UNIT1 NETWORK MODELS AND DATA LINK LAYER

1. Group the OSI layers by function.

The seven layers of the OSI model belonging to three subgroups. Network support
layers: Consisting of Physical, data link and network layers and they deal with the
physical aspects of moving data from one device to another. User support layers:
Consists of Session, presentation and application layers and they allow interoperability
among unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable data
transmission

2. What are the features provided by layering?

 It decomposes the problem of building a network into more manageable
components. Rather than implementing a monolithic piece of software that does
everything implement several layers, each of which solves one part of the
problem.
 It provides more modular design. To add some new service, it is enough to
modify the functionality at one layer, reusing the functions provided at all the
other layers.

3. What are the two interfaces provided by protocols?

 Service interface
 Peer interface
 Service interface-defines the operations that local objects can perform on the
protocol.
 Peer interface-defines the form and meaning of messages exchanged
between protocol peers to implement the communication service.

4.What is LAN?
A LAN is a common name used to describe a group of devices that share a
geographic location. LAN is limited to single building or campus.

5.What is flow Control?

Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data. The
sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.

6.Define Error detection and correction.

Error Detection:
Datacanbecorruptedduringtransmission.Itiscalledasanerror.Forreliablecommunic
ation, the receiver must find out the errors occurred in the data which is called as error
detection.
Error Correction:
It is the mechanism to correct the errors and it can be handled in 2 ways.
 a) When an error is discovered, the receiver can have the sender retransmit the
entire data unit.
b) A receiver can use an error correcting coder, which automatically corrects
certain error.

7. Define protocol
A protocol is a setoff rules that governs data communications. protocol defines the method of
communication how and when to communicate.
8.list out the five components of data communication system
1.message
2.sender
3.receiver
4.Transmission medium
5.protocol

9.list out four basic network topologies

1.mesh topology
2.star topology
3.bus topology
4.ring topology

10. What are the issues in data link layer?

A. The data link layer has a number of specific functions it can carry out. These
functions include,
B. Providing a well-defined service interface to the network layer.
C. Dealing with transmission errors.
D. Regulating the flow of data so that slow receivers are not swamped by fast senders.

11.What are the responsibilities of data link layer?

Specific responsibilities of data link layer include the following.
a) Framing
b) Physical addressing
c) Flow control
d) Error control
e) Access control

12.What is redundancy?
It is the error detecting mechanism, which means a shorter group of bits or extra bits may be
appended at the destination of each unit.

13.What is the purpose of hamming code?

A hamming code can be designed to correct burst errors of certain lengths. So
the simple strategy used by the hamming code to correct single bit errors must be
 redesigned to be applicable for multiple bit correction.
14.What is mean by error control?
Error control is a method that can be used to recover the corrupted data
whenever possible. These are two basic types of error control which are backward error
control and forward error control.

15.What is OSI?
A standard that specifies a conceptual model called Open systems
Interconnection network interface model, which breaks networked communications into
seven layers: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link,
Physical.

16.State the major functions performed by the presentation layer of the OSI model.
Presentation layer is concerned with the format of data exchanged between
peers, for example, whether an integer is 16, 32, or 64 bits long and whether the most
significant bit is transmitted first or last, or how a video stream is formatted.

17.State the purpose of layering in networks?

A layer is a collection of related functions that provides services to the layer
above it and receives services from the layer below it.
To execute the functions by each layer is independent.

18. What are the two fundamental ways by which network performance is measured?
1. Bandwidth
2. Latency

19.define hamming distance.

The hamming distance is a number used to denote the difference between two
binary strings
20.what is scatternet
several piconet linked in a topology is called scatternet
21. Define Bluetooth.
Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different
functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers, coffee maker and so
on.
22. What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a multiple access network, meaning that a set of nodes send and receive
frames over a shared link.
23.What is a buffer?
Each receiving device has a block of memory called a buffer, reserved for storing
incoming data until they are processed.
24. Mention the categories of flow control.
There are 2 methods have been developed to control flow of data across
communication links.
· Stop and wait- send one from at a time.
· Sliding window- send several frames at a time.

25. What is the function of stop and wait flow control?

In this method, the sender sends one frame and waits for an acknowledgement before
sending.

26. What is meant by bit stuffing?

Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever there are 5 consecutive in the data
so that the receiver doesn’t mistake the data for a flag.
27. Mention the various architecture in a LAN.
LAN is dominated by 4 architectures.
a) Ethernet
b) Token bus
c) Token ring
d) Fibre distributed data interface (FDDI)
28. Define a standard 802.3
IEEE 802.3 supports a LAN standard originally developed by Xerox and later
extended by a joint venture between digital equipment corporations. Intel Corporation and
Xerox. This was called ‘Ethernet’.
29.What is piggy backing?
Piggy backing means combining data to sent and acknowledgement of the frame
received in one single frame. Piggy backing can save bandwidth because the overhead from a
data frame and an ACK frame can be combined in to just one frame
30.Define hidden node problem
In wireless networking , hidden node problem occurs when a node is visible from a wireless
access point, but not from other nodes communicating with that access point.

Define data communication.

It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable etc)
Define data communication.
It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable etc)
Define data communication.
It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable etc)
Define data communication.
It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable etc)
Define data
communication.
It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of
Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable
etc)
Define data
communication.
It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of
Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable
etc)
Define data
communication.
It is the exchange of data
between two devices via
some form of
Transmission
medium ( such as copper
cable,twisted pair cable
etc)
Define Network.
A network is a set
of devices connected by
physical media links. A
network is
recursively is a
connection of two or more
nodes by a physical link or
two or more networks
connected by one or more
nodes
31.Define data communication.
It is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of Transmission
medium ( such as copper cable, twisted pair cable etc).
32. What are the elements of data communication?
The elements of data communication are
 Sender Receiver Transmission medium Message Protocol

33.What are the types of switching?

The types of switching are
 Circuit switching Packet switching Message switching