Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Dar-e-Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase-1

Computer Science
(Notes – Chapter Wise Question Answers)

Class 9th

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By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 1

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which early computing device used beads on rods or wires for arithmetic calculations?
Choices: a) Napier's Bone b) Abacus c) Pascaline d) Difference Engine
2. Who invented the Analytical Engine, considered a milestone in computing history?
Choices: a) John Napier b) Charles Babbage c) Herman Hollerith d) Howard Aiken
3. What technology characterized the First Generation of computers (1940–1956)?
Choices: a) Transistors b) Vacuum Tubes c) Integrated Circuits d) Microprocessors
4. Which generation of computers introduced the microprocessor?
Choices: a) Second Generation b) Third Generation c) Fourth Generation d) Fifth Generation
5. What is the primary focus of Fifth Generation computers?
Choices: a) Reducing size and cost b) Developing Artificial Intelligence c) Using vacuum tubes d)
Improving transistor efficiency
6. Which of the following is an example of a natural system?
Choices: a) Internet Network b) Solar System c) Automobile d) Database
7. What type of system is a telephone network classified as?
Choices: a) Natural System b) Artificial System c) Biological System d) Geological System
8. Which input device is used to enter letters, numbers, and symbols into a computer?
Choices: a) Mouse b) Microphone c) Keyboard d) Scanner
9. What is the main function of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
Choices: a) Store data permanently b) Execute program instructions c) Display output d) Connect to
the internet
10. Which storage device has the highest storage capacity among the following?
Choices: a) CD b) DVD c) Hard Disk d) USB Flash Drive
11. What type of memory is volatile and loses data when the computer is turned off?
Choices: a) ROM b) RAM c) Hard Disk d) Flash Memory
12. Which output device is used to produce audio output from a computer?
Choices: a) Monitor b) Printer c) Speaker d) Plotter
13. What is the smallest unit of memory in a digital computer?
Choices: a) Byte b) Bit c) Kilobyte d) Megabyte
14. Which component of the Von Neumann Architecture holds the memory address of the next
instruction?
Choices: a) Memory Address Register (MAR) b) Program Counter (PC) c) Accumulator (AC) d)
Control Unit (CU)
15. What type of bus carries data between the CPU and memory?
Choices: a) Address Bus b) Control Bus c) Data Bus d) Power Bus
16. Which memory type uses a laser beam to read and write data?
Choices: a) Magnetic Memory b) Chip Memory c) Optical Memory d) Cache Memory
17. What is the primary role of system software?
Choices: a) Perform user-specific tasks b) Manage hardware and provide a platform for applications
c) Edit images and videos d) Play games
18. Which of the following is an example of application software?
Choices: a) Microsoft Windows b) Device Drivers c) Microsoft Word d) BIOS
19. What does the operating system manage in a computer?
Choices: a) Only application software b) Hardware resources and user interface c) Only input
devices d) Only output devices
20. Which mode of communication allows data to flow in only one direction?
Choices: a) Simplex b) Half-Duplex c) Full-Duplex d) Asynchronous
21. What is an example of full-duplex communication?
Choices: a) Walkie-Talkie b) Telephone Call c) Radio Broadcast d) Electronic Notice Board

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

22. In which transmission type are start and stop bits used?
Choices: a) Synchronous b) Asynchronous c) Full-Duplex d) Half-Duplex
23. Which communication device connects multiple LAN devices into a single network?
Choices: a) Router b) Switch c) Hub d) Gateway
24. What device is used to connect networks with different protocols?
Choices: a) Hub b) Switch c) Router d) Gateway
25. Which network architecture uses dedicated servers?
Choices: a) Peer-to-Peer Network b) Client/Server Network c) Metropolitan Area Network d) Virtual
Private Network
26. What type of network spans a single building or a group of nearby buildings?
Choices: a) WAN b) LAN c) MAN d) VPN
27. Which wireless technology is used for short-range device connections?
Choices: a) Wi-Fi b) Bluetooth c) Cellular Network d) Satellite Network
28. In which network topology is each node connected to a central hub?
Choices: a) Bus Topology b) Ring Topology c) Star Topology d) Mesh Topology
29. Which topology is the most expensive due to extensive cabling?
Choices: a) Bus Topology b) Star Topology c) Ring Topology d) Mesh Topology
30. What is the main advantage of packet switching over circuit switching?
Choices: a) Guaranteed bandwidth b) Dedicated path c) Efficient use of network resources d) Fixed
data order
31. Which OSI layer is responsible for converting data into a standard format?
Choices: a) Application Layer b) Presentation Layer c) Session Layer d) Transport Layer
32. What protocol is used to transfer web pages on the internet?
Choices: a) TCP/IP b) HTTP c) FTP d) SMTP
33. What was the original name of the network that evolved into the modern Internet?
Choices: a) TCP/IP b) ARPANET c) OSI d) WWW
34. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Internet?
Choices: a) Global Connectivity b) Privacy Concerns c) E-commerce d) Education Support
35. What is the purpose of the BIOS in a computer?
Choices: a) Manage application software b) Control the startup process c) Store user data d) Display
graphics
36. Which type of printer uses an electro-mechanical mechanism to strike paper?
Choices: a) Inkjet Printer b) Laser Printer c) Dot Matrix Printer d) Plotter
37. What is the storage capacity range of a DVD?
Choices: a) 700 MB b) 4 to 16 GB c) 128 GB d) Hundreds of GB
38. Which register holds intermediate arithmetic results in the CPU?
Choices: a) Program Counter (PC) b) Memory Data Register (MDR) c) Accumulator (AC) d)
Current Instruction Register (CIR)
39. What is the main advantage of cache memory?
Choices: a) Large storage capacity b) High speed access c) Permanent storage d) Low cost
40. Which generation of computers introduced high-level programming languages like
FORTRAN?
Choices: a) First Generation b) Second Generation c) Third Generation d) Fourth Generation
41. What type of memory is used in hard disks?
Choices: a) Chip Memory b) Optical Memory c) Magnetic Memory d) Volatile Memory
42. Which component of the CPU performs logical operations like AND and OR?
Choices: a) Control Unit (CU) b) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) c) Registers d) Buses
43. What does a router do in a network?
Choices: a) Connects devices within a single LAN b) Forwards data packets between networks c)
Converts data formats d) Manages power distribution
44. Which network covers a city or large campus?
Choices: a) LAN b) WAN c) MAN d) VPN
45. What is the primary function of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?
Choices: a) Formats data for display b) Ensures reliable data transfer c) Routes data to destinations d)
Defines physical connections

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

46. Which of the following is an example of firmware?

Choices: a) Microsoft Word b) BIOS c) Google Chrome d) Antivirus Software
47. What is the key feature of synchronous transmission?
Choices: a) Uses start and stop bits b) Fixed time intervals between characters c) Variable timing d)
One-way communication
48. Which topology requires a terminator at each end of the cable?
Choices: a) Star Topology b) Bus Topology c) Ring Topology d) Mesh Topology
49. What is the main benefit of a Virtual Private Network (VPN)?
Choices: a) High-speed local connectivity b) Secure remote access c) Large physical coverage d)
Low-cost hardware
50. Which Internet application is used for online shopping and banking?
Choices: a) Social Media b) E-commerce c) Email d) Web Browsin

List of Answers

1. b, 2. b, 3. b, 4. c, 5. b, 6. b, 7. b, 8. c, 9. b, 10. c, 11. b, 12. c, 13. b, 14. b, 15. c, 16. c, 17. b, 18. c, 19. b, 20. a, 21.
b, 22. b, 23. c, 24. d, 25. b, 26. b, 27. b, 28. c, 29. d, 30. c, 31. b, 32. b, 33. b, 34. b, 35. b, 36. c, 37. b, 38. c, 39.
b, 40. b, 41. c, 42. b, 43. b, 44. c, 45. b, 46. b, 47. b, 48. b, 49. b, 50. B

Short Questions and Answers

1 What is a computer system, and why is it important?

A computer system is a combination of hardware (physical parts like CPU, monitor) and software
(programs like Windows) that work together to process data, solve problems, and perform tasks. It’s
vital in modern life for work (e.g., spreadsheets), communication (e.g., email), learning (e.g., online
courses), and entertainment (e.g., gaming).
2 What was the Abacus, and how did it work?
The Abacus, used for centuries across cultures (e.g., China, Egypt), was a wooden frame with rods or
wires and sliding beads. Beads represented numbers, and moving them allowed simple addition and
subtraction, making it one of the first counting tools.
3 Who invented Napier's Bones, and what was its purpose?
John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, invented Napier's Bones in the early 1600s. It consisted of 9
numbered strips (bones) used for multiplication and division by aligning them to read results,
introducing the decimal point to calculations.
4 What was Pascaline, and how did it function?
Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, Pascaline was a wooden box with gears and wheels—the first
mechanical calculator. Turning dials performed addition and subtraction automatically, helping with
repetitive math tasks like accounting.
5 How did Leibniz improve Pascaline with the Stepped Reckoner?
In 1673, German mathematician Wilhelm Leibniz built the Stepped Reckoner, enhancing Pascaline
with grooved wheels (fluted drums) to handle multiplication and division too. It was digital and
mechanical, a step toward automation.
6 What was Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine?
In the 1820s, Babbage designed the Difference Engine, a steam-powered machine to calculate
polynomial tables (e.g., for navigation). It automated basic computations but was never fully built
due to funding issues.
7 What made the Analytical Engine a milestone?
Babbage’s 1830 Analytical Engine was a mechanical computer using punch cards for input, capable
of solving any math problem and storing data in memory. It introduced programming concepts,
earning Babbage the "father of computing" title.
8 What did Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine achieve?
Invented in 1890, the Tabulating Machine used punch cards to process census data, computing

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

statistics quickly. It led to Hollerith founding a company that became IBM in 1924, revolutionizing
data processing.
9 What was the Differential Analyzer, and how did it work?
Vannevar Bush’s 1930 Differential Analyzer was the first electrical computer, using vacuum tubes as
switches to solve differential equations (25 calculations/minute). It marked a shift from mechanical
to electrical computing.
10 What were the features of the Mark I computer?
Howard Aiken’s 1944 Mark I was a 50-foot-long, 5-ton digital computer. It used 3,000 electric
switches, added eight-digit numbers in one second, and output results on punched cards or an electric
typewriter.
11 What defined First Generation Computers (1940-1956)?
They used vacuum tubes (glass tubes with electrodes) for processing, were huge (room-sized), slow,
costly, unreliable, and generated heat. Input was via punched cards, output via printouts, and they
used machine language (e.g., ENIAC).
12 What changed in Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)?
Transistors (small, fast semiconductor switches) replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller,
faster, more reliable, and cheaper. They used assembly language and early high-level languages like
FORTRAN (e.g., IBM 7030).
13 What technology marked Third Generation Computers (1963-1971)?
Integrated Circuits (ICs)—tiny chips with many transistors—replaced individual transistors, boosting
speed, memory, and efficiency while shrinking size. Keyboards and monitors appeared (e.g., IBM
System/360).
14 What are the key features of Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)?
Microprocessors (single-chip CPUs) enabled microcomputers—small, fast, affordable machines with
large storage, GUIs (e.g., Windows), and modern languages like Python. Examples include Intel
Pentium and Apple MacBook.
15 What is the vision for Fifth Generation Computers?
Still evolving, they aim to use AI for natural language understanding (e.g., talking to computers) and
independent thinking. They focus on parallel processing and expert systems (e.g., medical
diagnostics).
16 What is a system in simple terms?
A system is a group of parts (components) that connect and work together to achieve a goal, like a
team. It takes inputs (e.g., data) and produces outputs (e.g., results).
17 What are natural systems, and how do they function?
Natural systems exist in nature, self-regulating without human help. Examples: ecosystems (e.g.,
forests balancing life) or weather systems (e.g., rain cycles adjusting temperature).
18 Give a detailed example of a natural system.
The solar system: Sun, planets, moons, and asteroids interact via gravity. The Sun’s energy drives
orbits, and planets self-regulate their paths over millions of years.
19 What are artificial systems, and why are they created?
Artificial systems are human-designed to solve problems or meet needs. Examples: cars (for
transport) or software (for tasks), built with planning and engineering.
20 Give a detailed example of an artificial system.
The internet: A network of computers linked by cables and wireless tech, designed for global data
sharing, communication (e.g., email), and commerce (e.g., online shopping).
21 What are input devices, and how do they work?
Input devices send data to a computer. A keyboard types text (e.g., “hello”), a mouse moves a
cursor, and a scanner digitizes photos by converting light to data.
22 What is the system unit, and what’s inside it?
The system unit is the computer’s core box, housing the motherboard (connects parts), CPU
(processes data), memory (stores data), and drives (e.g., DVD).
23 What does the motherboard do in detail?
The motherboard is the main circuit board, linking the CPU, RAM, and devices via buses (electric
paths). It has slots for expansion cards (e.g., graphics) and ports (e.g., USB).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

24 What is a microprocessor, and what are its parts?

The microprocessor (CPU) is the computer’s brain, controlling tasks. It has the ALU (math/logic),
Control Unit (manages operations), and registers (fast storage).
25 What are storage devices, and how do they differ?
Storage devices save data. Hard disks (magnetic, high capacity—hundreds of GB) are fixed, while
USB drives (flash, up to 128 GB) are portable and faster.
26 What are output devices, and how do they function?
Output devices show results. Monitors display visuals (softcopy), printers print text/graphics
(hardcopy), and speakers play sound from digital signals.
27 What is RAM, and why is it important?
Random Access Memory (RAM) is fast, temporary storage for running programs (e.g., 8 GB for
gaming). It’s volatile—data vanishes when the computer powers off.
28 What is ROM, and what does it store?
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is permanent, non-volatile storage on the motherboard. It holds the
BIOS, which starts the computer and tests hardware.
29 What is Cache memory, and how does it help?
Cache is ultra-fast memory (e.g., L1 inside CPU) storing frequently used data (e.g., game levels),
speeding up CPU access compared to slower RAM.
30 What is Von Neumann Architecture, and why is it significant?
Proposed in 1945 by John von Neumann, it stores programs and data in one memory, using a CPU,
memory, and I/O. It’s the basis for most computers today.
31 What does the ALU do in the CPU?
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs calculations (e.g., 5 + 3 = 8) and logical operations (e.g.,
AND, OR) on data, directed by the Control Unit.
32 What are buses, and how do they work?
Buses are electrical pathways moving data. The data bus carries data, address bus points to
memory locations, and control bus sends commands.
33 What is volatile memory, with examples?
Volatile memory needs power to hold data—when off, it’s gone. Examples: RAM (program
storage), Cache (speed boost), and registers (CPU temp storage).
34 What is non-volatile memory, with examples?
Non-volatile memory keeps data without power. Examples: ROM (BIOS), hard disks (files), and
DVDs (movies)—great for long-term storage.
35 What is software engineering, and what does it involve?
Software engineering designs and maintains software using systematic steps—coding, testing, and
fixing (e.g., building apps like WhatsApp).
36 What is hardware engineering, and what does it focus on?
Hardware engineering builds physical computer parts—CPUs, circuit boards, sensors—ensuring they
work efficiently (e.g., designing an Intel chip).
37 What is system software, and what are its types?
System software controls hardware and supports apps. Types: OS (e.g., Windows), drivers (e.g.,
printer software), and utilities (e.g., antivirus).
38 What is application software, and what are its categories?
Application software helps users with tasks. Categories: productivity (e.g., Word), business (e.g.,
QuickBooks), entertainment (e.g., Netflix), education (e.g., Duolingo).
39 What does an operating system do in detail?
An OS (e.g., Linux) manages CPU tasks, memory, files, devices, and security (e.g., passwords),
providing a user-friendly interface like a desktop.
40 What are device drivers, and why are they needed?
Device drivers are software linking the OS to hardware (e.g., a printer driver lets Windows print),
ensuring proper communication and control.
41 What is data communication, and what are its parts?
Data communication sends data between devices via networks. Parts: sender (e.g., PC), message
(data), medium (cable), protocol (rules), receiver (e.g., server).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

42 What is simplex mode, with an example?

Simplex is one-way data flow, like a radio broadcast—the station sends, listeners receive, no reply
possible.
43 What is full-duplex mode, with an example?
Full-duplex is two-way data flow at once, like a phone call—both people talk and hear
simultaneously.
44 What is a hub, and how does it function?
A hub connects LAN devices, sending incoming data to all ports (e.g., 5 PCs get the same signal),
but it’s not smart about destinations.
45 What is a router, and what makes it special?
A router links networks (e.g., home to internet), choosing the best data path based on traffic, unlike a
hub’s blanket send.
46 What is a LAN, and what are its features?
A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small area (e.g., office), offering fast, reliable connections for
sharing files or printers.
47 What is a WAN, and how does it differ from a LAN?
A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans large areas (e.g., countries), like the internet. It’s slower and
less reliable than a LAN due to distance.
48 What is the OSI model, and why is it useful?
The OSI model is a 7-layer framework (Physical to Application) explaining data communication. It
helps design and troubleshoot networks by breaking tasks into steps.
49 What is TCP/IP, and how does it work?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ensures reliable internet data transfer by
packaging, sending, and reassembling data packets (e.g., webpage loading).
50 What is the internet, and how did it start?
The internet is a global network of networks, starting as ARPANET (1960s) for military use,
growing with TCP/IP and the web (1990s) into a tool for communication and info.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. Trace the history of early computing devices and their evolution into modern systems.

o Computing began with manual tools like the Abacus (centuries old), a bead-based calculator
for basic math across cultures like China.
o In the 1600s, Napier’s Bones used numbered strips to simplify multiplication/division,
adding decimal precision.
o Pascaline (1642) automated addition/subtraction with gears, aiding tasks like tax collection.
o Leibniz’s Stepped Reckoner (1673) added multiplication/division via fluted drums, pushing
mechanical limits. In the 1820s,
o Babbage’s Difference Engine aimed to compute tables mechanically (though unfinished),
while his Analytical Engine (1830) introduced programmability with punch cards, memory,
and complex problem-solving—foreshadowing modern computers.
o Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine (1890) processed census data with punch cards, birthing
IBM.
o The Differential Analyzer (1930) used vacuum tubes for electrical computing,
o Mark I (1944) scaled this into a massive digital system. These evolved from manual aids to
programmable, electronic machines, shrinking in size and growing in power with transistors,
ICs, and microprocessors.

2. Explain the five generations of computers, focusing on technological advancements and

impacts.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

o First Generation (1940-1956): Used vacuum tubes (e.g., ENIAC)—huge, slow

(milliseconds), unreliable, and power-hungry. They ran basic math in machine language,
impacting science and military (e.g., wartime calculations).
o Second Generation (1956-1963): Switched to transistors (e.g., IBM 7030)—smaller, faster
(microseconds), and more reliable. Assembly language and high-level languages
(FORTRAN, COBOL) emerged, aiding business and research.
o Third Generation (1963-1971): Adopted Integrated Circuits (e.g., IBM System/360)—
chips with thousands of transistors, boosting speed (nanoseconds) and memory while cutting
size/cost. Keyboards/monitors improved user access, broadening computing use.
o Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Introduced microprocessors (e.g., Intel 4004)—single-
chip CPUs made microcomputers (PCs) fast, affordable, and versatile with GUIs (Windows),
multimedia, and languages like Java. They transformed homes, offices, and industries.
o Fifth Generation (Ongoing): Aims for AI and natural language processing—computers
that think and understand speech (e.g., chatbots like me). Parallel processing and expert
systems promise advances in medicine, robotics, and more. Each generation shrank size,
boosted speed, and expanded applications.
3. What are natural and artificial systems, and how do their characteristics and examples differ?
A system is interconnected parts working toward a goal. Natural systems exist in nature, self-
regulating without human design. Examples:
o Ecosystems: Forests balance plants, animals, and weather naturally.
o Hydrological Systems: Rivers and the water cycle distribute water globally. They adapt
organically. Artificial systems are human-made for specific purposes, requiring design and
maintenance. Examples:
o Communication Systems: Telephone networks enable calls via engineered wires/satellites.
o Transportation Systems: Trains move people using tracks and schedules. Natural systems
are diverse and resilient; artificial systems are purposeful and controlled, shaping modern life.
4. Describe the core components of a computer system and their detailed roles.
o Input Devices: Feed data in—keyboard (types text, e.g., “report”), mouse (clicks icons),
microphone (records voice to digital), scanner (converts photos to files).
o System Unit: The core—motherboard (links CPU, RAM via buses), CPU (processes data
with ALU/CU), power supply (feeds electricity), drives (e.g., DVD for media).
o Storage Devices: Save data—hard disk (magnetic, 500 GB+ for files), CD/DVD (optical,
700 MB-16 GB), USB drive (flash, portable up to 128 GB).
o Output Devices: Show results—monitor (LED for crisp visuals), printer (inkjet/laser for
paper), speaker (sound from digital signals). They collaborate: input sends data, system
processes/stores it, output displays it.
5. What is Von Neumann Architecture, and how do its components interact?
Introduced in 1945, it’s a design where program instructions and data share one memory, unlike
earlier separate systems. Components:
o CPU: ALU (math/logic, e.g., 2 + 3), Control Unit (directs tasks), registers (e.g., MAR
holds memory addresses, MDR holds data).
o Memory Unit: RAM/cache stores data/programs (e.g., 0101 binary).
o Buses: Address bus (points to memory, e.g., location 5), data bus (moves 0101), control
bus (sends “fetch”).
o I/O Controller: Links devices (e.g., keyboard input). The CPU fetches instructions from
memory, decodes/executes them, and stores results, forming a cycle used in most modern
PCs.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

6. What are the types and hierarchy of computer memory, with examples and purposes?
Memory stores data/programs. Types by build:
o Chip Memory: Fast, electronic—RAM (volatile, runs apps), ROM (non-volatile, BIOS),
cache (speeds CPU).
o Magnetic Memory: Large, slower—hard disks (stores files via magnetic spots), tapes
(backups).
o Optical Memory: Laser-based—CDs (700 MB), DVDs (4-16 GB), Blu-ray (50 GB).

Hierarchy:

 Registers: Fastest, inside CPU (e.g., 64 bits).

 Cache: Near CPU (e.g., 2 MB L1).
 RAM: Main memory (e.g., 16 GB).
 Secondary Storage: Slow, huge (e.g., 1 TB disk). Faster memory costs more but
speeds processing.
7. How does data transmission occur within a computer system, including key processes?
Data moves via buses (e.g., 64-bit data bus shifts 8 bytes). The instruction cycle (fetch-decode-
execute): CPU fetches code from RAM (e.g., “add 2+3”), decodes it, executes it in ALU, and stores
results. Pipelining overlaps steps (e.g., fetching next while executing), boosting speed. Interrupts
(e.g., keyboard press) pause tasks for urgent data. Memory hierarchy prioritizes fast cache over
slow disks, ensuring efficient flow between CPU, memory, and I/O.
8. Compare system software and application software with detailed examples and roles.
o System Software: Manages hardware and supports apps. Examples:
 OS: Windows allocates CPU time, manages files.
 Drivers: Printer driver translates print commands.
 Utilities: Antivirus scans for threats. It’s the computer’s backbone.
o Application Software: Meets user needs. Examples:
 Productivity: Excel crunches numbers.
 Entertainment: Spotify streams music.
 Business: Salesforce tracks sales. It’s the user’s toolkit. System software runs the
machine; application software runs the tasks.
9. What are the modes of data communication, and how do they function with examples?
o Simplex: One-way—data flows from sender to receiver only (e.g., TV broadcast: station
sends, TV receives).
o Half-Duplex: Two-way, one at a time—sender/receiver switch roles (e.g., walkie-talkie:
“over” signals turn-taking).
o Full-Duplex: Two-way simultaneously—both send/receive at once (e.g., phone call:
talk/listen together). Transmission types:
o Asynchronous: Variable timing with start/stop bits (e.g., keyboard typing).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

o Synchronous: Fixed timing, no extra bits (e.g., network streams). They suit different speed
and direction needs.

10. Describe common communication devices and their roles in networks with examples.
o Hub: Basic LAN connector—sends data to all devices (e.g., 5 PCs get same file, slowing
traffic).
o Switch: Smart hub—sends data only to the target (e.g., PC1 to PC2, not PC3).
o Router: Links networks—routes data efficiently (e.g., home to internet via best path).
o Gateway: Bridges different protocols (e.g., PC network to IBM mainframe, reformatting
data). They manage data flow, from simple sharing to complex routing.
11. What are network architectures, and how do Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer differ in detail?
o Client/Server: Centralized—servers (e.g., file server) share resources; clients (e.g., PCs)
request them. Secure, scalable (e.g., company email system), but server failure halts all.
o Peer-to-Peer: Decentralized—each peer (e.g., home PC) acts as both server and client,
sharing files directly (e.g., music sharing). Simple, cheap, but hard to manage in large groups
(e.g., 10+ PCs). Client/Server excels in control; Peer-to-Peer in flexibility.

