1.

How would you describe the sort of problems you can solve with SQL to someone who doesn't
have a technical background?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful tool used for managing and analyzing large sets of data.
While it may sound technical, I'll try to explain it in a simple way without getting too technical.

Imagine you have a massive collection of information, like a giant spreadsheet with thousands or even
millions of rows and columns. SQL helps you make sense of this vast amount of data and answer specific
questions about it.

For example, let's say you have a table with information about customers and their purchases. With SQL,
you can ask questions like:

 "How many customers made a purchase last month?" SQL can quickly find the number of
customers who made purchases within a specific time frame.
 "What is the total amount spent by each customer?" SQL can calculate and summarize the total
amount spent by each customer, helping you identify your most valuable customers.
 "Which products are out of stock?" SQL can help you identify products that are currently
unavailable and need to be restocked.
 "What are the most popular products by sales volume?" SQL can analyze purchase records to
determine which products are selling the most, enabling you to focus on those high-demand
items.
 "Can I find all the customers who live in a particular city?" SQL can filter and extract data based
on specific criteria, such as the city of residence, allowing you to target customers in a specific
location for marketing campaigns.

SQL is like a language that helps you communicate with the database, telling it what information you
want to retrieve or how you want to manipulate and organize it. You can ask questions, extract
meaningful insights, and perform calculations without needing to manually search through or
manipulate the data yourself.

It's important to note that SQL is primarily used for working with structured data, which means data that
is organized in tables with predefined columns and rows. It's commonly used in businesses,
organizations, and various applications to handle data-related tasks efficiently.

Overall, SQL is a powerful tool for managing, analyzing, and extracting valuable information from large
amounts of data, even if you don't have a technical background.

2. What are some common SQL queries that can be used to combine data?

SQL (Structured Query Language) provides various ways to combine data from multiple tables. Here are
some common SQL queries used for data combination:

 INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
SELECT *
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
  LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table and matching records from the right table.
SELECT *
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
 RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table and matching records from the left table.
SELECT *
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
 FULL OUTER JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either the left or right table.
SELECT *
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
 UNION: Combines the result sets of two or more SELECT statements into a single result set.
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table2;
 INTERSECT: Returns the common records between the result sets of two or more SELECT
statements.
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table1
INTERSECT
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table2;
 EXCEPT: Returns the records from the first SELECT statement that are not present in the result
set of the second SELECT statement.
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table1
EXCEPT
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table2;
These are just a few examples of common SQL queries used to combine data. The specific query you
choose depends on the structure of your tables and the desired output.

3. Can you describe what a subquery is in SQL?

a subquery, also known as a nested query or inner query, is a query that is embedded within another
query. It is used to retrieve data from one or more tables based on the result of an outer query.

A subquery can be thought of as a query within a query. It is enclosed within parentheses and typically
appears in the WHERE or HAVING clause of the outer query. The result of the subquery is used by the
outer query to perform further filtering, joining, or other operations.
Here's a simple example to illustrate the concept:

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE location = 'New York');

In this example, the subquery (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE location = 'New York')
is embedded within the main query. It retrieves the department IDs of all departments located in New
York. The outer query then uses this result to fetch all the employees belonging to those departments.

Subqueries can also be used in other parts of a SQL statement, such as the SELECT clause, JOIN clause, or
even as a table in the FROM clause. They allow for complex queries, data manipulation, and correlation
between different tables in the database.

It's important to note that subqueries can have their own conditions, sorting, and aggregations, making
them a powerful tool for retrieving specific data subsets or performing calculations based on
intermediate results.