‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارِ )اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت( )‪Iteration Structures (Loops‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮط ﻣﻌ ﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﺤ ﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻨ ﺎ أﺣﯿﺎﻧ ﺎً ﺗﻨﻔﯿ ﺬ ﺟﻤﻠ ﺔ أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﻤ ﻞ ﻋ ﺪداً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺮات‪ ،‬وھ ﺬا ﻣ ﺎ ﯾﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻜﺮار ‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ‪ C‬ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﯿﻎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻎ ھﻲ ‪while , do…while , for :‬‬

‫)‪ (4.1‬اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ )‪(The iteration loop while‬‬

‫)‪while(condition‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ‬

‫; ‪statement‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ : while‬أﺧﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺮط )‪ (condition‬أوﻻً‪ ،‬ﻓﺄذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﺮط ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺎً‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺬ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )‪ ،(statement‬ﻛﺮر ھﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر واﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ أن‬
‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ )ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎً( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ)‪ (1) -: (4.1.1‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﺮار ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ، while‬ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ) اﻟﺒﻠﻮك ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ while‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات ﻣﻌﻠﻮم أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺮارﯾﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ ‪ ،‬وھ ﺬا ﻣ ﺎ أﺻ ﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺴ ﻤﯿﺘﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ) ‪. ( Nested Iteration Loop‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪-:(4.1.2‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫‪/*custom countdown using while*/‬‬ ‫‪Enter the starting number : 8‬‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫!‪8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE‬‬
‫)( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int n‬‬
‫; ) " ‪printf( "Enter the starting number :‬‬
‫; )‪scanf("%d",&n‬‬
‫)‪while (n>0‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )‪printf( "%d,",n‬‬
‫;‪--n‬‬
‫}‬
‫; ) "!‪printf ( "FIRE‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ اﻋ ﻼه أﻧ ﮫ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺨﺼ ﯿﺺ اﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ‪ 8‬ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ‪، n‬ﺛ ﻢ اﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر اﻟﺸ ﺮط )‪، (n>0‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن اﻟﺸ ﺮط ﻛ ﺎن ﺻ ﺤﯿﺤﺎً ﻓ ﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ 8‬ﺛﻢ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ n=7‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن ‪ --n‬وﺑﻘﻲ اﻟﺸﺮط ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺎً وھﻜﺬا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ أن أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ n=0‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ أﺻ ﺒﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮط ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺎً ‪،‬واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة !‪. FIRE‬‬
‫‪4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,…,9.5,10‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ﺎل)‪ -:(4.1.3‬أﻛﺘ ﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠ ﺎً ﻟﺤﺴ ﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻷﻋ ﺪاد‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫‪The Total = 87.00‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪float a=4.0 , sum=0.0‬‬
‫)‪while (a<=10‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪sum+=a‬‬
‫; ‪a+=0.5‬‬
‫}‬
‫; )‪printf(" The Total =%f ",sum‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪21‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : [email protected]‬‬

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪ -:(4.1.4‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺮوب)‪ (factorial‬ﻟﻸﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬اﻟﻰ ‪ ،10‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻣﻀﺮوب اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ (n! )n‬ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n!=n(n-1)(n-2)…3.2.1‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫‪1!= 1‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬ ‫‪2!= 2‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪3!= 6‬‬
‫; ‪long factorial‬‬ ‫‪4!= 24‬‬
‫; ‪int k ,a=1‬‬ ‫‪5!= 120‬‬
‫)‪while (a<=10‬‬ ‫‪6!= 720‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪7!= 5040‬‬
‫; ‪factorial=1‬‬ ‫‪8!= 40320‬‬
‫; ‪k=1‬‬ ‫‪9!= 362880‬‬
‫)‪while (k<=a‬‬ ‫‪10!= 3628800‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪factorial*=k‬‬
‫; ‪++k‬‬
‫}‬
‫; )‪printf("%d!=%d\n ",a ,factorial‬‬
‫; ‪++a‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻋﻼه ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿ ﺬ ﺣﻠﻘﺘ ﯿﻦ ﺗﻜ ﺮارﯾﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ أﻻوﻟ ﻰ واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿ ﺔ وھ ﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﯿ ﺬ اﻟﺠﻤﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﻮﺳ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺎﺑﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ a‬ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﺠﺎوز ‪ ،10‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ وھﻲ أﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﻀﺮوب اﻟﻌﺪد‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫; ‪factorial*=k‬‬
‫; ‪++k‬‬