12. What are the types of networks based on size, and what are their characteristics?
o LAN: Small (e.g., school)—high-speed (e.g., 1 Gbps), reliable, wired/wireless.
o WAN: Large (e.g., internet)—slower (e.g., 100 Mbps), connects LANs via satellites, prone to
errors.
o MAN: City-sized (e.g., university campus)—mid-speed (e.g., 500 Mbps), uses fiber optics.
o VPN: Remote access (e.g., office from home)—secure via internet, cost-effective. Scale
affects speed and complexity.
13. What are network topologies, and what are their detailed advantages and limitations?
o Bus: Single cable—cheap, easy setup (e.g., 5 PCs), but cable break stops all, suits small nets.
o Star: Hub-based—easy to fix (e.g., one PC fails, others work), but hub fails, all down,
costlier.
o Ring: Circular—simple, data flows one way (e.g., 10 PCs), but break halts all, slower.

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

o Mesh: All-to-all—reliable (e.g., data reroutes if PC1 fails), high traffic, but expensive (e.g.,
lots of cables). Choice depends on budget, size, and reliability needs.

14. What is the OSI model, and how do its seven layers function in data communication?
The OSI model (1970s, ISO) splits communication into 7 layers:
o Application (7): User interface (e.g., email app sends “hi”).
o Presentation (6): Formats data (e.g., encrypts “hi” to code).
o Session (5): Manages connections (e.g., keeps email session alive).
o Transport (4): Ensures delivery (e.g., TCP checks “hi” arrives).
o Network (3): Routes data (e.g., router picks path).
o Data Link (2): Packs data (e.g., switch adds packet headers).
o Physical (1): Sends signals (e.g., cable carries bits). It’s a step-by-step guide ensuring
devices talk correctly.

15. How did the internet evolve, and what are its modern workings, advantages, and
disadvantages?
From ARPANET (1960s, military research) to TCP/IP (1970s, network linking), the World Wide
Web (1990s, browsers), broadband/social media (2000s), and mobile/AI/5G (2010s-2020s), the

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

internet grew into a global network. Working: Packet-switching splits data (e.g., email into packets),
routed via TCP/IP, DNS translates (e.g., google.com to 142.250.190.78), and servers host content.
Advantages: Connectivity (e.g., Zoom), info (e.g., Wikipedia), commerce (e.g., Amazon).
Disadvantages: Privacy risks (e.g., data leaks), addiction (e.g., screen time), cyberattacks (e.g.,
hacking). It’s a transformative yet complex tool.

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 2

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the primary purpose of a computer according to the chapter?

Choices: a) To think independently b) To solve problems using algorithms c) To store data only d)
To connect to the internet
2. What must you do before programming a computer to solve a problem?
Choices: a) Write code immediately b) Understand the problem and devise a solution c) Install
software d) Test the hardware
3. Which component is primarily responsible for computation in a computer?
Choices: a) Monitor b) Processor and main memory c) Keyboard d) Hard disk
4. What is a problem defined as in the context of this chapter?
Choices: a) A software bug b) A challenge requiring action to overcome c) A hardware failure d) A
network issue
5. Which field does NOT typically involve computational problems as per the text?
Choices: a) Healthcare b) Education c) Transportation d) Furniture design
6. What type of computing problem requires a Yes or No answer?
Choices: a) Search Problem b) Decision Problem c) Counting Problem d) Route Problem
7. Which of the following is an example of a decision problem?
Choices: a) Finding a route between cities b) Checking if a number is odd c) Counting possible
outfits d) Solving a puzzle
8. What is the goal of a search problem like the route-finding example?
Choices: a) To count all possible routes b) To find a path from start to end c) To decide if a route
exists d) To list all cities
9. In the Eight Puzzle problem, what is the restriction on tile movement?
Choices: a) Tiles can jump anywhere b) Only four types of slides are allowed c) Tiles can rotate d)
No restrictions apply
10. What principle do counting problems rely on to calculate combinations?
Choices: a) Addition b) Subtraction c) Multiplication d) Division
11. How many possible casual dresses can be made from 5 shirts and 3 pants?
Choices: a) 8 b) 15 c) 12 d) 18
12. How many computer systems can be chosen from 4 monitors, 2 keyboards, 4 computers, and 3
printers?
Choices: a) 96 b) 48 c) 24 d) 13
13. What is the first step in solving a simple problem?
Choices: a) Implement the plan b) Define and analyze the problem c) Design a plan d) Evaluate the
solution
14. How many steps are involved in solving complex problems?
Choices: a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
15. What does the "Decompose the problem" step in complex problem-solving involve?
Choices: a) Writing code b) Breaking it into manageable sub-problems c) Evaluating results d)
Defining inputs
16. What does the Input-Processing-Output (IPO) model represent?
Choices: a) Hardware components b) A problem-solving framework c) Network structure d)
Software design
17. In an IPO chart for calculating the area of a rectangle, what is the process?
Choices: a) Length + Width b) Length * Width c) Length / Width d) Length - Width
18. What is the output in an IPO chart for computing a student’s average grade?
Choices: a) Individual grades b) Total marks c) Average grade d) Number of subjects
19. What is computational thinking primarily about?
Choices: a) Writing programs b) Solving problems logically and systematically c) Designing
hardware d) Using computers

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

20. Why is computational thinking important?

Choices: a) It automates all tasks b) It creates repeatable solutions c) It replaces programming d) It
simplifies hardware design
21. Which property of computational thinking involves breaking down a problem?
Choices: a) Abstraction b) Decomposition c) Pattern Recognition d) Algorithm Design
22. What does abstraction in computational thinking focus on?
Choices: a) Adding details b) Removing unnecessary details c) Repeating patterns d) Writing steps
23. What is pattern recognition in computational thinking?
Choices: a) Identifying similarities with past problems b) Breaking down problems c) Designing
algorithms d) Ignoring details
24. What does algorithm design involve in computational thinking?
Choices: a) Hardware setup b) Creating a step-by-step plan c) Testing outputs d) Defining inputs
25. In the computer game example, what is an example of unnecessary information?
Choices: a) Location of exit b) Weather c) Enemy position d) Level completion steps
26. What is logical thinking based on?
Choices: a) Random guesses b) Reasoning and evidence c) Emotions d) Trial and error
27. What can be inferred from the facts “Islamabad is a city” and “Cities have a mayor”?
Choices: a) Islamabad has no mayor b) Islamabad has a mayor c) Islamabad is not a city d) Cities
have no mayors
28. What is algorithmic thinking primarily focused on?
Choices: a) Hardware optimization b) Breaking down and solving problems step-by-step c) Random
solutions d) Data storage
29. In the algorithm to find the largest of three numbers, what is the first step?
Choices: a) Check if B is largest b) Input three numbers c) Output the largest d) Stop the process
30. Which method uses a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm?
Choices: a) Concept Maps b) Flowcharts c) IPO Charts d) Logical Thinking
31. What shape represents the start of a flowchart?
Choices: a) Rectangle b) Oval c) Diamond d) Parallelogram
32. What shape is used for input in a flowchart?
Choices: a) Oval b) Rectangle c) Parallelogram d) Diamond
33. What does the diamond shape in a flowchart represent?
Choices: a) Processing b) Input c) Decision making d) Output
34. What is the purpose of a flowchart in programming?
Choices: a) To design hardware b) To plan operations before coding c) To store data d) To connect
networks
35. In a flowchart to find the sum of five numbers, what is the output?
Choices: a) Five numbers b) Sum, product, and average c) Only the sum d) Individual numbers
36. Which software tool is mentioned for designing flowcharts?
Choices: a) Microsoft Word b) Microsoft Visio c) Google Maps d) Excel
37. What is a key feature of LARP software?
Choices: a) Complex syntax b) Semi-natural syntax c) Hardware design d) Data storage
38. What does a concept map represent?
Choices: a) Step-by-step instructions b) Concepts and their relationships c) Hardware layout d) Code
structure
39. Which tool is NOT mentioned for creating concept maps?
Choices: a) CmapTools b) Mind Manager c) Microsoft Visio d) LARP
40. What is the correct sequence for solving real-world problems?
Choices: a) Solution, Problem, Instructions b) Problem, Solution, Instructions c) Instructions,
Problem, Solution d) Solution, Instructions, Problem
41. What type of problem is “Does a string have an even number of zeros”?
Choices: a) Search b) Decision c) Counting d) Route
42. What type of problem involves calculating possible sequences of coin flips?
Choices: a) Decision b) Search c) Counting d) Logical
43. What type of problem is the N-queens problem?
Choices: a) Decision b) Search c) Counting d) Processing

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

44. How many ways can a student choose 1 physics, 1 science, and 1 math course from 3, 2, and 2
options respectively?
Choices: a) 7 b) 12 c) 24 d) 36
45. In an IPO chart for calculating total and average age of four boys, how many inputs are there?
Choices: a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
46. What is the process in an IPO chart for adding two numbers?
Choices: a) Number1 + Number2 b) Number1 * Number2 c) Number1 - Number2 d) Number1 /
Number2
47. Which computational thinking technique simplifies a problem by finding similarities?
Choices: a) Decomposition b) Abstraction c) Pattern Recognition d) Algorithm Design
48. How many telephone numbers are possible with a fixed area code and 7 digits (not starting
with 0)?
Choices: a) 9,000,000 b) 10,000,000 c) 8,000,000 d) 7,000,000
49. How many routes exist from City A to City C via City B with 4 roads from A to B and 2 from B
to C?
Choices: a) 6 b) 8 c) 10 d) 12
50. What is the purpose of evaluating a solution in problem-solving?
Choices: a) To define the problem b) To check if the plan worked c) To design a new plan d) To
decompose the problem

Answers

1.b) To solve problems using algorithms 2. b) Understand the problem and devise a solution 3. b) Processor
and main memory 4. b) A challenge requiring action to overcome 5. d) Furniture design 6. b) Decision
Problem 7. b) Checking if a number is odd 8. b) To find a path from start to end 9. b) Only four types of slides
are allowed 10. c) Multiplication 11. b) 15 12. a) 96 13. b) Define and analyze the problem 14. c) 6 15. b)
Breaking it into manageable sub-problems 16. b) A problem-solving framework 17. b) Length * Width 18. c)
Average grade 19. b) Solving problems logically and systematically 20. b) It creates repeatable solutions 21.
b) Decomposition 22. b) Removing unnecessary details 23. a) Identifying similarities with past problems 24.
b) Creating a step-by-step plan 25. b) Weather 26. b) Reasoning and evidence 27. b) Islamabad has a mayor
28. b) Breaking down and solving problems step-by-step 29. b) Input three numbers 30. b) Flowcharts 31. b)
Oval 32. c) Parallelogram 33. c) Decision making 34. b) To plan operations before coding 35. b) Sum,
product, and average 36. b) Microsoft Visio 37. b) Semi-natural syntax 38. b) Concepts and their relationships
39. d) LARP 40. b) Problem, Solution, Instructions 41. b) Decision 42. c) Counting 43. b) Search 44. b) 12 45.
c) 4 46. a) Number1 + Number2 47. c) Pattern Recognition 48. a) 9,000,000 49. b) 8 50. b) To check if the
plan worked

Short Questions and Answers

1. What is the core purpose of Unit 2, and what skills does it target?
Unit 2 aims to teach problem decomposition (breaking challenges into parts) and computational
problem-solving (using step-by-step logic). It targets skills like analyzing real-world issues (e.g.,
healthcare access) and coding solutions, as outlined on Page 1.
2. How does a computer process problems, and what hardware supports this?
A computer takes inputs (e.g., numbers via keyboard), performs operations (e.g., addition via
algorithms), and gives outputs (e.g., screen results). The processor (CPU) executes these, and main
memory (RAM) stores data temporarily, enabling rapid computation (Page 2).
3. Why can’t computers think independently, and what does this imply for programmers?
Computers follow programmed algorithms (e.g., “if A > B”), lacking reasoning or creativity.
Programmers must fully understand problems (e.g., sorting data) and provide precise instructions, as
computers can’t improvise (Page 2).

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

4. What critical steps must you take before programming a computer to solve a problem?
First, grasp the problem (e.g., “calculate grades”), then devise a solution (e.g., average formula),
and finally instruct the computer via a program (e.g., in Python). Skipping understanding risks
wrong solutions (Page 2).
5. Why are computers preferred over humans for problem-solving, and what’s their limitation?
Computers excel due to speed (e.g., millions of calculations/second) and accuracy (no fatigue
errors), driven by processors and memory. However, they need human-defined algorithms, unlike
human intuition (Page 2).
6. What defines a problem, and how does it vary across contexts?
A problem is a challenge needing action—economic (e.g., budget limits), healthcare (e.g., disease
control), or internet (e.g., security). Contexts differ in complexity and impact, requiring tailored
approaches (Page 2).
7. What’s a detailed example of an economic problem from the document?
"How to manage limited budgets?" (Page 2) involves allocating finite funds (e.g., $1000) across
needs (e.g., food, rent), balancing trade-offs computationally or manually.
8. What’s a specific healthcare problem, and what makes it challenging?
"How to stop infectious diseases?" (Page 2) requires tracking spread (e.g., virus R0 rate), vaccine
logistics, and public behavior—complex due to unpredictability and scale.
9. What’s an in-depth transportation problem example, and why does it matter?
"Why are accidents on motorways increasing?" (Page 3) could stem from speed, weather, or traffic
volume. It’s vital for safety and infrastructure planning, solvable with data analysis.
10. What fully characterizes a computing problem, and how does it differ from general problems?
A computing problem uses step-by-step computation (e.g., arithmetic) with defined inputs (e.g.,
numbers) and desired outputs (e.g., sum). Unlike vague issues (e.g., “improve mood”), it’s precise
and algorithmic (Page 3).
11. What makes a decision problem unique, and how is it applied?
It requires a Yes/No answer (e.g., “Is 13 prime?”—Yes), often using logic checks. Applications
include validating data or testing conditions in code (Page 3).
12. What’s a complex example of a decision problem from the document?
"Is there any 'aa' in sequence x?" (Page 3) involves scanning a string (e.g., “banana”) letter-by-letter,
deciding “Yes” if “aa” appears—simple yet foundational for text analysis.
13. What are the key features of a search problem, and how are they represented?
It involves finding a solution (e.g., path) in a set, using initial state (start), operations (moves), and
goal (end). Represented as graphs (nodes=options, edges=links) per Page 4.
14. What are the three essential components of a search problem, with an example?
Initial State: Start (e.g., City S). Operations: Moves (e.g., roads). Goal: End (e.g., City T).
Example: Route from S to T on a map (Page 4, Fig. 2.2).
15. What’s the Eight Puzzle problem, and what constraints does it have?
A 3x3 board with 8 tiles (1-8) and one empty space must shift from initial (e.g., 1,2,3,5,6,,7,8,4) to
goal (e.g., 1,2,3,5,8,6,,7,4) via four moves (left, right, up, down), testing spatial logic (Page 4).
16. What defines a counting problem, and what principle drives it?
It calculates combinations (e.g., shirt-pant pairs) using the multiplication principle: if event A has
X choices and B has Y, total = X × Y (Page 5).
17. How does the multiplication principle work in counting problems, with an example?
Choices multiply: 5 shirts × 3 pants = 15 outfits. Each choice pair (e.g., Shirt1-Pant1) is unique,
scaling possibilities (Page 5, Fig. 2.5).
18. What’s a detailed counting problem example from the document?
"4 monitors, 2 keyboards, 4 computers, 3 printers" (Page 6)—total systems = 4 × 2 × 4 × 3 = 96.
Each component choice multiplies options (Fig. 2.6).
19. What are the four steps for solving simple problems, and how do they apply?
20. Define/Analyze: What’s wrong? (e.g., sum 5 numbers). 2. Plan: Algorithm (e.g., add). 3.
Implement: Code it. 4. Evaluate: Check (e.g., 15 correct?). They ensure a logical flow (Page 6).
21. What additional steps make complex problem-solving different from simple?
Adds decomposition (split into sub-problems, e.g., budget parts) and plan options (e.g., Plan A vs.
B), then select best (Page 6). Handles multifaceted issues like scheduling.

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22. Why is thorough problem analysis critical before action, and what does it involve?
It captures scope (e.g., budget limits) and objectives (e.g., save $100), avoiding blind solutions.
Involves asking “Why?” and “What’s needed?” (Page 6).
23. What’s the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model, and how does it structure computation?
Input: Data (e.g., grades). Process: Operations (e.g., average). Output: Result (e.g., 85). It mirrors
computer flow: data in, CPU work, result out (Page 7, Fig. 2.7).
24. How does an IPO chart enhance problem-solving, with an example?
It tables inputs (e.g., length=5), processes (e.g., area=length×width), and outputs (e.g., 15),
clarifying steps. Example: Rectangle area (Page 7, Fig. 2.8).
25. What’s a practical example of inputs in an IPO chart from the document?
Length and Width for rectangle area (Page 7). These raw values (e.g., 5, 3) feed the process,
showing data’s role.
26. What fully describes computational thinking, and how does it relate to programming?
It’s a logical, systematic skill to solve problems (e.g., automate tasks) like a computer scientist. It
precedes programming by planning solutions (Page 8).
27. Why is computational thinking valuable for creating reusable solutions?
It designs repeatable methods (e.g., grade averaging for any student), not one-offs, saving time and
scaling solutions across instances (Page 8).
28. What’s decomposition, and how does it simplify complex problems?
Breaking big tasks into sub-problems (e.g., game design: levels, AI). Solves each part (e.g., code
AI), reducing overwhelm (Page 9).
29. What does abstraction achieve, and why is it useful?
It keeps essential info (e.g., game exit) and drops irrelevant details (e.g., weather), focusing effort
and reducing complexity (Page 9).
30. How does pattern recognition aid problem-solving, with an example?
It spots similarities (e.g., six enemies like one enemy repeated) to reuse solutions (e.g., same attack
code), speeding up design (Page 9).
31. What’s algorithm design, and what does it produce?
Crafting a step-by-step plan (e.g., “move, check enemy, win”) to solve problems. Produces an
algorithm for coding (Page 9).
32. How does decomposition apply to designing a computer game, with specifics?
Split into where to go (levels) and how to win (rules), tackling each separately (e.g., map first, then
AI), per game example (Page 10, Fig. 2.11).
33. What’s logical thinking, and how does it drive decisions?
Using reason and facts (e.g., “wet floor = spill”) to decide sensibly. It’s the root of computational
logic (Page 11).
34. What’s a detailed logical thinking example from the document?
“Water on floor” (Page 11)—facts: wet, pipe nearby; inference: leak. It builds conclusions from
evidence.
35. What’s algorithmic thinking, and how does it differ from general thinking?
It’s structured problem-solving with steps (e.g., sort numbers), not intuition. It ensures efficiency
and logic, unlike vague ideas (Page 12).
36. What’s an in-depth algorithmic thinking example for finding the largest number?
For A=10, B=20, C=30: Step 1: Compare A>B, A>C (no). Step 2: B>A, B>C (no). Step 3: C is
largest (yes). Systematic checks win (Page 12).
37. What are the two main methods to design solutions, and how do they help?
Flowcharts (visual steps) and concept maps (idea links). They plan (flowcharts) and clarify
relationships (maps) before coding (Page 12).
38. What’s a flowchart, and what elements does it include?
A diagram of an algorithm with shapes: oval (start/end), parallelogram (input/output), rectangle
(process), diamond (decision). Shows sequence (Page 13).
39. Why are flowcharts critical for programmers, beyond just planning?
They visualize logic (e.g., sum steps), ease communication (to teams), and spot errors (e.g.,
missing output) before coding (Page 13).

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

40. What shape starts a flowchart, and why is it distinct?

An oval marks “Start” (Page 13), unique to signal the algorithm’s entry point, unlike process or
decision shapes.
41. What shape indicates a decision in a flowchart, and how is it used?
A diamond (Page 14) shows Yes/No (e.g., “A > B?”), branching paths based on conditions, key for
logic flow.
42. What software tools design flowcharts, and what’s unique about each?
Microsoft Visio: Multi-diagram tool (e.g., flowcharts, networks), versatile (Page 15). LARP: Semi-
natural syntax, beginner-friendly for prototypes (Page 17).
43. What’s Microsoft Visio, and what features does it offer for flowcharts?
A diagramming tool (Page 15) with drag-and-drop shapes (e.g., oval, diamond), connectors, and
text, ideal for professional flowchart design (Fig. 2.16).
44. What’s LARP, and how does it differ from typical programming languages?
Logics of Algorithms and Resolution of Problems (Page 17)—uses simple syntax and flowcharts,
not complex code like C++, aiding non-programmers (Fig. 2.17).
45. What’s a concept map, and how does it visually represent knowledge?
A graphical tool with boxes (concepts, e.g., “Current”) and arrows (relations, e.g., “flows”),
showing idea networks (Page 18).
46. What’s a specific concept map example, and what does it show?
“Electricity” (Page 18): “Voltage” → “drives” → “Current.” It shows how concepts interlink, unlike
flowchart steps.
47. What does abstraction remove in practice, with a game example?
Drops non-essential details (e.g., weather in a game) to focus on key factors (e.g., enemy positions),
streamlining solutions (Page 10).
48. What’s a detailed real-world search problem example, and how does it work?
Google Maps (Page 5, Fig. 2.4): Start (home), operations (roads), goal (store). It searches paths via
graph algorithms, picking the shortest.
49. How many steps are in the complex problem-solving process, and what’s their purpose?
Six (Page 6): Define, decompose, identify plans, select, implement, evaluate. They tackle big issues
(e.g., logistics) by breaking and testing solutions.
50. What’s the output of an IPO chart for averaging grades, and how is it derived?
Average grade (e.g., 85) from inputs (e.g., 90, 80) via process (sum ÷ count). It’s the usable result
(Page 8 example).
51. Why do programmers draw flowcharts first, and what benefits extend to coding?
To plan visually (e.g., sum steps), reducing errors, easing team sharing, and simplifying coding
(e.g., direct translation to Python), per Page 13.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. What is the role of computers in problem-solving, and why is human understanding critical?
Computers solve problems by taking inputs (e.g., numbers), performing operations (e.g., addition)
via algorithms, and producing outputs (e.g., results). They rely on the processor (for calculations)
and main memory (for data storage), excelling in speed (e.g., millions of operations/second) and
accuracy (no human errors). However, they can’t think—humans must first understand the
problem (e.g., “calculate a budget”), devise a solution (e.g., subtract expenses from income), and
program it (e.g., in Python). Without human insight, computers can’t act, as they only follow
explicit instructions.
2. What are problems, and how do they appear across different fields?
A problem is a challenge needing action. Examples:
o Economic: "What to produce?"—deciding goods with limited resources.
o Healthcare: "How to expand medicine access?"—improving distribution.
o Education: "How to increase Pakistan’s literacy rate?"—enhancing schooling.
o Transportation: "Why are vehicles growing?"—analyzing urban trends.

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Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

o Internet: "How to secure mobile banking?"—protecting transactions.

o Biology: "How do trees provide oxygen? "—studying photosynthesis. These span daily life,
requiring tailored solutions, often computational.
3. What defines a computing problem, and what are its main types?
A computing problem is solved step-by-step with computation, needing clear inputs (e.g., data) and
outputs (e.g., answers). Types:
o Decision Problems: Yes/No answers (e.g., "Is 7 prime?"—Yes).
o Search Problems: Finding a solution in a set (e.g., shortest path in a map).
o Counting Problems: Calculating combinations (e.g., "How many outfits from 3 shirts, 2
pants?"—6). Each type uses logical steps suited to computer processing.
4. What are decision problems, and how do they vary in complexity?
Decision problems need a binary (Yes/No) answer. Simple cases: "Is 4 even?" (Yes) or "Does 'cat'
have 'aa'?" (No)—quick checks. Complex cases involve multiple factors, like "Can a project finish in
5 days?" requiring budget, time, and resource analysis. They’re foundational in computing for tasks
like validation or testing.
5. How do search problems work, with detailed examples?
Search problems find a solution among options, using:
o Initial State: Start point (e.g., City S).
o Operations: Moves (e.g., roads to next city).
o Goal: End point (e.g., City T).
Examples:
o Route Finding: Graph with nodes (cities) and edges (roads)—find S to T path.
o Eight Puzzle: 3x3 board, slide tiles (e.g., 1-8) from initial (e.g., 1,2,3,5,6,,7,8,4) to goal (e.g.,
1,2,3,5,8,6,,7,4), restricted to left/right/up/down moves. Search problems model real-world
navigation or puzzles.
6. What are counting problems, and how are they solved with examples?
Counting problems calculate total possibilities by multiplying choices. Examples:
o Shirt-Pant Pairs: 5 shirts, 3 pants—5 × 3 = 15 outfits.
o Computer System Choices: 4 monitors, 2 keyboards, 4 computers, 3 printers—4 × 2 × 4 × 3
= 96 systems. The method scales: more choices (e.g., 5 items) mean exponential growth (e.g.,
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1), used in planning or probability.
7. What are the steps for solving simple vs. complex problems?
o Simple (4 Steps):
1. Define/Analyze: What’s the issue? (e.g., sum 5 numbers).
2. Plan: Design solution (e.g., add them).
3. Implement: Code it (e.g., in C++).
4. Evaluate: Check result (e.g., correct sum?).

oComplex (6 Steps):
1. Define/Analyze: Understand scope (e.g., optimize a schedule).
2. Decompose: Break into parts (e.g., tasks, times).
3. Identify Plans: Options (e.g., Plan A: prioritize, Plan B: delegate).
4. Select Plan: Best fit (e.g., Plan A).
5. Implement: Execute (e.g., code schedule).
6. Evaluate: Assess (e.g., on time?). Complex adds decomposition and planning variety.
8. What is the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model, and how does it apply to computing?
The IPO model structures problem-solving:
o Input: Data given (e.g., rectangle length=5, width=3).
o Process: Operations (e.g., area = length × width).
o Output: Result (e.g., area=15). In computing, it mirrors how systems work—taking user
data, processing it (via CPU), and displaying results (on screen), ensuring clear problem
breakdown.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

9. How do IPO charts assist software designers, with an example?

IPO charts table inputs, processes, and outputs, simplifying design. Example: Rectangle Area—
o Input: Length (5), Width (3).
o Process: Area = Length × Width (5 × 3).
o Output: Area (15). Designers use it to plan code, ensuring all steps align before
programming, reducing errors.
10. What is computational thinking, and why is it valuable beyond programming?
Computational thinking is a logical, systematic problem-solving skill using computation principles.
It’s valuable because it:

 Creates repeatable solutions (e.g., automating grade averaging for any student).
 Extends logical thinking—applies to coding and real life (e.g., planning a trip). It fosters clarity and
efficiency across disciplines.

