International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 9 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2025 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Building Information Modeling for Architecture

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Building information modeling (BIM) is a way of representing a built Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
asset as a digital model. It allows architects, engineers, and other Sadiku "Building Information Modeling
stakeholders to explore every aspect of a building–foundations, for Architecture" Published in
International
surroundings, past configurations, and even possible futures. It is the
Journal of Trend in
foundation of digital transformation in the architecture, engineering, Scientific Research
and construction (AEC) industry. It has emerged as a revolutionary and Development
force in the architecture industry, transforming the way buildings are (ijtsrd), ISSN:
designed, constructed, and maintained. BIM, the pinnacle of 2456-6470,
architectural innovation, has ushered in a new era of design Volume-9 | Issue-1, IJTSRD73841
possibilities. This paper is intended to provide the use of BIM in the February 2025,
architecture industry. It unveils how BIM empowers architects to pp.224-234, URL:
transcend boundaries and reshape the architectural process. www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd73841.pdf

KEYWORDS: building information modeling, BIM, architecture, Copyright © 2025 by author (s) and
engineering International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
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Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
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INTRODUCTION
In the world of architecture, engineering, and associated with an architectural project. It is an
construction (AEC), technology has continuously intelligent, 3D model-based tool that provides users
played a vital role in shaping the way projects are with a digital representation of a facility's physical
designed, planned, and executed. In the intricate and functional characteristics. BIM is changing not
realm of architectural design, innovation constantly only the way designs are generated, but our
propels the industry forward. One such innovation fundamental approach to construction in general. It
that has redefined the landscape is building allows seamless collaboration in real-time between all
information modeling (BIM). disciplines and all stakeholders. Figure 1 displays
The architectural drafting industry has undergone a BIM project stakeholders, including architects,
surveyors, engineers, contractors and the owner of the
remarkable transformation. There was a time when
building itself [1]. BIM helps them get better
architects would draw by hand every excruciating
detail of their design. Gradually they started using connected and grow together as a community.
machines for the job - computer-aided designing Architects, surveyors, civil engineers, and structural
(CAD). And now we have BIM (building information engineers are professionals who use BIM to
modeling), which takes the CAD concept further by communicate information.
embedding intelligence into the design process. In the Architectural renderings are a valuable design and
past, construction projects were a series of individual visualization asset that motivate and excites clients. A
services which built on top of each other, whereas professional architectural rendering is shown in
BIM is a project with a common data repository, that Figure 2 [1], while some architects are displayed in
provides information to all stakeholders. BIM is a Figure 3 [1]. In addition to 3-D rendering capabilities,
methodology that allows architects to create digital BIM uses data sets to factor in time considerations
design simulations to manage all the information (the “fourth dimension”), financial parameters (the

