Research QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUANTITATIVE

INQUIRER
➢ systematic process geared towards working on
exhaustive inquiry, investigation or 1. Technical Competency - ability to use available
experimentation with the aim of finding new technologies
facts (knowledge) in explaining the problems 2. Utility Competency - ability to troubleshoot
associated with our day to day relations with our during unexpected scenario
environments (social, natural, political, 3. Patience - within and outside the group
economics) and coming up with solutions in 4. Service - willingness to serve others
facing them. 5. Effort - time and skill
➢ Process of seeking out new knowledge 6. Guts and Risk - considering options
➢ Answering questions about the nature of a 7. Care - distinct characteristics of a researcher
certain area
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN RESEARCH
➢ practical problems, practical solutions
1. Post-positivist - everything should be quantified
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
to produce meaningful concrete results.
➢ As important as any field of study. Its 2. Constructivist - experience expressed through
significance cuts across all disciplines - words can paint a better picture of a certain
engineering, architecture, medicine, arts and phenomena.
sciences, education, management, tourism, 3. Transformative - support the idea that research
among others. should be conducted to increase quality of life
➢ It also benefits all strata of society--people with and produce better societies.
diverse jobs, different income rates varying 4. Pragmatic - promote the use of both
financial status, or distinct social and political quantitative and qualitative in expressing
capabilities. research findings.
➢ Research provides a scientific basis for any
APPROACHES IN RESEARCH
practice or methodology in any field or
discipline. This is important since an entire 1. Qualitative Research
system or operation and all the stakeholders of ➢ an approach for exploring and understanding the
an institution or organization are at stake. meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social
➢ Research is undertaken for the continuous or human problem
development and further productivity in any ➢ an attempt to understand the world as lived
field, any system that will be utilized in any encompasses studies about an individuals’
organization must first be tried to determine its particular experience and how he/she reflects on
value and it must be better than the previous its product of individual interviews
system used. Simply, research is the result of ➢ NO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS is being
advancing knowledge from the past. performed
➢ Research helps develop tools for assessing ➢ qualitative studies aim to explore human
effectiveness of any practice and operations as phenomena, which may involve a single or a
psychological tests, intelligence quotient tests, group of people experiencing the same situation
psychological assessments, among others. This
importance of research is observed in behavioral 2. Quantitative Research
science, physical science and others as well. ➢ an approach that involves the process of
➢ Research provides solutions to problems collecting and analyzing numerical data to
concerning almost all issues encountered in describe, predict, or control variables of interest
different areas of work. Some issues include the ➢ testing objective theories by examining the
tardiness of employees, incentives given to the relationship among variables
staff, sportsmanship among school athletes, and
implementation of a clean and green" program 3. Mixed Approach - an approach involving
in school. This also applies to higher level collecting both quantitative and qualitative data,
problems. and integrating the two forms of data.
➢ Research impacts decision-making. It is a
common mistake for people to make decisions THE RESEARCH PROCESS
without solid information to back them up. It 1. CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE
requires time, effort, and sometimes money to ➢ TOPIC IS IDENTIFIED: not-too-broad but not-
gather the evidence needed for making a sound too-specific concept to allow flexibility and
decision. further exploration
➢ Research develops and evaluates alternative ➢ LITERATURE REVIEWS: required for
approaches to the educational aspects of any quantitative studies; optional in qualitative
discipline. This enables the students to gain inquiries
broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe ➢ OBJECTIVE FRAMING: identifying the
practice. For example, research can help 'Central Question'; for qualitative inquiry, the
determine whether lecture is a better method focus is understanding human experience using
than experiment in teaching Science. words.
➢ Research aims to advance the personal and
professional qualifications of a practitioner 2. DESIGN PHASE
➢ planning phase
 ➢ researchers decide on the detailed procedures in ➢ This type of research is designed to understand
gathering and analyzing data the variety of behavior and perception of the
➢ how, when, where the study will be conducted target audience.
and analyzed ➢ It explores the meanings that individual or
groups ascribes to social phenomena.
3. EMPIRICAL PHASE ➢ Results are descriptive rather than predictive.
➢ data gathering and collection
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
➢ Interviews and Focus Group Discussions
RESEARCH
(FGD) are commonly employed with the use of
the interview guides or ‘Aide Memoire’. ➢ Human understanding and interpretation
➢ in qualitative studies, respondents are also ➢ Inductive approach
known as key informants or coresearchers. ➢ Flexible
➢ Contextualized
4. ANALYTICAL PHASE ➢ The researcher is the main instrument
➢ preparation and assessment of the data through ➢ Subjective
the use of tools and the researchers’ own ➢ Open-ended questions
understanding as supported by his belief and ➢ Wide and in-depth analysis
previous researches published in the same area
of interest ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
➢ Interview texts are being delimited to ➢ It has in-depth and detailed evaluation of the
manageable statements and thematized issues and topics studied.
➢ a model (or simulacrum) is being produced to ➢ The framework of the study can be revised when
summarize an understanding of the themes that information and findings have been collected.
emerged in the study. In this phase, the results ➢ The data gathered from this type of research is
are interpreted before the writeup or manuscript stronger than those in quantitative.
➢ Wide variety of information can be gathered
5. DISSEMINATION PHASE since questions are open-ended.
➢ most valuable ➢ Less number of respondents are needed.
➢ results are advised to be shared to the general ➢ It is less costly.
public if not on the specific population or
professional groups that can benefit from its DISADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE
results RESEARCH