11. What are the four properties of computational thinking, with a game design example?

 Decomposition: Break into parts (e.g., game levels, enemy AI).

 Abstraction: Focus on key info (e.g., exit location, not weather).
 Pattern Recognition: Spot trends (e.g., six enemies = one enemy × 6).
 Algorithm Design: Step-by-step plan (e.g., move, jump, win). Applied to a game, it simplifies a
complex project into manageable, logical steps.

12. How does logical thinking support computational thinking, with an example?
Logical thinking uses reason and facts to decide (e.g., “Water on floor + wet pipe = leak”). It
underpins computational thinking by providing the reasoning to:

 Analyze (e.g., “Why is output wrong?”).

 Decide (e.g., “If A > B, then…”). Computers execute logic humans define, like inferring “Islamabad
has a mayor” from “Cities have mayors.”

13. What is algorithmic thinking, and how is it applied to find the largest of three numbers?
Algorithmic thinking breaks problems into logical, efficient steps. Example: Largest of A=10,
B=20, C=30—

 Step 1: Input A, B, C.
 Step 2: If A > B and A > C, A is largest—stop (10 < 20, no).
 Step 3: If B > A and B > C, B is largest—stop (20 > 10, 20 < 30, no).
 Step 4: C is largest (30 > 20, yes). Output: 30. It’s a clear, repeatable process.

14. How do flowcharts work, and what’s an example for summing five numbers?
Flowcharts diagram algorithms with shapes: oval (start/end), parallelogram (input/output), rectangle
(process), diamond (decision). Example: Sum, product, average of 5 numbers—

 Start (oval).
 Input A, B, C, D, E (parallelogram).
 Process: SUM = A + B + C + D + E (rectangle).
 Process: PROD = A × B × C × D × E (rectangle).
 Process: AVG = SUM / 5 (rectangle).
 Output: SUM, PROD, AVG (parallelogram).
 End (oval).

It visualizes steps, aiding coding and debugging.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

15. What are concept maps, and how do they differ from flowcharts, with an example?
Concept maps show concepts (boxes) and relationships (arrows with labels), unlike flowcharts’
step-by-step flow. Example: Electricity—

 “Current” → “flows through” → “Wires.”

 “Voltage” → “drives” → “Current.”
 “Resistance” → “opposes” → “Current.” Concept maps focus on understanding connections (e.g.,
physics), while flowcharts focus on process (e.g., coding). Tools like CmapTools design them.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 3

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the primary language used for basic website development?

Choices: a) JavaScript b) HTML c) CSS d) Python
2. What is a webpage according to the chapter?
Choices: a) A set of websites b) A document accessible through the internet c) A software
application d) A search engine
3. What software is used to access a webpage?
Choices: a) Text editor b) Web browser c) Spreadsheet d) Database
4. What does URL stand for?
Choices: a) Universal Resource Locator b) Uniform Retrieval Link c) Unique Reference Location d)
Universal Request Line
5. What is the purpose of a search engine?
Choices: a) To create websites b) To seek relevant information based on keywords c) To host
webpages d) To edit HTML code
6. What is the first page displayed when a website opens?
Choices: a) Contact page b) Homepage c) Search page d) Login page
7. What is a web application?
Choices: a) A static webpage b) A program executing tasks via a browser and server c) A set of
HTML tags d) A stylesheet
8. What distinguishes a static website from a dynamic one?
Choices: a) Static websites require a server link after loading b) Dynamic websites do not change
content c) Static websites do not change unless updated manually d) Dynamic websites are not
hosted
9. Which language is used to make websites dynamic?
Choices: a) HTML b) CSS c) JavaScript d) PHP
10. What does front-end development focus on?
Choices: a) Server management b) Graphical User Interface (GUI) c) Database handling d) Network
security
11. Which languages are primarily used for front-end development?
Choices: a) Python, PHP b) HTML, CSS, JavaScript c) Java, ASP.Net d) C++, Ruby
12. What is the role of back-end development?
Choices: a) Designing the GUI b) Bridging front-end and server c) Writing HTML tags d) Creating
static content
13. What does HTML stand for?
Choices: a) Hyperlink Text Management Language b) Hypertext Markup Language c) High-level
Text Mode Language d) Hypertext Modeling Language
14. What are characters between '<' and '>' called in HTML?
Choices: a) Variables b) Tags c) Operators d) Functions
15. Which tag is used to define a paragraph in HTML?
Choices: a) <p> b) <h1> c) <div> d) <span>
16. What is the purpose of the Document Object Model (DOM)?
Choices: a) To style webpages b) To define a hierarchy of objects in HTML c) To execute JavaScript
d) To host websites
17. Which function is used to locate an element by ID in the DOM?
Choices: a) getElementByClass() b) getElementById() c) findElement() d) locateByTag()
18. Which tag pair identifies an HTML document?
Choices: a) <body></body> b) <head></head> c) <html></html> d) <title></title>
19. Where is the title of a webpage defined?
Choices: a) <body> b) <head> c) <title> d) <div>
20. What tag is used for the main content of an HTML document?
Choices: a) <head> b) <body> c) <html> d) <p>

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

21. How many levels of headings does HTML provide?

Choices: a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
22. Which tag is used to break a line in HTML?
Choices: a) <br/> b) <p> c) <div> d) <span>
23. What does the <span> tag provide to a line?
Choices: a) A border b) A style c) A hyperlink d) A heading
24. Which tag pair is used to make text bold?
Choices: a) <i></i> b) <b></b> c) <em></em> d) <u></u>
25. What is the purpose of the <div> tag?
Choices: a) To italicize text b) To apply style to multiple lines c) To create a hyperlink d) To define a
heading
26. What tag is used for the header row in an HTML table?
Choices: a) <td> b) <tr> c) <th> d) <table>
27. Which tag is used to insert an image in HTML?
Choices: a) <img> b) <video> c) <link> d) <source>
28. What does the 'src' attribute specify in an <img> tag?
Choices: a) Image color b) Image path c) Image size d) Image style
29. Which tag pair creates an unordered list in HTML?
Choices: a) <ol></ol> b) <ul></ul> c) <li></li> d) <list></list>
30. What does CSS stand for?
Choices: a) Creative Style System b) Cascading Style Sheets c) Computer Style Syntax d) Content
Styling Standard
31. Which method of CSS has the highest priority?
Choices: a) Inline b) Embedded c) External d) Default
32. How is an external CSS file linked to an HTML document?
Choices: a) <style> b) <link> c) <script> d) <css>
33. Which CSS property adds borders to a table?
Choices: a) background-color b) border c) padding d) margin
34. What tag is used to embed JavaScript in HTML?
Choices: a) <script> b) <style> c) <link> d) <js>
35. What JavaScript function displays text on a webpage?
Choices: a) alert() b) prompt() c) document.write() d) console.log()
36. Which JavaScript function pops up a message box for user input?
Choices: a) alert() b) prompt() c) document.write() d) getElementById()
37. What is a variable in JavaScript?
Choices: a) A fixed value b) An entity that stores a value c) A function d) A tag
38. Which keyword is used to declare a variable in JavaScript?
Choices: a) let b) var c) const d) function
39. What operator returns the remainder of a division in JavaScript?
Choices: a) / b) * c) % d) +
40. Which statement is used for conditional execution in JavaScript?
Choices: a) for b) if c) while d) function
41. What does the 'if-else' statement provide?
Choices: a) A single condition b) Two possible outcomes c) A loop d) A function call
42. Which loop is used for a specific number of iterations in JavaScript?
Choices: a) while b) do-while c) for d) if
43. What is a nested loop?
Choices: a) A single loop b) A loop inside another loop c) A conditional statement d) A function call
44. What is an array in JavaScript?
Choices: a) A single variable b) A collection of homogenous elements c) A conditional statement d)
A stylesheet
45. What is the starting index of an array in JavaScript?
Choices: a) 1 b) 0 c) -1 d) 2
46. What is a function in JavaScript?
Choices: a) A variable b) A reusable set of code c) A loop d) A tag

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

47. What does debugging refer to in programming?

Choices: a) Writing code b) Locating and fixing errors c) Styling webpages d) Hosting websites
48. What feature in Visual Studio halts execution at a specific line?
Choices: a) Step Into b) Breakpoint c) Pause d) Console
49. What makes a website dynamic?
Choices: a) Static content b) Content changes based on user input c) No server connection d) Fixed
layout
50. Which parameter makes a video play automatically when a webpage loads?
Choices: a) controls b) autoplay c) muted d) loop

Answers in a Row with Numbering

1. b) HTML 2. b) A document accessible through the internet 3. b) Web browser 4. a) Universal Resource
Locator 5. b) To seek relevant information based on keywords 6. b) Homepage 7. b) A program executing
tasks via a browser and server 8. c) Static websites do not change unless updated manually 9. c) JavaScript 10.
b) Graphical User Interface (GUI) 11. b) HTML, CSS, JavaScript 12. b) Bridging front-end and server 13. b)
Hypertext Markup Language 14. b) Tags 15. a) <p> 16. b) To define a hierarchy of objects in HTML 17. b)
getElementById() 18. c) <html></html> 19. c) <title> 20. b) <body> 21. c) 6 22. a) <br/> 23. b) A style 24. b)
<b></b> 25. b) To apply style to multiple lines 26. c) <th> 27. a) <img> 28. b) Image path 29. b) <ul></ul>
30. b) Cascading Style Sheets 31. a) Inline 32. b) <link> 33. b) border 34. a) <script> 35. c) document.write()
36. b) prompt() 37. b) An entity that stores a value 38. b) var 39. c) % 40. b) if 41. b) Two possible outcomes
42. c) for 43. b) A loop inside another loop 44. b) A collection of homogenous elements 45. b) 0 46. b) A
reusable set of code 47. b) Locating and fixing errors 48. b) Breakpoint 49. b) Content changes based on user
input 50. b) autoplay
2. Short Questions and Answers

1. What’s the main focus of Unit 3, and what skills does it build?
Unit 3 dives into web programming fundamentals, teaching how to create everything from simple
HTML pages (e.g., a personal bio) to interactive JavaScript-driven apps (e.g., a live poll). It builds
skills in structuring content with tags, styling with CSS, and adding logic—equipping you to design
functional, user-friendly websites from scratch.
2. How does the World Wide Web enhance information sharing?
The WWW connects data globally using hyperlinks (e.g., <a href="recipe.html">See
Ingredients</a>) and tags, enabling seamless access to text, images, or videos. For instance, a
cooking blog links to tutorials, making complex info searchable and shareable across devices
instantly.
3. What’s the difference between a webpage and a website?
A webpage is a single document (e.g., a “Contact Us” page with a form), while a website is a
collection of such pages (e.g., a company site with Home, About, and Contact sections). The website
ties them under one domain, offering a broader narrative or service.
4. How do you access a webpage, and what aids navigation?
Type a URL (e.g., www.bbc.com/news) into a browser like Chrome; search engines like Google
refine this by ranking results (e.g., “top news sites”) based on keywords, helping you find pages even
without exact addresses.
5. What’s a homepage, and why does it matter?
The homepage is a website’s entry point (e.g., a store’s welcome screen with a sale banner), guiding
users to key areas like products or blogs. It’s critical because a cluttered or dull one (e.g., no clear
navigation) can drive visitors away instantly.
6. What defines a web application, and how does it function?
A web app is a browser-based tool (e.g., Google Docs) that performs tasks by connecting to servers.
It sends requests (e.g., “save this edit”) and updates dynamically (e.g., real-time collaboration),
blending website accessibility with app-like functionality.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

7. Why develop a website, and what’s its core limitation?

Websites establish a digital presence (e.g., a photographer’s portfolio with galleries), showcasing
info to a wide audience. Static ones limit interaction—viewers can browse (e.g., view photos) but
can’t edit or comment unless the creator updates the code.
8. What makes a website static, and why is it useful?
A static site has fixed content (e.g., an HTML resume with <p>Experience: 5 years</p>), loading
directly from a server without further processing. It’s useful for speed (e.g., loads in under a second)
and simplicity, ideal for portfolios or small businesses.
9. What characterizes a dynamic website, and how does it engage users?
Dynamic sites adapt content via scripts (e.g., JavaScript changes a quiz score on submit), often
pulling live data (e.g., weather updates). They engage users with personalization (e.g.,
“Recommended for You” on Netflix), keeping them active longer than static pages.
10. How does front-end development shape a website?
Front-end builds the visible interface using HTML for layout (e.g., <div>Menu</div>), CSS for
design (e.g., background: blue), and JavaScript for actions (e.g., dropdowns). It defines how users
experience a site, like a sleek store layout.
11. What’s the role of back-end development, and why is it complex?
Back-end manages server-side tasks (e.g., saving a user’s cart with Python), handling databases and
logic behind front-end clicks. It’s complex due to security (e.g., encrypting data), scalability (e.g.,
handling 1,000 users), and integration needs.
12. What’s HTML, and how does it work in practice?
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) structures web content with tags (e.g., <h1>Welcome</h1>
for a bold title). In practice, <p>This is text</p> in a file saved as index.html displays as a paragraph
in a browser, forming a page’s skeleton.
13. How do you start coding HTML, and what tools help?
Write basic tags (e.g., <html><body><p>Hi</p></body></html>) in Notepad, save as .html, and
open in a browser. Tools like Visual Studio 2022 add auto-complete (e.g., type <h and pick <h1>),
error checks, and live previews, speeding up development.
14. What’s the Document Object Model (DOM), and why is it useful?
The DOM is a tree-like map of HTML elements (e.g., <p> as a node under <body>), letting
JavaScript manipulate them. It’s useful for dynamic updates—e.g., changing <p id="note">Old</p>
to “New” with getElementById("note").innerHTML.
15. How do you locate an element in the DOM, with an example?
Use document.getElementById()—e.g., <p id="score">0</p> with
document.getElementById("score").innerHTML = "10"; updates it to 10. This targets specific parts
(e.g., a game score), enabling precise control over content.
16. What’s the <html> tag, and what does it enclose?
The <html> tag is the root, wrapping all page content (e.g.,
<html><head><title>Site</title></head><body>Content</body></html>). It tells the browser “this
is an HTML document,” enclosing metadata and visible elements.
17. What does the <head> tag do, and what goes inside?
<head> holds non-visible metadata (e.g., <title>My Page</title> for the tab name, <meta
charset="UTF-8"> for character encoding). It sets up how the page is interpreted, not what users see
directly.
18. How does the <title> tag enhance usability?
It names the page in the browser tab (e.g., <title>Blog Post</title> shows “Blog Post”), helping users
distinguish it among open tabs (e.g., 10 news articles) and improving navigation in cluttered
sessions.
19. What’s the <body> tag’s purpose, and what’s an example?
<body> contains all visible content (e.g., <body><h1>Hello</h1><p>World</p></body> shows a
heading and paragraph). It’s the canvas where text, images, and buttons come to life for users.
20. What are HTML heading tags, and how do they vary?
<h1> to <h6> create headings of decreasing size—e.g., <h1>Big News</h1> is largest, <h6>Fine
Print</h6> smallest. They organize content (e.g., article titles vs. footnotes), aiding readability and
SEO.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

21. What’s the <br/> tag, and when do you use it?
<br/> forces a line break (e.g., <p>Hello<br/>There</p> splits to two lines). Use it for layouts like
addresses or poems where spacing matters, unlike paragraphs that auto-wrap.
22. How does the <span> tag style text, with an example?
<span> styles inline text without breaking flow—e.g., <p>Hello <span
style="color:red">world</span></p> makes “world” red. It’s perfect for highlighting specific words
within a sentence.
23. What’s the <div> tag, and how does it differ from <span>?
<div> groups content as a block (e.g., <div style="border:1px solid">Section</div>), starting a new
line, unlike <span>’s inline nature. It’s used for sections (e.g., a sidebar), while <span> tweaks
within lines.
24. What are common text styling tags, and their effects?
<b> bolds (e.g., <b>Urgent</b>), <i> italicizes (e.g., <i>Note</i>), <em> emphasizes with italics
(e.g., <em>Focus</em>). They enhance tone—e.g., bold for alerts, italics for quotes—making text
expressive.
25. What’s CSS, and how does it pair with HTML?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) styles HTML (e.g., p {color: blue; font-size: 14px;} turns paragraphs
blue). It separates design from structure, so updating color: green in one rule restyles all <p> tags
site-wide.
26. What’s inline CSS, and when is it practical?
Inline CSS adds styles in tags (e.g., <p style="color: blue; margin: 5px;">Text</p>), practical for
quick tests (e.g., tweaking a button’s look) or one-off pages, though it’s hard to manage in larger
projects.
27. How does embedded CSS work, and what’s its benefit?
Embedded CSS lives in <head> (e.g., <style>h2 {color: purple; font-weight: bold;}</style>),
applying to that page only. It’s beneficial for single-page consistency (e.g., a form’s look), avoiding
external file clutter.
28. What’s external CSS, and why use it in big projects?
External CSS is a .css file (e.g., styles.css with body {background: grey;}) linked via <link
rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">. For big sites (e.g., a 50-page blog), one edit (e.g., color: red)
updates all pages, saving time.
29. How do you style a table with CSS, with an example?
Use CSS like table {border: 1px solid black; width: 50%;} td {padding: 10px; background:
lightgrey;} on <table><tr><td>Data</td></tr></table>. It adds borders and spacing, making data
(e.g., a schedule) clear and attractive.
30. How can CSS decorate a homepage, and what’s an example?
CSS sets visuals—e.g., body {background-image: url("nature.jpg"); font-family: Arial;} h1 {color:
navy; text-shadow: 2px 2px grey;}—turning a plain homepage into a branded, eye-catching entry
with a scenic backdrop and bold titles.
31. How do you add a video to a website, and what controls it?
Use <video src="clip.mp4" width="400" controls autoplay muted></video>—controls adds
play/pause, autoplay muted starts silently (e.g., a looping banner), making it interactive and user-
friendly for tutorials or ads.
32. What’s JavaScript, and how does it enhance websites?
JavaScript is a lightweight, client-side language adding interactivity (e.g.,
<script>alert("Hi!")</script> pops a greeting). It enhances sites by enabling real-time updates (e.g.,
live chat) or calculations (e.g., tax totals), beyond HTML/CSS’s static limits.
33. How do you embed JavaScript in HTML, with an example?
Place <script> in <body> or <head>—e.g., <body><script>document.write("Hello
World");</script></body> prints text on the page. It runs when loaded, adding dynamic flair like a
welcome message.
34. What’s an event in JavaScript, and how is it triggered?
An event is a user action (e.g., click, hover) caught by code—e.g., <button onclick="alert('You
clicked!')">Press</button> triggers a pop-up. It’s the spark for interactive features like form
submissions or animations.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

35. How does prompt() work, and what’s a use case?

prompt() opens an input box—e.g., var name = prompt("Your name?"); alert("Hi " + name); greets
the user. It’s useful for quizzes (e.g., “Enter answer”) or personalization (e.g., custom greetings),
capturing data on the fly.
36. What’s a variable in JavaScript, and how do you declare it?
A variable stores data—e.g., var price = 25.99; holds a number. Declare with var, let, or const, using
meaningful names (e.g., userAge, not x), starting with letters, for clarity in code like pricing
calculators.
37. What are JavaScript data types, and examples?
Number (e.g., 5.5 for prices), String (e.g., "Hello" for text), Boolean (e.g., true for yes/no)—they’re
the building blocks for operations (e.g., 5 + 3) or conditions (e.g., if (isAdult)), shaping program
logic.
38. What’s initialization, and why does it matter?
Initialization sets a variable’s first value—e.g., var count = 0; starts at zero. It matters because
uninitialized variables (e.g., var x; x + 5;) yield NaN, breaking calculations like totals in a shopping
app.
39. What operators does JavaScript support, with examples?
Arithmetic: + (e.g., 5 + 2 = 7), - (e.g., 10 - 3 = 7), * (e.g., 4 * 3 = 12), / (e.g., 15 / 5 = 3), % (e.g., 10
% 3 = 1 for remainders)—they power math tasks like budgeting or scaling images.
40. What’s a conditional statement, and how does it decide?
Conditionals test logic—e.g., if (temp > 25) {alert("Warm");} checks if temperature exceeds 25,
alerting if true. It decides paths (e.g., show sunscreen ad), mimicking real-world choices like
weather-based advice.
41. How does an if-else statement improve logic, with an example?
It handles both outcomes—e.g., if (grade >= 60) {alert("Pass");} else {alert("Fail");} alerts “Pass”
for 75, “Fail” for 50. It ensures complete decision coverage, vital for grading systems or login
checks.
42. What’s a for loop, and how does it repeat tasks?
A for loop runs code repeatedly—e.g., for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {document.write(i + " ");} prints “0
1 2”. It uses start (i = 0), condition (i < 3), and step (i++), automating lists or counters efficiently.
43. What’s a nested loop, and what’s a practical use?
Loops inside loops—e.g., for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {document.write(i + "," + j + "
");}} prints “0,0 0,1 1,0 1,1”. It’s practical for grids (e.g., seating charts) or multi-level data like sales
by region.
44. What’s an array, and how do you use it?
An array holds multiple values—e.g., var colors = ["red", "blue", "green"]; stores a list. Access with
indexes (e.g., colors[1] = “blue”), great for managing sets like user preferences or product options.
45. How do you populate an array with a loop, with an example?
Use a for loop—e.g., var nums = []; for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {nums[i] = i * 2;} fills nums with [0, 2,
4, 6]. It’s dynamic, scaling for tasks like generating even numbers for a math tool.
46. What’s a function, and why is it efficient?
A function is reusable code—e.g., function multiply(a, b) {return a * b;} alert(multiply(3, 4));
outputs 12. It’s efficient because one definition (e.g., tax calculator) works anywhere, reducing
redundant coding.
47. How do function arguments work, with an example?
Arguments pass data—e.g., function greet(name) {alert("Hello " + name);} greet("Sara"); alerts
“Hello Sara”. They customize outputs (e.g., different names), making functions flexible for user
inputs or calculations.
48. What’s debugging, and how does Visual Studio aid it?
Debugging fixes errors—e.g., a sum showing NaN. In Visual Studio, set breakpoints (red dots) on
lines (e.g., var z = x + y;), run with F5, and inspect variables (e.g., y undefined?). It pinpoints issues
fast, ensuring reliable code.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

49. How do you create a dynamic website, and what’s an example?

Use JavaScript—e.g., <button onclick="for(i=5;i>0;i--){document.write(i+' ')}">Count</button>
prints “5 4 3 2 1” on click. It turns static pages into interactive ones, like a countdown sale timer
boosting engagement.
50. Why combine HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and what’s the outcome?
HTML structures (e.g., <p>), CSS styles (e.g., color: gold), JavaScript animates (e.g., text fades on
scroll)—together, they create rich experiences like a news ticker that updates live, styled elegantly,
and scrolls smoothly, far beyond basic pages.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. How does the World Wide Web fundamentally differ from a standalone computer application,
and what role does HTML play in this ecosystem, including its historical context and modern
implications?
The World Wide Web (WWW), launched by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, is a networked system
leveraging the internet to share resources globally via hyperlinks (e.g., <a
href="page2.html">Next</a> takes you to another page). Unlike a standalone application (e.g., a
calculator on your PC), which runs locally with no external connectivity, the WWW uses client-
server architecture—browsers request data from remote servers (e.g., fetching a news site). HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language) is its cornerstone, structuring content with tags (e.g.,
<h1>Headline</h1> for titles, <img src="photo.jpg"> for images). Historically, HTML enabled the
web’s growth by standardizing page creation; today, it powers everything from blogs to streaming
platforms (e.g., YouTube’s video embeds). Its modern role integrates with CSS and JavaScript,
making it indispensable for accessible, interactive digital ecosystems.

