Day 1: Introduction to Python & Installing It

🔹 What is Python?

Python is a programming language used to build websites, automate tasks, analyze data, and
more. It's popular because it's simple and powerful.

🔹 What You Need Today:

• Install Python
• Set up a code editor

Task for Today:

1. Install Python

• Go to: https://www.python.org/downloads
• Download the latest version for your operating system
• During installation, make sure to check the box that says: “Add Python to PATH”

2. Install a Code Editor (Optional but Recommended)

Choose one:

• VS Code: https://code.visualstudio.com
• Thonny (Beginner-friendly): https://thonny.org

3. Try Your First Python Program

After installation, open the Python shell or your editor and type:

python
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print("Hello, Python!")

If it prints Hello, Python!, you're all set!

Let me know once you're done. Tomorrow, we’ll start with Variables and Data Types.

You said:
Explain every topics deeply next topic explain deeply
ChatGPT said:

Perfect! Since you've completed Day 1, let’s move on to:

📘 Day 2: Variables and Data Types in Python

What is a Variable?

A variable is a name that stores a value. Think of it as a container in memory where data is kept.

Example:
python
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name = "Alice"
age = 25

Here:

• name is a variable that holds a string value "Alice"

• age holds an integer value 25

Rules for Naming Variables

• Must start with a letter or underscore (_)

• Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores
• Cannot start with a number
• Cannot use Python keywords (like if, while, for, etc.)

Valid Examples:

python
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x = 10
user_name = "John"
_age = 30

Invalid Examples:

python
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2x = 10 # Starts with a number
user-name = "Alice" # Hyphen not allowed
if = 5 # 'if' is a keyword
🔹 Data Types in Python

Python has several built-in data types. Let’s explore the most basic ones:

1. String (str) — Text data

python
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name = "Alice"
message = 'Hello, World!'

2. Integer (int) — Whole numbers

python
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age = 25
year = 2025

3. Float (float) — Decimal numbers

python
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height = 5.9
price = 99.99

4. Boolean (bool) — True or False

python
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is_adult = True
has_license = False

🔹 Type Checking

You can check the type of any variable using type():

python
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name = "Alice"
print(type(name)) # Output: <class 'str'>

age = 25
print(type(age)) # Output: <class 'int'>

🧠 Practice Task for Today

Try this small Python script:

python
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# Define variables
first_name = "John"
last_name = "Doe"
age = 22
height = 5.8
is_student = True

# Print variable types

print("Name:", first_name, last_name)
print("Age:", age)
print("Height:", height)
print("Is a student:", is_student)

# Check types
print(type(first_name))
print(type(age))
print(type(height))
print(type(is_student))

Let me know once you complete this.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Operators in Python (Arithmetic, Comparison, Logical, etc.)

You said:
Operater deeply I have knowledge of cpp and c

ChatGPT said:

Great! Since you already know C and C++, you're in a good position to understand Python
operators more easily. Let's dive into them deeply and also note the differences where relevant.

📘 Day 3: Operators in Python (Deep Dive)

In Python, operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.

🔹 1. Arithmetic Operators

Same as in C/C++, but Python has some extras like // (floor division) and ** (exponentiation).

Operator Description Example Output

+ Addition 10 + 5 15

- Subtraction 10 - 5 5
Operator Description Example Output

* Multiplication 10 * 5 50

/ Division (float) 10 / 3 3.333

// Floor Division 10 // 3 3

% Modulus 10 % 3 1

** Exponent (power) 2 ** 3 8

Difference from C/C++:

/ always returns a float in Python, even if divisible. 10 / 2 → 5.0 not 5

🔹 2. Assignment Operators
Operator Meaning Example Same as

= Assign value x = 5 —

+= Add and assign x += 3 x = x + 3

-= Subtract x -= 2 x = x - 2

*= Multiply x *= 2 x = x * 2

/= Divide x /= 2 x = x / 2

//= Floor divide x //= 2 x = x // 2

%= Modulo x %= 2 x = x % 2

**= Exponent x **= 2 x = x ** 2

🔹 3. Comparison (Relational) Operators

Just like in C/C++, these return Boolean values (True or False).

Operator Meaning Example Output

== Equal to 5 == 5 True

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 True

Operator Meaning Example Output

> Greater than 5 > 3 True

< Less than 5 < 3 False

>= Greater or equal 5 >= 5 True

<= Less or equal 5 <= 4 False

🔹 4. Logical Operators

Work with Boolean values, similar to &&, ||, ! in C++.

Operator Meaning Example Output

and Logical AND True and False False

or Logical OR True or False True

not Logical NOT not True False

Python uses plain English words instead of symbols (&&, ||, !) like in C/C++.

🔹 5. Identity Operators

These check if two variables refer to the same object in memory.

Operator Meaning Example Output

is Same object? a is b True/False

is not Not same object? a is not b True/False

python
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a = [1, 2]
b = a # b points to same list
print(a is b) # True
print(a == b) # True (same content)
🔹 6. Membership Operators

Used to test if a value is in a sequence (like string, list, etc.)

Operator Meaning Example Output

in Value found in object "a" in "apple" True

not in Value not found "x" not in "apple" True

🧠 Practice Task for Today:

Try this code:

python
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a = 10
b = 3

# Arithmetic
print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Division (float):", a / b)
print("Division (floor):", a // b)
print("Power:", a ** b)

# Comparison
print("Is a equal to b?", a == b)
print("Is a greater than b?", a > b)

# Logical
x = True
y = False
print("x and y:", x and y)
print("x or y:", x or y)
print("not x:", not x)

# Membership
print("p" in "python")
print("z" not in "python")

Let me know when you're ready.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Conditional Statements (if, elif, else) in Python – with examples and
differences from C/C++.

You said:
Explain deeply conditionals
ChatGPT said:

Excellent! Let's move on to:

📘 Day 4: Conditional Statements in Python (Deep & Practical)

Conditional statements let your program make decisions based on whether conditions are True
or False—just like in C/C++, but with a cleaner syntax.

Python Conditional Keywords:

• if
• elif (short for "else if")
• else

🔸 1. Basic if Statement
python
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age = 18

if age >= 18:

print("You are an adult.")

Syntax Breakdown:

• No parentheses around the condition (optional but not used by default).

• Colon (:) at the end of the condition line.
• Indentation (usually 4 spaces) is used to define blocks of code. No braces {} like in
C/C++.

🔸 2. if with else
python
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age = 16

if age >= 18:

print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")
 Comparison with C/C++:

C++:

cpp
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if (age >= 18) {
cout << "Adult";
} else {
cout << "Minor";
}

Python:

python
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if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")

Simpler, right?

🔸 3. elif – Else If
python
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marks = 75

if marks >= 90:

print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade C")
else:
print("Fail")

Python checks conditions top-down, and stops at the first True.

🔸 4. Nested Conditionals

Just like in C++, you can nest if statements.

python
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age = 20
citizen = True
if age >= 18:
if citizen:
print("Eligible to vote")
else:
print("Not a citizen")
else:
print("Underage")

Nested conditions are indented inside their parent block.

🔸 5. Short-hand (One-liner) Conditionals

One-line if:
python
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a = 10
if a > 5: print("a is greater than 5")

Ternary (Conditional Expression):

python
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age = 16
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"
print(status)

Similar to C++’s ternary operator: age >= 18 ? "Adult" : "Minor"

🔸 6. Boolean Logic in Conditions

You can use logical operators (and, or, not) directly:

python
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age = 20
has_id = True

if age >= 18 and has_id:

print("Entry allowed")
else:
print("Entry denied")
🔸 7. Common Mistakes to Avoid
Mistake Correct Version

Using () unnecessarily if x > 5: instead of if (x > 5):

Forgetting the colon : if x > 5 → if x > 5:

Not indenting Always indent the block under if, etc.

Mixing tabs and spaces in indent Use only spaces (4 spaces is standard)

🧠 Practice Task:

Try this:

python
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score = int(input("Enter your score (0–100): "))

if score > 100 or score < 0:

print("Invalid score")
elif score >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade: B")
elif score >= 70:
print("Grade: C")
elif score >= 60:
print("Grade: D")
else:
print("Fail")

Let me know once you've completed the task.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Loops in Python (for, while) – with use cases and differences from
C/C++.

You said:
Loops

ChatGPT said:

Great! Today is:

📘 Day 5: Loops in Python (for and while) — Deep Dive

Loops let you repeat a block of code multiple times. Python supports two main types of loops:

• for loop
• while loop

There’s no do...while like in C/C++, but you can simulate it.