BASIC TERMS IN RESEARCH ➢ The research quality depends on the skills of

the researcher.
Method - What data will be gathered?; Historical, ➢ Factors are easily influenced by personal
Descriptive, Experimental judgment and biases of the researcher.
Technique - How data will be gathered?; Survey, ➢ Validity and reliability of the data is hard to
Interview, Doodling determine.
➢ Its open-ended questions obtain a lot of data
Approach - How data will be processed?; Quantitative, which makes it hard for the researcher to sort
Qualitative, Mixed and transcribe it, requiring longer time to
analyze data.
RESEARCH MANUSCRIPTS
➢ The data may sometimes be difficult to
➢ Others adopt the Introduction-Method-Results- interpret.
Discussion (IMRAD) format and content based ➢ Time-consuming
on the American Psychological Association
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
(APA, 6th Edition) standards.
➢ Traditional manuscripts: by-chapter follows 1. Ethnographic Research
specific research content guidelines and format.
➢ Final output in written and/or soft copy file involves observing, exploring, documenting, and
form. analyzing the ways and cultural beliefs of a group of
people most especially the indigenous or minority group.
QUANTI VERSUS QUALI
2 perspectives involve in Ethnography:
In QUANTI (Quantitative Research), the hypothesized
concepts are analyzed using numbers, and the data is ➢ Emic – the way members of the culture envision
interpreted as relations. their own world; insider’s view
➢ Etic – interpretation of the experiences of that
In QUALI (Qualitative Research), the hypothesized culture; outsider’s view
concepts are analyzed using language, and the data is
interpreted as meanings. 3 aspects of information in Ethnography
➢ Cultural behavior
➢ Cultural speech
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ➢ Cultural artifacts
Qualitative Approach
2. Phenomenological Research
➢ Is based on realities and different viewpoints of ➢ systematic study of the lived experiences of
individuals. individuals.
 ➢ its main objective is to understand life Analytical Phase - The most challenging part of the
experiences and what makes it meaningful. research, in this part, the researchers are going to
➢ a study on how people experience a interpret the data that was collected.
phenomenon (lived experience of family
Dissemination Phase - It’s the most neglected part of
member caring for a cancer patient).
the research since the concept of it is to share the
research to the public, but it costs a lot of money, so,
3. Case Study
naaaah.
➢ in-depth analysis of a single entity or a small
group. RESEARCH TOPIC
➢ it is often used in the discipline of sociology,
nursing, and psychology. ➢ A research topic or problem is an intellectual
➢ researchers seek to understand and answer the stimulus calling for an answer in the form of
question why such situation occurred. scientific inquiry.
➢ Research topics must follow the 3Ts: timely,
4. Narrative Analysis trending, and trailblazing.
➢ focuses on a specific story as the subject matter Research topic – area of the study, common ground.
of inquiry.
➢ the premise of a narrative study is on how Intellectualized topic – specificity of study,
individuals make sense of their world by being distinctiveness of your research.
able to communicate through constructing,
➢ Research topics in qualitative studies primarily
reconstructing, and narrating stories.
focuses on life-related concepts that are
commonly non-measurable.
5. Grounded Theory
➢ Qualitative research topics often entails
➢ systematic collection of data through
narration of past experiences.
observation and interview to generate a
comprehensive explanation of a phenomenon SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC
grounded in reality.
➢ seeks to understand the actions by discovering ➢ Own experience and interest
first the main problem and then the person’s ➢ Own professional practice
behavior on resolving a problem. ➢ Colleagues
➢ Critical friends (experts in the fields)
OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ➢ Related literature
➢ Reconnaissance
Characteristics:
• process of reviewing literature;
➢ Explore hypothesis • familiarity in the body of literature on a