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“fifth dimension”), and asset management (the “sixth holistic process for managing the building
dimension”). BIM helps make sense of increasingly information. We use software and tools that aid the
complex structures, such as shown in Figure 4 [2]. 3D BIM process. BIM covers the entire cycle of the
BIM models help architects, engineers, construction building, from design development to post-
professionals, and facility managers better understand construction maintenance. It includes planning,
the entire project from start to finish. designing, construction, and even operations [6].
BACKGROUND ON BUILDING AEC professionals relied on manual drawings for
INFORMATION MODELING decades until CAD came into existence. Traditional
Building information modeling (BIM) is a digital building design was largely reliant upon two-
representation of physical and functional dimensional technical drawings (plans, elevations,
characteristics of a facility. It is the holistic process of sections, etc.). Building information modeling
creating and managing information for a built asset. extends the three primary spatial dimensions (width,
BIM is a digital representation of the physical and height and depth). The model can contain all the
functional characteristics of a building or facility. The physical and functional characteristics of a project,
representation can be used to simulate the including structure, geometry, aesthetics, materials,
construction and operation of the facility, and to systems, and dynamic performance. A 3D model
provide information for decision-making throughout becomes 4D if a time component is added, and 5D
the project lifecycle. when cost-related information is included. BIM
Building information models (BIMs) are computer enables a virtual information model to be shared by
files (often but not always in proprietary formats and the design team (architects, landscape architects,
containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, surveyors, civil, structural and building services
exchanged or networked to support decision-making engineers, etc.), the main contractor and
regarding a built asset. The main objective of creating subcontractors, and the owner/operator. It enables all
the models is to provide builders with all relevant the stakeholders to use the same shared 3D model,
information about the project in a digital format. BIM from architects to surveyors, engineers, contractors,
software (such as Revit, Microstation, Vectorworks, to building owners. This allows everyone to have
Infraworks, ArchiCAD, BIM 360, Formit, Civil 3D, access to the relevant information at the right moment
GBS Tekla, etc.) allows the design team on a project during the design and construction of a project.
to construct a 3D model that represents the one we The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s,
intend to build. Two typical examples of 3D models when architects and engineers began to explore the
used in BIM are presented in Figure 5 [3] and Figure use of computer-aided design (CAD) software to
6 [4]. The BIM software is used by individuals, create 3D models of buildings. The terms “Building
businesses and government agencies who plan, Information Model” or “Building Information
design, construct, operate and maintain buildings and Management,” and “Building Information Modeling”
diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse, did not become popularly used until some 10 years
electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, later. BIM only became an agreed term in the early
railways, bridges, ports and tunnels. The BIM concept 2000s. BIM has evolved over the past few decades
envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its from simple 2D drafting to sophisticated 3D
actual physical construction, in order to reduce modeling with rich data integration. Figure 8 shows
uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and early developments of BIM [7]. Today, BIM is an
simulate and analyze potential impacts. However, the essential tool for the AEC industry. It is used
use of BIM goes beyond the planning and design throughout the entire project lifecycle, from design
phase of a project, extending throughout the life cycle and construction to operation and maintenance.
of the asset [5]. Figure 7 shows various components
A comprehensive BIM modeling solution combines
of BIM [2].
the major elements of building information modeling
Though the ‘B’ in BIM stands for building, it covers software, data repository, collaboration, analysis,
all constructions in the AEC industry, from residential visualization, and project management tools [4].
and industrial buildings to bridges and roads. The ‘I’ Different levels of BIM can be achieved for various
in BIM stands for information, referring to the types of projects. Below are brief descriptions of the
integrated information within BIM models. This is its levels [8]:
core concept - information, parameters, attributes, Level 0 BIM: Paper-based drawings + zero
whatever we call it. The ‘M’ in BIM stands for collaboration
modelling. BIM models are known to be condensed
Level 1 BIM: 2D construction drawings + some 3D
with data. Thus, BIM is not a type of software, but a
modeling