🔸 1. for Loop in Python

Python's for loop is different from C/C++:

Instead of using a counter (for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)), Python’s for loop iterates over a
sequence (like a list, string, or range()).

Basic for loop using range():

python
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for i in range(5):
print(i)

Output:

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0
1
2
3
4

range(5) generates numbers from 0 to 4 (not including 5).

range(start, stop, step):

python
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for i in range(1, 10, 2):
print(i)

Output:

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1
3
5
7
9

Iterating over a list:

python
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)

Iterating over a string:

python
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for letter in "Python":
print(letter)

🔸 2. while Loop in Python

while loops run as long as a condition is True, similar to C/C++.

python
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count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)
count += 1

Output:

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0
1
2
3
4

🔸 3. Loop Control Statements

Statement Description

break Exit the loop completely

Statement Description

continue Skip the current iteration and continue

pass Do nothing (placeholder)

break example:
python
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for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)

Output: 0 1 2 3 4

continue example:
python
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for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)

Output: 0 1 3 4

pass example (used for empty blocks):

python
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for i in range(3):
pass # Placeholder, does nothing

🔸 4. Else with Loops (Python-Specific Feature)

Python allows else with loops, which executes only if the loop didn’t break.

python
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for i in range(5):
print(i)
else:
print("Loop completed without break")

If you add a break, the else will not run.

🔸 5. Difference from C/C++:
Feature C/C++ Python

for syntax Uses 3-part loop (init; cond; inc) Iterates over sequences

Parentheses {} Required Not used, blocks use indentation

do...while Exists Not available (can be simulated)

else with loops Not supported Supported

🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Use a for loop to print even numbers from 1 to 20.

2. Use a while loop to count down from 10 to 1.

3. Use break to exit a loop when a number is divisible by 7.

4. Use continue to skip printing vowels in a string.

Let me know when you've completed the tasks.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Functions in Python — declaration, parameters, return values, scope.

You said:
Explain deeply every things about the topic exp now function explain like Greek for Greek or w3

ChatGPT said:

Absolutely! Let’s go deep into Python functions — explained clearly and thoroughly, similar to
how you'd find on GeeksforGeeks or W3Schools, but tailored for you since you already know
C/C++.

📘 Day 6: Functions in Python — A Deep Dive

🔹 What is a Function?

A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

 Why use functions?

• To organize code
• To avoid repetition
• To increase modularity
• To make debugging easier

🔹 Function Structure in Python

python
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def function_name(parameters):
# function body
return value

🔸 1. Defining a Function
python
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def greet():
print("Hello!")

def is the keyword used to define a function.

🔸 2. Calling a Function
python
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greet()

Output:

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Hello!

🔸 3. Function with Parameters

python
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def greet(name):
print("Hello,", name)

greet("Alice")

Output:

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Hello, Alice
🔸 4. Function with Return Value
python
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def add(a, b):
return a + b

result = add(3, 5)
print(result)

Output:

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8

In Python, return is used to send a value back to the caller.

If you don’t use return, the function returns None by default.

🔸 5. Default Parameters

You can give default values to parameters.

python
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def greet(name="Guest"):
print("Hello", name)

greet() # Hello Guest

greet("John") # Hello John

This avoids function overloading (like in C++). Instead of writing multiple versions, just use
default values.

🔸 6. Keyword vs Positional Arguments

python
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def info(name, age):
print(name, "is", age, "years old")

info("Alice", 25) # Positional

info(age=30, name="Bob") # Keyword
🔸 7. Variable-Length Arguments

*args → for multiple positional arguments

python
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def total(*numbers):
print(sum(numbers))

total(10, 20, 30) # 60

**kwargs → for multiple keyword arguments

python
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def show(**details):
for key, value in details.items():
print(key, ":", value)

show(name="Alice", age=25)

Output:

yaml
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name : Alice
age : 25

🔸 8. Return Multiple Values

python
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def stats(x, y):
return x+y, x*y

s, p = stats(3, 4)
print("Sum:", s, "Product:", p)

Python functions can return tuples — multiple values at once.

🔸 9. Scope of Variables
Scope Type Description

Local Declared inside a function

Global Declared outside all functions

 Local Scope Example
python
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def func():
x = 10
print(x)

func()
print(x) # Error: x not defined outside

Global Scope Example

python
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x = 5

def show():
print(x)

show() # 5

Modifying Global Variable (using global)

python
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x = 5

def change():
global x
x = 10

change()
print(x) # 10

🔸 10. Anonymous Functions (Lambda)

One-line functions without names.

Used for short tasks.

python
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square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5)) # 25

Equivalent to:

python
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def square(x):
 return x * x

🔸 11. Function vs Method

Term Meaning

Function Defined using def, independent

Method A function attached to an object/class

python
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# Function
def greet():
print("Hello")

# Method (called on a string object)

"hello".upper() # HELLO

🔸 12. Docstrings (Documentation Strings)

Python allows inline documentation inside functions.

python
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def square(n):
"""Returns the square of a number"""
return n * n

print(square.__doc__)

Output:

css
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Returns the square of a number

🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Write a function is_even(n) that returns True if n is even.

2. Write a function factorial(n) that uses a loop.
3. Write a function greet(name="User") with a default argument.
4. Write a function that takes any number of arguments and returns the average.
5. Use lambda to create a function that returns the cube of a number.
Let me know once you're done.
Tomorrow’s Topic: Lists in Python – creation, operations, indexing, slicing, methods, with
deep examples.

You said:
Continue

ChatGPT said:

Great! Let’s move on to:

📘 Day 7: Lists in Python — Complete Deep Dive

Lists are one of the most used data structures in Python. They're ordered, mutable, and can
store heterogeneous data (unlike arrays in C++ which hold only one type).

🔹 1. Creating a List
python
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

Lists are created using square brackets [].

You can store:

• Strings
• Numbers
• Other lists
• Mixed types

python
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my_list = [1, "hello", 3.14, [10, 20]]

🔹 2. Accessing Elements

Same as in C++, using zero-based indexing:

python
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print(fruits[0]) # apple
print(fruits[2]) # cherry
Negative indexing:

python
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print(fruits[-1]) # cherry (last)
print(fruits[-2]) # banana

🔹 3. List Slicing
python
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numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(numbers[1:4]) # [1, 2, 3]
print(numbers[:3]) # [0, 1, 2]
print(numbers[3:]) # [3, 4, 5]
print(numbers[-3:]) # [3, 4, 5]

list[start:stop] includes start but excludes stop.

🔹 4. Modifying Elements
python
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fruits[1] = "orange"
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'orange', 'cherry']

Lists are mutable, unlike strings or tuples.

🔹 5. List Methods (Built-in)

Method Description

append(x) Adds x to the end of the list

insert(i, x) Inserts x at index i

remove(x) Removes first occurrence of x

pop() Removes and returns last item

pop(i) Removes and returns item at index i

clear() Removes all items

index(x) Returns index of first x

 Method Description

count(x) Counts how many times x appears

sort() Sorts the list (ascending)

reverse() Reverses the list in-place

copy() Returns a shallow copy

Examples:
python
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fruits = ["banana", "apple", "cherry"]

fruits.append("orange")
fruits.sort()
fruits.remove("banana")
print(fruits)

Output:

css
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['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']

🔹 6. Looping Through Lists

python
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for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

Using index:

python
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for i in range(len(fruits)):
print(i, fruits[i])

🔹 7. List Comprehension (Pythonic Shortcut)

A powerful one-liner to create lists.

python
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squares = [x*x for x in range(6)]
print(squares) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
With conditions:

python
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evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

🔹 8. Membership Testing
python
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print("apple" in fruits) # True
print("mango" not in fruits) # True

🔹 9. Nested Lists (2D Lists)

python
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matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]
]

print(matrix[0][1]) # 2

🔹 10. Built-in Functions with Lists

Function Description

len(lst) Number of items

max(lst) Largest item

min(lst) Smallest item

sum(lst) Sum of all items (numbers only)

🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Create a list of 5 numbers and print their sum.

2. Write a list comprehension that creates a list of squares from 1 to 10.
3. Given a list of names, remove all names that start with 'A'.
4. Reverse a list without using reverse().
5. Create a 3x3 matrix and access the middle element.
Let me know when you complete the tasks.
Tomorrow’s Topic: Tuples — immutable lists, when and why to use them, with examples
and comparisons to lists.

