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Lecture Notes Matrices

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions of square, zero, and identity matrices, as well as operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a scalar. It explains matrix multiplication, the importance of the order of multiplication, and introduces determinants and the concept of matrix inversion. Exercises are included to reinforce the concepts discussed.

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2 views9 pages

Lecture Notes Matrices

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions of square, zero, and identity matrices, as well as operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a scalar. It explains matrix multiplication, the importance of the order of multiplication, and introduces determinants and the concept of matrix inversion. Exercises are included to reinforce the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

mervinlo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices

Introduction

𝑘11 ⋯ 𝑘1𝑚
1 2
Eg. ( ) is a 2x2 matrix, ( ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ) is a n rows x m columns matrix.
3 4 𝑘 𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑘𝑛𝑚
A square matrix has same number of rows and columns

A zero matrix has all elements equal to 0, the matrix is denoted by 0

An identity matrix is a square matrix with elements of leading diagonal equal to 1, denoted by 𝑰𝒌
1 0
where k is the size, eg 𝑰𝟐 = ( ).
0 1
Eg. Vector, Linear Equation Systems

Addition and Subtraction

Operations can only be done with matrices of the same size.

To add or subtract matrices, add or subtract the corresponding elements in each matrix.

1 2 5 6 1+5 2+6 6 8
Eg. ( )+( )=( )=( )
3 4 7 8 3+7 4+8 10 12

Multiplication or Division by a scalar

To multiply or divide a matrix by a scalar, multiply or divide every element in the matrix by the scalar.

1 2 2 4
Eg. ( )×2= ( )
3 4 6 8
2 4 1 2
Eg. ( )÷2=( )
6 8 3 4
Exercise A
Matrix Multiplication

2 matrices can be multiplied together if the number of columns of the 1st matrix is the same as the
number of rows of the 2nd matrix.

If A has size of n x m, B has size of m x k, then AB = C has size of n x k

The order of multiplication is important. AB≠BA

If AB exists, BA does not necessarily exist.

𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝑏12
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒄 𝑐12
Eg. ( 𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 ) × (𝒃𝟐𝟏 𝑏22 ) = ( 𝑐𝟏𝟏 𝑐22 )
21 21
𝒃𝟑𝟏 𝑏32
Where:

𝑐11 = 𝑎11 × 𝑏11 + 𝑎12 × 𝑏21 + 𝑎13 × 𝑏31 ,

𝑐12 = 𝑎11 × 𝑏12 + 𝑎12 × 𝑏22 + 𝑎13 × 𝑏32 ,

𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑚
𝑒=1 𝑎𝑖𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑗 ,

and so on.

Associative Properties

(AB)C = A(BC)
Exercise B
Determinant

Determinant is the scalar value associated with a matrix.


𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
Eg 𝑴 = ( ) , det 𝑴 𝑜𝑟 |𝑴| 𝑜𝑟 | | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑

If det 𝑴 = 0, then M is a singular Matrix

If det 𝑴 ≠ 0, then M is a non-singular Matrix

Exercise C
Inverting a 2x2 Matrix

Any non-singular matrix has an inverse matrix.

The inverse of 𝑴 is 𝑴−1 such that 𝑴𝑴−1 = 𝑴−1 𝑴 = 𝑰


𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
If 𝑴 = ( ) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑴−1 = det 𝑴 ( )
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎

If A and B are non-singular matrices then (𝑨𝑩)−1 = 𝑩−1 𝑨−1

Exercise D
Review Exercise

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