‫)‪ (4.2‬اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ أﻓﻌﻞ‪...‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ )‪(The iteration loop do… while‬‬

‫‪do‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫; ‪statement‬‬
‫; )‪while(condition‬‬

‫ﻋﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ‪ : do…while‬ھ ﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻣﺸ ﺎﺑﮫ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾ ﺔ ‪ while‬وﺗﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ ﻋﻨﮭ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ أﻣ ﺮﯾﻦ‪ ،‬أوﻻً أن اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ‪ do…while‬ﺗﺒ ﺪأ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿ ﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ)‪ (statement‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮط ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﯿﺬ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ وﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﺮط ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪ -:(4.2.1‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻻدﺧﺎل وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‪،‬أوﻗﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ أدﺧﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ ادﺧﺎل اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪.0‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫‪Enter number (0 to end):‬‬ ‫‪1254‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬ ‫‪You entered: 1254‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪Enter number (0 to end):‬‬ ‫‪160277‬‬
‫; ‪unsigned long n‬‬ ‫‪You entered: 160277‬‬
‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪Enter number (0 to end):‬‬ ‫‪33385‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪You entered: 33385‬‬
‫; ) " ‪printf( " Enter number (0 to end):‬‬ ‫‪Enter number (0 to end):‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫; )‪scanf("%d%,&n‬‬ ‫‪You entered: 0‬‬
‫; )‪printf( " You entered: %d\n" ,n‬‬
‫; )‪}while (n != 0‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪22‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : [email protected]‬‬

Introduction to C Programming Language C ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ‬

-:(4.2.2)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> : 1 ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
main ( ) Enter the starting number : 8
{ 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!
int n ;
printf( "Enter the starting number : " ) ;
scanf("%d%,&n) ; : 2 ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
do Enter the starting number : 0
{ 0, FIRE!
printf( "%d , " , n) ;
--n;
} while (n>0)
printf( "FIRE!" ) ;
}

4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,…,9.5,10 ‫ أﻛﺘ ﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠ ﺎً ﻟﺤﺴ ﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻷﻋ ﺪاد‬-:(4.2.3)‫ﻣﺜ ﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> The Total = 87.00
main ( )
{
float a=4.0 , sum=0.0 ;
do
{
sum+=a ;
a+=0.5 ;
} while (a<=10) ;
printf( " The Total =%f " ,sum ) ;
}

. 10 ‫ اﻟﻰ‬1 ‫( ﻟﻸﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ‬factorial)‫ أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺮوب‬-:(4.2.4)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> 1!= 1
main ( ) 2!= 2
{ 3!= 6
long factorial ; 4!= 24
int k ,a=1 ; 5!= 120
do 6!= 720
{ 7!= 5040
factorial=1 ; 8!= 40320
k=1 ; 9!= 362880
do 10!= 3628800
{
factorial*=k ;
++k ;
} while (k<=a)
printf("%d!=%d\n ",a ,factorial) ;
++a ;
} while (a<=10)
}

23 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics Email : [email protected]

Introduction to C Programming Language C ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ‬

(The iteration loop for) ‫( اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ ﻷﺟﻞ‬4.3)

f o r( i n i t i a l i za t i o n ; c o n d i t i o n ; i n c re a s e ) ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ‬
statement ;

‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯿ ﺎً أﺧﺘﺒ ﺮ اﻟﺸ ﺮط‬،(‫( واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺪاد اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ)ﻋ ﺪاد اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ ھ ﻮ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ‬initialization) ‫ أوﻻً ﻧﻔﺬ‬: for ‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫( واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة أو اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن ﺑﻤﻘ ﺪار ﻣﻌ ﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬increase) ‫ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً ﻧﻔﺬ‬،(statement) ‫ ﻧﻔﺬ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬،ً‫ ﻓﺄذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﺮط ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺎ‬، (condition)
. (ً‫ ﻛﺮر اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً وﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ أن ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺸﺮط ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ )ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎ‬،‫ﻋﺪاد اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬

