Efficiency

R V I cos ∅
ƞ% = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB

Where

V I = VA rating of the transformer (full load)

 Single Phase Transformer 15

R is the fraction of full load

P<
Load corresponding to the mmaximum efUiciency = full load × V
PB

How to find R

Load at which we have to Uind the efUiciency

R=
full load

Suppose we have to find the efficiency at

(1) Full load: R=1

(2) Half load: R=0.5
(3) 75% of full load: R=0.75

Example 8.1 A 30 kVA 2000/200 V, single phase 50 Hz transformer has a primary resistance of 2.5 Ω and
reactance 3.5 Ω. The secondary resistance and reactance are 0.012 Ω and 0.01 Ω respectively.
Determine

(1) Equivalent resistance referred to primary

(2) Equivalent reactance referred to primary
(3) Equivalent impedance referred to primary
(4) Equivalent resistance referred to secondary
(5) Equivalent reactance referred to secondary
(6) Equivalent impedance referred to secondary
(7) Total copper loss
F $$$
Solution: Given V I = 30 × 10W , Y X = ,R = 2.5 Ω, X = 3.5 Ω, R = 0.012 Ω, X = 0.01 Ω
D $$

V 200
K= = = 0.1
v 2000

(1) Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary (R $ )

R 0.012
R$ = R + = 2.5 + = 2.5 + 1.2 = 3.7 Ω ]^_.
k (0.1)
(2) Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to primary (X $ )
X 0.01
X$ = X + = 3.5 + = 3.5 + 1 = 4.5 Ω ]^_.
k (0.1)
(3) Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary (Z$ )

Z$ = )R $ + X $ = `(3.7) + (4.5) = 5.826 Ω ]^_.

(4) Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary (R $ )
R $ = k R + R = (0.1) 2.5 + 0.012 = 0.025 + 0.012 = 0.037 Ω ]^_.
(5) Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to secondary (X $ )
 Single Phase Transformer 16

X $ = k X + X = (0.1) 3.5 + 0.01 = 0.035 + 0.01 = 0.045 Ω ]^_.

(6) Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to secondary (Z$ )

Z$ = )R $ + X $ = `(0.037) + (0.045) = 0.0582 Ω ]^_.

(7) Total copper loss

PB = I R $

30 × 10W 30 × 10W
I = = = 150 A
V 200

PB = I R $ = 150 × 0.037 = 832.5 W ]^_.

Example 8.2 A 25 kVA single phase transformer the iron and copper losses are 400 W and 500 W
respectively. Calculate the

(1) Efficiency at full load and 0.8 p.f.

(2) Efficiency at half load and 0.8 p.f.
(3) Efficiency at 70% of full load and 0.6 p.f.
(4) Efficiency at 18 kVA and 0.6 p.f.
(5) Load corresponding the maximum efficiency
(6) Maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f.

Solution: Given V I = 25kVA = 25 × 10W VA, P< = 400 W, PB = 500 W

(1) Efficiency at full load and 0.8 p.f.

R = 1, cos ∅ = 0.8

R V I cos ∅ 1 × 25 × 10W × 0.8

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (1 × 25 × 10W × 0.8) + 400 + (1) × 500
20000
= × 100 = 95.69% ]^_.
20900

(2) Efficiency at half load and 0.8 p.f.

R = 0.5, cos ∅ = 0.8

R V I cos ∅ 0.5 × 25 × 10W × 0.8

ƞ% = ×= × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.5 × 25 × 10W × 0.8) + 400 + (0.5) × 500
10000
= × 100 = 95.01% ]^_.
10525

(3) Efficiency at 70% of full load and 0.6 p.f.

R = 0.7, cos ∅ = 0.6
 Single Phase Transformer 17

R V I cos ∅ 0.7 × 25 × 10W × 0.6

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.7 × 25 × 10W × 0.6) + 400 + (0.7) × 500
10500
= × 100 = 94.21% ]^_.
11145

18
(4) Efficiency at 18 kVA and 0.6 p.f.

R= = 0.72, cos ∅ = 0.6

25

R V I cos ∅ 0.72 × 25 × 10W × 0.6

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.72 × 25 × 10W × 0.6) + 400 + (0.72) × 500
10800
= × 100 = 94.25% ]^_.
11459.2

(5) Load corresponding the maximum efficiency

P< 400
Load corresponding to the mmaximum efUiciency = full load × V = 25 × V
PB 500
= 22.36 kVA ]^_.

22.36
(6) Maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f.

R= = 0.8944, cos ∅ = 0.8

25

R V I cos ∅ 0.8944 × 25 × 10W × 0.8

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.8944 × 25 × 10W × 0.8) + 400 + (0.8944) × 500
17888
= × 100 = 95.72% ]^_.
18688

Example 8.3 A 400 kVA single phase transformer the iron and copper losses are 900 W and 1200 W
respectively. Calculate the efficiency at half load and 0.8 p.f.. Also find the maximum efficiency.

