Core Java Interview Questions

Question :- In your project where you have used below concepts :-

1. Overloading :

Employee getEmployee(int employeeId)

{

Employee getEmployee(String employeeName)

{

2. Overriding :-

I Override toString() of Object class in Employee class , so

that whenever I print object , I should get content
of a object and address of a object .

3. interface :-

I had defined DAO interface for DAO(Data Access Object)

classes .

// Jayshree
interface EmployeeDAO
{
void saveEmployee(Employee employee);
boolean deleteEmployee(int eid);

// Madan
class EmployeeDAOImpl implements EmployeeDAO
{
void saveEmployee(Employee employee) { }
boolean deleteEmployee(int eid) { }
}

// abstraction means exposing only required things and hiding

unnecessary details
// abstraction concept is implemented using interface and abstract
class .
// For a developer , only signature of save(-) method is required
which is exposed through interface and he need not know how that
method is implementated in implementation class

// classes ,
interface Session
{
void save(Object o);
boolean save(Object o);
load(-,-)
get(-,-)
}

4. Abstract class :-

I had defined abstract class Employee and defined it's 2

subclasses PermanentEmployee and TemporaryEmployee . I also used
predefined abstract class Calendar .

5. Encapulsation :-

I used encapulsation concept while defining entity class

(pojo class) of hibernate , where I declared all members as private
and defined public setters and getters methods to manipulate these
members .

6. Inheritance :-

I had defined abstract class Employee and defined it's 2

subclasses PermanentEmployee and TemporaryEmployee

7. static

I had made companyName variable static as all employee's

companyName was same .

8. final

I had made noofleaves variable as final as it's value was

constant .

9. Any exception you faced and how you handled it

SessionFactory factory;
factory.openSession();

I had got NullPointerException for statement

factory.openSession() in hibernate code . Then I realized that I had
forgotten to write @Autowired for SessionFactroy factory statament .
10. Where did you use collection framework classes in your project ?

I used ArrayList class to store Question class's object in

my Online Exam Project . I also used HashMap object , to stored
user's answer to particular question .

11. Did you use array in your project ?

In online Exam project , Each question had 4 options . So I

used array here . I did not use Collection as no of options were
fixed . Array is fast in exceuction whereas Collection is slow in
execution .

class Question
{
int qno ;
String questionText ;
String[] options;
String originalAnswer;
}

Question :- what is variable ?

Answer :-
Variable is a container where we store some value .
e.g. int a=10;

[ 10 ] a

So here variable a is used to store 10 value inside it .

value stored in a variable keeps on changing . Hence it is called
variable . At a time only one value can be stored in a
variable .

a=20; // 10 will removed and 20 will be stored in variable a

Variable cab be thought as name of memory block where value

will be saved .

Question :- What is general syntax of method ? explain with the

help of example

Answer :- method is a block of statements performing some

tasks.General syntax to define method is :-

return type method name ( parameters )

{
// programming statements performing some
task
 }

int add(int a , int b)

{
int c;
c=a+b;
return c;
}

a and b are called as arguments or parameters . we

can write any no of arguments . Arguments means input to method
.method accepts this input , process it and
generates output .

// return type of deposit(int amount) is void means it will

not return any value .

void deposit(int amount)

{
balance=balance+amount;

// return type of withdraw(int amount) is int means it will

return int value .

int withdraw(int amount)

{
balance=balance-amount;
return balance;

Question :- Difference between local variable & global variable ?

Answer :- local variable is available only within a block where it

is declared whereas global variable is available everywhere inside
a class .global variables are declared at the start of
class defination . local variables are defined inside method or
any other block like try block , catch block .
global variables are of 2 types :- static and non-static .

e.g. class Demo

{
int a;
static int b;

void m1()
{
int c=10;
System.out.println(a + " " + b); // a &
b are global variables
System.out.println(c); // this will
give error as c is local variable of method m1()
}

void m2()
{
System.out.println(a + " " + b); //
a & b are global variables
System.out.println(c); // this will
give error as c is local variable of method m1()
}
}

Question :- Can we use return keyword in a method whose return type

is void ?

Answer :- yes , we can use it to end method execution , but we can

not return any value .

class Test
{

static void m1(int a)

{
if(a<0)
{
return; // ok
// return 20 ; // NOT ok
}

System.out.println("Hello World");
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
m1(10) ; // it will print Hello World
m1(-10) ; // it will NOT print Hello World
as method execution will get over as a<0 condition will get true
// and return statement will
execute which will stop execution of method
}
}

Question :- If method returns value of type int , what type of

variable we should declare to store that value ? is this process
compulsory ?

Answer :- int type variable should be declared to store this

return value .

int add(int a , int b)

{
return a+b;
}

int answer = add(10,20);

Here we have declared answer variable of type int as

add(-,-) gave 30 value which is int . It is NOT compulsory
to store return value of a method in a variable .

System.out.println(add(20,30)); // we did not save

return value here , just printed it .

Question :- what is JDK , JRE , JVM ?

Answer :- JDK (Java Development Kit) contains JRE and Some

development tools like javac.exe (Java Compiler), java.exe ,
native2ascii.exe

JRE ( Java Runtime Enviroment ) contains jVM ( java

virtual machine ) and some jars having some predefined classes and
interfaces.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is responsible for running our

java program . It is different for different OS.

JDK = JRE + some development tools like javac ( Java

Compiler ) , java
JRE = JVM + Predefined classes and interfaces ( library )
JVM = A special program responsible for running our java
program

Question :- what is difference between continue , break ?

Answer :- break is used to treminate execution of loop whereas

continue is used to skip some statement execution of current
iteration and to go for next iteration .

Question :- what is jar file ? How to use class from any external
jar file ?

Answer :- Jar file is a like zip file of Operating System . It

contains packages having .class files of classes and interfaces .
Zip file ==> Folders ==> files
 Jar file ==> Packages ==> files (.class files of classes
and interfaces).
It means , Jar file is container where we group different
packages having different classes & interfaces .
To use any external jar file which is not part of JRE , we
must keep such jar file in a build path .For that we need to
right click on project name , then select build path ,
then select configure build path , then select libries tab , then
select external jar file and click on browse to select jar
file.
If external jar file option is not visble , click on
classpath .

Question :- Is JVM platform dependent ?

Answer :- Yes . JVM is different for different OS . when we

submit .class file to JVM , JVM generates machine code specific to
current machine .