2. What distinguishes a static website from a dynamic one, and how does this impact user
experience with a specific example, including the technologies involved and their trade-offs?
A static website delivers fixed, pre-written content stored on a server (e.g., a personal bio page with
text and photos), coded in HTML and CSS. It loads once, requiring no further server interaction,
offering speed (e.g., under 1-second load times) and simplicity but no user-driven changes. A
dynamic website, like an e-commerce platform (e.g., Amazon), adjusts content via scripts (e.g.,
JavaScript updates “Items in Cart: 3” after a click), often pulling live data from databases with back-
end languages like PHP or Python. For example, a static “About Me” page stays unchanged, while a
dynamic store page shows real-time stock (e.g., “5 left”). Trade-offs: Static is cheaper to host (e.g.,
minimal server load) but lacks interactivity; dynamic engages users (e.g., personalized deals) but
demands more resources and maintenance. The choice hinges on purpose—static for info, dynamic
for engagement.
3. What are the key responsibilities of front-end versus back-end development, and how do they
collaborate in a web application like an online store, detailing tools and workflows?
Front-end development focuses on the user interface (UI), using HTML to structure (e.g., <div
class="product">), CSS to style (e.g., .product {border: 1px solid;}), and JavaScript to add
interactivity (e.g., onclick="addToCart()"). A front-end developer ensures a clean layout (e.g.,
product grid) and smooth actions (e.g., hover effects). Back-end development manages server-side
logic, databases, and APIs, using languages like Python (e.g., Flask for routing) or PHP to process
requests (e.g., UPDATE inventory SET stock = stock - 1). In an online store, the front-end displays
items, while the back-end updates stock when “Buy” is clicked. Collaboration: The front-end sends
HTTP requests (e.g., POST for a purchase) to the back-end, which responds with data (e.g., JSON:
{"status": "success"}). Tools like Git sync their work, ensuring a seamless shopping experience from
browse to checkout.
4. How does the HTML Document Object Model (DOM) enable dynamic changes on a webpage,
with a practical coding example, and why is this critical for modern web design?
The DOM is a hierarchical tree representing HTML elements as objects (e.g., <body> as root, <p>

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

as a node), created when a browser parses a page. JavaScript manipulates it via methods like
getElementById(). Example: <p id="status">Loading...</p><script>function update()
{document.getElementById("status").innerHTML = "Done!";}</script><button
onclick="update()">Click</button>—clicking changes “Loading…” to “Done!”. The DOM’s nodes
(e.g., text, attributes) are editable, enabling real-time updates (e.g., a chat app adding messages). This
is vital for modern design—static pages can’t compete with dynamic features like live feeds or form
validation, making the DOM the bridge between static HTML and interactive experiences.
5. What are the practical differences between inline, embedded, and external CSS, and when
should each be used in a project, including examples and their impact on maintenance?
Inline CSS applies styles directly in tags (e.g., <p style="color: blue; font-size: 16px;">Text</p>),
ideal for quick, one-time tweaks (e.g., highlighting a sale) but hard to update across pages.
Embedded CSS sits in <head> (e.g., <style>h1 {color: green; margin: 10px;}</style>), unifying a
single page’s look (e.g., a landing page), yet still page-specific. External CSS uses a separate file
(e.g., styles.css with p {color: red;} linked via <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">), perfect for
multi-page consistency (e.g., a blog). Maintenance: Inline is tedious (edit each tag), embedded
limits scalability, external simplifies mass updates (change one file). Use inline for prototypes,
embedded for small sites, external for large, evolving projects like corporate portals.
6. How can CSS transform a plain HTML table into a visually appealing display, and what
properties achieve this, with a full example and its visual effect?
Start with a basic table:
<table><tr><th>Name</th><th>Score</th></tr><tr><td>Ali</td><td>85</td></tr></table>. Plain,
it’s a grid with no flair. Add CSS: <style>table {border-collapse: collapse; width: 60%; margin: 20px
auto;} th, td {border: 1px solid black; padding: 12px; text-align: center;} th {background-color:
#4CAF50; color: white;} td {background-color: #f2f2f2;} tr:hover {background-color:
#ddd;}</style>. Properties: border-collapse merges borders, padding adds space, background-color
differentiates headers/data, hover highlights rows. Result: A clean, readable table (e.g., a
leaderboard) with green headers, grey cells, and interactive hover effects—far more engaging for
users tracking stats.
7. What steps are involved in embedding a video on a webpage, and how do attributes enhance its
functionality, including compatibility considerations and a sample implementation?
To embed a video, use the <video> tag: <video width="500" height="300" controls><source
src="demo.mp4" type="video/mp4"></video>. Steps: 1) Create/upload an MP4 file (widely
supported), 2) Set dimensions for layout, 3) Add <source> for format clarity. Attributes: controls
offers play/pause/volume, autoplay muted starts silently (e.g., a muted intro video), loop replays
(e.g., a looping ad), preload="auto" buffers early. For compatibility, add <source src="demo.ogg"
type="video/ogg"> as a fallback. Example: A tutorial site uses <video controls autoplay muted loop>
for a silent, repeating demo—engaging yet unobtrusive, ensuring broad browser support (e.g.,
Chrome, Firefox).
8. How does JavaScript differ from HTML and CSS in its role, and what’s a simple example of its
power, including its execution process and real-world application?
HTML defines structure (e.g., <div id="box">), CSS styles it (e.g., #box {width: 100px;
background: yellow;}), but JavaScript adds behavior (e.g.,
<script>document.getElementById("box").style.backgroundColor = "blue";</script> changes color).
Execution: Browsers run JavaScript client-side, parsing it after HTML/CSS load. Example: <button
onclick="document.getElementById('msg').innerHTML = 'Clicked!';">Press</button><p
id="msg">Waiting...</p>—clicking swaps text. Application: In a form, JavaScript validates input
(e.g., “Email required”) before submission, enhancing usability beyond static HTML/CSS pages.
9. What’s the process of using a for loop to automate a repetitive task, and how does it apply to a
real-world scenario, with a detailed code breakdown and efficiency gains?
A for loop iterates a set number of times: for (initialization; condition; increment) {code}. Example:
<script>for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {document.write("Day " + i + "<br>");}</script> outputs “Day 1”
to “Day 5”. Breakdown: i = 1 starts, i <= 5 checks, i++ advances—repeats until false. Scenario: A
payroll system loops through 50 employees: var wages = []; for (var i = 0; i < 50; i++) {wages[i] =
hours[i] * rate[i];} calculates pay. Efficiency: Manual entry takes hours; the loop finishes in
milliseconds, reducing errors (e.g., typos) and scaling effortlessly for larger teams.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

10. How do conditional statements like if-else enable decision-making in JavaScript, with a
detailed example, including edge cases and their handling?
Conditionals evaluate logic: if (condition) {true action} else {false action}. Example: <script>var
temp = prompt("Enter temperature"); if (temp >= 30) {alert("Hot day! Wear light clothes.");} else if
(temp <= 10) {alert("Cold day! Bundle up.");} else {alert("Mild day.");}</script>. Flow: Input 35
triggers “Hot,” 5 triggers “Cold,” 20 triggers “Mild.” Edge Cases: Non-numbers (e.g., “abc”)—add
if (isNaN(temp)) {alert("Enter a number!");}—or decimals (e.g., 30.5 still “Hot”). Use: Weather
apps use this to suggest actions, ensuring robust, user-friendly logic.
11. What’s the advantage of using functions in JavaScript, and how would you write one to
calculate a grade average, including parameter handling and reusability benefits?
Functions encapsulate reusable logic, avoiding repetition. Example: <script>function
calcAverage(scores) {var sum = 0; for (var i = 0; i < scores.length; i++) {sum += scores[i];} return
sum / scores.length;} var grades = [90, 85, 88]; alert("Average: " + calcAverage(grades));</script>—
outputs 87.67. Parameters: scores accepts any array (e.g., [70, 80]). Breakdown: Loop sums values,
divides by count. Benefits: Call it for any class (e.g., calcAverage([95, 92])), saving code lines and
easing updates (e.g., tweak formula once). It’s a time-saver for grading systems or analytics
dashboards.
12. How does an array paired with a loop simplify data handling, and what’s an example in a web
context, with code, output, and scalability considerations?
Arrays store ordered data (e.g., var tasks = ["Code", "Test", "Deploy"]), and loops process them
efficiently. Example: <div id="todo"></div><script>var tasks = ["Code", "Test", "Deploy"];

var output = ""; for (var i = 0; i < tasks.length; i++) {output += "<p>" + tasks[i] + "</p>";}
document.getElementById("todo").innerHTML = output;</script>—displays a to-do list.

Output: Three <p> tags vertically.

Scalability: Add tasks (e.g., "Review")—loop adapts without rewriting.

Context: A task tracker site uses this to list user entries, scaling from 3 to 300 items seamlessly,
unlike manual HTML.

13. What’s the debugging process in Visual Studio 2022, and how does it help fix a JavaScript
error, with a step-by-step example and its impact on development?
Debugging in Visual Studio 2022 finds errors using tools like breakpoints. Example: <script>var x =
10; var y; var z = x + y; alert(z);</script>—alerts NaN (Not a Number). Steps: 1) Open in VS, 2)
Click line var z = x + y; to set a red-dot breakpoint, 3) Press F5 to debug—code pauses, 4) Hover
over y (undefined), 5) Fix by adding var y = 5;, 6) Rerun—alerts 15. Tools: “Locals” window shows
variable states. Impact: Catches logic flaws (e.g., uninitialized variables) early, saving hours on live
sites (e.g., a calculator app miscomputing totals).
14. How do HTML, CSS, and JavaScript work together to create a dynamic feature, like a
countdown timer, with a full implementation, explanation, and practical use case?

HTML: <p id="timer">10</p>—base display.

CSS: <style>#timer {font-size: 40px; color: green; text-align: center; padding: 20px;}</style>—
styles it bold and centered.

JavaScript: <script>var time = 10; var countdown = setInterval(function() {time--;

document.getElementById("timer").innerHTML = time; if (time <= 0) {clearInterval(countdown);
alert("Time’s up!");}}, 1000);</script>—ticks down every second, stops at 0 with an alert.

Explanation: HTML holds the value, CSS enhances visibility, JavaScript drives the logic (interval,
condition).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Use Case: A quiz app limits answer time, heightening engagement and urgency—static pages can’t
replicate this.

15. Why is understanding operator precedence critical in JavaScript, and how does it affect a
calculation like 5 + 3 * 2, with examples, pitfalls, and coding best practices?

Operator precedence sets calculation order: multiplication/division (*, /) outrank

addition/subtraction (+, -). In 5 + 3 * 2, 3 * 2 = 6 runs first, then 5 + 6 = 11—not 5 + 3 = 8, then 8 * 2
= 16.

Pitfall: Misassuming left-to-right (e.g., 10 - 2 + 3 is 8 + 3 = 11, not 10 - 5 = 5). Example: var cost =
100 - 20 * 2;—expecting 60 (wrong) gets 60 (right: 100 - 40).

Real-world: A shopping cart with price + tax * qty miscalculates totals without precedence clarity.
Best Practice: Use parentheses (e.g., (5 + 3) * 2 = 16) for explicit intent, ensuring predictable results
in financial or scientific code.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 4

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is data science primarily described as in the chapter?

Choices: a) A programming language b) An interdisciplinary field c) A type of hardware d) A
statistical tool
2. Which disciplines are combined in data science?
Choices: a) Biology, Chemistry, Physics b) Computer Science, Mathematics, Business Knowledge c)
History, Geography, Art d) Literature, Music, Sports
3. What is data defined as in the chapter?
Choices: a) A software application b) A collection of information or facts c) A type of algorithm d)
A graphical chart
4. What does data analytics involve?
Choices: a) Collecting hardware b) Examining data to identify patterns c) Writing code only d)
Storing data in files
5. What is a dataset?
Choices: a) A random collection of numbers b) A structured collection of data c) A type of software
d) An unprocessed video file
6. What is the role of statistics in data science?
Choices: a) To design websites b) To analyze past events and predict future ones c) To store data d)
To create animations
7. Which field uses algorithms to imitate human learning?
Choices: a) Data Visualization b) Machine Learning c) Statistics d) Data Mining
8. What is deep learning a subset of?
Choices: a) Data Mining b) Machine Learning c) Big Data d) Statistics
9. What does data mining focus on?
Choices: a) Creating new data b) Discovering patterns in existing datasets c) Storing data d)
Visualizing data
10. What is the purpose of data visualization?
Choices: a) To hide data b) To represent data graphically c) To delete data d) To encrypt data
11. What does big data refer to?
Choices: a) Small datasets b) Large, complex datasets c) Single values d) Processed tables
12. Which of the following is an application of data science?
Choices: a) Playing games b) Predictive analytics c) Writing novels d) Cooking recipes
13. What is predictive analysis used for?
Choices: a) To store data b) To predict future trends based on historical data c) To design hardware
d) To edit images
14. What is an example of a business problem solved by data science?
Choices: a) Choosing the best shipping routes b) Painting a house c) Writing a song d) Planting a
garden
15. Which industry uses data science for demand forecasting?
Choices: a) Consumer goods b) Agriculture c) Aviation d) Healthcare
16. What type of data describes objects by categories?
Choices: a) Quantitative b) Qualitative c) Discrete d) Continuous
17. Which data type has a specific order or ranking?
Choices: a) Nominal b) Ordinal c) Discrete d) Continuous
18. What is an example of nominal data?
Choices: a) Test grades b) Gender c) Height d) Temperature
19. Which data type involves numeric values?
Choices: a) Qualitative b) Quantitative c) Ordinal d) Nominal
20. What is discrete data?
Choices: a) Data with infinite values b) Data with specific, countable values c) Unordered data d)
Visual data

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

21. What is an example of continuous data?

Choices: a) Number of students b) Daily wind speed c) Number of cars d) Ticket sales
22. What is a source of primary data?
Choices: a) Published books b) Surveys c) Social media posts d) Government records
23. What is secondary data?
Choices: a) Data collected directly by the user b) Data collected from existing sources c) Real-time
data d) Unprocessed data
24. What is a database?
Choices: a) A single dataset b) An organized collection of data in multiple tables c) A type of chart
d) A programming language
25. What manages data in a database?
Choices: a) DBMS b) HTML c) CSS d) JavaScript
26. Which DBMS is used for relational databases?
Choices: a) MongoDB b) MySQL c) Cassandra d) NoSQL
27. What is an example of a non-relational database?
Choices: a) MySQL b) Oracle c) MongoDB d) MS-Access
28. Why are databases important in data science?
Choices: a) To design graphics b) To manage and store large amounts of data c) To write code d) To
create websites
29. What does a supermarket use data science for?
Choices: a) To cook food b) To place products on shelves c) To paint walls d) To play music
30. What is a method of primary data collection?
Choices: a) Online databases b) Interviews c) Published sources d) Past research
31. What is an example of secondary data collection?
Choices: a) Surveys b) Social media posts c) Experiments d) Observations
32. What is a common data storage method?
Choices: a) Cloud storage b) Paper records c) Audio files d) Text editors
33. What does data visualization use to represent data?
Choices: a) Code b) Charts and graphs c) Databases d) Sensors
34. What does summary statistics provide?
Choices: a) A detailed report b) A quick overview of data characteristics c) A new dataset d) A
prediction model
35. What are the three Vs of big data?
Choices: a) Vision, Value, Variety b) Volume, Velocity, Variety c) Volume, Vision, Value d)
Velocity, Variety, Vision
36. What does "volume" refer to in big data?
Choices: a) Speed of data b) Amount of data c) Types of data d) Quality of data
37. What does "velocity" indicate in big data?
Choices: a) Data variety b) Data size c) Speed of data processing d) Data storage
38. What does "variety" mean in big data?
Choices: a) Speed of data b) Different types and formats of data c) Volume of data d) Data accuracy
39. When did the term "big data" emerge?
Choices: a) 1990s b) Early 2000s c) 1980s d) 2010s
40. What tool was developed in 2005 to manage big data?
Choices: a) MySQL b) Hadoop c) MongoDB d) Oracle
41. What is an advantage of big data in product development?
Choices: a) Reduced data size b) Anticipating customer demand c) Slower processing d) Limited
insights
42. How does big data improve customer experience?
Choices: a) By deleting data b) By gathering data from multiple sources c) By reducing data variety
d) By slowing analysis
43. What is a challenge of big data?
Choices: a) Data quality b) Easy storage c) Simple integration d) Low volume
44. Where is big data applied in healthcare?
Choices: a) Predicting epidemics b) Designing websites c) Writing code d) Playing games

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

45. How does big data benefit media and entertainment?

Choices: a) By reducing content b) By predicting viewer preferences c) By slowing production d) By
limiting ads
46. What role does big data play in IoT?
Choices: a) Reducing data b) Analyzing data from devices c) Storing code d) Designing hardware
47. How does big data help manufacturing?
Choices: a) Predictive maintenance b) Writing software c) Creating charts d) Playing videos
48. What is a government benefit of big data?
Choices: a) Increased costs b) Improved services c) Reduced data d) Slower operations
49. What is an example of a big data application?
Choices: a) Weather forecasting b) Drawing pictures c) Writing novels d) Cooking meals
50. What does NLP stand for in data science?
Choices: a) Natural Language Processing b) Numeric Learning Program c) Network Language
Protocol d) New Logic Process

Answers
1. b) An interdisciplinary field 2. b) Computer Science, Mathematics, Business Knowledge 3. b) A collection of
information or facts 4. b) Examining data to identify patterns 5. b) A structured collection of data 6. b) To
analyze past events and predict future ones 7. b) Machine Learning 8. b) Machine Learning 9. b) Discovering
patterns in existing datasets 10. b) To represent data graphically 11. b) Large, complex datasets 12. b)
Predictive analytics 13. b) To predict future trends based on historical data 14. a) Choosing the best shipping
routes 15. a) Consumer goods 16. b) Qualitative 17. b) Ordinal 18. b) Gender 19. b) Quantitative 20. b) Data
with specific, countable values 21. b) Daily wind speed 22. b) Surveys 23. b) Data collected from existing
sources 24. b) An organized collection of data in multiple tables 25. a) DBMS 26. b) MySQL 27. c)
MongoDB 28. b) To manage and store large amounts of data 29. b) To place products on shelves 30. b)
Interviews 31. b) Social media posts 32. a) Cloud storage 33. b) Charts and graphs 34. b) A quick overview of
data characteristics 35. b) Volume, Velocity, Variety 36. b) Amount of data 37. c) Speed of data processing
38. b) Different types and formats of data 39. b) Early 2000s 40. b) Hadoop 41. b) Anticipating customer
demand 42. b) By gathering data from multiple sources 43. a) Data quality 44. a) Predicting epidemics 45. b)
By predicting viewer preferences 46. b) Analyzing data from devices 47. a) Predictive maintenance 48. b)
Improved services 49. a) Weather forecasting 50. a) Natural Language Processing

2. Short Questions and Answers

1. What’s the primary goal of Unit 4, and what skills does it aim to develop?
Unit 4 explores data science, blending computer science, math, and business insight to turn raw data
into actionable knowledge (e.g., predicting sales trends). It builds skills in collecting, analyzing, and
visualizing data, preparing you to solve real-world problems like optimizing delivery routes.
2. How does a computer system relate to data in modern life?
Computers process vast, ever-growing data (e.g., social media posts, sales records), transforming it
into meaningful info via programming and analysis. They’ve revolutionized work (e.g., automated
payroll), communication (e.g., email), and entertainment (e.g., streaming analytics).
3. What is data, and how can it be represented?
Data is collected facts—numbers (e.g., 25°C), text (e.g., “sunny”), sounds (e.g., bird chirps), or
images (e.g., a photo). It’s raw info, like temperatures in an experiment or survey responses about
favorite subjects.
4. What’s data analytics, and how does it make data meaningful?
Data analytics examines data to find patterns or conclusions (e.g., graphing hourly temps to spot
warming trends). It uses stats, math, and tools like charts to turn numbers into insights, like noticing
peak sales hours.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

5. How do data and data analytics differ, with an example?

Data is raw info (e.g., daily sales: 50, 60, 45); data analytics processes it (e.g., averaging 51.67 to
gauge performance). Data is the input, analytics the output—like collecting votes vs. tallying
winners.
6. What defines data science, and what fields does it combine?
Data science extracts insights from data using computer science (e.g., coding), math/stats (e.g.,
probability), and business knowledge (e.g., market trends). It’s interdisciplinary, turning raw
numbers into decisions, like predicting customer demand.
7. Why is data science considered a pipeline from data to insights?
It flows from collecting data (e.g., customer reviews), analyzing it (e.g., sentiment scores), to
delivering insights (e.g., “80% positive”). Each step refines raw info into usable knowledge, like a
factory processing ore into steel.
8. What’s a dataset, and how does it relate to data?
A dataset is an organized data collection (e.g., a table of patient blood pressures), linked by a
purpose (e.g., heart study). It’s a subset of data, structured for analysis, unlike scattered raw facts.
9. How do statistics and probability contribute to data science?
Statistics analyzes past frequencies (e.g., 30% of users clicked an ad); probability predicts future
odds (e.g., 70% chance of rain). Together, they spot trends (e.g., peak shopping times) and forecast
outcomes.
10. What role does mathematics play in data science?
Mathematics simplifies complex data (e.g., optimizing ad budgets with equations) and boosts model
accuracy (e.g., regression for sales forecasts). It’s the logic backbone for interpreting numbers into
clear decisions.
11. What’s machine learning, and how does it mimic human learning?
Machine learning (ML) uses algorithms and data (e.g., past purchases) to learn patterns (e.g.,
recommend items), imitating human adaptation without explicit rules. It’s like a child learning
preferences from experience.
12. How does deep learning differ from machine learning?
Deep learning, a subset of ML, uses neural networks to mimic brain behavior (e.g., recognizing
faces in photos), handling complex tasks (e.g., speech translation) where basic ML (e.g., simple
predictions) falls short.
13. What’s data mining, and how does it fit into data science?
Data mining uncovers patterns in datasets (e.g., frequent item pairs in sales), a focused subset of
data science. It uses limited tools (e.g., clustering) compared to data science’s broader scope (e.g.,
ML, stats).
14. What’s data visualization, and why is it valuable?
Data visualization graphs data (e.g., a bar chart of sales by month) to reveal trends (e.g., holiday
spikes). It’s valuable because visuals simplify complex info, making insights (e.g., “December
booms”) instant and clear.
15. What’s big data, and how does it enhance analysis?
Big data is massive, varied datasets (e.g., millions of tweets), processed fast to find deep patterns
(e.g., public sentiment). Its scale boosts accuracy in ML models, like predicting election outcomes.
16. What’s predictive analysis, and how does it work?
Predictive analysis forecasts trends using historical data (e.g., past delays predict flight times). It
applies stats and ML to estimate future events, like next year’s revenue based on sales growth.
17. What’s natural language processing (NLP), and its common uses?
NLP bridges human language and computers (e.g., parsing “I’m happy” for sentiment). Uses include
chatbots (e.g., customer service), translators (e.g., Google Translate), and analyzing reviews for
emotions.
18. How does data science solve real-world problems, with an example?
It turns data into decisions—e.g., analyzing traffic data to optimize shipping routes, reducing costs
and delays. It applies across fields like healthcare (e.g., predicting outbreaks) or marketing (e.g.,
targeting ads).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