➢ Semi-structured topic will help you identify how your
➢ Flexible proposed study will fit into the body of
➢ Inductive Reasoning literature available.
➢ Appreciate contextualized factors
Types of Literature Sources:
Objectives:
➢ Research (1st priority)
➢ Describe variation ➢ Conceptual (2nd priority)
➢ Describe and explain relationships ➢ Gray
➢ Describe individual variable or group norms
GUIDELINES IN SELECTING THE TOPIC
Questions - open-ended
➢ Should be something new or different
Nature of data - words, phrases, sentences ➢ MUST be original
➢ Should be significant to one’s field of study or
Presentation of data - text, narrative, themes, schemes
discipline
Research/study design - may evolve during the study ➢ Should be of researcher’s interests
➢ Should be a modest one for a beginner to be
RESEARCH PROCESS AND SELECTION OF carried within a limited period of time.
TOPIC ➢ Should be specific, not general
Conceptualization Phase - For this phase, the ➢ Should consider the training and personal
researchers are going to create the concept of their own qualifications of the researcher
topic or study. ➢ Should consider the financial capacity of the
researcher
Design Phase - This is where the researchers are going ➢ Should consider the time factor
to identify on how they will be constructing their study,
what kind of qualitative will be used, and how they can RESEARCH TITLE
apply it to the study. The title must contain the following:
Empirical Phase - The researchers are going to conduct ➢ Subject matter or research problem
their survey/interview. For this kind of approach, using ➢ Setting or locale of the study
video or voice recorder may help you to gather better ➢ Respondents involved in the study
data. The use of notes will also help you. ➢ Time or period when the study was conducted
➢ The title must be broad and at the same time,
must be brief and concise as possible.
 ➢ “Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An Investigation OBJECTIVES
of” and the like should be avoided.
➢ What do the researchers intend to do to address
➢ If the title contains more than one line, it should
the concern?
be written in inverted pyramid
➢ Must be S-M-A-R-T.
➢ In the title page, all words in the title should be
➢ Statement of a long-term objective expected to
in capital letters.
be achieved by the study.
➢ If possible, the title should not be longer than 15
➢ It is usually prefixed by this introductory phrase:
words.
“The main objective of this study is to…”
KINDS OF MIXED APPROACH
CONTRIBUTIONS
Pragmatic type of researchers, value the use of both
➢ What benefit will the study offer to the current
quantitative and qualitative approach.
theories, practices, and future researchers?
We have three kinds of mixed approach where ➢ Determine WHO will benefit out of the findings
researchers can identify what kind of mix they are using of the study and HOW they will benefit from it.
for their study. ➢ Usual beneficiaries of a research:
➢ Experts concerned about the problem
1. Convergent Parallel – merges the approach at
➢ Administrators who make decisions or
the same time.
implement programs
2. Explanatory Sequential – researchers first
conduct quantitative research and built the WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?
results to explain them in more detail
Reconnaissance - This is the process of reviewing
3. Exploratory Sequential – researchers begin
several studies and literature which were written by local
with qualitative research and builds on the
and foreign authors containing valuable information the
finding to develop a quantitative phase.
researchers need as they undertake the study.
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSES OR FUNCTIONS OF RELATED
1.0 Introduction is also considered as the Chapter 1 LITERATURES
of the chapter base.
➢ To provide justification of the study;
➢ Main context ➢ To identify gaps, problems, and needs of related
➢ Must not contain exhaustive literature review studies
➢ Discusses 4 relevant ideas: (T-I-O-C) ➢ To provide rationale of the study as well as the
• TOPIC reasons of conducting the study;
• ISSUES ➢ To have basis that will be used to support
• OBJECTIVES findings of the study.
• CONTRIBUTIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS TO BE
TIPS: CITED

