Comprehensive Guide to Solving Numericals in CBSE Physics (2024): Light Reflection, Refraction,

and The Human Eye

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Light
Nature of Light
Laws of Reflection and Refraction
3. Reflection of Light
Plane Mirrors
Spherical Mirrors
Concave and Convex Mirrors
Mirror Formula
Sign Conventions
Magnification
Numericals and Examples
4. Refraction of Light
Refraction at Plane Surfaces
Snell's Law
Refractive Index
Lateral Shift
Refraction by Spherical Lenses
Convex and Concave Lenses
Lens Formula
Sign Conventions
Power of a Lens
Numericals and Examples
5. The Human Eye and the Colourful World
Structure of the Human Eye
Defects of Vision
Myopia (Short-sightedness)
Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness)
Presbyopia
Correction Using Lenses
Numericals and Examples
Dispersion of Light
Prism and Spectrum
Atmospheric Refraction
Scattering of Light
6. Advanced Numerical Problems
Combined Lens Systems
Lens-Mirror Combinations
Real-life Applications
7. Problem-Solving Strategies
8. Practice Problems with Solutions
9. Conclusion

1. Introduction
This guide is designed to help you master numerical problems in the CBSE Class 10 Physics curriculum for 2024, specifically focusing on "Light Reflection and Refraction" and "The Human Eye and the
Colourful World." We'll cover essential concepts, formulas, and problem-solving techniques, progressing from basic to slightly advanced levels.

2. Fundamentals of Light
Nature of Light

Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects when it enters our eyes. It exhibits both particle and wave-like properties, known as the dual nature of light.

Laws of Reflection and Refraction

Laws of Reflection

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r).

Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law)

1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of two media at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the given pair of media:

n21 = (sin i) / (sin r)

3. Reflection of Light
Plane Mirrors

Plane mirrors produce virtual, upright images that are the same size as the object and are laterally inverted.

Spherical Mirrors

Concave and Convex Mirrors

Concave Mirror: A mirror with a reflecting surface that curves inward. It can produce real or virtual images depending on the object's position.
Convex Mirror: A mirror with a reflecting surface that bulges outward. It always produces virtual, upright, and diminished images.

Mirror Formula

The relationship between object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f) is given by:

1/f = 1/v + 1/u

Sign Conventions

According to the New Cartesian Sign Convention:

All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.

Magnification

Magnification (m) is the ratio of the height of the image (h') to the height of the object (h):

m = h'/h = -v/u

Numericals and Examples

4. Refraction of Light

5. The Human Eye and the Colourful World

6. Advanced Numerical Problems

In optical systems involving multiple lenses, the overall effect on light rays can be determined by considering the lenses one after another. The effective focal length (F) of two thin lenses in contact is given by:

1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2

Where:

f1 = focal length of the first lens

For lenses not in contact but separated by a distance (d), the combined focal length can be calculated using the lensmaker's formula and considering the image formed by the first lens as the object for the second
lens.

Detailed Example

Problem: Two lenses, a convex lens of focal length +10 cm and a concave lens of focal length -15 cm, are placed in contact. Calculate the effective focal length of the combination and determine the position of
the image when an object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens.

Solution:

1. Calculate the Effective Focal Length:

Using the formula for lenses in contact:

1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2

1/F = 1/10 + 1/(-15) = (3 - 2)/30 = 1/30

Therefore, F = +30 cm

2. Determine the Image Position:

Using the lens formula with the effective focal length:

1/f = 1/v - 1/u

1/30 = 1/v - 1/(-30)

1/v = 1/30 - 1/30 = 0

Thus, v = ∞

The image is formed at infinity, indicating that the system converts the incoming rays into parallel rays.

Non-Contact Lenses Separated by a Distance

When lenses are separated by a distance, the combined effect involves considering the image formed by the first lens as the object for the second lens.

Problem: A convex lens of focal length +20 cm is placed 10 cm away from a concave lens of focal length -30 cm. An object is placed 40 cm from the convex lens. Find the final image position relative to the
concave lens.