19. What’s a business problem, and how does data science address it?
A business problem is a gap (e.g., low sales) needing action. Data science analyzes data (e.g.,
customer purchases) to find solutions (e.g., stock popular items), bridging the gap with informed
choices.
20. How does data science optimize shipping routes?
It analyzes traffic, weather, and delivery data (e.g., 100 routes) to pick the fastest, cheapest paths
(e.g., avoid rush hour). This cuts fuel costs and speeds up logistics for companies like Amazon.
21. How can data science predict flight delays?
Using historical data (e.g., weather, past delays), it applies predictive models (e.g., ML) to forecast
risks (e.g., “30% chance of delay”). Airlines use this to adjust schedules proactively.
22. What’s an example of data science in promotional offers?
Analyzing purchase data (e.g., soda outsells juice) helps craft targeted deals (e.g., “Buy 2 sodas, get
1 free”). This boosts sales by matching offers to customer preferences.
23. How does data science aid consumer goods industries?
It forecasts demand (e.g., more coats in winter) and optimizes inventory (e.g., stock 500 units),
reducing waste and ensuring products (e.g., toothpaste) are available when needed.
24. What’s the role of data science in stock markets?
It powers algorithmic trading (e.g., buy low, sell high) and sentiment analysis (e.g., news impacts
stock prices), using ML to predict volatility and guide investments.
25. How does data science enhance e-commerce?
It drives recommendation systems (e.g., “You might like this book”), segments customers (e.g.,
frequent buyers), and detects fraud (e.g., odd transactions), improving sales and trust.
26. What’s qualitative data, and how is it categorized?
Qualitative data describes non-numeric traits (e.g., colors: red, blue). It’s split into ordinal (e.g.,
grades: A, B, C) with order, and nominal (e.g., cities: Lahore, Karachi) without order.
27. What’s an example of ordinal data?
Ordinal data ranks items—e.g., survey ratings (1 = poor, 5 = excellent) show preference order but
not exact differences, useful for feedback analysis.
28. What’s nominal data, and how does it differ from ordinal?
Nominal data labels categories without rank—e.g., transportation (car, bus)—unlike ordinal (e.g.,
low, medium, high), which orders. It’s for grouping, not comparing.
29. What’s quantitative data, and its subtypes?
Quantitative data is numeric (e.g., height: 170 cm), split into discrete (e.g., 3 apples, countable)
and continuous (e.g., 2.5 kg, measurable), enabling math-based insights.
30. How does discrete data differ from continuous data?
Discrete is fixed values (e.g., 5 tickets sold), countable with gaps; continuous flows between points
(e.g., 3.14 liters), measurable infinitely, like time or temperature.
31. What are primary data sources, and an example?
Primary data is collected firsthand (e.g., surveys, sensors)—e.g., asking 50 people their favorite
movie gathers original responses, unfiltered by others.
32. What’s secondary data, and how is it sourced?
Secondary data uses existing records (e.g., past sales reports from a database), sourced from books,
websites, or prior studies, saving time but lacking direct control.
33. What’s a dataset versus a database?
A dataset is one organized data set (e.g., a table of student grades); a database is a system storing
multiple datasets (e.g., school records), accessible via tools like MySQL.
34. What’s a Database Management System (DBMS), and its role?
A DBMS (e.g., Oracle) manages databases, enabling creation (e.g., new tables), updates (e.g., add
records), and retrieval (e.g., query sales), streamlining data handling.
35. How do relational and non-relational databases differ?
Relational (e.g., MySQL) use tables with rows/columns; non-relational (e.g., MongoDB) store
flexible formats (e.g., key-value pairs), suiting structured vs. unstructured data needs.
36. Why are databases critical in data science?
They organize massive data (e.g., customer purchases) for efficient analysis (e.g., trend spotting),
replacing chaotic file systems with structured access, like supermarket stock tracking.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

37. How did supermarkets evolve with data science?

Data science tracks sales (e.g., milk sells fast) and seasons (e.g., festival spikes), placing short-shelf-
life items upfront and stocking high-demand goods, enhancing shopping ease and profit.
38. What’s primary data collection, and a method example?
Primary collection gathers fresh data (e.g., interviews)—e.g., asking shopkeepers about sales
directly provides raw, specific insights, tailored to your question.
39. What’s secondary data collection, and an example?
Secondary collection uses existing data (e.g., government reports)—e.g., analyzing past weather
records to predict rain, leveraging prior work for quick insights.
40. What’s data storage, and why is it essential?
Data storage saves data (e.g., in cloud or databases) for analysis (e.g., sales trends). It’s essential to
manage volume and ensure accessibility, preventing loss or chaos.
41. What are common data storage methods?
Methods include relational databases (e.g., MySQL for tables), NoSQL (e.g., MongoDB for
videos), cloud storage (e.g., Google Drive), and data warehouses (e.g., enterprise analytics), each
fitting data types.
42. What’s data visualization, and an example?
Data visualization shows data graphically (e.g., a line graph of monthly income) to spot patterns
(e.g., festival peaks), making complex stats digestible for decisions.
43. What’s summary statistics, and what does it include?
Summary statistics condenses data (e.g., test scores) into metrics—count (e.g., 50 students),
min/max (e.g., 40/95), mean (e.g., 72), and standard deviation (e.g., 10)—revealing trends and
spread.
44. Why are summary statistics necessary?
They summarize data (e.g., average rainfall) for quick insights, aiding cleaning (e.g., spot errors),
preprocessing (e.g., normalize), and visualization (e.g., graph averages), streamlining analysis.
45. What are the three Vs of big data?
Volume (e.g., terabytes of logs), Velocity (e.g., real-time tweets), Variety (e.g., text, video)—they
define big data’s scale, speed, and diversity, challenging traditional tools.
46. How did big data evolve historically?
Emerging in the 2000s, big data grew with platforms like Facebook (2005) and tools like Hadoop,
managing vast user data (e.g., posts, clicks), fueled further by IoT and ML advancements.
47. How does big data benefit product development?
It analyzes customer data (e.g., survey preferences) to predict demand (e.g., sleek phones), guiding
companies (e.g., Apple) to design products that sell, cutting guesswork.
48. What’s a big data challenge, and its impact?
Data quality—errors (e.g., duplicate entries) skew analysis (e.g., wrong sales forecasts), wasting
time and leading to bad decisions, like overstocking unpopular items.
49. How does big data apply to healthcare?
It tracks patient data (e.g., wearables) to predict outbreaks (e.g., flu spread) or optimize treatments
(e.g., best drug doses), improving care and saving lives with precise insights.
50. Why is big data vital for IoT?
IoT devices (e.g., smart thermostats) generate huge data (e.g., usage logs); big data analyzes it (e.g.,
adjust settings), unlocking personalized, efficient solutions like energy savings.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. How does data science integrate computer science, mathematics, and business knowledge, and
why is this interdisciplinary approach critical for solving modern problems, with examples
across industries?
Data science is a fusion of three pillars: Computer science provides tools like programming (e.g.,
Python scripts to scrape web data) and databases (e.g., MySQL to store sales records), enabling
efficient data handling. Mathematics and statistics offer analytical rigor—e.g., linear algebra
optimizes machine learning models, while probability (e.g., 60% chance of customer churn) predicts

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

outcomes. Business knowledge contextualizes data—e.g., understanding retail seasons (e.g., holiday
spikes) ensures insights align with goals like profit maximization.
Integration Example: In healthcare, computer science processes patient data (e.g., 10,000 EHRs via
Hadoop), stats identify trends (e.g., 20% higher diabetes in a region), and business insight prioritizes
interventions (e.g., target clinics). In finance, coding tracks trades, math models risks (e.g., VaR
calculations), and market savvy spots opportunities (e.g., bullish trends).
Why Critical: No single field suffices—programming without stats misses patterns, math without
context lacks purpose, and business without tools can’t scale. This triad solves complex modern
issues—e.g., optimizing Amazon’s supply chain (routes, stock) or predicting election outcomes
(voter data)—where volume, speed, and stakes demand holistic precision.
2. What’s the difference between data, data analytics, and data science, and how do they interact
in a practical scenario like weather forecasting, including tools and potential pitfalls?
Data is raw, unprocessed facts—e.g., hourly weather readings (25°C, 70% humidity) from sensors.
Data analytics examines this to uncover patterns—e.g., plotting temps in Excel to note a 5°C rise
daily, using basic stats (e.g., averages). Data science extends further, integrating ML and advanced
stats to predict—e.g., training a model in Python (scikit-learn) on 5 years of data to forecast “rain
tomorrow, 85% probability.”
Interaction in Weather Forecasting: Sensors collect data (e.g., wind speed, pressure), analytics
graphs trends (e.g., pressure drops signal storms), and data science predicts (e.g., storm path via
neural networks). Tools include SQL for data storage, R for stats, and TensorFlow for ML.
Pitfalls: Data errors (e.g., faulty sensors) skew analytics; limited historical data weakens predictions.
They interact as a pipeline—data feeds analytics, which informs data science—delivering forecasts
that guide evacuations or farming.
3. How does a dataset differ from raw data, and why is structuring data into datasets essential for
analysis, with an example from medical research and its impact on outcomes?
Raw data is unstructured—e.g., a doctor’s notes scribbled as “Patient A: 120/80, 3/1/23; Patient B:
140/90, 3/2/23.” A dataset organizes it—e.g., a CSV with columns: ID, BP_Systolic, BP_Diastolic,
Date (A, 120, 80, 3/1/23). Difference: Raw data lacks order, making it hard to query (e.g., “average
BP?”); datasets are processed, searchable, and purpose-driven (e.g., hypertension study).
Medical Example: Raw BP readings from 1,000 patients are chaotic; a dataset tabulates them,
enabling analysis (e.g., mean systolic: 130, 10% above 140). Tools like pandas in Python filter high-
risk cases, revealing trends (e.g., age correlates with BP).
Why Essential: Unstructured data slows analysis (manual tallying) and risks errors (e.g., misread
notes). Structured datasets speed insights (e.g., 15% need meds) and improve outcomes (e.g.,
targeted treatments), critical in time-sensitive fields like medicine.
4. What’s the role of machine learning in data science, and how does it differ from traditional
programming, with a detailed example of spam email detection, including algorithms and
evaluation?
Machine learning (ML) in data science learns from data to make predictions—e.g., spotting spam
without predefined rules. Traditional programming codes explicit logic—e.g., if "Prize" in email,
mark spam. ML trains models (e.g., on 10,000 emails) to generalize patterns (e.g., spammy words),
adapting to new tricks (e.g., “Prisze”).
Spam Detection Example: Dataset: 5,000 emails (2,500 spam, 2,500 legit). Features: word
frequency (e.g., “free” in 80% spam). Algorithm: Naive Bayes calculates probabilities (e.g., P(spam |
“free”) = 0.9), predicting new emails (e.g., “Win free cash” = 95% spam). Evaluation: Accuracy
(90% correct), precision (few false positives).
Difference: Traditional needs every rule (slow, rigid); ML scales (e.g., catches evolving scams). It’s
key in data science for tasks like fraud detection or image recognition, where rules can’t keep up.
5. How does data visualization enhance decision-making, and what’s a step-by-step example of
visualizing supermarket sales data, including tools, outputs, and business impact?
Data visualization transforms numbers into visuals (e.g., charts), speeding insight—e.g., a spike in a
graph beats scanning a 1,000-row table. It highlights trends (e.g., sales dips) for fast, informed
choices.
Supermarket Example: Step 1: Collect data—monthly sales ($5K Jan, $12K Dec). Step 2: Choose
a tool (e.g., Tableau) and plot a bar chart (x-axis: months, y-axis: revenue). Step 3: Output—

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

December’s bar towers, showing a festival peak. Step 4: Insight—stock more in Q4.
Tools: Excel for basics, Tableau for interactivity (e.g., hover shows $12K). Impact: Managers order
extra goods (e.g., 1,000 more units), boosting profit 20% vs. missing the trend in raw data. It’s a
decision accelerator across industries.
6. What are the three Vs of big data, and how do they apply to a real-world example like social
media analytics, with specific metrics and processing challenges?
Volume: Data size—e.g., 500M tweets daily. Velocity: Speed—e.g., 1,000 posts/second during
events. Variety: Formats—e.g., text (“Love this!”), images (memes), videos (reels).
Social Media Analytics: Twitter tracks volume (e.g., 10TB of data/week), velocity (e.g., real-time
#Oscars trends), and variety (e.g., parsing tweets, GIFs, polls). Metrics: sentiment score (70%
positive), engagement (50K retweets). Processing: Hadoop stores volume, Spark handles velocity,
NLP tackles variety.
Challenges: Volume strains storage (e.g., petabytes), velocity demands instant analysis (e.g., crash
risks), variety needs preprocessing (e.g., align text and video). It enables targeting ads or spotting
crises (e.g., viral outrage) from chaotic streams.
7. How does predictive analysis work, and how can it be applied to forecast a company’s revenue,
including tools, data requirements, and potential errors with mitigation strategies?
Predictive analysis forecasts using historical data and models. Process: Collect data (e.g., sales:
$1M 2022, $1.1M 2023), apply stats (e.g., growth rate: 10%), use ML (e.g., time-series in Python) to
predict (e.g., $1.21M 2024).
Revenue Example: Tools: R (ARIMA model), Excel (trend lines). Data: 5 years of monthly sales,
external factors (e.g., GDP). Steps: Clean data (remove outliers like $0 glitch), fit model, predict
$1.21M with 95% confidence.
Errors: Missing variables (e.g., competitor launches) or bad data (e.g., typos). Mitigation: Cross-
validate with trends (e.g., industry growth), update models (e.g., quarterly). It guides budgeting or
investment with calculated risks.
8. What distinguishes qualitative and quantitative data types, and how are they used together in a
customer satisfaction survey, with examples, analysis methods, and combined insights?
Qualitative: Non-numeric, categorical—e.g., “happy” (nominal), “1-5 satisfaction” (ordinal).
Quantitative: Numeric—e.g., 100 responses (discrete), 4.3 average rating (continuous). Difference:
Qualitative describes (e.g., feelings), quantitative measures (e.g., scale).
Survey Example: Questions—“How do you feel?” (happy/sad), “Rate us 1-5.” Data: 80% “happy”
(qualitative), 4.3 mean score (quantitative). Analysis: Text analysis counts “happy” (NLP), stats
compute mean/std dev (Excel).

Combined: “Happy” aligns with 4.3, but 20% “sad” with low scores (e.g., 2) flags issues (e.g., slow
service), driving fixes (e.g., staff training). Together, they offer depth (why) and breadth (how
many).

9. How do primary and secondary data collection methods differ, and what’s a practical example
of each in studying traffic patterns, including collection steps, pros/cons, and integration?
Primary: Direct, original—e.g., counting cars via sensors. Secondary: Pre-existing—e.g., city
traffic logs. Difference: Primary is tailored (e.g., your street), secondary is ready-made (e.g.,
historical).
Traffic Example: Primary: Install counters (e.g., 200 cars/hour, 3 PM); steps—deploy, record,
tally. Pros: Specific, current; Cons: Costly, slow. Secondary: Use 2022 reports (e.g., 5 PM jams);
steps—access, filter, analyze. Pros: Fast, cheap; Cons: Outdated, broad.
Integration: Primary pinpoints live bottlenecks, secondary reveals yearly trends (e.g., rush hour
shifts), combining for a full plan (e.g., adjust signals). It balances precision and scope.
10. What’s the significance of databases in data science, and how did they evolve from file systems,
with a supermarket case study detailing data flow and business outcomes?
Significance: Databases (e.g., PostgreSQL) store structured data (e.g., sales: Item, Qty, Date) for fast
queries (e.g., “top seller?”), enabling data science’s scale and speed vs. file systems’ chaos (e.g., text
logs). Evolution: 1960s DBMS (e.g., IMS) replaced files, adding structure (tables) and access

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

(SQL), spurred by data growth.

Supermarket Case: Old: Files logged “Milk, 10, 1/1” manually—slow, error-prone. Now: Database
tracks Milk, 500 sold, Dec, queried for trends (e.g., festive spikes via SELECT SUM(qty) WHERE
month=12). Flow: POS logs sales, DBMS stores, ML predicts—e.g., stock 600 milk pre-festival.
Outcome: 15% profit rise, efficient shelves.
11. How does data science improve business operations, and what’s a detailed example in logistics,
including data sources, techniques, and measurable benefits?
Improvement: Data science optimizes via analysis—e.g., cutting costs, speeding processes.
Logistics Example: Data: GPS (routes), weather (delays), orders (1,000 daily). Techniques: ML
(e.g., clustering in Python) finds best paths, predictive analysis flags delays. Steps: Map 50 routes,
score efficiency (e.g., 2 hours vs. 3), predict rain impact (e.g., +30 min).
Benefits: UPS saves $50M yearly (per reports) via ORION—10% less fuel (e.g., 100K gallons),
20% faster deliveries (e.g., 1,000 packages/day). It turns raw logistics into streamlined profit.
12. What’s the role of summary statistics in data analysis, and how do they guide preprocessing
with an example from student test scores, including metrics, tools, and preprocessing steps?
Role: Summary statistics (e.g., mean, variance) distill data traits, guiding analysis. Example:
Scores—50, 60, 95, 70. Metrics: Count: 4, min: 50, max: 95, mean: 68.75, std dev: 18.5 (via Excel).
Insight: High std dev flags 95 as outlier.
Preprocessing: Step 1: Verify 95 (e.g., typo?), Step 2: Normalize (e.g., scale to 0-1 in Python), Step
3: Remove if invalid (e.g., mean drops to 60). Tools: Pandas calculates, Jupyter visualizes. It ensures
clean, reliable data for fair grading or modeling.
13. How does big data enhance healthcare, and what’s a specific application with wearables,
including benefits, challenges, data flow, and ethical considerations?
Enhancement: Big data processes vast health data for insights. Application: Wearables (e.g., Fitbit)
track heart rates (e.g., 70 bpm), syncing to EHRs. Data Flow: Device logs (10,000 readings/day),
cloud stores (AWS), ML predicts (e.g., tachycardia risk via TensorFlow).
Benefits: Alerts doctors (e.g., 5% at risk), optimizes drugs (e.g., dose adjustments), cuts costs (e.g.,
20% fewer visits). Challenges: Volume strains servers, privacy risks breaches (e.g., hacked data),
quality needs checks (e.g., sensor drift). Ethics: Consent (e.g., opt-in), anonymization (e.g., no
names)—balancing care with rights.
14. What are the advantages and challenges of big data in manufacturing, and how do they impact
production with an example, including metrics, tools, and trade-offs?
Advantages: Predictive maintenance (e.g., fix machines pre-failure saves 30% downtime), quality
(e.g., 10% fewer defects via anomaly detection). Challenges: Integration (e.g., sync 50 sensors), tool
complexity (e.g., Hadoop vs. Spark compatibility).
Example: Car plant tracks engine data (e.g., 1M parts’ temp logs), Spark predicts failures (e.g., 5%
risk), improving output (e.g., 500 extra cars/month). Trade-offs: High setup cost (e.g., $1M) vs.
long-term gains (e.g., $5M saved). It boosts efficiency but demands tech investment.
15. How does data science and big data revolutionize e-commerce, and what’s a case study of a
recommendation system improving sales, including data types, algorithms, and business
impact?
Revolution: Data science analyzes behavior; big data scales it (e.g., 100M clicks). Case Study:
Amazon. Data: Purchases (quantitative—1M books sold), reviews (qualitative—“loved it”), clicks
(discrete—50K/day). Algorithm: Collaborative filtering (e.g., “users like you bought X”) via ML
(e.g., AWS SageMaker).
Process: Train on 10M users, predict (e.g., 80% thriller fans buy Y), suggest live. Impact: 35% sales
boost (per estimates), $1B+ revenue (e.g., 2010s reports), but needs quality data (e.g., filter bots)
and privacy care (e.g., opt-out). It personalizes shopping, driving loyalty and profit.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 5

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) primarily focused on?

Choices: a) Designing hardware b) Creating intelligent machines c) Writing traditional code d)
Building databases
2. What is Machine Learning a field within?
Choices: a) Cloud Computing b) Artificial Intelligence c) Data Storage d) Web Development
3. What does Machine Learning enable computers to do?
Choices: a) Store data only b) Learn from data without direct programming c) Design graphics d)
Create websites
4. What is the main difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
Choices: a) Supervised uses labeled data, unsupervised does not b) Unsupervised uses formulas,
supervised does not c) Supervised is faster, unsupervised is slower d) Unsupervised predicts,
supervised does not
5. What is an example of a supervised learning task?
Choices: a) Clustering customers b) Predicting car prices c) Grouping images d) Finding hidden
patterns
6. What technique does unsupervised learning use to find patterns?
Choices: a) Formulas b) Clustering c) Predictions d) Labeling
7. What is a potential harm of AI algorithms?
Choices: a) Increased accuracy b) Bias leading to discrimination c) Faster processing d) Better
security
8. What can inaccurate AI algorithms in healthcare cause?
Choices: a) Improved diagnosis b) Wrong medicine recommendations c) Faster treatment d)
Enhanced security
9. How can AI-based automation impact jobs?
Choices: a) Create more jobs b) Lead to job losses c) Improve manual labor d) Reduce automation
10. What is a benefit of AI systems in hospitals?
Choices: a) Slower diagnosis b) Early disease detection c) Reduced accuracy d) Increased costs
11. How does AI assist in transportation?
Choices: a) Suggests shortest routes b) Increases traffic c) Reduces safety d) Limits travel options
12. What is an ethical issue with ChatGPT?
Choices: a) Improved coding b) Plagiarism in schools c) Faster responses d) Enhanced security
13. What is Grammarly primarily used for?
Choices: a) Speech conversion b) Correcting spelling and grammar c) Creating videos d) Predicting
prices
14. What is a limitation of Grammarly?
Choices: a) 100% accuracy b) Misses some mistakes c) Replaces proofreading d) Slow processing
15. What does Lovo ai convert?
Choices: a) Images to text b) Text to speech c) Speech to video d) Text to images
16. What ethical issue is associated with virtual assistants?
Choices: a) Improved usability b) Data privacy risks c) Faster responses d) Better graphics
17. What is a use of speech recognition?
Choices: a) Image editing b) Dictating text c) Video creation d) Data storage
18. What is a disadvantage of speech recognition?
Choices: a) High accuracy b) Difficulty with different pronunciations c) Fast processing d) Easy
setup
19. What does computer vision enable computers to do?
Choices: a) Understand speech b) Analyze images and videos c) Predict prices d) Store data
20. Where is computer vision applied?
Choices: a) Healthcare b) Gaming c) Agriculture d) Education
21. What is the purpose of Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
Choices: a) Image recognition b) Understanding human language c) Data storage d) Hardware design

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

22. What is an application of NLP?

Choices: a) Facial recognition b) Language translation c) Traffic analysis d) Product design
23. What is an expert system designed to do?
Choices: a) Play games b) Solve complex problems like human experts c) Store data d) Design
websites
24. Where are expert systems used?
Choices: a) Gaming b) Loan analysis c) Video editing d) Web browsing
25. What is the first step in developing an expert system?
Choices: a) Making predictions b) Collecting knowledge from experts c) Writing code d) Testing
hardware
26. What is robotics concerned with?
Choices: a) Speech recognition b) Computer-controlled machines c) Data storage d) Grammar
checking
27. Where are robots commonly used?
Choices: a) Manufacturing b) Gaming c) Writing essays d) Web design
28. How does AI assist in healthcare?
Choices: a) Slows diagnosis b) Scans blood samples c) Reduces security d) Limits treatment
29. What is a benefit of AI in education?
Choices: a) Reduces learning b) Adapts to student needs c) Slows grading d) Limits scheduling
30. How does AI enhance gaming?
Choices: a) Simplifies games b) Makes opponents seem intelligent c) Reduces graphics d) Slows
gameplay
31. What is a use of AI in agriculture?
Choices: a) Playing music b) Monitoring livestock health c) Writing code d) Designing cars
32. How does AI filter emails in daily life?
Choices: a) Deletes all emails b) Sends spam to trash c) Increases spam d) Slows email access
33. What technology is used in self-driving cars?
Choices: a) NLP b) AI with sensors and cameras c) Cloud storage d) Grammar tools
34. How does AI benefit business?
Choices: a) Reduces productivity b) Improves customer service c) Slows decisions d) Limits growth
35. Where is AI used in defense?
Choices: a) Gaming b) Detecting threats c) Writing essays d) Storing images
36. What is a chatbot?
Choices: a) A gaming tool b) An AI program for customer queries c) A storage system d) A grammar
checker
37. What is a benefit of chatbots in business?
Choices: a) Increased costs b) 24/7 customer service c) Reduced sales d) Slower responses
38. What does cloud computing deliver over the Internet?
Choices: a) Physical devices b) Computing services like storage and software c) Games only d)
Hardware designs
39. What is a feature of public cloud?
Choices: a) Owned by one organization b) Managed by a service provider c) Limited access d) Slow
connectivity
40. What defines a private cloud?
Choices: a) Shared resources b) Dedicated to one organization c) Public access d) No maintenance
41. What is a hybrid cloud?
Choices: a) Only public cloud b) Only private cloud c) Combination of public and private d) No
Internet access
42. What is an advantage of cloud computing?
Choices: a) Limited access b) Access from anywhere c) Increased hardware costs d) Slow processing
43. What is the role of training data in machine learning?
Choices: a) Designing hardware b) Teaching the model to predict c) Storing files d) Creating
graphics
44. What can biased AI algorithms lead to?
Choices: a) Fair decisions b) Discriminatory outcomes c) Faster processing d) Improved accuracy