Question :- Tell me about naming conventions every java programmer

must follow ?

Answer :- class name & interface name should begin with upper case
and every new word in it should begin with upper case .
e.g. class DataInputStream , class ObjectOutputStream ,
interface HttpSession

variable name & method name should begin with lower case
and every new word in it should begin with upper case .
e.g. int myAge ; // primitive variable
ArrayList arrayList ; // reference variable
void setMyAge(int a);
int getMyAge();

Constants should be written in uppercase letters

only .words are seperated with _ ( underscore )
public static final MAX_PRIORITY=10

Question :- What is variable argument method ? what is difference

between method with array argument and method with variable
argument ?

Answer :- Variable argument method can be called by passing 0 or

any no of arguments . However a method is defined with array
argument then compulsory we need to pass array or null value while
calling that method.
Question :- public static void main(String... a) is it write syntax
for main method ?

Answer :- Yes . variable argument is accepted here .

Question :- void add(int a , int... b) is it right ?

Answer :- Yes . variable argumet cab be combined with normal

arguments but in that case , we should write variable argument at
the end

Question :- when JVM calls main(String[] args) , does it pass

String[] while calling it ?

Answer :- Yes . If programmmer has pass any arguments from arguments

tab of eclipse , JVM creates String[] using those arguments
and pass it to main(String[] a) while calling it .

Question :- when we do not pass any program argument , what is size

of String[] which is passed to main(String[] args)

Answer :- If no arguments are passed , Still JVM creates an String[]

array , but it is empty array . It's length is 0;

Question :- Can we write any statement after return statement ?

why ?

Answer :- No , as return will end method execution . hence

statements below return will not execute ever .

Question :- why main() is declared as public ?

Answer :- public methods can be called by any class from any

package . main() is declared public so that it will be called by JVM
which may be in any package .

Question :- why main() is declared static ? what would have

happened if it was declared as non-static method ?

Answer :- main() is declared static so that it will be called by JVM

using classname and object is not required for calling it .
we generally create object inside main() , and if main()
was NON-static , we would need object to call it . So it would have
been impossible to call main() .
Question :- How to call main() of one class into another class ?

Answer :-

class A
{
public static void main(String[] a)

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
}
}

class B
{
public static void main(String[] a)

{
String[] b = {"Java" , "By" ,
"Kiran"};
A.main(b);
}
}

run B class and observe that main() of class A is

executed

Question :- can we overload main() and if done which version of it

will be called ?

Answer :- Yes , we can overload main() , However JVM will

main(String[] a) . Other main() methods we need to call manually .

Question :- Can we run class without main() ? When java progran

execution gets over ?

Answer :- No we can not run class without main() . when main()

execution gets finished , we say java program execution is over .

Question :- what is use of System.exit(0) ?

Answer :- It is used to terminate java program .

Question :- what is method recursion ? which exception may occur if

we don't have controlled over recursion ?
Answer :- method recursion means calling method inside method
defination . we should control how many times method will be called
recursively otherwise StackOverflowError occurs .

Question :- How to perform main() recursion ?

Answer :-
public static void main(String[] a)

// some statements

main(a); // calling main() inside

defination of main() .
}

Question :- what is use of break and return statement ?

Answer :- break is used to end execution of loop and return is used

to end execution of method.

Question :- What is difference between while and do-while loop ?

Answer :- while loop checks condition for every iteration . do while

loop do not check condition for first iteration .

Question :- what is difference between for each loop and for loop ?

Answer :- for each loop is used generally to iterate over array and
collection . for loop is general loop which can be used anywhere.

Question :- Write syntax of for each loop . give one example

Answer :- General syntax of for each loop is :-

for( type variable : datasource )

int[] a = {10,20,30,'a'};

// we have written int as this array contains int

elements .

for(int element : a )
 {

System.out.println(element);
}

Question :- int a=10; if(a) { } will it compile ?

Answer :- NO. Only boolean value is allowed inside condition .

Question :- How to define infinite loop ? where it is used ?

Answer :- If loop condition is always evaluating to true , then loop

becomes infinite loop.

e.g. while(true) { }
while(10>0) { }
such loops are used when we are not sure how many iteration
loop will have and we want user to take control of
when to stop loop iteration .

Question :- when else block and else if block is executed ?

Answer :- Else if block condition is checked only if condition in if

block is false . Then one by one all else if block condition is
checked until any condition evaluates to true . However if
none of the condition is evaluated to true then else block is
executed .

Question :- can we write default case as a first case in switch

statement ?

Answer :- Yes , we can write default case anywhere in switch block .

Question :- when default case is executed ? is it compulsory to

write it ?

Answer :- default case is executed only if none of the case is

executed . It is not compulsory to have default case in switch
block.

Question :- what is an object ? what is state and behaviour of a

object ? explain with one example
object is instance of a class . object is any real time entity .
Every object contains 2 things :-

1) state of object :- value of instance variables e.g. eno=1

salary=1000
2) behaviour of an object :- methods

public class Employee

{
int eno ;
int salary ;

public Employee(int e, int s)

{

eno = e;
salary = s;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Employee e1 = new Employee(1,1000);

Employee e2 = new Employee(1,1000);

//e1(1000) ====>[eno=1 salary=1000] Employee class object at

address 1000
//e2(2000) ====>[eno=1 salary=1000] Employee class object at
address 2000

// 2 types variables:-
// 1. Primitive variable :- it stores value
//
int a=10;
// 2. Reference Variable :- It stores address
// e1 & e2 are reference
variables because address is stored into them

}// class ends

Question :- what is object reference ? what is stored in it ?

Answer :-Reference Variable stores address into it .

e1 & e2 are reference variables because address is stored

into them

reference is used to access variables and methods from

object.
Question :- using new and constructor object is created . true/
false

Answer :- true . new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime

for object . constructor constructs object by initializing variables
from class . e.g.

1) String s = new String("JBK"); here using new and

constructor String class object is created .

2) object of predefined class Object can be created using

it's default constructor (0-argument constructor)

Object o = new Object();

Question :- How to call non-static methods using object reference

and anonymous object ?

Answer :- String s1 = new String("JBK");

s1.length() ; // calling method using reference
s1.toString();

new String("java").length(); // calling method using

anonymous object

To call single method we should anonymous object and to

call multiple methods we should use reference .