You said:
Continue

ChatGPT said:

Awesome! Let’s continue your journey in Python with:

📘 Day 8: Tuples in Python — Full Deep Dive

Tuples are very similar to lists, but they are immutable (they can’t be changed once created).
This makes them:

• Faster than lists

• Safer for fixed data
• Hashable (can be used as dictionary keys or in sets)

🔹 1. What is a Tuple?

A tuple is a collection of ordered elements, defined with parentheses ().

python
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my_tuple = (10, 20, 30)

You can also create a tuple without parentheses:

python
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t = 1, 2, 3

It’s still a tuple!

🔸 2. Single-Element Tuple — The Trap!

Just putting one value in parentheses is not enough:

python
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t = (5)
print(type(t)) # ➤ int

Correct:

python
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t = (5,)
print(type(t)) # ➤ tuple

The comma makes it a tuple, not the parentheses.

🔸 3. Accessing Tuple Elements

Just like lists — indexing and slicing work the same:

python
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t = ("a", "b", "c", "d")

print(t[0]) # a
print(t[-1]) # d
print(t[1:3]) # ('b', 'c')

🔸 4. Why Use Tuples Over Lists?

Feature List ([]) Tuple (())

Mutable Yes No

Faster Slower Faster

Hashable No Yes

Safer Can be modified Cannot be modified

🔸 5. Tuple Operations

Concatenation:
python
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t1 = (1, 2)
t2 = (3, 4)
t3 = t1 + t2 # (1, 2, 3, 4)
 Repetition:
python
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t = (1, 2)
print(t * 3) # (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)

Membership:
python
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print(3 in (1, 2, 3)) # True

Iteration:
python
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for x in (10, 20, 30):
print(x)

🔸 6. Tuple Methods
Method Description

count(x) Returns number of times x appears

index(x) Returns the first index of x

python
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t = (1, 2, 3, 2, 2)

print(t.count(2)) # 3
print(t.index(3)) # 2

🔸 7. Tuple Unpacking

You can assign tuple values to variables directly:

python
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point = (10, 20)

x, y = point
print(x) # 10
print(y) # 20

Must match the number of values

python
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a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # OK
a, b = (1, 2, 3) # Error!

🔸 8. Nested Tuples
python
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nested = ((1, 2), (3, 4))

print(nested[1][0]) # 3

🔸 9. Using Tuples in Dictionaries (Hashable)

Unlike lists, tuples can be keys in dictionaries:

python
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locations = {
(0, 0): "origin",
(1, 2): "point A"
}

🔸 10. When to Use Tuples

• When the data should not change

• For fixed-size records (like coordinates, RGB values)
• As dictionary keys or in sets
• For better performance

🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Create a tuple with the first 5 even numbers.

2. Unpack a tuple (name, age, country) into 3 variables.
3. Find how many times 7 occurs in (1, 7, 7, 3, 4).
4. Write a tuple of 3 RGB values and print the green one.
5. Try to modify a tuple element and observe the error.

Let me know when you're done.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Dictionaries in Python — key-value pairs, methods, looping, nesting,
use cases.
You said:
Continue

ChatGPT said:

Excellent! Let's move on to another foundational data structure in Python:

📘 Day 9: Dictionaries in Python — Deep Dive

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.

Think of it like a real-life dictionary where you look up a word (key) to get its definition
(value).

🔹 1. Creating a Dictionary
python
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student = {
"name": "Alice",
"age": 20,
"marks": 85
}

• Keys must be unique and immutable (strings, numbers, or tuples).

• Values can be any data type (even lists, other dictionaries).

🔹 2. Accessing Values
python
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print(student["name"]) # Alice
print(student["marks"]) # 85

If the key doesn't exist → KeyError

Safer method:

python
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print(student.get("grade", "Not Found")) # Not Found
🔹 3. Adding & Updating Values

Add a new key-value:

python
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student["grade"] = "A"

Update existing:
python
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student["marks"] = 90

🔹 4. Removing Key-Value Pairs

Method Description

del dict[key] Deletes specific key

dict.pop(key) Removes key and returns value

dict.clear() Empties the whole dictionary

python
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del student["age"]
student.pop("marks")
student.clear() # makes it {}

🔹 5. Looping Through a Dictionary

Keys:
python
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for key in student:
print(key)

Keys + Values:
python
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for key, value in student.items():
print(key, "=>", value)

Values only:
python
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for value in student.values():
print(value)

🔹 6. Common Dictionary Methods

Method Description

dict.keys() Returns all keys

dict.values() Returns all values

dict.items() Returns all (key, value) pairs

dict.get(key) Returns value or None/default

dict.update(dict2) Adds or updates keys from another dict

🔹 7. Check Existence of Key

python
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if "name" in student:
print("Name is available")

🔹 8. Nested Dictionaries

You can store dictionaries inside other dictionaries:

python
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students = {
"s1": {"name": "Alice", "marks": 90},
"s2": {"name": "Bob", "marks": 85}
}

print(students["s1"]["marks"]) # 90

🔹 9. Use Case Examples

• Store user profiles

• Frequency counters
• Grouping data
• JSON-like structures for web apps
🔹 10. Dictionary Comprehension (Pythonic Style)
python
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squares = {x: x*x for x in range(1, 6)}
print(squares) # {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}

With condition:

python
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even_squares = {x: x*x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0}

🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Create a dictionary for a book with keys: title, author, price.

2. Add a new key publisher, then update the price.
3. Loop through a dictionary and print keys with values.
4. Store marks of 3 students in a nested dictionary.
5. Use comprehension to map each character in "hello" to its ASCII value.

Let me know once you're done.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Sets in Python — properties, operations (union, intersection), use
cases, and differences from lists.

You said:
Continue

ChatGPT said:

Great! You're doing an excellent job progressing through Python fundamentals.

Today, we’ll explore a very powerful and often underused data structure:

📘 Day 10: Sets in Python — Complete Deep Dive

A set in Python is an unordered, unindexed collection of unique elements.

Key Properties:

• No duplicate values
• Unordered: No guarantee of element position
• Elements must be immutable (like numbers, strings, tuples)
🔹 1. Creating a Set
python
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my_set = {1, 2, 3}
print(my_set)

If you want to create an empty set:

python
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empty_set = set() # NOT {}

{} creates an empty dictionary.

🔹 2. No Duplicates Allowed
python
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nums = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4}
print(nums) # {1, 2, 3, 4}

Python automatically removes duplicates.

🔹 3. Set Elements Must Be Immutable

These work:

python
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{1, "hello", (3, 4)}

This fails:

python
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{[1, 2]} # TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

🔹 4. Adding and Removing Elements

add() – Adds one item:

python
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s = {1, 2}
s.add(3) # {1, 2, 3}

update() – Adds multiple items:

python
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s.update([4, 5], {6, 7})

remove() vs discard()
python
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s.remove(4) # Error if not found
s.discard(4) # No error if not found

pop() removes a random item:

python
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s.pop()

🔹 5. Set Operations (Mathematical Style)

Let’s use these sets:

python
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a = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b = {3, 4, 5, 6}
Operation Code Result

Union `a bora.union(b)`

Intersection a & b or a.intersection(b) {3, 4}

Difference (a - b) a - b or a.difference(b) {1, 2}

Symmetric Difference a ^ b or a.symmetric_difference(b) {1, 2, 5, 6}

🔹 6. Set Comparisons
python
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a.issubset(b)
a.issuperset(b)
a.isdisjoint(b)
These return True or False.

🔹 7. Looping Through a Set

python
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for item in a:
print(item)

No indexing! Use a loop.

🔹 8. Frozen Sets (Immutable Sets)

python
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frozen = frozenset([1, 2, 3])

• You cannot modify a frozenset

• Useful for keys in dictionaries or constant sets

🔹 9. Use Cases of Sets

• Removing duplicates from a list:

python
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my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3]
no_duplicates = list(set(my_list))

• Fast membership testing:

python
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if 5 in my_set:
print("Found")

• Performing set-based math (union, intersection)

🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Create a set of 5 numbers and add a new number to it.

2. Try adding a list to a set (observe the error).
3. Use set operations to find common and different elements in two sets.
 4. Convert a list with duplicates into a set and back into a list.
5. Create a frozen set and try to modify it.

Let me know when you're done.

Tomorrow’s Topic: String Handling in Python — indexing, slicing, methods, formatting,
and best practices.