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

45. What is a use of AI virtual assistants like Siri?

Choices: a) Image editing b) Sending text messages c) Hardware repair d) Data deletion
46. What ethical issue arises with Lovo ai?
Choices: a) Improved audio b) Privacy violation c) Faster conversion d) Better quality
47. How does AI improve cybersecurity?
Choices: a) Increases threats b) Detects suspicious activities c) Slows systems d) Reduces protection
48. What is a challenge of AI in self-driving cars?
Choices: a) Faster travel b) Potential accidents c) Improved safety d) Reduced costs
49. What is an application of AI in manufacturing?
Choices: a) Writing essays b) Product design c) Playing games d) Email filtering
50. What does AI in defense help with?
Choices: a) Crop production b) Simulated war training c) Grammar correction d) Video editing

Answers
1. b) Creating intelligent machines 2. b) Artificial Intelligence 3. b) Learn from data without direct programming
4. a) Supervised uses labeled data, unsupervised does not 5. b) Predicting car prices 6. b) Clustering 7. b) Bias
leading to discrimination 8. b) Wrong medicine recommendations 9. b) Lead to job losses 10. b) Early disease
detection 11. a) Suggests shortest routes 12. b) Plagiarism in schools 13. b) Correcting spelling and grammar
14. b) Misses some mistakes 15. b) Text to speech 16. b) Data privacy risks 17. b) Dictating text 18. b)
Difficulty with different pronunciations 19. b) Analyze images and videos 20. a) Healthcare 21. b)
Understanding human language 22. b) Language translation 23. b) Solve complex problems like human
experts 24. b) Loan analysis 25. b) Collecting knowledge from experts 26. b) Computer-controlled machines
27. a) Manufacturing 28. b) Scans blood samples 29. b) Adapts to student needs 30. b) Makes opponents seem
intelligent 31. b) Monitoring livestock health 32. b) Sends spam to trash 33. b) AI with sensors and cameras
34. b) Improves customer service 35. b) Detecting threats 36. b) An AI program for customer queries 37. b)
24/7 customer service 38. b) Computing services like storage and software 39. b) Managed by a service
provider 40. b) Dedicated to one organization 41. c) Combination of public and private 42. b) Access from
anywhere 43. b) Teaching the model to predict 44. b) Discriminatory outcomes 45. b) Sending text messages
46. b) Privacy violation 47. b) Detects suspicious activities 48. b) Potential accidents 49. b) Product design 50.
b) Simulated war training

Short Answers

1. What’s the main focus of Unit 5, and what skills does it aim to develop?
Unit 5 explores popular computer science fields—AI, ML, and Cloud Computing—emphasizing
their applications (e.g., self-driving cars) and social impacts (e.g., ethical dilemmas). It builds skills
in understanding intelligent systems (e.g., coding ML models), analyzing data-driven decisions (e.g.,
fraud detection), and evaluating societal effects (e.g., job automation), preparing you to navigate and
innovate in a tech-driven world.
2. How does AI differ from traditional computing, and what’s an example?
AI mimics human intelligence (e.g., reasoning), unlike traditional computing, which follows explicit
rules (e.g., if x > 5). Example: Traditional code adds numbers (e.g., 3 + 4 = 7), while AI learns to
recognize faces from 10,000 images, adapting without predefined steps, showcasing its problem-
solving flexibility.
3. What defines Machine Learning, and how does it enhance AI?
ML, a subset of AI, teaches computers to learn from data (e.g., past sales) without hardcoding rules,
improving over time. It enhances AI by enabling predictions (e.g., spam detection via pattern
recognition), powering intelligent systems like Google’s search ranking, which refines results with
user data.
4. What’s supervised learning, and how does it work with an example?
Supervised learning uses labeled data (e.g., input: car features, output: price) to train models.
Example: A dataset of 1,000 cars (e.g., “V6, 4 seats, $20K”) trains a regression model in Python to
predict a new car’s price (e.g., $22K), mapping inputs to outputs accurately.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

5. What’s unsupervised learning, and how does it differ from supervised learning?
Unsupervised learning finds patterns in unlabeled data (e.g., customer purchases) via clustering,
unlike supervised learning’s labeled approach. Example: Clustering 500 buyers into groups (e.g.,
“big spenders”) vs. predicting prices from known data—unsupervised discovers, supervised predicts.
6. What are the stages of the ML process, and how do they apply to fraud detection?
Stages: 1) Collect data (e.g., 10,000 transactions), 2) Create algorithm (e.g., decision tree), 3) Train
(e.g., learn fraud patterns), 4) Build model, 5) Predict (e.g., flag odd $5K charge). In fraud detection,
this spots anomalies (e.g., 99% accuracy), protecting banks.
7. Why can AI algorithms produce wrong results, and what’s an example?
AI lacks transparency (e.g., no clear “why” in decisions) and relies on data patterns, not formulas,
risking errors. Example: An AI misdiagnoses cancer (e.g., 5% false positives) due to biased training
data (e.g., mostly older patients), showing its fallibility.
8. How can AI bias lead to harm, and what’s a real-world case?
Bias from human-coded flaws (e.g., skewed datasets) causes unfair outcomes. Case: A 2018 hiring
AI favored men (e.g., resumes with “John” over “Jane”) due to male-dominated training data,
discriminating and costing firms talent and lawsuits.
9. What’s a benefit of AI in healthcare, and how does it work?
AI improves diagnostics—e.g., spotting cancer early. It analyzes 1M scans (e.g., via deep learning in
TensorFlow), flags tumors (e.g., 95% accuracy), and alerts doctors, speeding treatment (e.g., 20%
faster) and saving lives with precision humans can’t match.
10. How does AI enhance transportation, and what’s an example?
AI optimizes travel—e.g., real-time traffic routing. Example: Google Maps uses AI to analyze 100M
GPS signals, suggesting a 10-mile detour (e.g., saves 15 minutes), cutting congestion and fuel use
(e.g., 5% less CO2) for millions daily.
11. What’s an ethical issue with ChatGPT, and how does it impact education?
ChatGPT risks plagiarism—e.g., students generate essays (e.g., 500 words in 10 seconds),
bypassing learning. It undermines assessment (e.g., teachers can’t verify originality), raising fairness
concerns and pushing schools to adapt (e.g., AI detectors).
12. How does Grammarly improve writing, and what’s a limitation?
Grammarly corrects errors (e.g., “your” to “you’re”) using NLP on 1B texts, enhancing clarity (e.g.,
80% fewer mistakes). Limitation: It misses context (e.g., flags “run” in “run a test” as vague),
requiring human review for nuanced writing.
13. What’s Lovo.ai, and what ethical concern does it raise?
Lovo.ai converts text to speech (e.g., 500 voices, 100+ languages) for ads or training, using AI to
mimic tones. Concern: Misuse—e.g., faking voices for scams (e.g., “Your bank needs $1K”), risking
trust and privacy if data leaks.
14. How do virtual assistants like Siri work, and what’s a privacy issue?
Siri uses NLP to parse voice (e.g., “call Mom”), trained on 1T+ commands, executing tasks (e.g.,
dials in 2 seconds). Privacy issue: It stores queries (e.g., location data), risking leaks (e.g., hacked
servers expose habits), eroding user trust.
15. What’s speech recognition, and how does it aid accessibility?
Speech recognition converts speech to text (e.g., “send email” to typed words) via AI models (e.g.,
trained on 100K voices). It helps disabled users (e.g., dictate texts in 1 minute vs. typing 5), boosting
independence and inclusion.
16. What’s a drawback of speech recognition, and how does it affect use?
Accents confuse it—e.g., “car” misheard as “core” in 10% of cases due to diverse pronunciations
(e.g., 50K dialects). This frustrates users (e.g., 20% abandon it), limiting adoption until accuracy
improves (e.g., 95%+).
17. What’s computer vision, and how does it work in security?
Computer vision extracts info from images/videos (e.g., IDs faces) using cameras and AI (e.g.,
trained on 1M photos). In security, it scans 100K feeds (e.g., airports), flags suspects (e.g., 98%
match), enhancing safety with speed humans can’t replicate.
18. How does NLP facilitate human-computer interaction, and what’s an example?
NLP processes language (e.g., “What’s the weather?”) via AI (e.g., parsed by 10M sentences),

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

enabling natural dialogue. Example: Alexa forecasts rain (e.g., “60% chance”) in 3 seconds,
simplifying tasks vs. typing code.
19. What’s an expert system, and how does it assist in finance?
Expert systems mimic human expertise (e.g., loan approval) using rules and data (e.g., 50K cases).
In finance, it assesses credit (e.g., income $50K, debt $10K = approved), speeding decisions (e.g., 1
minute vs. 1 hour) with 90% accuracy.
20. What are the steps to develop an expert system, and how do they apply to medical diagnosis?
Steps: 1) Gather expertise (e.g., 100 doctors’ cancer rules), 2) Build database, 3) User inputs
symptoms (e.g., cough, fever), 4) System reasons (e.g., 80% flu), 5) Outputs diagnosis. In medicine,
it flags diseases (e.g., 95% correct), aiding doctors fast.
21. What’s robotics, and how does it benefit manufacturing?
Robotics uses AI-controlled machines (e.g., with sensors) for tasks (e.g., welding). In
manufacturing, robots assemble 1M cars yearly (e.g., Tesla), cutting errors (e.g., 2% vs. 5%) and
costs (e.g., 10% less labor), boosting output.
22. How does AI improve healthcare diagnostics, and what’s an example?
AI analyzes medical data (e.g., 1M X-rays) for patterns (e.g., tumors). Example: IBM Watson scans
lungs (e.g., 99% accuracy), detects cancer 20% earlier than doctors, enabling timely surgery and
higher survival rates.
23. What’s an AI application in education, and how does it help students?
AI personalizes learning—e.g., adapts lessons (e.g., math quizzes) to 10K students’ paces. Example:
Duolingo adjusts difficulty (e.g., 80% mastery = harder words), improving retention (e.g., 15%
higher scores) via tailored practice.
24. How does AI enhance gaming, and what’s an example?
AI makes games smarter—e.g., NPCs react (e.g., dodge shots) via 1M play simulations. Example: In
“The Last of Us,” enemies adapt (e.g., flank after 5 losses), raising challenge and immersion (e.g.,
20% longer playtime).
25. What’s an AI benefit in agriculture, and how does it work?
AI boosts crop yield—e.g., drones spray pesticides (e.g., 1K acres/day). It uses vision (e.g., 10K pest
images) to target (e.g., 95% hit rate), cutting waste (e.g., 30% less chemical) and feeding more with
less land.
26. How does AI filter spam emails daily, and what’s the impact?
AI scans 1B emails (e.g., via Gmail’s ML), flags spam (e.g., “win cash” = 98% junk), and trashes it.
Impact: Saves 10 minutes/day per user (e.g., 1T hours globally), streamlining communication with
high precision.
27. What’s a self-driving car, and how does AI enable it?
Self-driving cars navigate autonomously (e.g., Tesla) using AI with sensors (e.g., 100M data
points/second). AI processes radar (e.g., “obstacle 10m”) and cameras (e.g., “red light”), deciding
actions (e.g., brake in 0.1s), cutting crashes (e.g., 40% fewer).
28. How does AI aid business efficiency, and what’s an example?
AI automates tasks—e.g., pricing via 1M sales records. Example: Walmart’s AI sets prices (e.g., $5
vs. $6 based on demand), raising profit (e.g., 5% more) and speed (e.g., 1 hour vs. 1 day) over
manual methods.
29. What’s an AI defense application, and how does it enhance security?
AI detects threats—e.g., 1T network logs scanned for hacks (e.g., odd IPs). Example: Military drones
spot targets (e.g., 99% accuracy), stopping breaches (e.g., 20% faster), safeguarding data and
borders.
30. What’s a chatbot, and how does it benefit e-commerce?
Chatbots use AI/NLP (e.g., trained on 1M chats) to answer queries (e.g., “track order”). In e-
commerce, they assist 24/7 (e.g., 10K users/day), cutting costs (e.g., 30% less staff) and boosting
sales (e.g., 15% more conversions).
31. What’s cloud computing, and how does it differ from local computing?
Cloud computing delivers services (e.g., storage) via the internet (e.g., AWS), unlike local
computing’s on-site hardware (e.g., a server room). It scales (e.g., 1TB to 10TB instantly), slashing
setup costs (e.g., 50% less).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

32. What’s a public cloud, and how does it benefit small businesses?
Public cloud (e.g., Google Cloud) is provider-managed (e.g., servers for 1M users). Small firms
access apps (e.g., CRM) fast (e.g., 99.9% uptime), avoiding hardware costs (e.g., $10K saved),
leveling the playing field.
33. What’s a private cloud, and why do banks use it?
Private cloud is organization-owned (e.g., 100 servers in-house). Banks use it for control (e.g.,
custom security), protecting data (e.g., 1B transactions), meeting strict regulations (e.g., GDPR) with
100% oversight.
34. What’s a hybrid cloud, and how does it aid scalability?
Hybrid cloud mixes public/private (e.g., Azure + local servers). It scales—e.g., a retailer uses public
for peak sales (e.g., 10M hits/day) and private for sensitive data (e.g., payroll), balancing cost (e.g.,
20% savings) and security.
35. How does AI in robotics improve warehouse logistics, and what’s an example?
AI robots navigate (e.g., 1K packages sorted) using vision (e.g., 10M scans). Example: Amazon’s
Kiva bots move 1M items/day, cutting time (e.g., 50% faster), optimizing space and labor (e.g., 20%
less staff).
36. What’s a social implication of AI job automation, and how does it manifest?
AI displaces workers—e.g., 1M manufacturing jobs lost to robots (e.g., 2020s stats). Manifestation:
Factory workers retrain (e.g., coding skills), sparking economic shifts (e.g., 10% unemployment
spikes) and skill gaps.
37. How does AI in gaming adapt to players, and what’s an example?
AI adjusts difficulty (e.g., 1M play patterns analyzed). Example: “Dark Souls” AI scales enemy
strength (e.g., +20% HP after 5 wins), keeping players hooked (e.g., 15% longer sessions) with
tailored challenges.
38. What’s an AI ethical challenge in healthcare, and how does it affect patients?
Errors misdiagnose—e.g., AI flags healthy lungs as cancerous (5% error rate) from bad data. Impact:
Patients face unneeded surgery (e.g., 1K cases/year), raising trust and safety issues, demanding better
validation.
39. How does AI improve customer support, and what’s an example?
AI handles queries (e.g., 1M chats/month) via NLP. Example: Zendesk’s bot resolves tickets (e.g.,
“where’s my order?” in 5 seconds), cutting wait times (e.g., 70% less), enhancing satisfaction (e.g.,
10% higher ratings).
40. What’s a limitation of cloud computing, and how does it impact users?
Downtime risks—e.g., AWS outages (1% yearly) halt access (e.g., 1M sites down). Impact:
Businesses lose sales (e.g., $1M/hour), pushing reliance on backups (e.g., local caches) to mitigate
disruptions.
41. How does AI in defense use drones, and what’s an advantage?
AI drones scan (e.g., 1T bytes of terrain) for threats (e.g., 99% detection). Advantage: Real-time
strikes (e.g., 50% faster response), reducing risks to soldiers (e.g., 20% fewer casualties) in conflict
zones.
42. What’s an AI benefit in daily life via search engines, and how does it work?
AI personalizes results—e.g., Google ranks 1B pages by user habits (e.g., “pizza” = local shops). It
learns (e.g., 10M searches), saving time (e.g., 5 seconds vs. 5 minutes) and boosting convenience.
43. How does unsupervised ML cluster data, and what’s an example in marketing?
It groups unlabeled data (e.g., 1M purchases) by similarity (e.g., k-means). Example: Clusters
customers (e.g., “tech lovers”), targeting ads (e.g., 20% higher clicks), uncovering hidden segments
without prior labels.
44. What’s a risk of AI in self-driving cars, and how does it affect safety?
AI misreads—e.g., a Tesla hit a truck (2016) due to camera failure (1% error). Impact: Crashes (e.g.,
5 deaths/year) demand redundancy (e.g., extra sensors), balancing autonomy with human oversight.
45. How does AI enhance cybersecurity, and what’s an example?
AI spots threats—e.g., 1T logs scanned for anomalies (e.g., odd logins). Example: Darktrace flags
hacks (e.g., 98% accuracy), stopping breaches (e.g., 50% faster), protecting data in real time.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

46. What’s an ethical issue with virtual assistants, and how does it arise?
Privacy breaches—e.g., Alexa records talks (1M snippets leaked, 2019). Arises from storing data
(e.g., cloud servers), risking misuse (e.g., ad profiling), eroding trust unless encrypted and opt-in.
47. How does AI in agriculture use drones, and what’s the impact?
Drones monitor (e.g., 1K acres imaged) pests/disease via vision (e.g., 95% detection). Impact:
Targeted sprays (e.g., 30% less pesticide), raising yields (e.g., 10% more crops), feeding more
sustainably.
48. What’s a benefit of hybrid cloud in business, and how does it work?
It balances cost/security—e.g., public cloud for sales apps (1M users), private for finance (1B
transactions). Work: Data shifts (e.g., APIs link), saving 20% vs. full private, with 99% uptime.
49. How does AI in education grade assignments, and what’s an advantage?
AI scores (e.g., 1M essays via NLP) for grammar/content (e.g., 90% match to rubrics). Advantage:
Frees teachers (e.g., 10 hours/week saved), focusing them on teaching vs. manual grading.
50. What’s a social implication of AI in decision-making, and how does it affect justice?
AI biases sentencing—e.g., a 2016 tool gave harsher terms to minorities (10% error) from skewed
data. Affect: Unfair jail time (e.g., 1K cases), sparking reform calls (e.g., transparent algorithms) for
equity.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. How does Artificial Intelligence differ from traditional computing, and why is this distinction
significant for modern applications, with detailed examples from healthcare and
transportation?
AI mimics human cognition (e.g., reasoning, learning) using algorithms (e.g., neural networks
trained on 1M datasets), unlike traditional computing, which executes rigid rules (e.g., if x > 10,
print "high"). Distinction: AI adapts—e.g., learns new patterns (e.g., 95% accuracy in spam
detection)—while traditional code needs manual updates, limiting flexibility.
Healthcare Example: Traditional software logs vitals (e.g., BP 120/80), but AI (e.g., IBM Watson)
analyzes 10M scans, detects cancer (e.g., 20% earlier), and suggests treatments (e.g., chemo dosage),
revolutionizing diagnostics beyond static rules. Transportation: A GPS plots routes (e.g., 10 miles),
but AI in Tesla cars processes 100M sensor inputs/second, dodging obstacles (e.g., brakes in 0.1s),
enabling autonomy. Significance: AI’s adaptability handles complexity (e.g., 1B variables), driving
innovation where fixed logic fails.
2. What’s the relationship between Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, and how do
they collaborate in a practical application like fraud detection, including algorithms, data flow,
and evaluation metrics?
ML is AI’s subset, teaching systems to learn from data (e.g., 1M transactions) without explicit
coding, powering AI’s intelligence. Collaboration: AI sets the goal (e.g., detect fraud); ML builds
models (e.g., learns fraud signs).
Fraud Detection: Data Flow: Collect transactions (e.g., $50, $5K), label (e.g., “fraud”/“legit”), train
ML (e.g., Random Forest in Python). Algorithm: Random Forest splits data (e.g., if amount > $1K
and overseas, flag), predicting (e.g., 98% accuracy). Evaluation: Precision (95% true frauds), recall
(90% caught), F1-score (92%). Outcome: Banks block 1K frauds/day, saving $10M yearly,
showcasing ML’s role in AI’s decision-making power.
3. What distinguishes supervised from unsupervised Machine Learning, and how are they
applied in a real-world scenario like customer segmentation, with datasets, techniques, and
business outcomes?
Supervised ML uses labeled data (e.g., input: age, output: purchase) to predict—e.g., regression.
Unsupervised ML finds patterns in unlabeled data (e.g., 1M sales) via clustering. Difference:
Supervised maps knowns; unsupervised discovers unknowns.
Customer Segmentation: Supervised: Dataset—1K customers (e.g., “25, $500, yes”), trains logistic
regression to predict buyers (e.g., 85% accuracy), targeting ads (e.g., 10% more sales).
Unsupervised: Dataset—1M purchases, k-means clusters (e.g., “young techies”), revealing segments
(e.g., 20% new leads). Outcome: Supervised boosts conversions (e.g., $1M extra); unsupervised
uncovers markets (e.g., 15% growth), doubling impact.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

4. What are the stages of the Machine Learning process, and how do they apply to predicting car
prices, with specific tools, data requirements, and potential errors with mitigation strategies?
Stages: 1) Collect data (e.g., 10K cars), 2) Create algorithm (e.g., regression), 3) Train (e.g., map
features to prices), 4) Build model, 5) Predict (e.g., $25K). Tools: Python (scikit-learn), pandas.
Car Prices: Data: Features (e.g., “V8, 5 seats, $30K”), 5K records. Process: Clean (e.g., drop
“N/A”), train linear regression (e.g., price = 2K * seats + 10K), predict (e.g., $28K for “V6, 4
seats”). Errors: Outliers (e.g., $1M typo), fixed by capping (e.g., <$100K). Mitigation: Cross-
validate (e.g., 90% fit), add features (e.g., mileage). Result: Dealers price accurately (e.g., 5% error),
streamlining sales.
5. How can AI algorithms lead to harmful outcomes, and what’s a detailed example in criminal
justice, including causes, impacts, and proposed solutions?
Harm: AI’s opacity (e.g., “black box” decisions) and bias (e.g., skewed data) cause errors. Criminal
Justice Example: COMPAS (2016) scored recidivism—e.g., minorities rated high-risk (10% false
positives) from biased arrest data (e.g., 1M records, 70% one group). Impact: Unfair sentencing
(e.g., 1K longer terms), eroding trust (e.g., lawsuits). Causes: Data imbalance, no transparency.
Solutions: Audit data (e.g., balance groups), explain decisions (e.g., 95% clarity via SHAP), test
fairness (e.g., 5% bias max), restoring equity in justice.
6. What are the ethical implications of using AI in decision-making, and how do they manifest in
healthcare, with specific cases, risks, and ethical frameworks to address them?
Implications: Bias, privacy, accountability. Healthcare Manifestation: AI misdiagnoses (e.g., 5%
wrong from 1M scans) due to biased data (e.g., mostly male patients). Case: Google’s AI (2018)
missed diabetic retinopathy in minorities (e.g., 15% error), risking blindness. Risks: Harm (e.g.,
wrong drugs), trust loss (e.g., 20% fewer adopters). Frameworks: Fairness (e.g., equal accuracy
across groups), transparency (e.g., explain 90% of calls), consent (e.g., opt-in for data), ensuring AI
aids, not hurts, patients.
7. How does AI benefit transportation, and what’s a comprehensive example of self-driving cars,
including technology, benefits, challenges, and societal impact?
Benefit: AI optimizes safety, efficiency. Self-Driving Cars: Tech: Tesla’s AI uses cameras (e.g., 1B
images), radar (e.g., 10M pings), ML (e.g., 95% obstacle detection). Process: Sensors map (e.g.,
“truck 5m”), AI decides (e.g., swerve in 0.2s). Benefits: 40% fewer crashes (e.g., 1M saved/year),
10% less fuel. Challenges: Errors (e.g., 2016 fatal crash), cost (e.g., $100K/car). Impact: Jobs shift
(e.g., 1M drivers retrain), cities redesign (e.g., less parking), reshaping mobility.
8. What’s the role of computer vision in AI, and how does it enhance security systems, with a
detailed example, data processing, and performance metrics?
Role: Computer vision interprets visuals (e.g., 1M frames) via AI (e.g., CNNs). Security: Example:
Airports scan 100K feeds, ID suspects (e.g., 99% face match). Processing: Cameras capture (e.g., 30
fps), AI trains on 10M faces, flags (e.g., “John Doe, 95%”). Metrics: Accuracy (98%), false
positives (1%), speed (0.5s/ID). Enhancement: Replaces guards (e.g., 50% faster), catches threats
(e.g., 1K alerts/year), bolstering safety at scale.
9. How does Natural Language Processing improve daily interactions, and what’s a step-by-step
example of a chatbot in e-commerce, including algorithms, benefits, and limitations?
Improvement: NLP enables natural dialogue (e.g., 1B queries parsed). Chatbot Example: Steps: 1)
Train on 1M chats (e.g., BERT in Python), 2) User asks “track order,” 3) NLP parses (e.g., intent:
tracking), 4) Reply “#123, shipped” in 2s. Benefits: 24/7 help (e.g., 10K queries/day), 30% cost cut.
Limitations: Misunderstands slang (e.g., 10% error), needing updates (e.g., 95% accuracy goal).
Impact: Boosts sales (e.g., 15% more), streamlining service.
10. What’s the purpose of expert systems in AI, and how do they assist in medical diagnosis, with a
full development process, example, and accuracy considerations?
Purpose: Expert systems solve niche problems (e.g., 1M rules) like humans. Medical Diagnosis:
Process: 1) Gather 100K doctor inputs (e.g., “fever + cough = flu”), 2) Build database, 3) User
enters symptoms (e.g., via form), 4) Rules infer (e.g., 80% flu), 5) Output (e.g., “see doctor”).
Example: MYCIN (1970s) IDs infections (e.g., 95% match), suggests antibiotics. Accuracy: High
(90%) but static—misses new diseases (e.g., COVID), needing updates. Assist: Speeds diagnosis
(e.g., 10 minutes vs. 1 hour).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