Question :- what is constructor ? explain in detail

Answer :-
constructor is a special method whose name is similar to
class name and it is used to initilize instance variables
constructor method does not have any return type
constructor constructs object
If no constructor is defined by programmer , compiler adds
default constructor

Question :- can we use static or protected for constructor ?

Answer :- static keyword is not applicable for constructor as

constructor is related to object and static is related to class.
However constructor can be protected , private ,public or
even default .

Question :- can we write return statement in a constructor ?

Answer :- Yes .

Question :- when default constructor is added in java's class ? why

is it added ?

Answer :- If no constructor is defined by programmer , compiler adds

default constructor . It is added by compiler as constructor is
required for object creation as constructor constructs
object . we need to create object of a class to call non-static
members of a class and without constructor object creation
is not possible . Hence it is added by compiler if not present .

48) Can we create object of class without constructor ?

Answer :- NO . However we can receive ( get ) object from certain

methods , means method will create object and give it to us .
e.g.newInstance() will create object for us and then give it to us .
However we must remember that even newInstance() also require
constructor for object creation . String is a special class as it's
object is created by JVM whenever programmer write something inside
" " .

Question :- what is constructor overloading ?

Answer :- Having multiple constructor methods with same name but

different arguments is called Constructor overloading . e.g. String
class has 15 constructor .

class String
{
/* default constructor will create String class
object with empty content */

String()
{
}

String(String s) { }

String(Char[] c) { }

Question :- which variable should be declared as non-static variable

and which variable should be decared as static variable . explain
with example
Answer :- variables whose value depends on object should be declared
as instance variable / object variable / non-static variable .e.g.
empId and salary of employees dependens on employee . However
company name is not dependent on object . It is common to all
employee objects . hence companyName should be declared as static
variable

Question :- what is gloabl variable and tell me types of global

variables ?

Answer :- global variable is available everywhere inside a class .

global variables are declared at the start of class defination .

global variables are of 2 types :- static and non-static .

Question :- what is local variables ? which modifier we can apply to

local variable ?

Answer :- local variable is available only within a block where it

is declared . local variables are defined inside method or
any other block like try block , catch block . for local
variable ONLY final modofier is applicable.

Question :- Difference between local and global variables ?

Answer :- global variable is available everywhere inside a class .

local variable is available only within a block where it is
declared . for global variable we can use all modifiers but for
local variable ONLY final modofier is applicable . Initilization of
global variable is not compulsory but for local variable
initilization is compulsory .

Question :- what is default value of local variable ?

Answer :- No default value is applicable for local variable in fact

if local variable is not initilized , then we get error

Question :- what is use of static block ? How many static block we

can write in a class ? when it is executed ?

Answer :- static block is used to initilize static variables . we

can write any no of static blocks in a class . it is executed when
class is loaded into memory . it is executed even before
main() method also.
Question :- Which method 's call prompts execution of static
block ?

Answer :- Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")

Question :- what is instance block ? what is difference between

instance block and constructor ?

Answer :- Constructor is used to initilize instance variables .

instance block is used to perform some task which we want to do
after initilization . Constructor accepts arguments , instance block
can not . Instance block executes before constructor .

Question :- Tell me use of final keyword in detail ?

Answer :- final keyword is used at 3 places :-

1) to declare constant e.g. final int a=10;
2) to declare final method which can not be overriden in
child class . e.g. final void m1(){}
3) to declare a final class which can not child classes .
e.g. final class A { } class B extends A is not possible as final
classes do not have child classes . In java String class ,
System class, all wrapper classes are declared as final class .

Question :- which class other than String class is declared as final

class ?

Answer :- In java String class , System class, all wrapper classes

are declared as final class .

Question :- what is final object reference variable ?

Answer :- address stored in final reference variable can not be

changed means this reference can not point to any other new object .
final String s = new String("jbk"); // s(1000) ==>[jbk]
String class object at address 1000
s=new String("java"); // it will give error as s is final
variable

Question :- final Employee e1 = new Employee(1,1000);

e1.salary=2000;

will this code run ?

Answer :- Yes . as we are changing value present inside object and

not address stored in reference varibale e1
Question :- Tell me important methods from java.lang.Object class

Answer :- equals(), toString() , hashCode() , getClass() ,

notify(),notifyAll(),wait(),clone() etc

Question :- why java.lang.Object class's name is Object ?

Answer :- as we can call methods from this class using any java
object

Question :- Object getInstance()

{
return ---;
}

which class's object can be returned by above method ?

Answer :- object of any java class

Question :- boolean equals(Object o) . Here why o aregument is

declared of type Object ?

Answer :- so that we can pass any java object to equals() .

equals(new String("java"));
equals(new StringBuffer("java"));

Question :- which class is super class of all classes in java ?

Answer :- class Object . by default every java class extends this

class.

Question :- using reference of super class , we can call members of

parent and child both . true / false

Answer :- false , we can call parent class methods only using parent
class reference .

Question :- Is constructor inherited into child class ?

Answer :- No

Question :- what is super keyword ? when it is compulsory to use

it ?
Answer :- super keyword is used to access super class members inside
child class . super() is used to call super class ( parent class)
constructor inside child class. when super class and sub class both
have member of same name then use of super is compulsory to call
super class members.

class A { int a=10; }

class B extends A {int a=20 ; void m1() { sop(this.a) ;
sop(super.a) ;} }

Question :- what is this keyword ? when it is compulsory to use it ?

Answer :- this keyword is a reference which points to object of a

class in which we have used this keyword. when local variables and
global variable names are same then we must use this with
global variables

Question :- can we use this and super in static context ?

Answer :- NO as this and super are references which points to object

means it is associated with object and static is associated with
class

Question :- can we change static variable value ?

Answer :- Yes unless it is final .

Question :- which super class constructor is called by default from

child class constructor , default or parameterized constructor ?

Answer :- by defualt , default constructor of parent class is

called from child class constructor

Question :- Why multiple inheritance is not possible in java using

classes ? How to achieve it ?

Answer :- one class can extends ONLY ONE class . One class can have
only one Parent class .
class A {} class B {}
class C extends A , B . Not possible . So let's declare
class B as interface B
interface B { }
class C extends A implements B

Question :- static members are inherited into child class . true /

false.
Answer:- true

Question :- what is polymorphism ? Types of polymorphism ?

Answer:- polymorphism is an ability to exist in multiple forms .

There are 2 types of polymorphism :-
1) compile time polymorphism
2) run time polymorphism

Question :- why method overloading is called static binding ?

