Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Vectors:
Vector quantities are extremely useful in engineering and physics. The important
characteristic of a vector quantity is that it has both a magnitude (or size) and a direction.
Both of these properties must be given in order to specify a vector completely.

A vector has magnitude (size) and direction:

Vector components:

⃗ y z
Z

Vector between two points:

The vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ can be find by subtract the tail from the head
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) ( ) ( )

The Vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) ( ) ( )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

The Vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) ( ) ( )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Distance, length and Magnitude of the Vector ⃗ :

The distance or length or magnitude of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is nonnegative number

|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √( ) ( ) ( )

Example: Find the length between ( ) ( )

|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √( ) ( ) ( ) |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √ |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

Note: the vectors can be resolved into components by use of the triangle relationships.
Resolving a Vector into Components

Ex: find the cosine of the angles for ⃗ with respect to the axis, where ⃗

( )
√

Note that

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Ex: find the cosine of the angles for ⃗ with respect to the axis, where ⃗

Note that

Unit vector: The vector of the length 1 is called a unit vector. If the vector ⃗

⃗
The unit vector of the vector ⃗ is ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
| | √

Note: the unit vector is representing the simple way to analysis the vector to its components.

Note: In three dimensions vectors, the unit vectors can be called the direction cosines

Example: Find the unit vector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , where ( ) ( )

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( ) ( ) ( )
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √( ) ( ) ( ) √

For checking √( ) ( )

⃗
H.W: Find the unite vector of ⃗ where ⃗
|⃗ |

H.W: Find the components of force ( ) where F is in the direction of the following
points

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Midpoint of a Line Segment: the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment are found by

averaging.

The midpoint of the line segment joining points ( ) ( ) is the point

( )

Adding the vectors (Resultant):

The vectors , ⃗ and Adding graphically can be seen like three step walks, with the
vector sum being the vector distance from the beginning to
the end point. Representing the vectors by arrows drawn
with the length equal to the magnitude of the vector, the
beginning of vector ⃗⃗⃗ is placed at the end of vector⃗⃗⃗ and
the beginning of vector ⃗⃗⃗ is placed at the end of vector ⃗⃗⃗ .
The vector sum ⃗ = ⃗ can be drawn as the vector
from the beginning to the end point.

W.H: Find the Resultant (components and magnitude) of the force where

⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

Vectors Subtraction: To subtract two vectors, A and B, add the first vector to the negative
of the second vector: ( ). The negative of the second vector is obtained
by reversing it direction.

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

The Dot Product: it is symbolized as ( ⇒ )

The dot product of any tow vectors ⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗ is

⃗⃗ ( )⃗⃗ ⇒ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⇒

Example: ⃗ find ( )

( ) ⇒ ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

The cross Product: it is symbolized as ( ⇒ )

The cross product of any two vectors ⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗ is

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⇒ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⇒ ⃗ | |

⃗ ( ) ( ) ( )

Example: ⃗ find
⃑ ⃗⃑ ⃗⃑ ⃑

⃑ ⃗⃑ | |

⃑ ⃗⃑ ( ) ( ) ⃗⃗⃑ ⃗⃗⃑

⃗⃑ ⃑ | | ⃗⃗⃑ ⃗⃗⃑

Note that ⃗⃗⃑ ⃗⃗⃑ (⃗⃗⃑ ⃗⃗⃑)

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Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Properties of the vectors:

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

(⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ( ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ( ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗ ( ⃗⃗ )

⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) (⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗ ⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗

H.W: ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗

) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ )⃗ (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) ) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

The angle between two vectors: The angle between any two vectors such as ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
can be finding by using the following formulas:

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
|⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ |

|⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ |
|⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ |

Projection: the vector projection of ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ is:

⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
( ) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
|⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ |

⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
|⃗⃗ |

Example: if ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ find:

a) The angle between ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ , b) projection of ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ and projection of ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
|⃗⃗ | |⃗⃗ | √ √ √

⃗⃗
( ) ( ) ( )
√ √

H.W: if ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ find:

a) The angle between ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ , b) projection of ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ as scalar and as a vector.

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Note: at Dot Product while

Note: at cross Product

Note: the cross product of any two vector result in a vector perpendicular to them such
as: ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

Note: ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ this means that ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (the two vectors are orthogonal)

Note: ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ this means that ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ (the two vectors are parallel)

Note: Area of a Parallelogram between any two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is |⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

Note: Area of triangle between any two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is |⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

Note: The angle between any two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is

⃗⃗
Note: projection of ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ is ( ) is vector projection

Note: When three or more space points lie in the same line, we say they are collinear vectors.

Note: When three or more space vectors lie in the same plane, we say they are coplanar vectors.

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

REVIEW OF THE VECTORS MATH.

Let ( ) ( ) . Find the following

Vector between two points

Length (magnitude) distance

Let ⃗ and ⃗⃗ . Find the following

Unit vectors of

Dot product (⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗ )

Cross product (⃗ ⃗)

Perpendicular (Normal)
Vectors on ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
Test the Vectors ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ is
Parallel or orthogonal
or not

Angle between two vectors

Area of parallelogram

& Area of triangle

Projection

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

H.W:

1) Use the vector method to test that the following points are collinear or not:

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2) If the force ⃗ and the arm ⃗ , find: the moment ⃗⃗⃗

3): Find ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ and where ⃗ ⃗ :

4) Test the following vectors are Parallel or orthogonal (perpendicular) or not

) ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ) (⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ )

)⃗ ⃗ )(⃗ ⃗) ⃗

) ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ) (⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ )

5) Find orthogonal vector on ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ where ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗

6) Find the area of Parallelogram , area of triangle and the angle between ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ where:

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗

7) Use the vectors in (6) to find the projection of ⃗⃗ on to ⃗⃗ as scalar and vector:

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Vector Operators: Grad., Div. and Curl

The del : which is called “del” or “nabla”.

Gradient: grad f or The gradient is the derivative of a multi-variable function.

Divergence: The divergence computes a scalar quantity from a vector field by differentiation.

If ⃗⃗⃑ is a vector function of position in 3 dimensions, that is ⃗⃑

⃗⃑ ( ) ( )

Curl: The curl of a vector field can find by ⃗⃑

If ⃗⃗⃑ is a vector function of position in 3 dimensions, that is ⃗⃑

⃗⃑ ( ) ( )

⃗⃗⃑ | |
| |

Notice that

 Gradient of scalar = vector.

Some definitions involving div, curl and grad:

 A vector field with zero divergence is said to be solenoidal.

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Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

Zero divergence negative divergence Positive divergence

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 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic) Vectors - Lecture Note

H.W:

1) Find grad if :

a) ; at the point(1,-2,1) , b) if ; find grad at the point(1, 2,3)

2) Find the normal vector (the gradient vector ) to the surface functions:

) ( ) at the point (2, 1).

) ( ) ( ) ) ( )
3) Find a unit vector normal to the surface:

) at the point(1,2,-1) ,

) at the point (2,0,1)

Note: that will be orthogonal (or normal) to the surface given, where

4) Determine the unit normal vector to the surface ( ) at the

5) Find the divergence and curl of ( ) ( ) ( ) at the point (2,-1,1)

6) Find the divergence of ⃗⃗⃗ at point (0,2,-1).

7) Given that vector field ⃗⃑ ( ) ( ) ( ) ,

Find . Show that the vectors given by at P0 (2,-1,1) and P1 (2,-1,1) are
orthogonal.

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