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Excellent! Now we’re moving into one of the most important and frequently used data types:

📘 Day 11: Strings in Python — Full Deep Dive

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in single, double, or triple quotes.

python
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s1 = 'Hello'
s2 = "World"
s3 = '''Multi-line
string'''

Strings are immutable, indexable, iterable, and have many powerful methods.

🔹 1. String Indexing and Slicing

Just like lists and tuples:

python
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text = "Python"

print(text[0]) # P
print(text[-1]) # n

# Slicing
print(text[1:4]) # yth
print(text[:3]) # Pyt
print(text[3:]) # hon
print(text[::-1]) # Reverse: nohtyP
🔹 2. String Immutability

You can’t change part of a string directly:

python
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text = "Hello"
text[0] = "M" # Error: strings are immutable

Create a new one instead:

python
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text = "M" + text[1:]

🔹 3. Common String Methods

Method Description

lower() Converts to lowercase

upper() Converts to uppercase

title() Capitalizes each word

strip() Removes whitespace from both ends

replace(a, b) Replaces all a with b

split(sep) Splits string into a list

join(list) Joins list into string

startswith(sub) Checks if string starts with sub

endswith(sub) Checks if string ends with sub

find(sub) Finds first index of sub, else -1

count(sub) Counts how many times sub appears

🔹 4. String Formatting

Old-style (% formatting)
python
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name = "Alice"
age = 25
print("Name: %s, Age: %d" % (name, age))

str.format() method
python
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print("Name: {}, Age: {}".format(name, age))
print("Name: {n}, Age: {a}".format(n=name, a=age))

f-Strings (recommended, Python 3.6+)

python
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print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")

🔹 5. Escape Characters
Code Meaning

\n Newline

\t Tab

\\ Backslash

\' Single quote

\" Double quote

python
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print("Hello\nWorld")
print("He said: \"Python is cool\"")

🔹 6. Useful String Techniques

Reversing a string:
python
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s = "hello"
rev = s[::-1]

Checking if palindrome:
python
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s = "madam"
print(s == s[::-1]) # True

Count vowels:
python
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vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
count = sum(1 for c in s if c in vowels)

🔹 7. Multiline Strings

Triple quotes can be used for documentation or storing multiple lines:

python
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text = """This is
a multi-line
string."""

🔹 8. String Membership Test

python
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"py" in "python" # True
"Java" not in "Python is fun" # True

🔹 9. String Comparisons

Strings can be compared using:

• == (equality)
• <, >, <=, >= (lexicographic order, like dictionary)

python
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print("apple" < "banana") # True

🔹 10. String Iteration

python
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for char in "Python":
print(char)
🧠 Practice Tasks:

1. Reverse the string "developer" using slicing.

2. Check if a user-entered string is a palindrome.
3. Count the number of vowels in "Information Security".
4. Ask the user for their name and print it using an f-string.
5. Split a sentence into words, then join them using hyphens.

Let me know when you finish these tasks.

Tomorrow’s Topic: Lists vs Tuples vs Sets vs Dictionaries — Comparison, use cases, and
decision-making guide.

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ChatGPT said:

Awesome! Now that you’ve seen strings, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries individually, today’s
topic is about understanding how to choose between them.

📘 Day 12: Comparison of Lists, Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries

Python offers multiple data structures — each with its own strengths and use cases.

1. Overview Table

Feature List Tuple Set Dictionary

Ordered Yes Yes No Yes (Python 3.7+)

Indexing Yes Yes No Yes (via keys)

Mutable Yes No Yes Yes

Duplicates Allowed Yes Yes No (in values only)

Keys/Values No No No Yes

Use Case General data Fixed data Math, uniqueness Lookup, structured data
 2. When to Use Lists

Use when:

• You need to store a collection of ordered, changeable items.

• Duplicates are fine.
• You frequently need to add/remove items.

python
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tasks = ["todo", "read", "code"]
tasks.append("eat")

3. When to Use Tuples

Use when:

• Data should not be changed (immutability).

• Used as a key in a dictionary or element in a set.
• Lightweight, faster than lists.

python
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coordinates = (10, 20)

4. When to Use Sets

Use when:

• You need unique items only.

• You want to perform set operations: union, intersection, etc.
• Fast membership checking (x in set is fast).

python
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colors = {"red", "green", "blue"}
colors.add("yellow")

5. When to Use Dictionaries

Use when:
 • You want to store data as key-value pairs.
• Quick lookups by a meaningful key.
• Each key maps to one value.

python
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student = {
"name": "Alice",
"marks": 90
}

6. Performance Comparison

Operation List Tuple Set Dictionary

Index access O(1) O(1) Not allowed O(1) via key

Membership check O(n) O(n) O(1) O(1)

Adding elements O(1) (amort.) Immutable O(1) O(1)

Mutability Mutable Immutable Mutable Mutable

7. Choosing the Right One — Real Use Cases

✅ Example 1: Student Info

python
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# Use dictionary
student = {"name": "Bob", "roll": 23, "marks": 82}
✅ Example 2: List of daily tasks
python
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tasks = ["read", "code", "sleep"]
✅ Example 3: Coordinates (fixed data)
python
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location = (12.5, 75.8)
✅ Example 4: Unique visitors to a website
python
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visitors = {"192.168.1.1", "192.168.1.2"}

8. Mutable vs Immutable Quick Check

Data Structure Mutable?

List Yes

Tuple No

Set Yes

Dictionary Yes

Practice Tasks

1. Create:
o a list of book titles
o a tuple for GPS coordinates
o a set of unique skills
o a dictionary for storing student name and marks
2. Try:
o Changing an element in a tuple (note the error).
o Adding duplicate items in a set (check result).
o Performing union and intersection of sets.
o Accessing dictionary values using keys.

Once you’ve practiced, we’ll move to:

Day 13: Functions in Python — parameters, return values, scope, recursion, and best
practices (in deep detail).

Would you like to continue now?

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Great! Now you're ready to dive into one of the most critical and powerful features in Python
— and in programming in general:

📘 Day 13: Functions in Python — Deep Explanation

A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

🔹 1. Why Use Functions?

Avoid repetition
Make code modular and clean
Easier to test and debug
Improve readability and reusability

🔹 2. Defining a Function
python
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def greet():
print("Hello!")

• def = keyword
• greet = function name
• () = parameters (optional)
• : = indicates start of function
body
• Indentation = Python uses indentation instead of {}

Calling the Function:

python
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greet() # Output: Hello!

🔹 3. Function with Parameters

python
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def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
python
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greet("Alice")
greet("Bob")

🔹 4. Function with Return Value

python
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def square(n):
return n * n
python
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result = square(5)
print(result) # 25

• return ends the function and sends data back.

🔹 5. Multiple Parameters
python
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def add(a, b):
return a + b
python
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print(add(3, 7)) # 10

🔹 6. Default Parameters
python
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def greet(name="Guest"):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
python
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greet() # Hello, Guest!
greet("Ravi") # Hello, Ravi!

🔹 7. Keyword Arguments
python
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def intro(name, age):
print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")
python
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intro(age=30, name="Zara") # Order doesn't matter

🔹 8. Variable Number of Arguments

*args (Non-keyworded)
python
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def total(*numbers):
return sum(numbers)

print(total(1, 2, 3, 4)) # 10

**kwargs (Keyworded)
python
CopyEdit
def show_info(**info):
for key, value in info.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

show_info(name="Ali", age=21)

🔹 9. Scope of Variables

Local vs Global
python
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x = 5 # Global

def func():
x = 10 # Local
print(x)

func() # 10
print(x) # 5

global keyword
python
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x = 10

def modify():
global x
x = 20

modify()
print(x) # 20

🔹 10. Nested Functions

python
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def outer():
def inner():
print("Inner function")
inner()

outer()

🔹 11. Lambda (Anonymous Functions)

One-line function, often used as an argument.

python
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square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5)) # 25

🔹 12. Recursion

A function calling itself:

python
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def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)
python
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print(factorial(5)) # 120

Always define a base case to avoid infinite recursion.

🔹 13. Docstrings (Documentation)

python
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def greet(name):
"""This function greets the user by name."""
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

Access with:

python
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print(greet.__doc__)

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Write a function even_or_odd(n) that prints if a number is even or odd.