Answer :- having multiple methods with same name but different

arguments is method overloading .It is an compile time
polymorphism/early binding/staic binding as method call is bound
with method definition based on arguments

Question :- why method overriding is called dynamic binding ?

Answer :- redefining method of parent class in a child class , is

called method overriding
polymorphism :- ability to exist in multiple forms
method overriding is run time polymorphism because which method will
be called is decided at runtime based on object.

Question :- static method , final method , private method can not

be overrident in child class . true/false

Answer :- true . static method / final method / private method of

parent class can not be overriden .

Question :- can we have same private method in parent and child

class ?

Answer :- yes . private methods are not inherited into child class .

Question :- what is method hiding ?

Answer :- In parent class and Child class , if we have static method

with same signature it is called method hiding .

Question :- what is method signature ?

Answer :- method signature means name of method and arguments .

return type is not considered in it .
Question :- difference between overloading and overriding ?

Answer:-overloading is associated with single class , whereas

overriding is associated with parent and child class . overloading
is compile time polymorphism as method call is bound
with method defination at compile time based on arguments . whereas
method overriding is run time polymorphism because which
method will called is decided at runtime based on object. In
orverloading method signture must be different whereas in
overriding method signature must be same . return type is not
considered in overloading whereas in overriding return type
must be same or covarient .

Question :- what is covarient return type ?

Answer:- In place parent type return type , we can child type return
type in overriding , it is called co-varient return type .

class A
{
Object m1() { }
}

class B extends A
{
String m1() { }
}

Question :- what is variable argument method ? can we have 2

variable arguments in one method ?

Answer:-Variable argument method can be called by passing 0 or any

no of arguments . we can't have method with 2 variable arguments.

void m1(int... a)

m1(10,20);
m1(10,20,30);
m1();

Question :- m1(int a , String... b) is it write ?

Answer:- yes . Variable argument should be at the end of list of

arguments .

Question :- what is abstratcion ? how it is achieved in java ?

Answer:- abstraction means exposing only required things about
abstract methods and not showing implementation details of these
methods . abstraction in java is achieved by abstract class
and interface .e.g. JDBC API contains certain interfaces which are
defined by Driver class . Programmer calls methods from these
interfaces . But they do not know implementation of these
methods .e.g. we call next() from ResultSet interface , but we don't
know implementation of next () . This is abstraction .Sun people
exposed methods through interface but they didn't reveal
implementation of theses methods as we don't need to know it .

Question :- what is interface ? tell me where you have used it in

your project .

Answer:-interface is a collection of abstract methods ( undefined

methods ) . abstraction means method implementation details will not
be exposed.only method signature will be exposed .method signature
means name of method and arguments of method. All methods from
interface are public and abstract by default.

we can use interface to define DAO ( Data Access Object )

interface .

interface EmployeeDAO
{
void addEmployee(Employee employee);
Employee getEmployee(int empId);

Question :- why interface methods are by default public and

abstract ?

Answer:- interface methods are public so that anyone can implements

it in any package . By default interface methods are abstract
because interface provides 100% abstraction by providing all
abstract methods whereas in abstract class , there are some defined
methods also .

Question :- Is it compulsory to define all methods from interface in

implementation class ?

Answer:- Not compulsory but then we need to define implementation

class as abstract class as it will abstract method .

Question :- can we use any other access modifier than public while
defining interface methods in a implementation class .
Answer:- Not possible as interface methods are public and if we use
any other access modifier then it will lower visibility of these
methods.

Question :- why do we declare interface reference and not reference

of it's implementation class ?

Answer:- Because we know interface name but we do not know it's

implementation class .

Question :- what is abstract class ? why abstract class contains

constructor ? when is it called ?

Answer :- Abstract class can contain abstract and concrete both

methods. Concrete methods have definition . abstract methods does
not have definition .
We can't create object of abstract class . But we can
create abstract class's subclass object . Abstract class's child
class constructor calls constructor of Parent abstract class .

Question :- what is difference between interface and abstract class

in jdk1.8

Answer :- Subclasses of abstract class must define abstract method

from abstract class .
When we have objects with some common behaviour and some
uncommon behaviour , go for abstract class .when we have only
uncommon behaviour , go for interface .
interface does not have constructor but abstract class
have constructor . interface contains only constants but abstract
class can contains constant and plain variables also .

Question :- Can we create object of abstract class and interface ?

why ?

Answer :- No as their defination is not complete as it contains some

abstract ( undefined ) methods .

Question :- Tell me any one abstract class from JDK ?

Answer :- Calendar class , InputStream , OutputStream

Question :- Can we define any class as a abstract class even if

there is NO abstract method in a class ?
Answer :- Yes

Question :- why do we override toString() in every java class ?

Answer :- to return object's data / object's state

Question :- what is encapuslation ? what is java bean class ?

Answer :- encapuslation is process of grouping variables and methods

acting on those variables , into one unit called class .
Encapsulation suggest to make variables private and define public
setter and getter methods , using which variables can be accessed .
java bean class is pure encapuslated class as it contains private
members and public setter and getter methods . using setter
methods , we can control which value can be applied to member
variable .

Question :- when we should write setter and getters methods in java

class ?

Answer :- when class contains private variables , we should define

public setter and getter methods to access these private variables .

Question :- what is is-a and has-a relationship ?

Answer :- is-a means inheritance and has-a relationship is based on

usage than inheritance . when we want to access members of any class
and if our class don't have any is-a relationship with that class ,
we can use has-a relationship to define reference of that class in
our class .

Question :- what is difference between aggregation and composition .

Answer :- In composition , if container object is destroyed then

contained object is also destroyed means it is tight coupling . e.g

class Room { } class Teacher { }

class School
{
Room room = new Room(); // here object is created .
It is Composition
}

If School object is destroyed then Room object will also

be destroyed .

class School
{
Teacher teacher; // here object is declared not
created . It is aggregation
}

If School object is destroyed then Teacher object will NOT

be destroyed as it not stored inside School object .

Question :- what is an array ? How to get/read any element from an

array ?

Answer :- array is a special variable which can store multiple

values in it . To read array elements we can use any loop .

Question :- why array is called type safe ?

Answer :- as it contains elements of same type only .

Question :- int[] a ={10,20,'d'}; is it correct ?

Answer :- Yes . 'd' ascii value 100 will be stored here .

Question :- How to find out class name of a class which is created

internally for java array ?