11. How does cloud computing transform business operations, and what’s a detailed example of a
hybrid cloud in retail, including architecture, benefits, and challenges?
Transformation: Cloud offers scalable services (e.g., 1PB storage) over internet. Hybrid Cloud in
Retail: Architecture: Public (AWS) hosts sales apps (e.g., 10M hits), private servers secure
payments (e.g., 1B transactions). Benefits: Scales for Black Friday (e.g., 20% cost vs. full private),
99.9% uptime. Challenges: Integration (e.g., API lags, 5% downtime), security (e.g., encrypt 100%).
Example: Walmart shifts data (e.g., 1TB/hour), saving $10M, enhancing flexibility and protection.
12. What are the social implications of AI-driven job automation, and how do they play out in
manufacturing, with specific data, worker impact, and policy responses?
Implications: Job loss, skill shifts. Manufacturing: Data: Robots replaced 1M jobs (e.g., 2020s,
20% of assembly). Play Out: Workers (e.g., welders) face layoffs (e.g., 10% unemployment), retrain
for tech (e.g., 50K learn coding). Impact: Income gaps (e.g., 15% wage drop), rural decline (e.g., 5%
factory closures). Responses: Policies fund training (e.g., $1B US programs), tax robot use (e.g., 5%
levy), balancing progress with equity.
13. How does AI enhance education, and what’s a comprehensive example of personalized
learning, including technology, implementation, benefits, and ethical concerns?
Enhancement: AI tailors education (e.g., 1M students). Personalized Learning: Tech: NLP, ML
(e.g., 10M quiz responses). Implementation: Khan Academy adapts (e.g., “80% math = algebra
next”), tracks (e.g., 95% progress). Benefits: 20% higher scores, 50% less teacher load. Concerns:
Data privacy (e.g., 1M profiles at risk), bias (e.g., favors fast learners, 10% gap). Outcome: Boosts
learning, demands safeguards (e.g., anonymized data).
14. What’s the role of robotics in AI applications, and how does it revolutionize agriculture, with a
detailed case study, technology stack, productivity gains, and limitations?
Role: Robotics automates tasks (e.g., 1M actions) via AI. Agriculture Case: Study: John Deere
drones. Tech: Vision (e.g., 10M pest images), sensors (e.g., soil moisture), ML (e.g., 95% spray
accuracy). Process: Scans 1K acres, targets pests (e.g., 30% less chemical), harvests (e.g., 10%
faster). Gains: 15% yield rise, $1M saved. Limitations: Cost (e.g., $50K/unit), weather (e.g., 5%
downtime). Revolution: Feeds more sustainably, scaling precision farming.
15. How do ethical issues in AI tools like ChatGPT, Lovo.ai, and virtual assistants affect their
adoption, and what’s a detailed analysis of each, including risks, mitigations, and user impact?
ChatGPT: Issue: Plagiarism (e.g., 1M essays generated), bias (e.g., 10% skewed outputs). Risk:
Education fraud (e.g., 20% cheating rise), trust loss. Mitigation: Detectors (e.g., 95% catch), bias
audits. Impact: Slows academic use (e.g., 15% ban).
Lovo.ai: Issue: Voice misuse (e.g., 1K fake calls), privacy (e.g., 100K voices stored). Risk: Scams
(e.g., $1M fraud), legal fights. Mitigation: Consent (e.g., opt-in), encryption. Impact: Limits ads
trust (e.g., 10% drop).
Virtual Assistants: Issue: Data leaks (e.g., 1M Alexa clips, 2019), opacity (e.g., 90% unclear use).
Risk: Profiling (e.g., 20% ad overreach), breaches. Mitigation: Transparency (e.g., 95% data logs),
opt-out. Impact: 25% user hesitancy, pushing ethical design.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 6

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is the main focus of computer safety?

Choices: a) Improving graphics b) Protecting hardware and software c) Speeding up systems
2. d) Designing websites
3. Why should you keep your system updated?
Choices: a) To slow it down b) To protect against malware c) To increase storage d) To reduce
security
4. What makes a strong password?
Choices: a) Simple words b) Mix of letters, numbers, and symbols c) Your name d) Birthdays
5. What should you avoid in phishing attacks?
Choices: a) Clicking suspicious links b) Updating software c) Using antivirus d) Backing up data
6. Why is backing up data important?
Choices: a) To delete files b) To recover files if lost c) To slow the system d) To share data
7. What should you use for secure Wi-Fi?
Choices: a) Public networks b) Strong passwords c) No encryption d) Open connections
8. Where should you download files from?
Choices: a) Unknown sources b) Trusted websites c) Random emails d) Unverified links
9. What should you adjust for privacy?
Choices: a) Screen brightness b) Privacy settings c) Volume levels d) Hardware speed
10. What should you avoid on public Wi-Fi?
Choices: a) Browsing safely b) Online banking c) Using a VPN d) Checking emails
11. What indicates a secure website for online shopping?
Choices: a) HTTP b) HTTPS and a padlock c) No symbols d) Pop-up ads
12. What does responsible hardware use prioritize?
Choices: a) Speed b) Security and sustainability c) Cost d) Appearance
13. How can you extend hardware lifespan?
Choices: a) Ignore updates b) Provide proper care c) Overuse it d) Share it
14. What protects sensitive data on hardware?
Choices: a) Encryption b) Simple passwords c) No updates d) Public sharing
15. When should you upgrade hardware?
Choices: a) For every new version b) When needed for performance c) Never d) Randomly
16. What is an ethical issue in hardware use?
Choices: a) Using authorized software b) Illegal activities c) Regular updates d) Proper maintenance
17. What does appropriate software use involve?
Choices: a) Piracy b) Following legal requirements c) Hacking d) Malware creation
18. What should you avoid when using software ethically?
Choices: a) Legal compliance b) Cyberbullying c) Updates d) Licensing
19. What protects privacy in software use?
Choices: a) Sharing data b) Adjusting privacy settings c) Ignoring settings d) Open access
20. What is an example of irresponsible software use?
Choices: a) Updating software b) Spreading malware c) Following licenses d) Ethical use
21. What should you respect in software use?
Choices: a) Intellectual property b) Illegal downloads c) Hacking tools d) Malware
22. What is a key aspect of safe data searches?
Choices: a) Sharing personal info b) Using trusted platforms c) Random searches d) Unsecure sites
23. What should you avoid sharing on social networking?
Choices: a) Public posts b) Financial information c) General updates d) Photos
24. What do privacy laws protect?
Choices: a) Hardware b) Personal data c) Software speed d) Internet speed
25. What encourages innovation in intellectual property laws?
Choices: a) Piracy b) Protecting creators’ rights c) Free sharing d) Copying works

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

26. What does the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act address?
Choices: a) Copyrights b) Unauthorized access c) Data searches d) Social media
27. What does GDPR regulate?
Choices: a) Hardware use b) Personal data processing c) Software updates d) Wi-Fi security
28. What is computing innovation?
Choices: a) Using old technology b) Creating new computer systems c) Reducing tech use d) Manual
processes
29. What is an example of hardware advancement?
Choices: a) Faster processors b) New games c) Old software d) Manual tools
30. What does software innovation improve?
Choices: a) Hardware speed b) User experience c) Data loss d) Manual work
31. What is an emerging technology in computing?
Choices: a) Typewriters b) Quantum computing c) Paper records d) Basic calculators
32. How does computing increase productivity?
Choices: a) Manual tasks b) Automation c) Slow processes d) Reduced output
33. What has improved communication through computing?
Choices: a) Letters b) Video calls c) Telegrams d) Smoke signals
34. How has computing advanced medicine?
Choices: a) Manual diagnosis b) Medical imaging c) Reduced care d) Slower research
35. What is a benefit of computing in transportation?
Choices: a) More accidents b) Autonomous vehicles c) Slow travel d) Limited routes
36. What is a harmful effect of computing innovation?
Choices: a) Better communication b) Privacy concerns c) Improved health d) Faster tasks
37. What can digital addiction impact?
Choices: a) Productivity b) Mental health c) Hardware life d) Software updates
38. What is malware designed to do?
Choices: a) Protect systems b) Harm computers c) Speed up networks d) Update software
39. What is an example of phishing?
Choices: a) Software updates b) Fake bank email c) Secure login d) Data backup
40. What does spyware do?
Choices: a) Protects data b) Collects user info secretly c) Speeds up systems d) Updates software
41. What is software piracy?
Choices: a) Legal use b) Unauthorized copying c) Free software d) Licensed use
42. What is an example of open-source software?
Choices: a) Windows b) Linux c) Microsoft Office d) Adobe Photoshop
43. What does system security protect against?
Choices: a) Faster systems b) Unauthorized access c) Better usability d) Software updates
44. What is disinformation?
Choices: a) Accurate news b) Deliberately false info c) Verified facts d) Trusted reports
45. What is a harmful effect of social networking?
Choices: a) Better connectivity b) Cyberbullying c) Improved privacy d) Faster communication
46. How does social networking spread fake news?
Choices: a) Slow sharing b) Rapid sharing c) Fact-checking d) Limited reach
47. What is a personal impact of computing?
Choices: a) Reduced tasks b) Telemedicine access c) Slower communication d) Less learning
48. What is an ethical concern of computing?
Choices: a) Improved security b) Data privacy c) Faster systems d) Better hardware
49. How does computing affect social practices?
Choices: a) Limits interaction b) Changes communication c) Reduces networks d) Slows society
50. What is an economic impact of computing?
Choices: a) More manual jobs b) Automation and job growth c) Reduced innovation d) Slower
markets
51. What is a cultural impact of computing?
Choices: a) Traditional methods b) Online entertainment c) Reduced diversity d) Manual art

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Answers
1. b) Protecting hardware and software 2. b) To protect against malware 3. b) Mix of letters, numbers, and
symbols 4. a) Clicking suspicious links 5. b) To recover files if lost 6. b) Strong passwords 7. b) Trusted
websites 8. b) Privacy settings 9. b) Online banking 10. b) HTTPS and a padlock 11. b) Security and
sustainability 12. b) Provide proper care 13. a) Encryption 14. b) When needed for performance 15. b) Illegal
activities 16. b) Following legal requirements 17. b) Cyberbullying 18. b) Adjusting privacy settings 19. b)
Spreading malware 20. a) Intellectual property 21. b) Using trusted platforms 22. b) Financial information 23.
b) Personal data 24. b) Protecting creators’ rights 25. b) Unauthorized access 26. b) Personal data processing
27. b) Creating new computer systems 28. a) Faster processors 29. b) User experience 30. b) Quantum
computing 31. b) Automation 32. b) Video calls 33. b) Medical imaging 34. b) Autonomous vehicles 35. b)
Privacy concerns 36. b) Mental health 37. b) Harm computers 38. b) Fake bank email 39. b) Collects user info
secretly 40. b) Unauthorized copying 41. b) Linux 42. b) Unauthorized access 43. b) Deliberately false info
44. b) Cyberbullying 45. b) Rapid sharing 46. b) Telemedicine access 47. b) Data privacy 48. b) Changes
communication 49. b) Automation and job growth 50. b) Online entertainment

Short Questions and Answers

1. What’s the primary focus of Unit 6, and what skills does it aim to develop?
Unit 6 emphasizes the impacts of computing, focusing on safe, responsible use (e.g., securing
hardware with updates), and analyzing effects of innovations (e.g., social media’s reach). It builds
skills in applying cybersecurity (e.g., spotting phishing), evaluating trade-offs (e.g., privacy vs.
convenience), and understanding societal shifts (e.g., job automation), preparing you to navigate
digital life responsibly.
2. Why is safe and responsible computer use critical in today’s world, and what’s an example?
It protects data, privacy, and systems in a connected world (e.g., 1B devices online). Example:
Updating antivirus on a laptop (e.g., scans 10K files) blocks ransomware (e.g., WannaCry, 2017),
saving files and avoiding $1K losses, ensuring personal and societal well-being.
3. What does keeping your system updated entail, and how does it enhance security?
It means installing OS, software, and antivirus patches (e.g., Windows 11 updates monthly).
Enhances security by fixing vulnerabilities—e.g., a patch stops a worm (e.g., 99% blocked), cutting
malware risks (e.g., 70% fewer infections) per 1M users.
4. How do strong, unique passwords improve safety, and what’s a practical example?
They mix characters (e.g., “K9$m!th23”) to resist guesses (e.g., 10M attempts fail). Example: A
bank account with “Password123” gets hacked (e.g., $5K stolen), but “B@nk$ecur3” with 2FA
holds (e.g., 99% secure), protecting funds.
5. What’s a phishing attack, and how can you avoid it with an example?
Phishing tricks users into sharing data (e.g., fake emails). Example: A “bank” email asks for login
(e.g., 1K clicks/day); avoiding it—check sender (e.g., “[email protected]”), don’t click links, use
antivirus (e.g., 95% detection), saving 100K accounts yearly.
6. Why is backing up data essential, and how does it work in a real scenario?
It prevents loss from crashes or theft (e.g., 1M devices fail/year). Scenario: A student backs up
500GB essays to Google Drive; laptop dies, but files recover in 10 minutes (e.g., 100% saved),
avoiding weeks of rework.
7. How does a secure Wi-Fi connection protect you, and what’s an example?
Encryption (e.g., WPA3) blocks interception (e.g., 99% secure). Example: Using café Wi-Fi, a
hacker snags unencrypted logins (e.g., $1K stolen), but a VPN (e.g., 256-bit AES) stops it,
safeguarding 1M transactions yearly.
8. What’s the risk of downloading from untrusted sources, and how does it play out?
Malware hides in files (e.g., 10% of 1M downloads). Play out: A free game from “shady.net” installs
spyware (e.g., logs 1K keystrokes), stealing data; sticking to trusted sites (e.g., Steam) avoids this,
protecting 100K users.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

9. How do privacy settings enhance safety, and what’s an example on social media?
They limit data exposure (e.g., 90% less public info). Example: Facebook set to “friends only” hides
posts (e.g., 1K fewer strangers see), preventing scams (e.g., 20% drop) vs. public settings risking
identity theft.
10. What’s a VPN, and how does it improve public Wi-Fi safety with an example?
VPN encrypts traffic (e.g., 100M users). Example: On airport Wi-Fi, a VPN (e.g., NordVPN) hides
banking (e.g., $10K safe) from 1K hackers, unlike open access losing data (e.g., 5% breaches),
boosting security.
11. What’s responsible hardware use, and how does it extend device life?
It prioritizes care (e.g., clean fans), sustainability (e.g., fewer upgrades). Example: Dust-free laptop
lasts 5 years vs. 2 (e.g., 50% longer), cutting e-waste (e.g., 1M tons less), saving $500 per user.
12. How does ethical hardware use prevent misuse, and what’s an example?
It avoids illegal acts (e.g., no piracy). Example: Using a school PC to hack (e.g., 1K files stolen)
violates ethics, risking expulsion; legal use (e.g., study only) upholds trust, protecting 10K students.
13. What’s appropriate software use, and how does it respect intellectual property?
It follows licenses (e.g., no cracks), credits creators (e.g., 1M devs). Example: Buying Photoshop
(e.g., $20/month) vs. pirating respects Adobe’s copyright, supporting innovation (e.g., 10% revenue
rise).
14. What’s an example of irresponsible software use, and its consequences?
Example: Spreading malware via cracked software (e.g., 1K infections). Consequences: Data loss
(e.g., 500GB gone), legal fines (e.g., $10K), and network damage (e.g., 100 systems down), harming
users and firms.
15. How does safe use of digital platforms protect privacy, and what’s an example?
It limits sharing (e.g., 90% less exposure). Example: Instagram set private stops strangers (e.g., 1K
fewer views) from scraping data, unlike public posts risking scams (e.g., 20% rise), safeguarding
identity.
16. What’s safe data searching, and how does it avoid risks with an example?
It uses trusted sites (e.g., Google), avoids sensitive inputs (e.g., no SSNs). Example: Searching “tax
help” on a scam site leaks data (e.g., $1K lost); sticking to IRS.gov (e.g., 100% safe) prevents this.
17. How does responsible social networking enhance safety, and what’s an example?
It controls sharing (e.g., 95% private). Example: Sharing vacation pics publicly invites theft (e.g., 1K
cases/year); “friends only” on Twitter cuts risks (e.g., 80% safer), protecting homes.
18. What’s a key law protecting user privacy, and how does it work?
GDPR (EU) mandates consent (e.g., 1B users). Work: Firms must ask before collecting data (e.g.,
“Accept cookies?”), fining violators (e.g., €50M, Google 2019), empowering 500M citizens.
19. What’s intellectual property, and how do laws protect it with an example?
IP covers creations (e.g., software). Example: DMCA stops pirated movies (e.g., 1M downloads
blocked), ensuring creators (e.g., Disney) earn $1B, fostering innovation via legal rights.
20. What’s computing innovation, and how does it impact hardware with an example?
It advances tech (e.g., new CPUs). Example: Intel’s 3nm chips (2023) boost speed (e.g., 50% faster),
cutting power use (e.g., 30% less), enabling 1M greener devices yearly.
21. How does software innovation benefit productivity, and what’s an example?
It automates tasks (e.g., 1M hours saved). Example: Excel macros cut data entry (e.g., 10 hours to 1),
boosting output (e.g., 20% more), aiding 100K workers daily.
22. What’s an emerging technology in computing, and how does it open opportunities?
AI (e.g., 1T computations) predicts trends. Opportunities: Healthcare AI spots diseases (e.g., 95%
accuracy), creating 1M jobs (e.g., coders), expanding industries.
23. How does HCI innovation improve usability, and what’s an example?
HCI enhances interaction (e.g., 1M interfaces). Example: Voice commands on Alexa (e.g., “play
music”) cut steps (e.g., 5 to 1), aiding 50M users, especially the disabled.
24. What’s a productivity benefit of computing, and how does it work in manufacturing?
Automation speeds tasks (e.g., 1M units/day). Work: Robots weld cars (e.g., Tesla, 50% faster),
cutting costs (e.g., 20% less), boosting profits ($1B yearly).

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

25. How does computing improve communication, and what’s an example?

It enables instant links (e.g., 1B messages). Example: Zoom hosts 10M calls/day (e.g., 99% uptime),
connecting teams globally, saving travel (e.g., $1M/firm).
26. What’s a medical advancement from computing, and how does it help patients?
AI diagnostics (e.g., 1M scans). Help: Watson IDs cancer (e.g., 20% earlier), speeding treatment
(e.g., 50% survival rise), aiding 100K patients yearly.
27. How does computing enhance education, and what’s an example?
It expands access (e.g., 1M courses). Example: Coursera offers coding (e.g., 90% completion),
upskilling 10M learners, cutting costs (e.g., 80% less than college).
28. What’s a privacy concern from computing innovation, and how does it manifest?
Data collection (e.g., 1B profiles). Manifest: Facebook tracks habits (e.g., 90% ad-targeted), risking
breaches (e.g., Cambridge Analytica, 87M users), eroding trust.
29. How does digital addiction affect mental health, and what’s an example?
Overuse harms well-being (e.g., 1M addicted). Example: 5 hours/day on TikTok raises anxiety (e.g.,
20% more cases), cutting sleep (e.g., 2 hours less), per 100K teens.
30. What’s an environmental impact of computing, and how does it arise?
E-waste (e.g., 50M tons/year). Arise: Old PCs (e.g., 1M dumped) release toxins (e.g., lead), polluting
soil (e.g., 10% contaminated), from short device lifespans.
31. What’s malware, and how does it harm systems with an example?
Malware damages devices (e.g., 1M attacks). Example: Ransomware locks files (e.g., 500GB, $1K
ransom), halting work (e.g., 100 firms/day), costing $1B yearly.
32. What’s phishing, and how does it trick users with an example?
Phishing fakes legit sources (e.g., 1M emails). Example: A “PayPal” email steals logins (e.g., 10K
fooled), draining accounts (e.g., $5M lost), exploiting trust.
33. What’s spyware, and how does it invade privacy with an example?
Spyware tracks secretly (e.g., 1M installs). Example: Adware logs browsing (e.g., 1K sites), selling
data (e.g., 90% to ads), exposing 100K users’ habits.
34. What’s a scam, and how does it deceive with an example?
Scam tricks for gain (e.g., 1M attempts). Example: A “lottery win” email takes $500 fees (e.g., 10K
victims), stealing $5M yearly, preying on hope.
35. What’s software piracy, and how does it affect developers?
Piracy copies illegally (e.g., 1M downloads). Affect: Photoshop cracks (e.g., 50% unpaid) cut
Adobe’s revenue (e.g., $1B lost), slowing updates for 10M users.
36. What’s open source software, and how does it benefit users with an example?
Open source shares code (e.g., 1M projects). Example: Linux runs servers (e.g., 90% free), saving
firms $1B, empowering 100K coders to tweak.
37. How does system security protect data, and what’s an example?
It uses tools (e.g., firewalls) to block threats (e.g., 1M hacks). Example: Encryption (e.g., AES-256)
stops breaches (e.g., 99% safe), securing 10M bank records.
38. What’s disinformation, and how does it differ from fake news with an example?
Disinformation is deliberate lies (e.g., 1M posts); fake news may not intend harm. Example:
Disinformation claims “vaccine kills” (e.g., 10K shares), vs. fake “alien sighting” (e.g., 5K views)—
former manipulates, latter entertains.
39. How does social networking spread fake news, and what’s an example?
Fast sharing (e.g., 1B posts/day) lacks checks. Example: A 2020 election hoax (e.g., “votes rigged”)
hits 1M retweets, swaying 100K voters, showing unchecked reach.
40. What’s a harmful effect of social networking, and how does it impact users?
Cyberbullying (e.g., 1M cases). Impact: Teens face harassment (e.g., 20% report anxiety), cutting
well-being (e.g., 15% less social), per 100K users.
41. How does computing affect personal practices, and what’s an example?
It streamlines tasks (e.g., 1M apps). Example: Fitbit tracks steps (e.g., 10K/day), improving health
(e.g., 20% fitter), aiding 50M users daily.
42. What’s an ethical impact of computing, and how does it arise?
Privacy loss (e.g., 1B tracked). Arise: Google ads use data (e.g., 90% targeted), sparking consent
debates (e.g., 10M opt-outs), questioning ethics.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

43. How does computing shape social practices, and what’s an example?
It alters connections (e.g., 1B users). Example: WhatsApp groups (e.g., 10M chats) link families
globally, strengthening ties (e.g., 50% more contact).
44. What’s an economic impact of computing, and how does it work?
Automation shifts jobs (e.g., 1M replaced). Work: Robots in Amazon (e.g., 50% faster) cut costs
(e.g., $1B saved), but displace workers (e.g., 10% unemployed).
45. How does computing influence culture, and what’s an example?
It blends norms (e.g., 1M streams). Example: Netflix globalizes shows (e.g., “Squid Game,” 100M
views), mixing traditions (e.g., 20% new fans), reshaping tastes.
46. What’s computing’s role in globalization, and how does it manifest?
It links markets (e.g., 1B trades). Manifest: Zoom connects 10M workers worldwide, shrinking
distance (e.g., 50% less travel), boosting global ties.
47. How does computing impact e-commerce, and what’s an example?
It expands reach (e.g., 1M shops). Example: Amazon sells globally (e.g., $500B revenue), offering
10M items, growing sales (e.g., 20% yearly).
48. What’s a patent, and how does it protect innovation with an example?
Patent grants rights (e.g., 20 years). Example: Tesla’s battery tech (e.g., 1M units) stays exclusive,
earning $1B, spurring 100K green innovations.
49. What’s a trademark, and how does it benefit brands with an example?
Trademark IDs products (e.g., 1M logos). Example: Nike’s swoosh (e.g., 90% recognized) builds
trust, boosting sales (e.g., $10B), distinguishing quality.
50. What’s a copyright, and how does it support creators with an example?
Copyright protects works (e.g., 1M books). Example: Rowling’s “Harry Potter” (e.g., $1B earned)
stops copies, rewarding 10M hours of writing, fueling art.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. What does safe and responsible computer use entail, and why is it critical in the digital age,
with detailed examples from personal and professional contexts including tools and outcomes?
Entails: Updating systems (e.g., Windows patches monthly), strong passwords (e.g.,
“Tr0ub4dor&x”), cautious downloads (e.g., from Microsoft.com), and backups (e.g., 1TB to cloud).
Critical: Protects 1B devices from threats (e.g., 70% malware rise, 2023).
Personal: A user updates antivirus (e.g., Norton, scans 10K files), blocks ransomware (e.g., 99%
stopped), saving photos (e.g., 500GB, $1K value). Professional: A firm uses VPNs (e.g., Cisco, 256-
bit encryption) for 1M transactions, thwarting hacks (e.g., 95% secure), avoiding $10M losses.
Tools: Firewalls, 2FA. Outcomes: Privacy holds (e.g., 90% fewer breaches), trust grows (e.g., 20%
more users), sustaining digital reliance.
2. How does keeping your system updated enhance cybersecurity, and what’s a step-by-step
example of updating a system to prevent a malware attack, including risks and benefits?
Enhances: Patches fix flaws (e.g., 1M vulnerabilities/year), blocking exploits (e.g., 80% fewer
infections). Example: Step 1: Check for Windows 11 update (e.g., KB5026372). Step 2: Download
(e.g., 500MB, fixes worm). Step 3: Install (e.g., 10 minutes). Step 4: Reboot, scan with Defender
(e.g., 10K files clear). Risks: No update lets malware (e.g., 5% chance) encrypt files (e.g., $1K
ransom). Benefits: Blocks attack (e.g., 99% safe), saves data (e.g., 100GB), cuts downtime (e.g., 50
hours), protecting 1M users yearly.
3. What are the components of responsible hardware use, and how do they extend device lifespan
in a real-world scenario like a small business, with practices, costs, and environmental impact?
Components: Care (e.g., clean vents), updates (e.g., firmware), ethical use (e.g., no misuse).
Scenario: A café with 5 PCs. Practices: Dust monthly (e.g., 1 hour), patch BIOS (e.g., 95%
stability), avoid overclocking. Lifespan: 5 years vs. 2 (e.g., 50% longer). Costs: $500 maintenance
vs. $2K replacements, saving $1.5K. Environmental: Cuts e-waste (e.g., 5 tons less for 1K firms),
reducing landfill (e.g., 10% less toxins), balancing tech and sustainability.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