2. Write a function to compute the factorial of a number using recursion.
3. Write a function sum_all(*args) that returns the sum of any number of arguments.
4. Use **kwargs to print user profile data like name, age, country.
5. Create a lambda function to compute square, cube, and check if a number is even.
Let me know when you're ready.
Tomorrow’s Topic: Modules and Packages — importing, using built-ins, creating your
own, pip, and standard libraries.

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ChatGPT said:

Great! Now that you understand functions well, let’s move on to the next fundamental topic:

📘 Day 14: Modules and Packages in Python — Deep Explanation

As your code grows, keeping everything in one file becomes messy. Python solves this using
modules and packages.

🔹 1. What is a Module?

A module is just a .py file containing functions, variables, or classes.

Example: your file math_utils.py

python
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# math_utils.py
def square(n):
return n * n

def cube(n):
return n * n * n

You can use this module in another file:

python
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# main.py
import math_utils

print(math_utils.square(4)) # 16
print(math_utils.cube(3)) # 27
🔹 2. Importing Modules
Syntax Meaning

import module Import full module

from module import x Import a specific function or variable

from module import * Import everything (not recommended)

import module as alias Use a short alias

Examples:
python
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import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

from math import sqrt

print(sqrt(16))

import math as m
print(m.pi)

🔹 3. Built-in Python Modules

Python includes many useful standard libraries.

Module Purpose

math Mathematical operations

random Random number generation

datetime Date and time handling

os File system operations

sys System-specific parameters

json JSON encoding and decoding

Examples:
python
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import random
print(random.randint(1, 10))

import datetime
print(datetime.datetime.now())

🔹 4. Creating Your Own Module

Create a Python file with functions, and save it in the same directory.

python
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# greetings.py
def say_hello(name):
return f"Hello, {name}"
python
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# main.py
import greetings
print(greetings.say_hello("Alice"))

🔹 5. What is a Package?

A package is a folder that contains multiple modules and a special file called __init__.py
(can be empty or used to initialize the package).

markdown
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mypackage/
│
├── __init__.py
├── module1.py
└── module2.py

Using the package:

python
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from mypackage import module1

Or:

python
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from mypackage.module2 import function_name

🔹 6. Installing External Packages with pip

pip is Python’s package manager. You can use it to install third-party libraries.
Example:
bash
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pip install requests

Then use it:

python
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import requests
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
print(response.status_code)

🔹 7. __name__ == "__main__" in Modules

This allows code to be run as a script or imported as a module.

python
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# calculator.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b

if __name__ == "__main__":
print(add(2, 3))

• When imported, __name__ != "__main__"

• When run directly, __name__ == "__main__"

🔹 8. Organizing Large Projects

Structure code like this:

css
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project/
├── main.py
├── utils/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── file_utils.py
│ └── math_utils.py
└── data/

Now import like:

python
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from utils.math_utils import square

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a module converter.py with functions:

o km_to_miles()
o celsius_to_fahrenheit()
2. Import and use them in main.py.
3. Use math, random, and datetime built-in modules in a program.
4. Create a small package with two modules:
o strings.py: with a function reverse_string()
o numbers.py: with a function is_even()

Once you practice this, we’ll move on to:

Day 15: File Handling in Python — Reading, Writing, Appending, Working with Text and
CSV Files

Let me know when you’re ready to continue!

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Excellent! Now that you understand modules and packages, let’s move forward to a crucial
topic for real-world programming:

📘 Day 15: File Handling in Python — Read, Write, Append, Text, and CSV Files

File handling allows you to work with external files — like text, logs, data files, etc.

🔹 1. Why File Handling?

Save data permanently (even after the program ends)

Read from configuration or data files
Write logs, reports, user data
Handle CSV, JSON, or other file formats
🔹 2. Opening a File — open()
python
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file = open("filename.txt", "mode")
Mode Meaning

'r' Read (default)

'w' Write (overwrites)

'a' Append

'x' Create new file

'b' Binary mode

't' Text mode (default)

🔹 3. Reading from a File

Suppose data.txt contains:

kotlin
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Hello world
Python is fun

Read entire file

python
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file = open("data.txt", "r")
content = file.read()
print(content)
file.close()

Read line by line

python
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file = open("data.txt", "r")
for line in file:
print(line.strip())
file.close()

readlines()
python
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lines = open("data.txt").readlines()
print(lines)

🔹 4. Writing to a File ('w')

• Overwrites file if it exists.

• Creates file if not.

python
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file = open("newfile.txt", "w")
file.write("This is a new file.\n")
file.write("Second line.")
file.close()

🔹 5. Appending to a File ('a')

python
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file = open("newfile.txt", "a")
file.write("\nAppended line.")
file.close()

🔹 6. Best Practice: with Block

Automatically closes the file.

python
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with open("data.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
python
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with open("log.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("Log entry\n")

🔹 7. File Methods
Method Description

.read(size) Read size characters

.readline() Read one line

.readlines() Read all lines into list

 Method Description

.write(str) Write string to file

.seek(n) Move to byte n in file

.tell() Get current position

.close() Close the file

🔹 8. Working with CSV Files

Python has a built-in csv module.

Writing CSV:
python
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import csv

with open("students.csv", "w", newline="") as file:

writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerow(["Name", "Age", "Grade"])
writer.writerow(["Ali", 20, "A"])
writer.writerow(["Sara", 21, "B"])

Reading CSV:
python
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import csv

with open("students.csv", "r") as file:

reader = csv.reader(file)
for row in reader:
print(row)

🔹 9. Handling File Not Found / Errors

python
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try:
with open("missing.txt") as file:
data = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!")

You can also use except IOError, PermissionError, etc.

🔹 10. Practical Use Cases

• Logging user actions

• Reading configuration files
• Exporting data to reports
• Importing data from CSV

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a text file, write 5 lines using 'w', and print them using 'r'.
2. Append 2 more lines using 'a'.
3. Write a program that takes user input and stores it in a file.
4. Create a CSV file of books: Title, Author, Year.
5. Read the CSV and display each row formatted nicely.

Once you complete these, we’ll move to:

Day 16: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python — Classes, Objects, Inheritance,

Encapsulation, and more

Let me know when you’re ready to continue!

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Excellent! Today, we’ll start one of the most powerful features in programming — especially
useful in real-world projects and large-scale systems:

📘 Day 16: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python — Deep Explanation

OOP is a way of organizing code using classes and objects to model real-world things.
🔹 1. What is OOP?

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming — a paradigm based on the concept of

“objects”, which contain:

• Attributes (data)
• Methods (functions)

🔹 2. Basic Concepts in OOP

Concept Meaning

Class Blueprint for creating objects

Object Instance of a class

Method Function inside a class

Constructor Special method __init__() to initialize object

self Refers to the current object (like this in C++/Java)

Encapsulation Keeping data private and safe

Inheritance Child class inherits features from parent class

Polymorphism Same method name behaves differently depending on the context

🔹 3. Defining a Class and Creating Objects

python
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class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age): # Constructor
self.name = name
self.age = age

def greet(self): # Method

print(f"Hi, my name is {self.name} and I'm {self.age} years old.")

# Creating objects
p1 = Person("Alice", 25)
p2 = Person("Bob", 30)

p1.greet()
p2.greet()
🔹 4. Understanding __init__() and self

• __init__() is automatically called when an object is created.

• self allows you to access variables and methods inside the object.

🔹 5. Class Attributes vs Instance Attributes

python
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class Dog:
species = "Canine" # Class attribute

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name # Instance attribute
python
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d = Dog("Tommy")
print(d.name) # Tommy
print(d.species) # Canine

🔹 6. Encapsulation and Access Control

Python uses naming conventions:

Notation Meaning

public_var Public (default)

_protected Protected (by convention)

__private Private (name mangled)

python
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class Student:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name # Private variable

def get_name(self):
return self.__name

def set_name(self, new_name):

self.__name = new_name

🔹 7. Inheritance

Inheritance lets a class (child) use properties and methods from another class (parent).
python
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class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Dog barks")

a = Animal()
d = Dog()

a.speak() # Animal speaks

d.speak() # Dog barks (overrides parent)

🔹 8. super() Function

Use super() to access the parent class.

python
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class Parent:
def __init__(self):
print("Parent constructor")

class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
print("Child constructor")

c = Child()

🔹 9. Polymorphism

Same function name can behave differently in different classes.

python
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class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Meow")

class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Bark")

def animal_sound(animal):
animal.sound()

c = Cat()
d = Dog()
animal_sound(c)
animal_sound(d)

🔹 10. Dunder (Magic) Methods

Python classes can define special methods like:

Method Purpose

__init__ Constructor

__str__ String representation

__len__ Used by len()

__add__ Used by + operator

__eq__ Equality check

python
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class Book:
def __init__(self, title):
self.title = title

def __str__(self):
return f"Book: {self.title}"

b = Book("Python 101")
print(b) # Book: Python 101

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a Car class with attributes: brand, model, year.