Solution: Given V I = 400 kVA = 400 × 10W VA, P< = 900 W, PB = 1200

Efficiency at half load and 0.8 p.f.

R = 0.5, cos ∅ = 0.8

R V I cos ∅ 0.5 × 400 × 10W × 0.8

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.5 × 400 × 10W × 0.8) + 900 + (0.5) × 1200
160000
= × 100 = 99.256% ]^_.
161200

Maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.f

Load corresponding the maximum efficiency

 Single Phase Transformer 18

P< 900
Load corresponding to the mmaximum efUiciency = full load × V = 400 × V = 346.41 kVA
PB 1200

346.41
R= = 0.866, cos ∅ = 0.8
400

R V I cos ∅ 0.866 × 400 × 10W × 0.8

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.866 × 400 × 10W × 0.8) + 900 + (0.866) × 1200
277120
= × 100 = 99.35% ]^_.
278920

Example 8.4 A 200 kVA single phase transformer the iron and copper losses are 600 W and 800 W
respectively. Calculate the efficiency at 75% of full load at unity p.f.. Also find the maximum efficiency.

Solution: Given V I = 200 kVA = 200 × 10W VA, P< = 600 W, PB = 800 W

Efficiency at 75% of full load at unity p.f.

R = 0.75, cos ∅ = 1

R V I cos ∅ 0.75 × 200 × 10W × 1

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.75 × 200 × 10W × 1) + 600 + (0.75) × 800
150000
= × 100 = 99.30% ]^_.
151050

Maximum efficiency at unity p.f

Load corresponding the maximum efficiency

P< 600
Load corresponding to the maximum efUiciency = full load × V = 200 × V = 173.20 kVA
PB 800

173.20
R= = 0.866, cos ∅ = 1
200

R V I cos ∅ 0.866 × 200 × 10W × 1

ƞ% = × 100 = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB (0.866 × 200 × 10W × 1) + 600 + (0.866) × 800
173200
= × 100 = 99.31% ]^_.
174000

Example 8.5 The efficiency of a 500 MVA, single phase transformer is 98.70% at full load 0.9 power
factor and 99.10% at half load and unity power factor. Find,

(i) Iron loss at full load and half load

(ii) Copper loss at full load and half load

Solution: Given V I = 500 MVA = 500 × 10@

 Single Phase Transformer 19

Case 1 ƞ = 98.70%, R = 1, p. f. = 0.9

R V I cos ∅
ƞ% = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB
1 × 500 × 10@ × 0.9
98.70% = × 100
(1 × 500 × 10@ × 0.9) + P< + (1) × PB
P< + PB = 5.93 MW

Case 2 ƞ = 99.10%, R = 0.5, p. f. = 1

R V I cos ∅
ƞ% = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB
0.5 × 500 × 10@ × 1
99.10% = × 100
(0.5 × 500 × 10@ × 1) + P< + (0.5) × PB
P< + 0.25PB = 2.27 MW
P< = 1.05 MW PB = 4.88 MW
(i) Iron loss at full load = 1.05 MW Ans. Iron loss at half load = 1.05 MW Ans.
(ii) Copper loss at full load = 4.88 MW Ans. Copper loss at half load = 1.22 MW Ans.

Example 8.6 The maximum efficiency of a 150 kVA, single phase transformer is 97.12%, that obtained at
80% of full load at 0.9 p.f. lagging. Find the efficiency at 70% of full load at 0.7 p.f.

Solution: Given V I = 150 kVA = 150 × 10W , ƞ #f = 97.12%, R = 0.8, p. f. = 0.9

R V I cos ∅
ƞ #f % = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB
0.8 × 150 × 10W × 0.9
97.12% = × 100
(0.8 × 150 × 10W × 0.9) + P< + (0.8) × PB
P< + 0.64PB = 3202.64

This efficiency will be maximum when iron loss and copper loss are equal

P< = 0.64PB

So P< + P< = 3202.64 ⇒ 2P< = 3202.64 ⇒ P< = 1601.32 W

0.64PB = 1601.32 ⇒ PB = 2502.06 W

Efficiency at 70% of full load at 0.7 p.f.

Given R = 0.7, p. f. = 0.7

R V I cos ∅
ƞ% = × 100
R V I cos ∅ + P< + R PB
0.7 × 150 × 10W × 0.7 73500
= × 100 = × 100
(0.7 × 150 × 10 × 0.7) + 1601.32 + (0.7) × 2502.06
W 76327.33
= 96.30% ]^_.