➢ Make it brief and concise. ➢ The review material must be current, at least 10
➢ Define the problem. years back.
➢ Make it well-organized. ➢ Materials must be as objective and unbiased as
possible.
TOPIC ➢ Materials must be relevant to the study.
➢ What are the latest trends about the topic? ➢ Coherence principle must be observed in writing
➢ Discussion of problem in general and the literature review.
specific situations. (macro to micro approach) 3 KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
➢ Concepts and ideas related to the problem
including clarification of important 1. RESEARCH LITERATURE - these are
terminologies. empirically-based, like scientific paper, theses,
➢ Discussion of the existing or present conditions and dissertations, both published and
and what is aimed to be in the future. unpublished, coming from local and foreign
sources
ISSUES 2. CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE - it contains
➢ What are the issues that transcended within the foreign and/or local literature coming from
books relevant to the study, but are data-free or
topic?
non-empirical material.
➢ Consists of factors that led the investigator to
launch the study. 3. GRAY LITERATURE - from other sources
➢ Antecedents pf the study can be included as well such as magazines, newspapers, flyers, and other
forms of material.
as the reasons why it is relative to previous
studies. Doing research, you have to have a lot of literatures, you
Common error: should also acknowledge the sources/authors of those
literatures by using citation or references.
1. BLANK SPOT – with minimal or no literature
Referencing - is a method used to demonstrate to the
to address a specific problem or inquiry.
readers that you have conducted a thorough and
2. BLIND SPOT – with available literature but
with contradicting results or conclusion. appropriate literature search and reading.
Citation - This is the acknowledgement of the authors There are also ways for the researchers to paraphrase or
and/or sources of the article, journal, or any literature rephrase the sentences or paragraphs that was used as a
that was reviewed. literature.
DIFFERENT CITATION STYLES 1. In-text citation - This is what we use when
directly quoting or paraphrasing a source. There
1. Implicit
are three types of it.
Statement_(Author’s Surname, year) ➢ Direct citation - it uses quotation marks
around the quote and include page
EX: An e-learning system with higher educational numbers.
compatibility is believed to effectively facilitate the
learning processes of students (Xu & Wang, 2006). Explicit: Samovar and Porter (1997) pointed out that
“language involves attaching meaning to symbols”
2. Explicit (p.188).
Author’s Surname_(Year)_verb_statement Implicit: Alternatively, “Language involves meaning to
EX: Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that social symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188)
influence affects other people’s opinion, superior ➢ Indirect citation - has no quotation
influence, and peer influence. marks
3. Introductory EX: Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be
Verb_Author_(Year)_Statement the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).

EX: As suggested by Taylor and Todd (1995), social ➢ Citations from a secondary source -
influence affects other people’s opinion, superior EX: As Hail (1999) asserts, “culture also
influence, and peer influence. defines boundaries of different groups”
(as cited in Samovar & Porter, 1997,
CITATION GUIDELINES p.14)
Works by a single author FRAMEWORKS
➢ If the citation is NOT at the end of the text, 1. Theoretical Framework
include the surname of the author followed by ➢ Foundation of the research study; highly related
the year (in parenthesis) when the work was theories and principles that were established and
published. proven by experts/authorities.
➢ If the citation is at the end of the text, include ➢ Refers to set of interrelated construct,
the author’s surname and the year the work was definitions, and prepositions that presents a
published in one parenthesis. systematic view of phenomena.
Works by multiple authors
2. Conceptual Framework
➢ When a work has two authors, always cite both ➢ A tentative explanation of the phenomenon or
names EVERY TIME the reference occurs in problem and serves as the basis for the
the text. formulation research hypotheses or assumptions.
➢ In a narrative text, join the names of the two
authors with the word “and”. 3. Research Paradigm
➢ In parenthetical material, join the names with an ➢ This is the diagram presentation of the
ampersand (&). conceptual framework; it also shows the flow of
➢ When a work has more than two authors, cite the research and how the study will be
all the authors the first time the reference conducted.
occurs. ➢ Usually follows the IPO model
➢ When the citation is made the second or third • Input: Target respondents for the study
time, you can include the surname of the first • Process: The way the study shall be
author followed by “et.al” conducted
• Output: Expected results of the study
Example format to multiple (3 or more) authors
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found that there
is a strong relationship between parenting style of Research methodology is written with 2 purposes in
parents and the personality dynamics of their child. mind:
It was found that there is a strong relationship between ➢ Replicate
parenting style of parents and the personality dynamics ➢ Evaluate
of their child (Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler, 1991)
In this part, the researcher writes each sub-section
Kahneman, et. al, (1991) found that there is a strong concisely yet completely to provide enough detail for a
relationship between parenting style of parents and the competent reader to replicate the study and reproduce
personality dynamics of their child. the results.
It was found that there is a strong relationship between This section also ensures that the study has undergone
parenting style of parents and the personality dynamics scientific process and that the tools utilized in the study
of their child (Kahneman, et. al 1991) are valid and reliable.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INCLUDES: ➢ Disadvantage: researcher’s judgment may be in
error.
3.1 Research Design
EX: The HR director interviews only those qualified
3.2 Research Locale
candidates (based on the initial interviewer’s judgment)
3.3 Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection for the final interview.