2. Add a method start_engine().
3. Create a child class ElectricCar that inherits from Car and overrides start_engine().
4. Create a BankAccount class with private balance and methods for deposit/withdraw.
5. Use __str__() to print a meaningful message for any class object.

Once you're done with this, we’ll go to:

Day 17: Exception Handling — Try, Except, Else, Finally, Custom Errors

Let me know when you're ready to continue!

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Awesome! Let’s dive into the next essential topic that every robust Python program needs:

📘 Day 17: Exception Handling in Python — Deep Explanation

Errors happen — in user input, files, networks, etc. Exception handling helps you gracefully
handle errors without crashing your program.

🔹 1. What are Exceptions?

Exceptions are runtime errors that interrupt normal flow.

Common examples:

• ZeroDivisionError
• FileNotFoundError
• ValueError
• TypeError

🔹 2. Basic Try-Except Block

python
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try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You cannot divide by zero!")

• Code in try runs first.

• If exception happens, code in matching except runs.
• Program continues after except block.

🔹 3. Handling Multiple Exceptions

python
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try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division by zero is not allowed.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input, enter an integer.")

🔹 4. else Clause

Runs if no exceptions occur.

python
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try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input!")
else:
print(f"You entered {num}")

🔹 5. finally Clause

Runs always, no matter what.

python
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try:
file = open("data.txt")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found!")
else:
print(file.read())
finally:
print("Executing cleanup...")
file.close()

🔹 6. Raising Exceptions

You can raise exceptions yourself with raise.

python
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def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise ValueError("Must be 18 or older.")
print("Access granted.")

try:
check_age(16)
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
🔹 7. Custom Exceptions

Create your own exception by inheriting from Exception.

python
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class CustomError(Exception):
pass

def test(value):
if value < 0:
raise CustomError("Negative value not allowed.")

try:
test(-5)
except CustomError as e:
print(e)

🔹 8. Exception Object and Traceback

Capture the exception object to get error details:

python
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try:
10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print(f"Error occurred: {e}")

🔹 9. Using assert Statement

Used to check conditions during development.

python
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x = 5
assert x > 0, "x must be positive"

If the condition fails, it raises an AssertionError.

🔹 10. Good Practices

• Handle specific exceptions instead of a general except:.

• Avoid silent failures.
 • Always clean resources (files, network) in finally.
• Use meaningful messages in exceptions.

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Write a program that reads a number from the user and divides 100 by that number with
proper exception handling.
2. Open a file safely and handle the error if the file is missing.
3. Raise an exception if a user enters an invalid password (length < 8).
4. Create a custom exception for invalid email format.
5. Use assert to validate function inputs.

After mastering exception handling, you’ll be ready for:

Day 18: Working with Libraries — Using requests for HTTP, JSON Handling

Tell me when you want to continue!

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ChatGPT said:

Great! Now let's dive into working with external data and the internet — a vital skill in modern
programming:

📘 Day 18: Working with Libraries — HTTP Requests & JSON Handling in Python

1. What is requests?

• requests is a powerful Python library to send HTTP requests easily.

• Used to interact with web APIs, download web pages, post data, etc.

2. Installing requests

If you don’t have it yet:

bash
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pip install requests

3. Basic GET Request

python
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import requests

response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
print(response.status_code) # 200 means success
print(response.headers['Content-Type'])
print(response.text) # Raw response content (usually JSON or
HTML)

4. GET Request with Parameters

python
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params = {'q': 'python', 'sort': 'stars'}
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/search/repositories",
params=params)
print(response.json()) # Parse JSON response

5. POST Request

Sending data to the server:

python
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data = {'username': 'alice', 'password': '1234'}
response = requests.post("https://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.json())

6. Handling JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a common data format for APIs.

• response.json() converts JSON string into Python dictionaries/lists.

• You can also convert Python data to JSON string using json module.

python
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import json
data = {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 25}
json_str = json.dumps(data) # Python dict -> JSON string
print(json_str)

parsed_data = json.loads(json_str) # JSON string -> Python dict

print(parsed_data['name'])

7. Headers and Authentication

Set HTTP headers like User-Agent or Authentication tokens:

python
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headers = {'User-Agent': 'MyApp/1.0'}

response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/user", headers=headers,

auth=('user', 'pass'))

8. Timeouts & Error Handling

python
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try:
response = requests.get("https://example.com", timeout=5)
response.raise_for_status() # Raises HTTPError for bad responses
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print("Request failed:", e)

9. Practical Example: Get GitHub User Info

python
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import requests

username = input("Enter GitHub username: ")

url = f"https://api.github.com/users/{username}"
response = requests.get(url)

if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
print(f"Name: {data['name']}")
print(f"Public repos: {data['public_repos']}")
else:
print("User not found.")
🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Use requests to get weather data from a public API (e.g., OpenWeatherMap).
2. Post JSON data to httpbin.org and print the response.
3. Parse JSON from an API and extract specific information.
4. Handle possible request errors and timeouts.
5. Create a program that asks for a GitHub username and prints the user's bio and repo
count.

Ready for Day 19: Working with Databases — SQLite3 in Python whenever you say!

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Awesome! Now let’s get into managing data storage locally with databases — super important
for almost any real app.

📘 Day 19: Working with Databases — SQLite3 in Python

1. What is SQLite?

• Lightweight, serverless, file-based SQL database.

• Perfect for small to medium projects.
• Comes built-in with Python (sqlite3 module).

2. Connecting to a Database
python
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import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db') # Connect/create database file

cursor = conn.cursor() # Create cursor to execute SQL
commands

3. Creating a Table
python
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cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT NOT NULL,
age INTEGER
)
''')
conn.commit()

4. Inserting Data
python
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cursor.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Alice', 30))
conn.commit()

Using ? placeholders prevents SQL injection (safe queries).

5. Querying Data
python
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cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM users')
rows = cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print(row)

6. Updating Data
python
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cursor.execute('UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?', (31, 'Alice'))
conn.commit()

7. Deleting Data
python
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cursor.execute('DELETE FROM users WHERE name = ?', ('Alice',))
conn.commit()

8. Closing the Connection

Always close to free resources.

python
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conn.close()

9. Using with Statement for Safety

python
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with sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db') as conn:
cursor = conn.cursor()
# Your queries here

10. Putting It All Together

python
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import sqlite3

def create_user(name, age):

with sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db') as conn:
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INTEGER PRIMARY
KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)')
cursor.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)', (name,
age))
conn.commit()

def get_users():
with sqlite3.connect('mydatabase.db') as conn:
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM users')
return cursor.fetchall()

create_user('Bob', 24)
users = get_users()
print(users)

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a products table with fields: id, name, price.

2. Insert 3 products.
3. Write a function to update the price of a product.
4. Write a function to delete a product by name.
5. Fetch and display all products sorted by price.
 Let me know when you want to move on to Day 20: Advanced Python Topics —
Decorators and Generators!

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ChatGPT said:

Perfect! Let’s get into some of Python’s most elegant and powerful features: Decorators and
Generators.

📘 Day 20: Advanced Python Topics — Decorators & Generators

1. Generators

What are Generators?

• Special functions that return an iterator.

• They yield values one at a time, saving memory.
• Useful for large data or streams.

How are Generators Different from Regular Functions?

• Regular functions use return once and exit.

• Generators use yield to produce values one by one, pausing between yields.

Example:
python
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def count_up_to(max):
count = 1
while count <= max:
yield count # Pause here and return count
count += 1

counter = count_up_to(5)
print(next(counter)) # 1
print(next(counter)) # 2
print(next(counter)) # 3

• Using for loop:

python
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for num in count_up_to(3):
print(num)
 2. Why Use Generators?

• Efficient memory usage.

• Can represent infinite sequences.
• Lazily evaluated — values generated on demand.

3. Generator Expressions

Like list comprehensions but with () instead of [].

python
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gen = (x * x for x in range(5))
print(next(gen)) # 0
print(next(gen)) # 1

4. Decorators

What are Decorators?

• Functions that modify behavior of other functions.