Answer :- int[] a ={10,20,'d'}

String className = a.getClass().getName();

Question :- can we change size of an array ?

Answer :- Not possible as array is fixed size .

int size=10;

int[] a=new int[size];

size=20;

sop(a.length);
sop(size);
Question :- what is exception handling ? is it achieved using try
and catch block or throws keyword ?

Answer:-Exception is runtime error ; when exception occurs program

is terminated abnormally .

Preventing abnormal termination of a program due to

exception occurrence is Exception Handling .

In try block we should write error prone statements .

when exception occur in try block , program control is

shifted to catch block

Hence We should write user friendly error messages in catch

block .

throws is used to delegate responsibilty of exception

handling to caller of a method

e.g. class Integer

{
int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException
{

}
}

// m1() is caller method for parsetInt()

// It is responsibility of m1() method that it should handle the
exception

class Test
{
void m1()
{
try
{
int a =
Integer.parseInt("10");
int d =
Integer.parseInt("ten");
}

catch(Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Question :- Difference between checked and unchecked exception ?

Answer :-

When Any Exception class not inherit from RunTimeException class ,

then it is Checked Exception . When we call method with
checked exception , we should handle it using try and catch block or
use throws keyword to delegate responsibilty of exception handling .
Otherwise we get compile time exception .

e.g. ClassNotFoundException , IOException , SQLException

unchecked exception classes inherites from RunTimeException class .

e.g. NullPointerException , NumberFormatException .

Question :- difference between Exception class and Error class ?

Answer :- Exception occurs due to problem in programmer's logic .

whereas Errors occurs due to problem in system in which program is
running .
e.g. NullPointerException occurs due to programmer's fault whereas
OutOfMemory Error will occur due to problem with JVM . Errors
normaly can not be recovered but exception can be handled .

Question :- Difference between throw and throws keyword ?

Answer :- throw is used to raise exception programatically whereas

throws is used to delegate exception handling responsibility to
caller method .

Question :- In multiple catch block series , catch(Exception e)

should be written at the start or end ?

Answer :- At the end . Because if we write somewhere else we get

compile time error .

Question :- What is alternative way for writing multiple catch

block ?

Answer :- From JDK 7 , java allows you to catch multiple type

exceptions in a single catch block. You can use vertical bar (|) to
separate multiple exceptions in catch block. It is alternative way
to write multiple catch block to handle multiple exceptions

catch(NullpointerException npe |
ArithmaticException ae | IOException ioe) { }
Question :- what is try with resource statement ?

Answer :- The try-with-resources statement is a try statement that

declares one or more resources. A resource is an object that must be
closed after the program is finished with it. The try-with-resources
statement ensures that each resource is closed at the end of the
statement.

BufferedReader is a resource that must be closed after the program

is finished with it:

static String readFirstLineFromFile(String path) throws IOException

{
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new
FileReader(path) ) )
{
return br.readLine();
}
}

In this example, the resource declared in the try-with-resources

statement is a BufferedReader. The declaration statement appears
within parentheses immediately after the try keyword.

Question :- why we must call printStackTrace() in catch block ?

Answer :- printStackTrace() method print details about exeption on

console . It tells us in which method , at which line no exception
occured. It also tells us exception class name and display error
message . By reading this information , programmer takes corrective
action .

Question :- why NullPointerException occurs ? how to avoid it ?

Answer :- Whenever we call any member of a class , using null

reference , NUllPointerException occurs .
e.g. String s=null; --(1)
s.length();
replace line no 1 by to avoid NullPointerException.
Make reference point to some object so that exception will not
occur .
String s = new String("JBK");

Question :- when ClassCastException occurs ?

Answer :- It occurs when we try to type cast parent object to child

object . e.g.

Object o = new Object();

String s =(String)o;

Here we will get ClassCastException as we are trying to

create reference of child class by type casting which we want to
point to parent object which is not possible . Parent class
reference can point to it's child class object but reverse is not
possible .

Object o = new String("JBK");

String s =(String)o; // it is right

Question :- what is difference between NoClassDefFoundError and

ClassNotFoundException ?

Answer :- NoClassDefFoundError is child class of Error hence it is

unchecked and occurs due to system related issue . It is raise
automatically by JVM , whenever JVM don't find required class . e.g.
java Employee and if Employee.class file is not by JVM then JVM
raises NoClassDefFoundError.

ClassNotFoundException is checked exception . It occurs when JVM

fails to load required class , after scanning all jar files in
classpath .

Question :- Can we write try block only , and not catch block or
finally block ?

Answer :- No .

Question :- consider. we write try and fianlly block and do not

write catch block . In this case case if exception occurs in try
block , will finally block handle exception ?

Answer :- No.

Question :- what is return type of read() of FileInputStream class ?

Answer :- int . read() returns ascii value of char which is read .

Question :- File f= new File("abc.txt"); This statement will create

abc.txt file in disk . true/false.

Answer :- false .
Question :- what is use of FileInpuStream and FileOutputStream
class ?

Answer :- FileInpuStream is used to read file content .

FileOutputStream is used to write content into file . file can be of
any type text or non-text file .

Question :- why stream should be always closed in finaly block and

not try block or catch block ? is their any other way to do it ?

Answer :- There is no gurantee that all statements from try block

will execute . Hence it is suggested that we should not close stream
in try block .
we should do it in finally block which executes always irrespective
of exception occurance . From JDK 7 , we can use try with resource
statement , which automatically closes resource (file) . No need to
call close() .

Question :- What is tagging interface or marker interface . give

examples

Answer :- interface which does not have any method is called

marker / tagging interface . e.g. clonable , serilizable interfaces
are marker interfaces.

Question :- what is transient keyword ?

Answer :- transient keyword is used for that variable whose value we

do not want to serilize .

Question :- what is difference between transient object and

persistant object ?

Answer :- transient object is stored in memory as long as program is

running . Once program execution is over , it is not available in a
memory . whereas persistent object's contents are stored in some
storage media like file , database , so that it can be read
afterwards . such objects are called persistent objects .
Serilization , JDBC , Hibernate are different ways to achieve it .

Question :- 1) long a=456L 2) long a=456l . which statement is

correct ?

Answer :- Both are correct .

Question :- what is difference between float and double ?

Answer :- double is more precise than float , as float stores more

decimal values than float . double size is 8 byte whereas float size
is 4 byte .
by default every decimal value is considered double in
java . to make decimal value float , we must use letter f . e.g.
float a = 3.2f;
float b=4.5 will give error as 4.5 will be considred as
double and without type casting it is not possible to store double
value in float variable .