-:(4.3.1)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
/*countdown using a for loop */ 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int k ;
for (k=10; k>0; k--)
printf("%d,",k);
printf( "FIRE!") ;
}

. 10 ‫ اﻟﻰ‬1 ‫( ﻟﻸﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ‬factorial)‫ أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺮوب‬-:(4.3.2)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> 1!= 1
main ( ) 2!= 2
{ 3!= 6
long factorial ; 4!= 24
int k ,a ; 5!= 120
for (a=1;a<=10;a++) 6!= 720
{ 7!= 5040
factorial=1 ; 8!= 40320
for(k=1;k<=a;k++) 9!= 362880
factorial*=k ; 10!= 3628800
printf("%d!=%d\n ",a ,factorial) ;
}
}

4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,…,9.5,10 ‫ أﻛﺘ ﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠ ﺎً ﻟﺤﺴ ﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻷﻋ ﺪاد‬-: (4.3.3)‫ﻣﺜ ﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> The Total = 87.00
main ( )
{
float a , sum=0.0 ;
for( a=4.0;a<=10;a+=0.5)
sum+=a ;
printf( " The Total = %f", sum ) ;
}

24 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics Email : [email protected]

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪ -:(4.3.4‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻋﺪاد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺪدھﺎ ‪. n‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫‪Enter The Size of The List : 7‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬ ‫‪The Data : 12.5 -10.04 35 1.432 7.7 101.1 34.567‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪The Average of all Numbers = 26.037‬‬
‫; ‪int n, counter‬‬
‫; ‪float number, sum, average‬‬
‫; ‪sum=0.0‬‬
‫; ) " ‪printf( "Enter The Size of The List :‬‬
‫; )‪scanf("%d",&number‬‬
‫; )" ‪printf("\nThe Data :‬‬
‫)‪for( counter=0;counter<n;counter++‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )‪scanf("%",&number‬‬
‫; ‪sum+=number‬‬
‫}‬
‫; ‪average=sum/n‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf( "\n The Average of all Numbers =%f ",average‬‬
‫}‬

‫)‪ (4.4‬اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﯿﺔ )‪(Branching Statement‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺮأﻣﺞ ﯾﺘﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻻواﻣﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ اﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺨ ﺮوج ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾ ﺔ أو اﻟﺮﺟ ﻮع اﻟﯿﮭ ﺎ أو اﻟﺨ ﺮوج ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿ ﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﻣﺤ ﺪود‪،‬ﻻﻧ ﮫ اﺣﯿﺎﻧ ﺎ وﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒ ﺮأﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﺒﯿ ﺮة ﺗﺴ ﺒﺐ ﻟﻨ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺟﻤﻠﺔ أﻗﻄﻊ ‪ : Break‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ أﻧﮭﺎء اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ﻣﺘﻰ ﻣﺎ وﺻ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿ ﺬ اﻟ ﻰ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺄن ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻲ ‪. switch‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪-: (4.4.1‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫‪/*break loop example*/‬‬ ‫!‪10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, countdown aborted‬‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int n‬‬
‫)‪for (n=10; n>0; n--‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )‪printf("%d ," ,n‬‬
‫)‪if (n==3‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )"!‪printf("countdown aborted‬‬
‫; ‪break‬‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
‫}‬

‫ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﯿﺬ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻻﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬وﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ ‪ 3‬ﺛﻢ ﻃﺒﻌ ﺖ اﻟﻌﺒ ﺎرة !‪ countdown aborted‬ﺑﻌ ﺪھﺎ ﺗ ﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﻗ ﻒ واﻟﺨ ﺮوج ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮارﯾ ﺔ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻟﻜ ﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮط ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ‪. if‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪25‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : [email protected]‬‬