4. What constitutes appropriate software use, and how does it respect intellectual property in a
university setting, with specific examples, legal considerations, and consequences of misuse?
Constitutes: Licensing (e.g., buy Office), ethical use (e.g., no hacking), privacy respect (e.g., no data
leaks). University: Example: Students use legal MATLAB (e.g., $50/license) for projects, citing
code (e.g., 1K lines). Legal: Copyright Act bans piracy (e.g., $10K fine). Misuse: Pirating SPSS
(e.g., 50% unpaid) risks expulsion, data theft (e.g., 1M records), costing devs $1B. Respect: Legal
use supports innovation (e.g., 10% more tools), ensuring 100K students learn ethically.
5. How does safe use of digital platforms protect privacy, and what’s a comprehensive example of
securing social media, including steps, tools, risks, and societal benefits?
Protects: Limits exposure (e.g., 90% less data shared). Example: Steps: Set Instagram private (e.g.,
1K fewer viewers), use “P@ssw0rd!” (e.g., 99% secure), enable 2FA (e.g., Authy). Tools: VPN
(e.g., ExpressVPN). Risks: Public posts leak habits (e.g., 10% scam rise); secure cuts this (e.g., 80%
safer). Benefits: Reduces identity theft (e.g., 1M fewer cases), boosts trust (e.g., 20% more users),
fostering a safer online society.
6. What are the key laws protecting user privacy and intellectual property, and how do they
function in a real-world case like a data breach, with mechanisms, penalties, and impacts?
Laws: GDPR (privacy), DMCA (IP). Case: A 2020 breach leaks 1M emails. GDPR: Mandates
consent (e.g., “opt-in”), fines firm €20M (e.g., 4% revenue), notifies users (e.g., 95% informed).
DMCA: Blocks pirated leaks (e.g., 1K files down), penalizes $150K. Impacts: Protects 100M users,
deters breaches (e.g., 50% drop), encourages innovation (e.g., $1B IP revenue), balancing rights and
progress.
7. What’s computing innovation, and how does it drive productivity in manufacturing, with a
detailed example, technologies, metrics, and trade-offs?
Innovation: New tech (e.g., 1M advances). Manufacturing: Example: Ford uses robots (e.g., 1K
welds/day). Tech: CAD designs (e.g., 95% precise), automation (e.g., 50% faster). Metrics: Output
rises (e.g., 20% more cars), costs drop (e.g., $1M saved). Trade-offs: Jobs cut (e.g., 10% workers),
retraining needed (e.g., $500K cost), but efficiency gains (e.g., 15% profit) transform industry.
8. How does computing improve communication, and what’s a step-by-step example of video
conferencing in a global team, including tools, benefits, and limitations?
Improves: Instant links (e.g., 1B calls). Example: Steps: 1) Install Zoom (e.g., 10MB), 2) Schedule
(e.g., 10 team, 5 countries), 3) Connect (e.g., 99% uptime), 4) Share (e.g., 1K slides). Tools:
Webcams, mics. Benefits: Cuts travel (e.g., $1M saved), speeds decisions (e.g., 50% faster).
Limitations: Lag (e.g., 5% dropouts), needs bandwidth (e.g., 10Mbps), still linking 100K teams
globally.
9. What are the benefits of computing in healthcare, and how does telemedicine enhance access,
with a full example, implementation, outcomes, and ethical considerations?
Benefits: Diagnostics, access (e.g., 1M patients). Telemedicine: Example: A rural patient uses
Teladoc. Implementation: Video app (e.g., 256-bit security), doctor consults (e.g., 10 minutes), Rx
sent (e.g., 95% delivered). Outcomes: Cuts visits (e.g., 50% less travel), aids 100K remote users.
Ethics: Privacy (e.g., data encrypted), equity (e.g., 10% lack internet), ensuring care balances tech
and rights.
10. What’s a harmful effect of computing innovation, and how does digital addiction impact
mental health in teens, with data, causes, effects, and mitigation strategies?
Harm: Addiction (e.g., 1M cases). Impact: Data: 5 hours/day on phones (e.g., 2023 study). Causes:
Social media dopamine (e.g., 1K likes), no limits (e.g., 90% unrestricted). Effects: Anxiety rises
(e.g., 20% more), sleep drops (e.g., 2 hours less), per 100K teens. Mitigation: Screen timers (e.g., 2-
hour cap), education (e.g., 50% awareness), cutting issues (e.g., 15% less), balancing tech use.
11. How does social networking facilitate fake news, and what’s a detailed example of its spread
during an election, including mechanisms, consequences, and prevention steps?
Facilitates: Rapid sharing (e.g., 1B posts). Example: 2020 US election hoax—“votes stolen” (e.g.,
1M shares). Mechanisms: Twitter amplifies (e.g., 10K retweets/hour), no checks (e.g., 90%
unverified). Consequences: Sways 100K voters, distrust rises (e.g., 20% less faith). Prevention:
Fact-checks (e.g., 95% flagged), bans (e.g., 1K accounts), slowing spread (e.g., 50% less), restoring
truth.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

12. What are the personal impacts of computing, and how does it transform daily life in a remote
work scenario, with tools, benefits, challenges, and privacy concerns?
Impacts: Convenience, health (e.g., 1M users). Remote Work: Tools: Slack (e.g., 1K messages),
Zoom (e.g., 10M calls). Benefits: Work anywhere (e.g., 50% less commute), productivity up (e.g.,
15%). Challenges: Isolation (e.g., 20% lonelier), tech costs (e.g., $1K setup). Privacy: Webcam data
risks (e.g., 5% leaks), needing VPNs (e.g., 99% secure), reshaping routines for 100M workers.
13. How does computing affect economic practices, and what’s a comprehensive example of e-
commerce growth, including platforms, economic shifts, job impacts, and global reach?
Affects: Automation, markets (e.g., 1B trades). E-commerce: Example: Amazon. Platforms: AWS
hosts (e.g., 1M shops), AI prices (e.g., 95% optimal). Shifts: Revenue hits $500B (e.g., 20% yearly
growth). Jobs: Adds 1M sellers, cuts retail (e.g., 10% loss). Reach: Serves 100M global buyers,
shrinking borders (e.g., 50% more trade), driving prosperity.
14. What’s the cultural impact of computing, and how does streaming media influence global
culture, with a detailed case study, technology, effects, and diversity concerns?
Impact: Blends norms (e.g., 1M streams). Streaming: Case: Netflix’s “Money Heist” (e.g., 100M
views). Tech: Cloud servers (e.g., 1TB/hour), AI suggests (e.g., 90% match). Effects: Spanish
culture spreads (e.g., 20% new fans), viewing rises (e.g., 50% more). Concerns: Homogenizes tastes
(e.g., 10% less local), needing balance (e.g., 1K indie films), reshaping identity.
15. How do intellectual property laws protect innovation, and what’s a detailed analysis of
copyright in software, including legal framework, example, benefits, and enforcement
challenges?
Protects: Grants rights (e.g., 1M patents). Copyright in Software: Framework: DMCA (e.g., 70
years protection). Example: Microsoft Office (e.g., $1B revenue) stops copies (e.g., 1M blocked).
Benefits: Funds updates (e.g., 10% better tools), aids 100M users. Challenges: Piracy (e.g., 50%
unpaid), enforcement costs (e.g., $10M lawsuits), needing global treaties (e.g., WIPO), ensuring
creators thrive.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Chapter 7

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What is entrepreneurship primarily about?

Choices: a) Avoiding risks b) Creating an enterprise with calculated risks c) Following others d)
Reducing production
2. What can a hobby transform into with practice?
Choices: a) A burden b) A profession c) A failure d) A pastime
3. What is an entrepreneur responsible for in a startup?
Choices: a) Ignoring the team b) Leading and managing a team c) Avoiding decisions d) Limiting
growth
4. Which trait is NOT typical of an entrepreneur?
Choices: a) Desire for responsibility b) Fear of risk c) Self-reliance d) Confidence
5. How do entrepreneurs view risks?
Choices: a) As wild gambles b) As moderate and calculated c) As impossible d) As unnecessary
6. What drives entrepreneurs more than money?
Choices: a) Achievement b) Fame c) Leisure d) Security
7. What is a key characteristic of entrepreneurs regarding feedback?
Choices: a) Avoiding it b) Seeking immediate feedback c) Ignoring results d) Delaying responses
8. What kind of energy do entrepreneurs typically have?
Choices: a) Low energy b) High energy c) Average energy d) No energy
9. How do entrepreneurs approach the future?
Choices: a) Focus on the past b) Look ahead for opportunities c) Avoid planning d) Stay static
10. What skill helps entrepreneurs build a company?
Choices: a) Disorganization b) Organizing people and tasks c) Isolation d) Procrastination
11. What is a benefit of entrepreneurship?
Choices: a) Guaranteed income b) Control over life c) No risks d) Less work
12. What is a drawback of entrepreneurship?
Choices: a) High profits b) Uncertainty of income c) Easy lifestyle d) Low stress
13. What is design thinking?
Choices: a) A linear process b) An iterative, non-linear process c) A hardware design d) A financial
plan
14. How many phases are in design thinking?
Choices: a) Three b) Four c) Five d) Six
15. Which phase of design thinking involves understanding users?
Choices: a) Define b) Empathize c) Ideate d) Prototype
16. What does a business plan help entrepreneurs acquire?
Choices: a) Free products b) Financing c) Employees d) Customers
17. What does a business plan evaluate?
Choices: a) Past failures b) Venture’s success chances c) Hardware costs d) Employee skills
18. What is a business plan used for?
Choices: a) Avoiding risks b) Guiding the startup c) Ignoring markets d) Reducing goals
19. Which software is ideal for a first business plan?
Choices: a) Canva b) LivePlan c) PlanMaker d) WordPress
20. What does LivePlan provide for business planning?
Choices: a) Graphic templates b) Step-by-step instructions c) Video editing d) Website hosting
21. What is PlanMaker primarily?
Choices: a) A spreadsheet program b) A graphic tool c) A website builder d) A video editor
22. What does Canva help entrepreneurs create?
Choices: a) Spreadsheets b) Graphics and presentations c) Code d) Databases
23. What is WordPress mainly used for?
Choices: a) Financial analysis b) Website creation c) Data entry d) Video production
24. What skill involves managing your life?
Choices: a) Thinking b) Conducting myself c) Interacting d) Safety

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

25. What should an entrepreneur identify in their community?

Choices: a) Competitors only b) Needs for products/services c) Past businesses d) Unrelated trends
26. What does SWOT analysis evaluate?
Choices: a) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats b) Sales, Workers, Output, Trends c)
Systems, Wages, Operations, Tools d) Strategies, Wealth, Orders, Targets
27. What affects the selling price of a product?
Choices: a) Cost of production only b) Cost, overheads, and profit c) Profit alone d) Random guesses
28. What should labor costs include?
Choices: a) Random wages b) Worker experience and taxes c) Minimal pay d) No compensation
29. What happens if demand exceeds supply?
Choices: a) Prices drop b) Prices may increase c) Profit decreases d) Sales stop
30. What is the most critical part of a business plan?
Choices: a) Budget b) Executive summary c) Market analysis d) Products
31. What should the executive summary be?
Choices: a) Long and detailed b) Concise and to the point c) Vague d) Excluded
32. What does "SMART" stand for in goal-setting?
Choices: a) Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound b) Simple, Modest, Active,
Rapid, Timely c) Strong, Motivated, Adaptable, Reliable, Tangible d) Strategic, Manageable,
Accurate, Robust, Temporary
33. Why is market analysis important?
Choices: a) To ignore trends b) To understand market demands c) To avoid planning d) To limit
sales
34. What should a business plan emphasize?
Choices: a) Competitors b) Products/services c) Past failures d) Random ideas
35. What helps identify a target market?
Choices: a) Ignoring clients b) Sketching client characteristics c) Avoiding promotion d) Random
sales
36. What is a tool for a precise promotional strategy?
Choices: a) Social media b) Manual ads c) No contact d) High prices
37. What should a budget include?
Choices: a) Only profits b) Balance sheet and cash flow c) No details d) Random costs
38. What can turn a negative income into profit?
Choices: a) Poor decisions b) Clear goals and strategy c) Ignoring clients d) High prices
39. What role does an entrepreneur take in business?
Choices: a) Observer b) Risk bearer and manager c) Employee d) Critic
40. What type of entrepreneur focuses on inventions?
Choices: a) Technical b) Professional c) Novice d) Innovative
41. How does entrepreneurship affect unemployment?
Choices: a) Increases it b) Decreases it c) No effect d) Random impact
42. What environment supports business growth?
Choices: a) Unstable b) Stable and dynamic c) No politics d) Declining
43. What is a function of a business plan?
Choices: a) Ignoring risks b) Summarizing the venture c) Avoiding goals d) Limiting strategy
44. What phase of design thinking tests solutions?
Choices: a) Empathize b) Define c) Prototype d) Test
45. What does PlanWrite offer?
Choices: a) Video tutorials b) A wizard to customize plans c) Free websites d) Data analysis
46. What skill involves working with others?
Choices: a) Conducting myself b) Thinking c) Interacting with people d) Safety
47. What should profit margins be?
Choices: a) Excessive b) Reasonable c) Zero d) Random
48. What does a high supply with low demand cause?
Choices: a) Higher prices b) Lower prices c) No sales d) Increased profit
49. What is the purpose of the executive summary?
Choices: a) Detailed breakdown b) General overview of the plan c) Financial data only d) Team bios

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

50. What tool is suggested for collaborative pitches?

Choices: a) Canva b) Google Slides c) LivePlan d) PlanMaker

Answers
1. b) Creating an enterprise with calculated risks 2. b) A profession 3. b) Leading and managing a team 4. b)
Fear of risk 5. b) As moderate and calculated 6. a) Achievement 7. b) Seeking immediate feedback 8. b) High
energy 9. b) Look ahead for opportunities 10. b) Organizing people and tasks 11. b) Control over life 12. b)
Uncertainty of income 13. b) An iterative, non-linear process 14. c) Five 15. b) Empathize 16. b) Financing
17. b) Venture’s success chances 18. b) Guiding the startup 19. b) LivePlan 20. b) Step-by-step instructions
21. a) A spreadsheet program 22. b) Graphics and presentations 23. b) Website creation 24. b) Conducting
myself 25. b) Needs for products/services 26. a) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats 27. b) Cost,
overheads, and profit 28. b) Worker experience and taxes 29. b) Prices may increase 30. b) Executive
summary 31. b) Concise and to the point 32. a) Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound 33.
b) To understand market demands 34. b) Products/services 35. b) Sketching client characteristics 36. a) Social
media 37. b) Balance sheet and cash flow 38. b) Clear goals and strategy 39. b) Risk bearer and manager 40.
d) Innovative 41. b) Decreases it 42. b) Stable and dynamic 43. b) Summarizing the venture 44. d) Test 45. b)
A wizard to customize plans 46. c) Interacting with people 47. b) Reasonable 48. b) Lower prices 49. b)
General overview of the plan 50. b) Google Slides

Short Questions and Answers

1. What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating an enterprise by taking risks and making investments to
achieve business objectives.
2. Who is an entrepreneur?
An entrepreneur is a person who starts and manages a business, taking financial risks for profit.
3. What is one benefit of entrepreneurship?
It allows individuals to be their own boss and control their career path.
4. What is a drawback of entrepreneurship?
Uncertainty of income is a common disadvantage.
5. What is design thinking?
Design thinking is an iterative, non-linear process used to solve problems with five phases:
Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test.
6. Name one phase of design thinking.
Empathize.
7. What is the purpose of a business plan?
It guides entrepreneurs in launching their business and helps secure financing.
8. What does SWOT analysis evaluate?
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
9. What is one characteristic of a successful entrepreneur?
Confidence in their ability to succeed.
10. Why do entrepreneurs prefer moderate risk?
They are calculated risk-takers, not wild gamblers.
11. What motivates entrepreneurs more than money?
Achievement and personal fulfillment.
12. What is the first step in devising a business plan?
Writing the executive summary (though it’s finalized last).
13. What does "SMART" stand for in goal-setting?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-Bound.
14. Name one digital tool for creating a business plan.
LivePlan.
15. What is the cost of production?
The total cost of components, labor, and equipment used to make a product.
16. What are overheads in a business?
Ongoing expenses like rent or utilities, not directly tied to production.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

17. How is profit calculated?

Profit is the difference between the selling price and cost price.
18. What should an entrepreneur consider when setting a price?
Cost of production, overheads, and desired profit.
19. What is one trait of an entrepreneur’s energy level?
They are more energetic than the average person.
20. Why do entrepreneurs value feedback?
It helps them assess performance and set higher standards.
21. What is a target market?
The specific group of customers a business aims to serve.
22. Name one social media platform useful for promotion.
Any platform (e.g., implied in the document as a general strategy).
23. What is the executive summary in a business plan?
A concise overview of the entire plan, highlighting key aspects.
24. Why is market analysis important?
It helps understand trends and demands to ensure business success.
25. What is one skill entrepreneurs need?
Skill at organizing people and tasks.
26. What does self-reliance mean for entrepreneurs?
Handling multiple roles and responsibilities independently.
27. What is one question to identify a business idea?
What needs do I know about in my community?
28. How can entrepreneurship affect unemployment?
It can decrease unemployment by creating jobs.
29. What is one function of an entrepreneur?
Risk-bearing.
30. What is the final phase of design thinking?
Test.

Detailed Questions and Answers

1. How does the document describe the transformation of a hobby into a profession?
The document explains that a hobby can become a profession by applying learned skills,
experimenting, and learning from mistakes. As one excels, the hobby turns into a passion that can
generate income. With time, the individual can break tasks into smaller parts, assign them to a team,
and establish a startup, effectively turning personal interest into a professional venture with monetary
benefits.
2. What are the five phases of design thinking, and why is it described as iterative and non-
linear?
The five phases are Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test. It’s iterative and non-linear
because teams can revisit earlier stages, repeat steps, or work on phases simultaneously based on
results. This flexibility allows continuous improvement of assumptions and solutions, adapting to
new insights and refining the problem-solving process.
3. What are the key characteristics of a successful entrepreneur outlined in the document?
Key characteristics include a desire for responsibility, preference for moderate risk, self-reliance,
confidence in success, determination (grit), desire for immediate feedback, high energy, future
orientation, skill at organizing, and valuing achievement over money. These traits enable
entrepreneurs to manage risks, persist through challenges, and build successful ventures.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

4. Why is the executive summary considered the most critical part of a business plan, and what
should it include?
The executive summary is critical because it condenses the entire business plan into a concise
overview, grabbing the reader’s attention first. It should cover the business goals, product/service
details, costs, timeline, target audience, and promotion strategy. Though written last, it’s placed at
the beginning and should ideally fit on one page.
5. How does the document suggest entrepreneurs use SWOT analysis in market evaluation?
SWOT analysis evaluates Strengths (business advantages), Weaknesses (skill gaps), Opportunities
(market trends), and Threats (risks). It helps entrepreneurs assess their product’s position in the
market, identify competitive edges, address deficiencies, seize opportunities, and mitigate risks,
ensuring a strategic approach to launching and sustaining the business.
6. What are the benefits and drawbacks of entrepreneurship as described in the document?
Benefits include control over one’s life, making a societal impact, self-fulfillment, unlimited profits,
and enjoying work. Drawbacks include income uncertainty, risk of losing investments, long hours,
lower quality of life initially, high stress, and full decision-making responsibility, highlighting the
challenging yet rewarding nature of entrepreneurship.
7. How should an entrepreneur determine the selling price of a product or service?
The selling price is calculated as the sum of the cost of production (materials, labor, equipment),
overheads (ongoing expenses), and desired profit. The document emphasizes accurate calculations to
ensure a realistic price, considering labor wages, equipment depreciation, and balancing profit
margins with market demand and supply dynamics.
8. What role does a business plan play in launching a startup, and what tools are recommended
for creating one?
A business plan provides a roadmap by detailing the company’s direction, goals, and strategies,
offering a realistic evaluation of market success, risk assessment, and a tool for securing capital.
Recommended tools include LivePlan (with templates and guidance), PlanMaker (spreadsheet-
based), PlanWrite (customizable plans), Canva (graphic design), and WordPress (website creation).
9. How does the document suggest identifying a small business idea based on community needs?
Entrepreneurs should observe their community to identify needs or difficulties, then determine
products or services to address them. Questions to ask include: What needs exist? What can address
them? Which skills can be used? This approach ensures the business idea is relevant and valuable to
the local market.
10. What is the significance of setting "SMART" goals in a business plan, and how are they
defined?
"SMART" goals ensure clarity and feasibility: Specific (clear and precise), Measurable
(quantifiable), Achievable (attainable), Realistic (practical), and Time-Bound (with deadlines). They
provide motivation through small wins, allow progress tracking, and align the entrepreneur’s vision
with actionable steps, enhancing the plan’s effectiveness.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Abbreviations Used Across All Chapters

Abbreviation Full Meaning

CPU Central Processing Unit
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read-Only Memory
OS Operating System
GUI Graphical User Interface
HTML HyperText Markup Language
CSS Cascading Style Sheets
URL Uniform Resource Locator
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
DNS Domain Name System
SQL Structured Query Language
DBMS Database Management System
API Application Programming Interface
OOP Object-Oriented Programming
IDE Integrated Development Environment
AI Artificial Intelligence
HCI Human-Computer Interaction
VPN Virtual Private Network
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
DMCA Digital Millennium Copyright Act
IP Intellectual Property
2FA Two-Factor Authentication
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
CMS Content Management System
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound
GNP Gross National Product
PBS Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
ITC International Trade Centre
MCQ Multiple Choice Question
ERQ Extended Response Question

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS
Computer Science Notes Class 9th Dar e Arqam School Ghauri Town Phase 1

Tips for Preparing Notes Effectively

1. Read the Notes Thoroughly

o Go through the chapter at least once to understand the main topics and structure.
o Focus on headings like Computer Components, Input/Output Devices, etc.
2. Highlight Key Points
o Use a highlighter to mark definitions, differences (e.g., input vs. output devices), and
important facts.
o Try using different colors for terms, examples, and headings.
3. Summarize in Your Own Words
o Write short summaries at the end of each topic in a notebook.
o This helps you understand and retain the information better.
4. Use Diagrams & Tables
o The chapter contains diagrams (like for computer components). Redraw them in
your notes.
o Create tables for comparisons (e.g., types of software, types of computers).
5. Practice with Questions
o Prepare answers for short and long questions at the end of the notes.
o Try writing them without looking to test your memory.
6. Make Flashcards
o Make flashcards for definitions, acronyms (like CPU, RAM), and other key terms.
o These are great for quick revision.
7. Teach Someone Else
o Explaining concepts to a classmate or even to yourself out loud helps reinforce
learning.
8. Revise Regularly
o Don’t wait until exams—review your notes weekly.
o Quick daily reviews can boost retention.
9. Stay Organized
o Keep your notes clean and in order.
o Use titles and page numbers to easily find topics.
10. Ask Questions
o If something is unclear, ask your teacher or look it up online.
o Understanding is more important than memorizing.

By Haroon Ur Rasheed - MS Scholar (AI), COMSATS Islamabad Computer Science Teacher at DAS