Question :- why is it required to write f letter for floating values

in case of float data type ?

Answer :- by default every decimal value is considered double in

java . to make decimal value float , we must use letter f . e.g.
float a = 3.2f;
float b=4.5 will give error as 4.5 will be considred as
double and without type casting it is not possible to store double
value in float variable .

Question :- why character data type size is 2 bytes in java ?

Answer :- Java support Unicode which support many languages . Hence

it needs more memory . hence char data type size in java is 2
bytes , whereas language like C support ASCII character set which
support only English language .

Question :- what is Collection ? difference between array and

collection in detail

Answer :- Array is fixed size whereas Collection is not fixed size .

Collection is for ONLY objects and not for primitives
Array is for both objects and primitives

Collection is called framework because it provides predefined

methods for some common operations like to add object in a
collection we have add(Object o) method , to remove object from a
collection we have remove(Object o) method

Array does not have such predefined methods

Array is a type safe .

int[] a = {1,2,3.5f}; it will give error float value can't be stored

in int array
By default , Collection is NOT type safe as it can accept any type
of objects. To make Collection type safe , we have to use Generic
Collection concept .

Question :- which methods are declared in Collection interface ?

Answer:-

interface Collection
{
int size();
boolean clear();
boolean remove(Object o)
boolean add(Object o)
boolean addAll(Collection c)
boolean removeAll(Collection c)
boolean contains(Object o)
boolean isEmpty()
Iterator iterator()
Object[] toArray();

default Stream<E> stream()

{
return
StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
}
}

Question :- What is difference between Collection and Map

interface ?

Answer :- Collection is for grouping single objects whereas Map is

for grouping pair of objects

Question :- How add() of Collection interface is implemented

differently in ArrayList and HashSet class ?

Answer :- add() of Collection interface is implemented in ArrayList

to accept duplicates whereas in HashSet it is implemented to NOT
accept duplicates .

Question :- Diffference between ArrayList and LinkedList class ?

Answer :- ArrayList should be used when frequent operation is

retrieval of object whereas LinkedList should be used when frequent
operation is insertion or deletion in the middle of list .
Question :- What is difference between Set and List ?

Answer :-
List accepts duplicates , Set do not.
List has index , Set do not have index.
List provides Random Access using index
List preserve insertion order but Set do not .

Question :- does set contain index ?

Answer :- NO

Question :- What is difference between Generic and Non-Generic

Collection ?

Answer :- NON-Generic Collection is NOT type safe as it can accept

any type of objects.Hence type casting is required

Generic Collection is type safe . Hence type casting is

not required

Question :- When HashSet should be used?

Answer :- to stote unique objects , hashset should be used .

Question :- When TreeSet should be used ?

Answer :- to sort unique objects , TreeSet should be used .

Question :- what is difference between HashSet and LinkedHashSet ?

Answer :- HashSet does not preserve insertion order whereas

LinkedHashSet preserve insertion order .

Question :- What is difference between comparable and comparator

interface ?

Answer :-

Comparable interface given natural sorting order and If we want

custom sorting , then we need to use Comparator interface

Comparable interface gives SINGLE sorting sequence and Comparator

gives multiple sorting sequence
 comparable is from java.lang package and Comparator is from
java.util package

String class has already implemented Comparable interface to sort

String objects aplhabatically . default sorting of String objects is
alphabatical sorting .

But if we want to sort String objects based on length of String

then we need to go for Comparator interface

Question :- What is use of Collections and Arrays class ?

Answer :- These classes contains some utility methods for array and
collection . e.g. To sort an array , Arrays class contains sort()
method , To sort collection, Collections class contains sort()
method .

Question :- What is use of keySet() in map ?

Answer :- keySet() gives Set object which contains all keys from the
map .

Question :- what does values() returns ?

Answer :- values() gives Collection , which contains all values from

map .

Question :- what is use of get(Object o) in map ?

Answer :- get(Object key) accept key and gives value associated with
key .

Question :- what is difference between remove(int index) and

remove(Object o) in arraylist ?

Answer :- remove(int index) will accept index of object which we

want to remove from ArrayList whereas remove(Object o) need object
itself .

Question :- which map should be used when you want to have sorted
entries ?

Answer :-TreeMap sort entries based on key's value .

Question :- which map should be used when you want to preserve

insrtion order based on keys ?
Answer :- LinkedHashMap should be used when you want to preserve
insrtion order based on keys .

Question :- Every class which is used as a Key in HashMap , must

implements equals() and hashcode(). why ?

Answer :- Key in hashmap should be unique . If two key object's

contents are equals then their hashcode must be eqaul so that
hashmap will not accept duplicate keys . But for this equals() and
hashCode() must have been implemented by key .

Question :- What advatntages we get with generic collection ?

Answer :- Generic Collection allows only Homegenous ( same type )

objects . Hence we don't require type casting as generic makes
collection type safe .

Question :- ArrayList<int> will it work ?

Answer :- NO as type parameter only class name works but no

primitives are supported .

Question :- ArrayList<? extends Number> which objects can be used as

type parameter here ?

Answer :- Any class which extends Number class like Integer , Float
can be used here as a type parameter .

Question :- Generic is a compile time feature or runtime feature ?

Answer :- Generic is a compile time feature . e.g.

ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList();

at right side of = symbol after constructor name we don't

need <Integer> as it is new ArrayList() will be evaluated at
runtime , compiler is not bothered about it .

Here we are informing compiler that we are going to add

Integer class objects in ArrayList . Hence compiler will allow only
Integer type objects and not any other object.

arrayList.add(new Integer(10))
arrayList.add(new Integer(20))
arrayList.add(new String("JBK")) // compile time error

ArrayList<Object> arrayList = new ArrayList();

 arrayList.add(new Integer(10))
arrayList.add(new Integer(20))
arrayList.add(new String("JBK")) // NO compile time error
as all java classes are child classes of Object class

Question :- when you write ArrayList<String> , what message you

convey to compiler and which restrictions are followed after this ?

Answer :- Here we are informing compiler that we are going to add

String class objects in ArrayList . Hence compiler will allow only
String type objects and not any other object.

Question :- class MyClass<T> , class MyClass<P> which is correct

way of defining Generic class ?

Answer :- Both as any Letter can be used as a Type Parameter while

defining generic class .

Question :- what is generic method ?