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار ‪ : Continue‬ﺗﺴ ﺘﺨﺪم ھ ﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﯿ ﮫ اﻟ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟ ﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺮﺟ ﻮع اﻟ ﻰ ﺑﺪاﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫وأﻛﻤﺎل ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﮫ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪-: (4.4.2‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫‪/* continue loop example*/‬‬ ‫!‪10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE‬‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int n‬‬
‫)‪for (n=10; n>0; n--‬‬
‫{‬
‫)‪if (n==5‬‬
‫; ‪continue‬‬
‫; )‪printf("%d ," ,n‬‬
‫}‬
‫; )"!‪printf( "FIRE‬‬
‫}‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺮوج ‪: Exit‬وﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿ ﺎً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ وﺗﺮﺟ ﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ﺻ ﻔﺮاً اذا ﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ ﻧﻔ ﺬ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺣﺴ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ ﯾ ﺮام‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺄي ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً اذا ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﺧﻄﺄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪-: (4.4.3‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬ ‫‪Enter value : 9‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪Enter value : 4‬‬
‫;‪int i, number, sum=0‬‬ ‫‪Enter value : 6‬‬
‫)‪for (i=1;i<10;i++‬‬ ‫‪Enter value : 8‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪Enter value : 1‬‬
‫; ) "‪printf("\nEnter value :‬‬ ‫‪Enter value : 12‬‬
‫; )‪scanf("%d",&number‬‬ ‫‪Enter value : -7‬‬
‫)‪if (number< 0‬‬ ‫‪This is negative‬‬
‫{‬
‫; )" ‪printf("This is negative‬‬
‫;) (‪exit‬‬
‫}‬
‫; ‪sum+=number‬‬
‫}‬
‫; )‪printf("The sum of positive numbers %d", sum‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ‪ if‬ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺎً ﺗﻄﺒﻊ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺟﻤﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺨ ﺮوج )(‪ exit‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻌﻨ ﻲ اﻟﺨ ﺮوج‬
‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ‪ for‬ﺑﻞ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻟﯿ ﺔ ﻟﮭ ﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﯿ ﺔ ﻟ ﻦ ﯾﻄﺒ ﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻻﻋ ﺪاد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺎھﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻋﻼه ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﺟﻤﻠﺔ أذھﺐ اﻟﻰ ‪ : goto‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻻواﻣﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫; ‪goto lable‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ label‬اﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان وﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﺮوط اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺿﻌﮫ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪26‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : [email protected]‬‬

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪-: (4.4.4‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫‪/*goto loop example*/‬‬ ‫!‪10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE‬‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪int n=10‬‬
‫‪last :‬‬
‫; )‪printf("%d ," ,n‬‬
‫;‪n--‬‬
‫)‪if (n>0‬‬
‫; ‪goto last‬‬
‫; ) "‪printf( "FIRE!\n‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺸﺮط ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺎً ﻓﺄن اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪ goto‬ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻘﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﻔﯿﺬ ﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ‪ last :‬اﻟ ﻰ أن ﯾﺼ ﺒﺢ اﻟﺸ ﺮط ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﺻ ﺤﯿﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة !‪. FIRE‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﯾﻦ ) اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ(‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ : 1‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻻﻋﺪاد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﯾﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪدﯾﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ ادﺧﺎﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻟﻮﺣﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ : 2‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻻﯾﺠﺎد ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﻋﺪاد اﻻوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 1‬و ‪. 100‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ‪ : 3‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ : 4‬ﻓﺼﻞ دراﺳﻲ ﺑﮫ ﻋﺪد ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب‪ ،‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﻘﺮاءة رﻗﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ID‬وﺟﻨﺴﺔ ‪ SEX‬ودرﺟﺎﺗﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث اﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت ‪T1‬‬
‫‪، , T2 , T3‬أوﻗﻒ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ ادﺧﺎل رﻗﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺪرﺟﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.a‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.b‬‬
‫أﯾﺠﺎد وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.c‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ وﻣﻌﺪﻟﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﮫ واﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.d‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬

‫‪Fail‬‬ ‫أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪50‬‬

‫‪Admit table‬‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أو ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 50‬وأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪60‬‬

‫‪Medial‬‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أو ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 60‬وأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪70‬‬

‫‪Good‬‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أو ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 70‬وأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪80‬‬

‫‪Very Good‬‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أو ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 80‬وأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪90‬‬

‫‪Excellence‬‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أ وﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 90‬وأﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪100‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪27‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : [email protected]‬‬