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Level 2 BIM: Teams work in their own 3D models  Visualization: One of the key advantages of BIM
Level 3 BIM: Teams work with a shared 3D model in architecture is its ability to enhance
visualization and design exploration. Construction
Level 4 BIM: Incorporating time-related data into the teams can use these visualizations to plan more
BIM model effectively, identify potential risks, and make
Level 5 BIM: Integrating cost estimation and informed decisions before breaking ground. BIM
management within the BIM model provides much greater visibility into design
performance and construction processes.
Level 6 BIM: Including sustainability data Architects can simulate and analyze issues, while
Level 7 BIM: Used to manage and maintain facilities contractors can use BIM to improve work
planning, coordination, and quality control. They
BIM IN CONSTRUCTION can also create detailed 3D models that accurately
BIM in architecture refers to a digital process where represent the building's form, materials, and
architects create a 3D model of a building that systems. With 3D rendering services and
contains detailed information about its components, architectural visualization, you can actually see
allowing for comprehensive design visualization, the entire design even before starting the
analysis, coordination with other disciplines like construction.
engineering, and improved project management
throughout the building's lifecycle, from conception  Collaboration: BIM enables seamless
to demolition. It is a term given to the process of collaboration between architects, engineers,
creating, modifying, and analyzing all the information contractors, and other stakeholders by providing a
about a building. Common BIM software used by shared platform to access and update project
architects include Revit, ArchiCAD, Civil 3D, information in real-time. It serves as a shared
Autodesk Forma, and AllPlan. They are software with knowledge resource, allowing all project
which BIM is compatible. A typical Revit screenshot participants to access, modify, and contribute to
is shown in Figure 9 [2]. the building information throughout its lifecycle.
It provides a simple and intuitive way for team
Many architects, engineers, and thought leaders members to work together on a project since the
regard BIM as a disruptive force, changing the way data is stored on a cloud-based platform. Creating
building professionals design, build, and ultimately a single, digital source of truth that all
manage a built structure. BIM allows the joint work stakeholders can access and contribute to
of architects, clients, builders, engineers, and other empowers collaboration and speeds project
relevant actors to occur within in a single intelligent delivery timelines. This collaborative approach
and shared process. Projects modeled in BIM can promotes better decision-making, reduces errors,
include the real products and materials that will be and minimizes rework during the construction
used to build them, incorporating their geometry, process.
characteristics and cost into the model. Each of the
elements has its own attributes and is related  Communication: One thing that defines all BIM
specifically and parametrically with the other objects platforms is the blending of age-old design
of the project. If one of these objects is modified, strategies with phenomenal new data and
those that depend on it will also change communication capabilities. BIM can facilitate
automatically. open communication between clients and project
teams, reduce costly errors, and provide greater
BENEFITS visibility into the project as a whole. BIM not
BIM spans the entire lifecycle of a construction only streamlines the communication and redesign
project, from initial design to maintenance and process, it mitigates risk in the initial design
operations. Its multidimensional approach offers phase.
unparalleled benefits across all phases of a project’s
lifecycle. It helps architects, engineers, and  Transparency: BIM designs show building or
construction teams manage a project from start to infrastructure projects in their entirety. It bolsters
finish. We are at a point where the majority of the teamwork and increases transparency throughout
buildings are being crafted digitally. In many nations, a project’s lifespan, making each individual
BIM is the government mandate for all public stakeholder in the process more accountable for
projects. Many companies are replacing their 2D their own tasks. The BIM process makes designs
CAD drawings with BIM files as a standard practice. more transparent to all stakeholders so that they
Other benefits include the following [9,10]: can ask more relevant questions that lead to
quicker sign-offs for designs.

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 Risk Mitigation: While clients are thrilled with problem-solving helps reduce costly mistakes and
the benefits of design-build construction projects, project delays.
there are some drawbacks that make these efforts
 Cost Efficiency: By streamlining processes,
risky to architects and their construction
minimizing errors, and improving coordination,
contractor partners. When later design changes
BIM can significantly reduce project costs and
make costs go up, the architects and construction
construction timelines. Architects can use BIM
professionals must take a hit to their profits. The
data to optimize building designs for energy
BIM process allows architects to quickly work up
efficiency, minimize resource consumption, and
to more complete designs that give them realistic
reduce waste during construction and operation.
views of project costs.
Early detection of potential issues and optimized
 Common Data Environment (CDE): This is the material usage can reduce construction costs.
central location where project members can go to Architects and engineers can automate many
access information. A CDE can reduce project repetitive tasks using BIM and focus their time on
bottlenecks and enable integrated data design quality.
management across teams. All files, models,
 Improved Design: Errors happen. Your design is
specifications, changes, approvals, and issues
subject to mistakes. By using the BIM process
reside in a single platform to provide a high level
and the associated software, architects avoid some
of transparency.
of the mistakes. Many BIM tools have clash
 Client Satisfaction: The BIM process offers detection features built into them, which
architects the chance to completely wow clients automatically detect certain errors. This allows
and secure follow-on work. By digitizing and designers to correct mistakes and improve their
showcasing every angle of your design, BIM finished design.
helps you communicate your project vision and
CHALLENGES
bring clients with you every step of the way.
While BIM offers numerous benefits, its
Architectural models and physical display models
implementation can present several challenges that
are highly effective communication tools –
need to be addressed. While the implementation of
allowing people to visualize space, understand
BIM may present challenges, the long-term
products and be captivated by design.
advantages it offers are undeniable. Some challenges
 Civil Engineering: BIM helps civil engineers of BIM in architecture include the following [11,12]:
digitally explore alternative design decisions,
 Cost: One of the primary challenges is the initial
capture more detail, and enhance coordination.
investment required for software, hardware, and
Using BIM increases accuracy, predictability, and
training. Adopting BIM often involves significant
understanding throughout project life cycles. The
upfront costs, which can be a barrier for smaller
shared data and collaborative nature of BIM
organizations with limited resources.
results in reduced risk, improved accuracy and
constructability, and optimized designs.  Interoperability: Data management and
interoperability are critical considerations. As
 Structural Engineering: Structural design and
BIM models become more complex and data-
engineering professionals use BIM to design,
intensive, managing and maintaining this
detail, document, and fabricate structural systems.
information can be a daunting task. Ensuring
BIM enables collaboration across the project team
seamless data exchange and compatibility
–helping to optimize designs, improve accuracy,
between different software platforms and
and connect design to fabrication to deliver
stakeholders is crucial for successful BIM
projects faster and more efficiently. With BIM,
implementation.
architects and structural engineers can get
invaluable support throughout the project  Cultural Shift: Another challenge is the cultural
lifecycle in a collaborative digital environment. shift required within organizations. Adopting
BIM involves changing traditional workflows,
 Clash Detection: BIM identifies potential
processes, and mindsets. Resistance to change and
conflicts between different building elements
a lack of buy-in from team members can hinder
early in the design phase, minimizing costly
the effective implementation of BIM.
construction delays and rework. Clash detection
and other issue detection capabilities help teams  Sustainability: In today's environmentally
identify and correct problems before construction conscious world, sustainable, and energy-efficient
when changes are easier to make. This proactive building practices are becoming increasingly