Answer :- generic method is a method which is not bound to any

type .

e.g. class ArrayList<T>

{
T get(int index);
}

here get(-) can return any type of object , hence it is

generic method .

Question :- what is difference between Collection and Collections ?

Answer :- Collection is root interface of Collection Framework and

Collections is a utility class which has methods
like sort() , binarySearch() .

Question :- what is difference between & and && .

Answer :- & checks both condition even if first condition is false

whereas && will check second condition only if first condition is
true . Hence && is called logical and operator . for and , we need
both condition true for true result .

System.out.println((10<2) && (10/0==0) ); // no exception will occur

as second condition will not be evaluated as first condition is
false
System.out.println("All is well");

But if we replace && by & , then exception will occur .

Question :- Tell me about Legacy classes from java collection

framework ?

Answer :- HashTable , Vector are called as legacy classes because

they are in JDK since 1.1 version . Collection framework was
introduced in 1.2 version . All legacy classes were synchronized
( Thread Safe ) .

Question :- How to obtain synchronized version of ArrayList class ?

Answer :- Collections.synchronizedList(List list) will accept

asynchronized List and convert it into synchronized List .

Question :- why do we convert Collection into stream .

Answer :- To utilize methods given by Stream interface , we need to

convert Collection into Stream .

Question :- Which methods are present in Stream interface ?

Answer :- Stream interface contains methods like filter() ,

map(),reduce() , max(),min() etc

Question :- what is functional interface ?

Answer :- functional interface contains single abstract method .

Question :- What is use of Lambda Expression ?

Answer :- Lambda expression is used to define abstract method from

functional interface without writing any class . It's syntax is :-
(arguments) -> defination of method

Question :- what is method reference ?

Answer :-method reference is used to reuse defination of existing

method instead of defining same defination using lambda expression .

e.g. Here we want to convert String to Integer , for this

functional defination which is required is already present in
valueOf() .
hence no need to use lambda expression to define new
function defination .

// map() will valueOf() to each string from stream and

convert String into Integer

List<String> lists=Arrays.asList("10","20","30");

Stream<Integer>
stream=lists.stream().map(Integer::valueOf);// Integer.valueOf("10")
Integer.valueOf("20") Integer.valueOf("30")

Question :- what is predicate interface ?

Answer :- predicate interface is a functional interface . It

contains single abstract method boolean test(Object o) .

predicate interface object is passed as a arguement to

filter method .

Question :- what is use of filter() from stream

Answer :- filter() is used to filter stream based on some

condition .

Question :- tell me about 3 cursor which are used to iterate

collection .

Answer :- Itertor , ListIterator , Enumeration .

Question :- Tell me about forEach() method

Answer :- forEach() method can be used to iterate objects from

collection .
List<Integer> al = Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4);
al.forEach(System.out::println);

Question :- what is package in java ? what are advatages of

packages ?

Answer :- package is a like folder of OS where we group .class files

of classes & interfaces . It java's way of grouping related classes
together.
advatages of packages are :-

organisation of classes and interfaces becomes easy

can group related classes together
Searching of classes becomes easy
we can have 2 classes with same name in 2 different packages

Question :- what is jar file ? Tell me command to create jar file

and also to extract jar file

Answer :- Jar file contains packages . packages contains classes

e.g. java has given us rt.jar file which contains packages like
java.lang , java.util, java.io
these packages contains classes like String class , ArrayList
class etc.

jar -cf abc.jar p1 p2

here cf means create jar file

abc.jar is name of jar file
p1 and p2 are packages which we want to add in a jar file.

To extract jar file , use , jar -xf abc.jar

Question :- How to use external jar file in our project ?

Answer :-Keep external jar file in a build path and then import
class and use it
e.g. In JDBC application , we keep mysql jar file in a build path
and use
Driver class from this jar file

Question :- How to use java.sql.Date and java.util.Date both classes

in one java program ?

Answer :- one class we will import e.g. import java.sql.Date

for another class we will use fully qualified name of a
class java.util.Date

Question :- Which access modifiers should be used if you want your

class's members accessible outside package also

Answer :- public and protected

Question :- why main() is declare public and not protected ? who

call main() ?
Answer :- public methods can be called by any class from any
package . main() is declared public so that it will be called by JVM
which may be in any package .

Question :- Object o = new Object() ; o.clone(); Is it correct ?

Answer :- No. Protected members are visible inside package anywhere

and outside package they are available inside child classes only .
But we can not call them using object of Parent class and we have to
use object of Child class only .

Question :- What is clonnable interface ? why clone() is declared

inside Object class ?

Answer :- clonnable interface must be implemented by a class whose

object we want to clone . clone() is defined in Object class so
that it can be called by any java object who wants clonning .

Question :- What is difference between default modifier and

protected modifier ?

Answer :-
Protected members are visible inside package anywhere and outside
package they are available
inside child classes only
default members are visible inside package ONLY

Question :- which modifiers we can apply to outer class ?

Answer :- public , final , abstract

Question :- which modifiers we can apply to inner class ?

Answer :- all modifiers including static

Question :- What is enum ? Tell me any one example

Answer :- enum is a set of constants . e.g. enum

weekdays{MONDAY,TUESDAY,WENDSDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDAY,SATURDAY,SUNDAY}

Question :- Wrapper class objects are immutable . true / false

Answer :- Yes ,they are immutable like String objects .

Question :- When is it compulsory to use wrapper class and not

primitive type in collection ?

Answer :- when defining type parameter in generic collection .

Question :- what is boxing ? Tell me about Integer.valueOf()

Answer :- conversion of primitive value into wrapper class object

is boxing.

int a=10;

Integer i = Integer.valueOf(a); // valueOf() will

convert primitive int value to wrapper class Integer object . It's
boxing

System.out.println(i);

// i===> [ 10 toString() ] Integer class object

System.out.println(i.toString());

Question :- what is unboxing ? tell me about intValue()

Answer :- Coversion of wrapper class object into primitive value is

called unboxing .

Integer i = new Integer(10); // i===>[ 10

intValue() ] Integer class object

int b = i.intValue(); // intValue() will give

primitive int value from Integer class object . It is unboxing

System.out.println(b);

Question :- what is autoboxing and autounboxing ?

Answer :- When boxing is done by compiler automatically it is

called autoboxing .

int a=10;

Integer i = a; // Compiler will convert this statement into :-

Integer i = Integer.valueOf(a) AutoBoxing

When unboxing is done by compiler automatically it is called

autounboxing .