Solution:

1. Image Formation by the Convex Lens:

Using the lens formula:

1/f1 = 1/v1 - 1/u1

1/20 = 1/v1 - 1/(-40)

1/v1 = 1/20 + 1/40 = (2 + 1)/40 = 3/40

v1 = +13.33 cm

The image formed by the convex lens is at 13.33 cm on the other side of the lens.

2. Object for the Concave Lens:

The distance between the lenses is 10 cm, so the object distance for the concave lens is:

u2 = -(distance between lenses) + v1

u2 = -10 cm + 13.33 cm = +3.33 cm

Since the object is on the side of the incoming light for the concave lens, we take u2 = +3.33 cm.

3. Image Formation by the Concave Lens:

Using the lens formula:

1/f2 = 1/v2 - 1/u2

1/(-30) = 1/v2 - 1/(+3.33)

1/v2 = 1/(-30) + 1/(+3.33)

Calculate the values:

1/v2 ≈ -0.0333 + 0.3003 ≈ 0.267

v2 ≈ 1 / 0.267 ≈ +3.75 cm

The final image is formed at +3.75 cm from the concave lens on the same side as the object.

Important Points to Consider

Sequential Application: Always consider the image formed by one lens as the object for the next lens.
Sign Conventions: Be careful with signs, especially when dealing with distances between lenses.
Magnification: The total magnification is the product of the magnifications produced by each lens.

Lens-Mirror Combinations

In systems involving both lenses and mirrors, the light path includes refraction and reflection. The steps are as follows:

1. Refraction through the Lens: Use the lens formula to find the image formed by the lens.
2. Reflection by the Mirror: The image formed by the lens acts as the object for the mirror. Use the mirror formula to find the new image.
3. Refraction back through the Lens (if necessary): If the light passes back through the lens, consider the lens formula again.

Example: An object is placed 20 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. A plane mirror is placed 30 cm behind the lens. Find the position of the final image formed after reflection from the mirror and
refraction back through the lens.

Solution:

1. First Refraction through the Lens:

1/f = 1/v - 1/u

1/10 = 1/v - 1/(-20)

1/v = 1/10 + 1/20 = (2 + 1)/20 = 3/20

v = +6.67 cm

The image is formed 6.67 cm beyond the lens.

2. Distance to Mirror:

The mirror is 30 cm behind the lens, so the distance from the image to the mirror is:

Distance = 30 cm - 6.67 cm = 23.33 cm

3. Reflection by the Mirror:

The mirror reflects the light back along the same path. The image distance remains the same but on the opposite side.

4. Second Refraction through the Lens:

The image formed by the mirror acts as a virtual object for the lens at a distance:

u' = -(30 cm + 23.33 cm) = -53.33 cm

Using the lens formula again:

1/10 = 1/v' - 1/(-53.33)

1/v' = 1/10 - 1/53.33 ≈ 0.1 - 0.01875 = 0.08125

v' ≈ 1 / 0.08125 ≈ 12.31 cm

The final image is formed 12.31 cm in front of the lens.

Key Takeaways

Virtual Objects: When an image formed is on the same side as the incoming light for the next optical element, it acts as a virtual object.
Multiple Steps: Carefully track each step, noting distances and applying the correct formulas.

Real-life Applications

Combined lens systems are used in various optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, and cameras to achieve desired magnification and image quality.

7. Problem-Solving Strategies
1. Understand the Problem: Carefully read the question to identify known and unknown quantities.
2. Draw Diagrams: Visual representations help in understanding the light paths and distances involved.
3. Apply Correct Sign Conventions: Consistency in sign conventions is crucial for accurate calculations.
4. Select Appropriate Formulas: Choose the right equations based on the optical components involved.
5. Solve Algebraically: Rearrange equations to solve for the unknowns.
6. Check Units: Ensure that all measurements are in the same unit system.
7. Verify Results: Cross-check answers for physical plausibility (e.g., image type, position).

8. Practice Problems with Solutions

9. Conclusion
Mastering numerical problems in optics requires a solid understanding of fundamental concepts and careful application of formulas with the correct sign conventions. Regular practice and methodical analysis of
each problem will enhance your problem-solving skills.

Good luck with your studies!