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important. By analyzing factors such as building ignore. This cutting-edge technology offers a
orientation, material selection, and system comprehensive and collaborative approach to project
performance, architects can make informed management, enabling architects, engineers,
decisions to reduce energy consumption, contractors, and stakeholders to work together
minimize environmental impact, and achieve seamlessly. BIM is well on its way to becoming a
sustainability goals. non-negotiable standard for architectural companies
 Standards: To ensure interoperability and that want to compete for work in the future. If the
standardization across the industry, various construction industry wants to work toward a brighter
organizations have developed BIM standards and future, embracing innovation and forward-thinking
guidelines. These standards facilitate seamless technologies clearly is the only path forward. While
data exchange and collaboration among project BIM is a game-changer for the entire construction
stakeholders, regardless of the software or tools industry, it has particular benefits for architects.
they use. One of the most widely adopted (BIM) has revolutionized the architecture,
standards is the Industry Foundation Classes engineering, and construction (AEC) industry,
(IFC), developed by Building SMART offering a collaborative and efficient approach to
International. The IFC standard is registered design and construction projects. As the architecture
under ISO 16739. IFC is an open standard in the industry continues to evolve, BIM has emerged as a
building and construction industry for digital transformative force, redefining the way buildings are
description of building models during the BIM designed, constructed, and managed. By embracing
process. Figure 10 shows the various components BIM, architects can unlock a wealth of benefits,
of IFC [13]. Another important standard is the including improved visualization, enhanced
National BIM Standards (NBIMS). collaboration, cost and time savings, and sustainable
 Emerging Technologies: Industry experts predict building practices. With its 3D modeling capabilities,
that adopting emerging technologies will only data integration, and lifecycle management features,
accelerate, driven by the increasing demand for BIM has become an indispensable tool for architects,
more efficient, sustainable, and collaborative engineers, contractors, and facility managers. More
design processes. Integrating emerging information on BIM for the architecture industry is
technologies, such as virtual reality, augmented available from the books in [14-27] and in the
reality, artificial intelligence, and Internet of following related journals:
things, with BIM and 3D modeling will further  Construction Magazine
enhance the architectural drafting landscape.
 Buildings
 Specialized Expertise: As the architectural
industry embraces the power of BIM and 3D  Journal of Building Engineering
modeling, the need for specialized expertise and  Journal of Construction Engineering and
round-the-clock support has become increasingly Management
crucial. This has led to the rise of outsourcing as a
 WIT Transactions on The Built Environment
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Figure 1 BIM project stakeholders [1].

Figure 2 A professional architectural rendering [1].

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Figure 3 Some architects [1].

Figure 4 BIM helps make sense of increasingly complex structures such as this [2].

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Figure 5 A typical 3D model used in BIM [3].

Figure 6 Another example of 3D model used in BIM [4].

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Figure 7 Various components of BIM [2].

Figure 8 Early developments of BIM [6].

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Figure 9 A typical Revit screenshot [2].

Figure 10 Components of IFC [13].

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