Integer i = new Integer(10); // i===>[ 10 intValue() ] Integer class

object
int a = i; // Compiler will convert this statement into :- int a =
i.intValue()

Question :- what is use of annotations ? tell me different types of

annotations ?

Answer :- annotation is way of passing message/information to

compiler/JVM/Framwork about some variable/method/class . e.g. using
@Override annotation , we inform to compiler that we are overriding
parent class method . after this compiler checks this method in
parent class , if not found gives error. annotations are of 3
types :-

1) marker annotation:- It does not contains any member.

e.g. @interface Override {}

2) single value annotation :- It contains single member.

public @interface MyAnno

{
int value1();
}

3) Multi Value annotation :- It contains multiple members.

public @interface MyAnno

{
int value1();
int value2();

Question :- why String objects are called String constants

( immutable )

Answer :- String object's content can not be modified means it is

constant .

final int a=10 ; // integer constant

String s="JBK" ; // string constant

This string object's content JBK can not be changed .

Question :- what is advantage of String constant pool ?

Answer :- In SCP , Duplicates objects are not created . hence memory

is saved .

Question :- To create String object which are 2 ways ?

Answer :- 1) using String literal :-

String s = "JBK";

2) using new and Constructor

String s = new String("JBK");

Question :- What is difference between String and StringBuffer ?

Answer :- String object's content can not be modified means it is

constant . Whereas StringBuffer object's content can be modified .
means String object is immutable and StringBuffer object is mutable.

Question :- what is singleton object ?

Answer:- class whose only one instance is possible is called

singleton object . e.g. Runtime class

Question :- what is factory method ?

Answer:- method which gives object is called factory method . e.g.

Calendar.getInstance() . Here getInstance() will give us object of
child class of Calendar object . Calendar is a abstract class . It's
object not possible . Hence getInstance() will give it's child class
object . However we need to know name of that child class . We can
define reference of parent class Calendar .

Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();

Question :- what is static import ?

Answer :- static import allow us to import static members from

class . Once static members are imported , we can use them directly
without using class name also .

e.g. import static java.lang.System.out;

out.println("java is easy");

Question :- What is thread ?

Answer :- Thread is a part of a process . process means any program

in execution . Java program in execution is a process and it
contains one thread called main . we can define more threads using
Thread class . Thread is a like worker . we submit job to worker and
worker perform that job . Similarly in java , we define job in run()
method and submit that job to thread and thread executes that job .
Multiple threads executes same or different job simultenously .

Question :- 2 different ways of defining Job in multithreading ?

Answer :- we can define job in run() of Thread class or we can

define job in run() of runnable interface .

class ThreadDemo extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
// define job here
}
}

class MyJob implements Runnable

{
public void run()
{
// define job here
}

Question :- Can we call run() explicitely ?

Yes . But parallel execution of threads will not be there .

Question :- Can we overload run() of runnable interface ?

Yes . but run() with no argument is called automatically .

other methods we need to call manually .

Question :- Why multithreading should be used ?

Answer :- when we want to have parallel processing we should use

multithreading .

Question :- what are 2 different ways of achieving Thread

Synchronization

Answer :- 1. synchronized method 2. synchronized block .

synchronized block is best way as it makes only that code
synchronized which is updating object and this code will be executed
one after another by threads . However rest of the code from run()
will be executed simultenously . Hence we get parallel processing
also . However when we make run() synchronized , all statements from
method becomes synchronized and hence are executed one after
another . no parallel processing .

Question :- what is thread safe object ?

Answer :- Synchronized objects are thread safe object because they

give consistent result even if multiple thread are there .

Question :- Difference between sleep() and wait()

Answer:-sleep() method is used to pause execution of thread for

particular time , wheras due to wait() thread goes into waiting
state and wait gets over when notify() is called . sleep() does not
release lock whereas wait() releases the lock .

Question :- difference between notify() and notifyAll()

Answer:- notify() is used to send notification to single waiting

thread and notifyAll() is used to send notification to all waiting
threads.

Question :- can we have empty java file ?

Answer :- yes , empty java file is valid java file .

Question :- Can we have different name for public class and file
name ?

Answer :- No . public class name and file name must be same.

Question :- In one java file how many public classes we can write ?

Answer :- Only One public class is allowd in one java file as public
class name and java file name must be same . However we can write
any number of non-public classes in one java file . writing many
classes in one java file is not recommended approach .

Question :- How to pass program arguments ?

Answer :- select run configuration from run menu , inside arguments

tab specify arguments separated by space . using this program
arguments , JVM creates String[] , which it passes to main()
method . If no arguments are passed , JVM still create an array but
it is empty array .
Question :- what is bytecode ?

Answer :- when java file is compiled by compiler , .class file is

generated . This .class file contains special intermediate code
which is called as bytecode . This bytecode is given to JVM which
converts it into machine code specific to machine .

Question :- which folder of java project consist compiled java

classes ?

Answer :- bin folder contains all .class files of classes ,

interfaces , enums and annonations.

Question :- why java is called simple language ?

Answer :- java is called simple language as :-

1) It does not have explicit use of pointers

2) Java has provided Collection Framework which provides
many readymade methods to handle group of objects .
3) Java has mutiple APIs to make complex task easy . e.g.
Java has given JDBC API to perform database operations .
4) Java is fully object oriented language . It supports all
object oriented concepts .
5) Java follows all standard design pattern like MVC ,
using which web application development has become very easy and
organised.
6) Due to , JEE frameowrk like Hibernate , Spring , very
less code is required to develop complex application

Question :- What will be the output of below program ?

int[] a1={10,20}
int[] a2={10,20}

sop(a1==a2)
sop(a1.equals(a2))

Answer :- false as contents of array are not compared here , but

address of array is stored which is present in a1 & a2 .

Question :- ArrayList<?> and ArrayList<? extends Object> are same ?

Answer :- Yes as both will accept any type of object inside

ArrayList
Question :- final , finally and finalize difference .

Answer :- final is keyword , finally is block and finalize is

method . final is used to declare constant . finally block is used
to close resources . finalize() method is called when associated
object is destroyed by garbage collector .

Question :- Which is object is eligible for garbage collection ?

Answer :- object which is not pointed by any reference is eligible

for garbage collection.

Question :- Can we request JVM to run garbage collector ?

Answer :- using System.gc() we can request JVM to run garbage

collector .