3.4 Research Ethics 3. Quota sampling

➢ the researcher identifies population sections or
3.5 Research Instruments strata and decides how many participants are
3.6 Data Collection required from each section.
➢ usually, the stratification is based on variables
3.7 Data Analysis relevant to the study.
➢ allows better representation of the population
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
EX: A researcher conducts a study about the academic
➢ Discusses the approach
performance of SHS students. He uses quota sampling
(qualitative/quantitative) and design
technique to make sure there is equal number of students
(phenomenology, experimental, descriptive, etc.)
coming from all academic strands.
use in the study.
➢ In this part, the reason(s) why the design was 4. Snowball sampling
chosen must be justified. ➢ a technique wherein initial sample members are
asked to refer other people who meet the criteria
3.2 RESEARCH LOCALE/SETTING
required by the researcher.
➢ Description of the geographical characteristic of ➢ based on the assumption that people who share
the place of study. the same traits or experiences know each other.
➢ State the reasons why the specific setting was ➢ useful for subjects who are hard to find
chosen.
EX: A researcher asks his first participant to refer other
➢ In special cases, anonymity must always be
businessman who also earns at least 3 million per year.
observed.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLING/KEY
INFORMATION SELECTION 1. Simple random sampling
➢ Most basic probability sampling technique.
➢ Description of the demographic characteristics
➢ selection of sample is purely based on chance
of the participants in the study
and each member of the population has equal
➢ Explanation of the population and sampling
chance of being selected as a sample.
procedures should also be discussed:
• Number of respondents EX: Fishbowl technique
• Profile of the respondents
2. Systematic sampling
• Sampling technique used
➢ a process of selecting the xth element in the
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES population until the desired number of samples
is attained.
Sampling – process of selecting the sample or a portion ➢ the researchers set the sample size (n); the size
of the population of the population is known (N); then through
Population – consists of all the members of the group dividing N by n, the sampling interval width (k)
about which the researchers want to draw a conclusion. is determined.

Sample – a portion or part of the population of interest SAMPLING INTERVAL – standard distance between
selected for analysis; subset of the population elements element chosen for the sample.

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE – one whose EX: The researcher sets 100 as the sample size from a
characteristics closely approximate those of the population of 2,000 students found on the student
population directory:

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING K = 2,000 ÷ 100

1. Convenience sampling K = 20
➢ selection of the samples based on the In other words, every 20th student from the list would be
convenience of the researcher. sampled.
➢ also called as the ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
➢ EX: Stopping people in the street to conduct an 3. Stratified sampling
interview or to administer a survey ➢ the population is divided into subgroups or
questionnaire. strata. After the stratification, an appropriate
number of elements are selected from each
2. Purposive sampling stratum randomly.
➢ the selection of the sample is based on the
EX: Supposed that you are studying about the self-
selective judgment of the researcher.
confidence of Grade 11 students from all of the
➢ also called as JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
academic strands in OLFU-QC and you want to obtain a
➢ there is a criteria set by the researchers that is
total number of 300 as samples.
relevant to the topic under study
 4. Cluster sampling
➢ is a method of selecting cluster from a
population that is large and widely dispersed
over a wide geographical area.
➢ also known as MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
➢ the resulting design is described in terms of the
number of sampling stages (three-stage cluster
sampling)
EX: If we want to conduct a survey about the opinion of
Manila regarding the war on drugs campaign, we may
use the cluster sampling by:
Subdividing Manila into districts then select at random
the number of district to be included;
From the chosen districts, choose particular barangays to
be part of the samples.
3.4 RESEARCH ETHICS
➢ This is the section where the researcher can
attest that the study was conducted with
consideration to the rights of the human subjects
they will involve in the study.
➢ Ethical principles observed in the study and how
it was maintained (ex: ethical board reviews,
permissions on animal usage, etc.)should be
enumerated.
RESEARCH ETHICAL CONSDIERATIONS
1. Intellectual property – a work or invention that
is the result of creativity to which one has rights
and for which one may apply for a patent,
copyright, trademark, etc.
2. Informed-consent – ensures that the individuals
involved are voluntarily participating.
3. Respect for confidentiality and privacy –
security measures used to protect information
divulged by the respondents.
4. Maintaining Anonymity - means that the
researchers do not collect identifying
information such as name, address, email
address, etc.
3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
➢ Each questionnaire used in the study must be
described in detail here:
• Number and types of questionnaires
used;
• Number of items;
➢ Whether the instruments is borrowed or self-
made (for borrowed instruments, permission
must be obtained);
➢ If equipment/tools were used, clear description
of the materials should be given. Modification
and/or construction of equipment specific for the
study must be carefully described in detail.
3.6 DATA COLLECTION
➢ The step-by-step process must be explained
comprehensively by the researchers.
➢ For studies where subjects are exposed to a
certain intervention (usually in experiments), the
intervention must be described in detail.
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS
This sub-section explains how data will be analyzed.