• Used to add functionality without changing original function code.
• Common in logging, access control, timing, etc.

5. Basic Decorator Syntax

python
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def decorator_func(original_func):
def wrapper_func():
print("Before the function runs.")
original_func()
print("After the function runs.")
return wrapper_func

@decorator_func
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")

say_hello()
Output:

pgsql
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Before the function runs.
Hello!
After the function runs.

6. How Decorators Work

• @decorator_func is syntactic sugar for:

python
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say_hello = decorator_func(say_hello)

• The decorator returns a wrapper function which adds behavior.

7. Decorators with Arguments

python
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def decorator_func(original_func):
def wrapper_func(*args, **kwargs):
print("Before")
result = original_func(*args, **kwargs)
print("After")
return result
return wrapper_func

@decorator_func
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}")

greet("Alice")

8. Practical Decorator Example — Timing

python
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import time

def timer(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start = time.time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
end = time.time()
 print(f"{func.__name__} took {end - start:.4f} seconds.")
return result
return wrapper

@timer
def waste_time(num):
for _ in range(num):
sum([i**2 for i in range(10000)])

waste_time(5)

9. Fun Fact: Multiple Decorators

You can stack decorators:

python
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@decorator1
@decorator2
def func():
pass

Equivalent to:

python
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func = decorator1(decorator2(func))

10. Summary

Topic Key Point

Generators Use yield, save memory, produce sequences

Generator Expr Compact syntax for generators

Decorators Wrap functions to modify/extend behavior

Wrapper Func Inner function in decorator that runs original

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Write a generator that yields Fibonacci numbers up to n.

2. Create a decorator that logs the arguments and return value of a function.
3. Write a generator expression to produce squares of numbers 1 to 10.
4. Create a decorator to check if arguments to a function are positive integers.
 5. Combine two decorators on a sample function.

Let me know when you want to keep going with Day 21: File Handling and Context
Managers in Python!

You said:
Continue

ChatGPT said:

Awesome! Let’s move forward to an essential topic that you’ll use constantly: File Handling
and Context Managers in Python.

📘 Day 21: File Handling and Context Managers

1. Opening and Closing Files

Use the open() function:

python
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file = open('example.txt', 'r') # 'r' = read mode
content = file.read()
print(content)
file.close() # Always close the file!

2. File Modes

Mode Meaning

'r' Read (default)

'w' Write (creates or truncates)

'a' Append

'b' Binary mode (use with other modes)

'x' Create new file, fail if exists

 3. Reading Files

• Read whole file: file.read()

• Read line by line:

python
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with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
for line in file:
print(line.strip()) # strip removes newline chars

• Read specific number of characters: file.read(10)

4. Writing Files
python
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with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write("Hello, World!\n")
file.write("Writing to a file.")

5. Appending to Files
python
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with open('output.txt', 'a') as file:
file.write("\nAppending this line.")

6. Context Managers (with Statement)

• Automatically handles opening and closing files.

• Safer and cleaner.

Example:

python
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with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
print("File closed automatically after this block.")

7. Binary Files
Use 'rb' or 'wb' modes for images, audio, etc.

8. Handling Exceptions in File I/O

python
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try:
with open('missing.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File does not exist!")

9. Working with JSON Files

Save and load JSON data easily.

python
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import json

data = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}

# Write JSON
with open('data.json', 'w') as f:
json.dump(data, f)

# Read JSON
with open('data.json', 'r') as f:
loaded_data = json.load(f)
print(loaded_data)

10. Custom Context Managers

You can create your own context manager using __enter__ and __exit__ methods or using
contextlib.

python
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from contextlib import contextmanager

@contextmanager
def open_file(name, mode):
f = open(name, mode)
try:
yield f
finally:
f.close()
with open_file('example.txt', 'r') as f:
content = f.read()

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Write a program to read a file and count the number of words.

2. Write a program to write a list of strings into a file, each on a new line.
3. Append new data to an existing file.
4. Handle the exception when reading a non-existent file.
5. Save a dictionary to a JSON file and read it back.

Tell me when you want to go next with Day 22: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in
Python!

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ChatGPT said:

Great! Now we’re moving into a core programming paradigm: Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP) in Python — a powerful way to organize your code using objects.

📘 Day 22: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python — Deep Dive

1. What is OOP?

OOP organizes code around objects rather than just functions and logic.
An object represents real-world entities with attributes (data) and methods (functions).

2. Class and Object

• Class: blueprint/template for creating objects.

• Object (Instance): actual entity created from class.

python
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class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, age):
 self.name = name # attribute
self.age = age

def bark(self): # method

print(f"{self.name} says Woof!")

dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3)
dog1.bark() # Buddy says Woof!

3. The __init__ Method

• Called automatically when an object is created.

• Initializes the object's attributes.
• self refers to the current instance.

4. Instance Variables vs Class Variables

python
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class Cat:
species = "Felis catus" # class variable shared by all

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name # instance variable unique to object
self.age = age

cat1 = Cat("Whiskers", 2)
cat2 = Cat("Tom", 4)
print(cat1.species) # Felis catus
print(cat2.species) # Felis catus

5. Methods

• Instance methods (with self): operate on object’s data.

• Class methods (with @classmethod): operate on the class itself.
• Static methods (with @staticmethod): utility functions inside class.

6. Class Method Example

python
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class Person:
count = 0
 def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
Person.count += 1

@classmethod
def total_people(cls):
return cls.count

p1 = Person("Alice")
p2 = Person("Bob")
print(Person.total_people()) # 2

7. Static Method Example

python
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class Math:
@staticmethod
def add(x, y):
return x + y

print(Math.add(5, 7)) # 12

8. Inheritance

• Allows one class to inherit attributes and methods from another.

• Supports code reuse and polymorphism.

python
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class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Woof!")

dog = Dog()
dog.speak() # Woof!

9. Encapsulation

• Control access to class data.

• Use single _ (protected) or double __ (private) underscores.

python
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class Account:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance # private attribute

def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance

acc = Account(1000)
print(acc.get_balance()) # 1000
# print(acc.__balance) # AttributeError

10. Polymorphism

• Same method name, different behaviors depending on the object.

python
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class Cat(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Meow")

def animal_speak(animal):
animal.speak()

animal_speak(Dog()) # Woof!
animal_speak(Cat()) # Meow

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a Car class with attributes and methods for acceleration and braking.
2. Implement inheritance: ElectricCar inherits from Car and adds battery capacity.
3. Create a class method to keep track of how many cars were created.
4. Use private attributes to store fuel level.
5. Write polymorphic method for different types of vehicles (Car, Truck, Bike).

Let me know when you want to continue with Day 23: Modules and Packages in Python!

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Awesome, let’s dive into organizing your Python code effectively using Modules and Packages
— essential for scaling your projects!
📘 Day 23: Modules and Packages in Python

1. What is a Module?

• A module is a file containing Python code (functions, classes, variables).

• Helps organize code logically.
• Use modules to reuse code across projects.

Example: math.py is a module (or Python’s built-in math module).

2. Creating and Using Your Own Module

Create a file named mymath.py:

python
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def add(x, y):
return x + y

def subtract(x, y):

return x - y

Now, in another file or Python shell:

python
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import mymath

print(mymath.add(5, 3)) # 8
print(mymath.subtract(5, 3)) # 2

3. Import Variations

• Import specific functions/classes:

python
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from mymath import add
print(add(10, 4))

• Import with alias:

python
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import mymath as mm
print(mm.subtract(10, 4))

• Import all (not recommended):

python
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from mymath import *

4. What is a Package?

• A package is a folder/directory containing multiple modules.

• Must contain an __init__.py file (can be empty).
• Allows hierarchical module structure.

Example directory structure:

markdown
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my_package/
__init__.py
math_ops.py
string_ops.py

5. Using Packages

In math_ops.py:

python
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def multiply(x, y):
return x * y

In string_ops.py:

python
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def to_upper(s):
return s.upper()

Import from package:

python
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from my_package import math_ops, string_ops
print(math_ops.multiply(4, 5)) # 20
print(string_ops.to_upper('hello')) # HELLO

6. Relative Imports

Inside a package module, you can use relative imports:

python
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from .math_ops import multiply # imports from same package

7. The __init__.py file

• Marks the directory as a package.

• Can be used to initialize package or expose select modules/functions.

Example:

python
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from .math_ops import multiply
from .string_ops import to_upper

Now, importing the package:

python
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from my_package import multiply, to_upper

8. Python Standard Library Modules

• Python comes with many built-in modules like os, sys, random, datetime.
• Use them to avoid reinventing the wheel.

Example:

python
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import os

print(os.getcwd()) # Current working directory

9. Installing Third-Party Packages

 • Use pip to install external packages.

bash
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pip install requests

Use in code:

python
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import requests

response = requests.get('https://api.github.com')
print(response.status_code)

10. Creating a Package for Distribution

• Structure your code properly.

• Add setup.py file.
• Use tools like setuptools or poetry.

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a module with at least 3 math-related functions.

2. Create a package folder with two modules: one for math, one for strings.
3. Write an __init__.py that exposes selected functions from both modules.
4. Use Python’s random module to generate a random number.
5. Install and import a third-party package like requests or numpy.

Let me know when you want to move to Day 24: Error Handling and Exceptions in
Python!

You said:
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ChatGPT said:

Alright! Let’s get into a crucial topic that keeps your programs robust: Error Handling and
Exceptions in Python — handled gracefully, they make your code professional and bug-
resistant.
📘 Day 24: Error Handling and Exceptions

1. What are Exceptions?

• Exceptions are runtime errors that disrupt normal flow.

• Python raises exceptions when things go wrong (e.g., division by zero, file not found).

2. Basic Try-Except Block

python
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try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")

• try: code that might cause an exception.

• except: code that handles the exception.

3. Catching Multiple Exceptions

python
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try:
x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / x
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You cannot divide by zero.")

4. Catching All Exceptions

python
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try:
# risky code
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error occurred: {e}")

Note: Catching all exceptions is useful but can hide bugs if overused.
 5. The else Clause

Runs if no exception occurs.

python
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try:
x = int(input("Enter a number: "))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input.")
else:
print(f"You entered {x}.")

6. The finally Clause

Always runs, whether exception occurred or not — useful for cleanup.

python
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try:
file = open("data.txt", "r")
data = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("File not found.")
finally:
file.close()
print("File closed.")

7. Raising Exceptions

You can raise exceptions manually.

python
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def check_age(age):
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative")
print(f"Age is {age}")

check_age(-1)

8. Custom Exception Classes

Create your own exception type by subclassing Exception.

python
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class MyError(Exception):
pass

def do_something(value):
if value < 0:
raise MyError("Value cannot be negative")

try:
do_something(-5)
except MyError as e:
print(f"Caught custom error: {e}")

9. Best Practices

• Catch specific exceptions.

• Use finally for cleanup.
• Avoid silent failures — always handle or log exceptions.
• Raise exceptions with meaningful messages.

10. Exception Hierarchy

• Exceptions inherit from the base class BaseException.

• Common built-in exceptions: ValueError, TypeError, IOError, IndexError,
KeyError.

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Write a function that divides two numbers and handles division by zero.
2. Implement user input handling with try-except for invalid inputs.
3. Write a function that raises an exception for invalid arguments.
4. Create and use a custom exception for a simple validation.
5. Practice using finally to close files or release resources.

Ready to move on to Day 25: Working with Libraries and Virtual Environments?

You said:
Continue
ChatGPT said:

Great! Now let's explore how to effectively use libraries and manage your Python environment
using virtual environments. This is essential for working on real projects and keeping
dependencies clean and organized.

📘 Day 25: Working with Libraries and Virtual Environments

1. What are Libraries (Packages)?

• Libraries are collections of pre-written code (modules) that you can use to add
functionality to your programs.
• Examples: requests for HTTP, numpy for math, pandas for data analysis.

2. Installing Libraries with pip

• pip is Python’s package manager.

• Install a library:

bash
CopyEdit
pip install requests

• Upgrade a library:

bash
CopyEdit
pip install --upgrade requests

• Uninstall a library:

bash
CopyEdit
pip uninstall requests

3. Using Installed Libraries

Example with requests:

python
CopyEdit
import requests

response = requests.get('https://api.github.com')
print(response.status_code)
print(response.json())

4. What is a Virtual Environment?

• A virtual environment is an isolated workspace for Python projects.

• Keeps project dependencies separate, avoiding version conflicts.
• Helps maintain reproducible environments.

5. Creating a Virtual Environment

In your project folder, run:

bash
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python -m venv venv

• This creates a folder named venv with isolated Python environment.

6. Activating the Virtual Environment

• On Windows:

bash
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venv\Scripts\activate

• On macOS/Linux:

bash
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source venv/bin/activate

You’ll see (venv) prefix in your terminal indicating it's active.

7. Installing Libraries in Virtual Environment

Once activated, use pip as usual. Libraries installed here won’t affect global Python installation.

8. Deactivating the Virtual Environment

Simply run:

bash
CopyEdit
deactivate

9. Freezing and Sharing Dependencies

• To save current installed packages:

bash
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pip freeze > requirements.txt

• To install from requirements.txt:

bash
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pip install -r requirements.txt

10. Using requirements.txt

It helps other developers replicate your environment exactly.

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a virtual environment in a project folder.

2. Activate it and install the requests library.
3. Write a simple script that fetches data from an API using requests.
4. Freeze installed packages to requirements.txt.
5. Deactivate the environment, then recreate it using the requirements.txt.

When you're ready, we can continue with Day 26: Advanced Data Structures in Python
(Sets, Tuples, Dictionaries in detail)!
You said:
Continue

ChatGPT said:

Sure! Let’s get deeper into Python’s essential advanced data structures: Sets, Tuples, and
Dictionaries — their characteristics, usage, and powerful methods.

📘 Day 26: Advanced Data Structures in Python — Sets, Tuples, Dictionaries

1. Tuples

• Immutable ordered sequences of elements.

• Defined with parentheses () or just commas.
• Once created, cannot be changed (no add/remove).

python
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t = (1, 2, 3)
print(t[0]) # 1

# Can also create without parentheses

t2 = 4, 5, 6

Why use tuples?

• Fixed data.
• Faster than lists.
• Can be used as dictionary keys (immutable).

Tuple Methods (limited)

• count(): number of occurrences

• index(): first index of value

Example:

python
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t = (1, 2, 3, 2)
print(t.count(2)) # 2
print(t.index(3)) # 2
 2. Sets

• Unordered collections of unique elements.

• Defined with curly braces {} or set() constructor.
• Used for membership testing, removing duplicates, set operations.

python
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s = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4}
print(s) # {1, 2, 3, 4}

Set Operations

• Union (| or .union()): all unique elements

python
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a = {1, 2, 3}
b = {3, 4, 5}
print(a | b) # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

• Intersection (& or .intersection()): common elements

python
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print(a & b) # {3}

• Difference (- or .difference()): elements in a but not in b

python
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print(a - b) # {1, 2}

• Symmetric Difference (^): elements in either but not both

python
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print(a ^ b) # {1, 2, 4, 5}

Set Methods

• add(elem): add element

• remove(elem): remove element, raises error if not found
• discard(elem): remove element if present, no error if not found
• pop(): remove and return an arbitrary element
• clear(): remove all elements
 3. Dictionaries

• Unordered key-value pairs.

• Keys must be immutable types (strings, numbers, tuples).
• Values can be any type.
• Defined with {} or dict().

python
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d = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
print(d['name']) # Alice

Dictionary Methods and Operations

• Add or update:

python
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d['age'] = 26
d['city'] = 'New York'

• Remove:

python
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del d['city']

• Common methods:

Method Description

keys() Returns all keys

values() Returns all values

items() Returns key-value pairs

get(key, def) Returns value for key or default if key missing

pop(key) Removes and returns value by key

clear() Clears all items

Example: Iterating Over a Dictionary
python
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for key, value in d.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

4. Dictionary Comprehension

Create dicts concisely:

python
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squares = {x: x*x for x in range(5)}
print(squares) # {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

5. When to Use Which?

Data Unique
Ordered? Mutable? Use Case
Structure Elements?

Tuple Yes No No Fixed collection, keys in dict

Unique items, membership,

Set No Yes Yes
math ops

No (3.7+ insertion order

Dictionary Yes Keys unique Key-value mappings, lookups
preserved)

🧠 Practice Tasks

1. Create a tuple and try accessing/modifying elements.

2. Create sets and perform union, intersection, difference.
3. Build a dictionary of your favorite books with author names.
4. Iterate through dictionary and print keys and values.
5. Use dictionary comprehension to create a mapping of numbers to their cubes.

Ready for Day 27: File Operations Deep Dive and Working with CSV/JSON files?